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# The Erg Programming Language
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<div align="center">
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<img width="500" src="./assets/erg_logo_with_slogan.svg">
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</div>
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<br>[Erg](https://erg-lang.github.io/) 是一种静态类型的语言，与Python兼容
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<p align='center'>
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<img alt="Build status" src="https://github.com/erg-lang/erg/actions/workflows/rust.yml/badge.svg">
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<a href="https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0"><img alt="License: MIT & APACHE 2.0" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache--2.0_OR_MIT-blue"></a><br>
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English | 日本語 | <a href='./README_zh-CN.md'>简体中文</a>
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</p>
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## Erg可以推荐给以下人员:
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* 使用Python，但希望有类似Rust的健壮性和舒适的编译器支持
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* 然而，又不需要像Rust那样的冗长的类型规范和内存管理模型
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* 希望有一个像ML那样简单而一致的语言
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* 希望有一个实用的通用语言，有依赖/反射类型
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* 想要一种像Scala一样的语言，既面向对象，又使用函数式编程
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## 特征
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> 某些功能尚未实现。有关实施情况请查看 [TODO.md](./TODO.md) 了解实施情况
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1. 稳健性
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Erg有一个智能而强大的类型系统。例如：Erg 可以在编译时检查：空值（Option类型）、除以零的情况、数组中的超出范围的地址
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```python
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rand = pyimport "random"
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l = [1, 2, 3]
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assert l in [Nat; 3] # 类型检查
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assert l in [1..3; 3] # 更详细
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l2 = l.push(rand.choice! 0..10)
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assert l2 in [0..10; 4]
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assert l2 + [3, 5, 7] in [0..10; 7]
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# 这将导致下标错误，Erg可以在编译时发现它
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l2[10] # 下标错误：`l2`只有7个元素，但却被访问了第11个元素
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2.times! do!:
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print! "hello, ", end: ""
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# => hello, hello,
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-2.times! do!:
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print! "hello, ", end: ""
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# 类型错误：`.times!`是`Nat`(0或更大整数)的方法，不是`Int`的
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{Meter; Sec; meter; yard; sec; ...} = import "unit"
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velocity x: Meter, t: Sec = x / t
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v = velocity 3yard, 2sec # 类型错误：`x`的类型不匹配：预期为`Meter`，找到`Yard'`
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v = velocity 3meter, 2sec # v == 1.5 m/s
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```
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2. 简洁性
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Erg由一个非常简单的语法组成，与其他语言相比，它可以大大减少代码量。然而，其功能并不逊色于它们
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由于类型推理系统很强大，你可以像动态类型语言一样编码
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```python
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fib 0 = 0
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fib 1 = 1
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fib n = fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2)
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assert fib(10) == 55
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```
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在Erg中，很少有东西被认为是特殊的，没有关键字，因此for和while表达式也只是子程序之一
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```python
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loop! block = while! True, block
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# equals to `while! True, do! print! "hello"`
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loop! do!:
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print! "hello"
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```
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3. 函数式 & 面向对象
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Erg是一种纯面向对象的语言，一切都是对象。类型，函数和运算符都是对象。另一方面，Erg也是一种函数式语言。
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Erg要求在引起副作用或改变内部状态的代码上放置某些种类的标记，这可以使代码的复杂性局部化，这将大大改善代码的可维护性。
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```python
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# 函数式风格（不可变），与Python中的`sorted(list)`相同
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immut_arr = [1, 3, 2]
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assert immut_arr.sort() == [1, 2, 3]
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# Object-oriented style (mutable)
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mut_arr = ![1, 3, 2]
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mut_arr.sort!()
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assert mut_arr == [1, 2, 3]
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i = !1
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i.update! old -> old + 1
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assert i == 2
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# 函数不能引起副作用
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inc i: Int! =
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i.update! old -> old + 1
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# 语法错误：不能在函数中调用程序性方法
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# 提示：只有可变类型的方法才能改变对象的状态
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# 使用大量副作用的代码是多余的，所以你自然会写纯代码
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Counter! = Inherit Int!
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Counter!.
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new i: Int = Self!::__new__ !i
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inc! ref! self =
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self.update! old -> old + 1
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c = Counter!.new 1
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c.inc!()
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assert c == 2
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```
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4. 互操作性
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Erg内部与Python兼容，可以零成本导入Python API
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```python
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# 使用内置的Python模块
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math, time = pyimport "math", "time"
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{sin; pi; ...} = math
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# 使用外部Python模块
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Tqdm! = pyimport("tqdm").'tqdm'
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print! sin pi # 1.2246467991473532e-16
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for! Tqdm!.'__call__'(0..99), i =>
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time.sleep! 0.01 * i
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```
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5. 可读的错误信息
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Erg强调了错误信息的可读性；Erg是一种对程序员友好的语言, ~~不像C++.~~
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```python
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proc! x =
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l = [1, 2, 3]
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l.push!(x)
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l
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```
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```console
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Error[#12]: File example.er, line 3, in <module>::proc!
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2│ l = [1, 2, 3]
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3│ l.push!(x)
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^^^^^
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AttributeError: Array object has no attribute `.push!`
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hint: to update the internal state of an object, make it mutable by using `!` operator
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hint: `Array` has `push`, see https://erg-lang.github.io/docs/prelude/Array/##push for more information
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hint: `Array!` has `push!`, see https://erg-lang.github.io/docs/prelude/Array!/##push! for more information
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```
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## 要求
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[Python3](https://www.python.org/) 解释器是必需的。如果计算机上已安装它，则无需进行任何设置
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## 安装
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### 通过Cargo安装（Rust 包管理器）
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```sh
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cargo install erg
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```
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### 从源代码构建
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从源代码构建需要 Rust 工具链
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```sh
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git clone https://github.com/erg-lang/erg.git
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cd erg
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cargo build --release
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```
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### 使用Nix构建
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如果你已经安装了 [Nix](https://nixos.org/), 则一下命令将在项目文件夹下 `result/bin/erg` 生成二进制文件
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```sh
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git clone https://github.com/erg-lang/erg.git
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cd erg
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nix-build
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```
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如果您已启用 [Nix Flakes](https://nixos.wiki/wiki/Flakes).
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```sh
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git clone https://github.com/erg-lang/erg.git
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cd erg
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nix build
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```
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## 贡献
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贡献永远收到欢迎
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想要开始贡献，请查看 [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/erg-lang/erg/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md)
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如果您有任何疑问，请随时在 [Discord channel](https://discord.gg/zfAAUbgGr4) 上提问
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## 许可证
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Erg 根据 MIT 许可证和 Apache 许可证（版本 2.0）的条款分发
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有关详细信息，请参阅： [LICENSE-APACHE](./LICENSE-APACHE), [LICENSE-MIT](./LICENSE-MIT)
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