feat: implement Structural types

crates/erg_compiler/context/compare.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use crate::ty::{Predicate, RefinementType, SubrKind, SubrType, Type};
 use Predicate as Pred;
 
 use erg_common::dict::Dict;
+use erg_common::vis::Field;
 use erg_common::{assume_unreachable, log};
 use TyParamOrdering::*;
 use Type::*;
@@ -716,10 +717,45 @@ impl Context {
                 }
                 false
             }
+            (Structural(l), Structural(r)) => self.structural_supertype_of(l, r, allow_cast),
+            (Structural(l), r) => {
+                log!(err "{l}/{r}");
+                let r_fields = self.fields(r);
+                log!(err "{r_fields}");
+                for (l_field, l_ty) in self.fields(l) {
+                    log!(err "{l_field} = {l_ty}");
+                    if let Some((r_field, r_ty)) = r_fields.get_key_value(&l_field) {
+                        if r_field.vis != l_field.vis || !self.supertype_of(&l_ty, r_ty, allow_cast)
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                true
+            }
             (_l, _r) => false,
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn fields(&self, t: &Type) -> Dict<Field, Type> {
+        match t {
+            Type::FreeVar(fv) if fv.is_linked() => self.fields(&fv.crack()),
+            Type::Record(fields) => fields.clone(),
+            other => {
+                let (_, ctx) = self
+                    .get_nominal_type_ctx(other)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{other} is not found"));
+                ctx.locals
+                    .iter()
+                    .chain(ctx.decls.iter())
+                    .map(|(name, vi)| (Field::new(vi.vis, name.inspect().clone()), vi.t.clone()))
+                    .collect()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn poly_supertype_of(
         &self,
         typ: &Type,

crates/erg_compiler/context/initialize/const_func.rs

@@ -210,6 +210,32 @@ pub fn subsume_func(mut args: ValueArgs, ctx: &Context) -> EvalValueResult<Value
     )))
 }
 
+pub fn structural_func(mut args: ValueArgs, _ctx: &Context) -> EvalValueResult<ValueObj> {
+    let type_ = args.remove_left_or_key("Type").ok_or_else(|| {
+        ErrorCore::new(
+            vec![SubMessage::only_loc(Location::Unknown)],
+            format!("{BASE_ERR} is not passed"),
+            line!() as usize,
+            ErrorKind::KeyError,
+            Location::Unknown,
+        )
+    })?;
+    let Some(base) = type_.as_type() else {
+        let type_ = StyledString::new(format!("{type_}"), Some(ERR), None);
+        return Err(ErrorCore::new(
+            vec![SubMessage::only_loc(Location::Unknown)],
+            format!(
+                "non-type object {type_} is passed to {BASE_WARN}",
+            ),
+            line!() as usize,
+            ErrorKind::TypeError,
+            Location::Unknown,
+        ).into());
+    };
+    let t = base.typ().clone().structuralize();
+    Ok(ValueObj::gen_t(GenTypeObj::structural(t, base)))
+}
+
 pub fn __array_getitem__(mut args: ValueArgs, ctx: &Context) -> EvalValueResult<ValueObj> {
     let slf = ctx
         .convert_value_into_array(args.remove_left_or_key("Self").unwrap())

crates/erg_compiler/context/initialize/funcs.rs

@@ -411,6 +411,13 @@ impl Context {
             None,
         ));
         self.register_builtin_const(SUBSUME, vis, ValueObj::Subr(subsume));
+        let structural = ConstSubr::Builtin(BuiltinConstSubr::new(
+            STRUCTURAL,
+            structural_func,
+            func1(Type, Type),
+            None,
+        ));
+        self.register_builtin_const(STRUCTURAL, vis, ValueObj::Subr(structural));
         // decorators
         let inheritable_t = func1(ClassType, ClassType);
         let inheritable = ConstSubr::Builtin(BuiltinConstSubr::new(

crates/erg_compiler/context/initialize/mod.rs

@@ -300,6 +300,7 @@ const INHERIT: &str = "Inherit";
 const INHERITABLE: &str = "Inheritable";
 const DEL: &str = "Del";
 const PATCH: &str = "Patch";
+const STRUCTURAL: &str = "Structural";
 
 const OP_IN: &str = "__in__";
 const OP_NOT_IN: &str = "__notin__";

crates/erg_compiler/context/inquire.rs

@@ -628,18 +628,18 @@ impl Context {
                     );
                     Ok(vi)
                 } else {
-                    let t = Type::Record(record.clone());
                     Err(TyCheckError::no_attr_error(
                         self.cfg.input.clone(),
                         line!() as usize,
                         ident.loc(),
                         namespace.into(),
-                        &t,
+                        t,
                         ident.inspect(),
-                        self.get_similar_attr(&t, ident.inspect()),
+                        self.get_similar_attr(t, ident.inspect()),
                     ))
                 }
             }
+            Type::Structural(t) => self.get_attr_info_from_attributive(t, ident, namespace),
             other => {
                 if let Some(v) = self.rec_get_const_obj(&other.local_name()) {
                     match v {

crates/erg_compiler/context/instantiate.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use erg_common::dict::Dict;
 use erg_common::log;
 use erg_common::set::Set;
 use erg_common::traits::{Locational, Stream};
+use erg_common::vis::Field;
 use erg_common::Str;
 use erg_common::{assume_unreachable, dict, enum_unwrap, set, try_map_mut};
 
@@ -589,6 +590,21 @@ impl Context {
                 let t = self.instantiate_const_expr_as_type(&first.expr, None, tmp_tv_cache)?;
                 Ok(ref_mut(t, None))
             }
+            "Structural" => {
+                let mut args = simple.args.pos_args();
+                let Some(first) = args.next() else {
+                    return Err(TyCheckErrors::from(TyCheckError::args_missing_error(
+                        self.cfg.input.clone(),
+                        line!() as usize,
+                        simple.args.loc(),
+                        "Structural",
+                        self.caused_by(),
+                        vec![Str::from("Type")],
+                    )));
+                };
+                let t = self.instantiate_const_expr_as_type(&first.expr, None, tmp_tv_cache)?;
+                Ok(t.structuralize())
+            }
             "Self" => self.rec_get_self_t().ok_or_else(|| {
                 TyCheckErrors::from(TyCheckError::unreachable(
                     self.cfg.input.clone(),
@@ -763,6 +779,19 @@ impl Context {
                 }
                 Ok(TyParam::Tuple(tp_tuple))
             }
+            ast::ConstExpr::Record(rec) => {
+                let mut tp_rec = dict! {};
+                for attr in rec.attrs.iter() {
+                    let field = Field::new(attr.ident.vis(), attr.ident.inspect().clone());
+                    let val = self.instantiate_const_expr(
+                        attr.body.block.get(0).unwrap(),
+                        None,
+                        tmp_tv_cache,
+                    )?;
+                    tp_rec.insert(field, val);
+                }
+                Ok(TyParam::Record(tp_rec))
+            }
             ast::ConstExpr::BinOp(bin) => {
                 let Some(op) = token_kind_to_op_kind(bin.op.kind) else {
                     return type_feature_error!(
@@ -819,6 +848,22 @@ impl Context {
                     .unwrap_or(Type::Never);
                 Ok(tp_enum(t, set))
             }
+            TyParam::Tuple(ts) => {
+                let mut tps = vec![];
+                for tp in ts {
+                    let t = self.instantiate_tp_as_type(tp, loc)?;
+                    tps.push(t);
+                }
+                Ok(tuple_t(tps))
+            }
+            TyParam::Record(rec) => {
+                let mut rec_t = dict! {};
+                for (field, tp) in rec {
+                    let t = self.instantiate_tp_as_type(tp, loc)?;
+                    rec_t.insert(field, t);
+                }
+                Ok(Type::Record(rec_t))
+            }
             other => {
                 type_feature_error!(self, loc.loc(), &format!("instantiate `{other}` as type"))
             }
@@ -1245,6 +1290,16 @@ impl Context {
                     .collect::<TyCheckResult<_>>()?;
                 Ok(TyParam::Tuple(tup))
             }
+            TyParam::Record(rec) => {
+                let rec = rec
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|(k, v)| {
+                        let v = self.instantiate_tp(v, tmp_tv_cache, loc)?;
+                        Ok((k, v))
+                    })
+                    .collect::<TyCheckResult<_>>()?;
+                Ok(TyParam::Record(rec))
+            }
             TyParam::UnaryOp { op, val } => {
                 let res = self.instantiate_tp(*val, tmp_tv_cache, loc)?;
                 Ok(TyParam::unary(op, res))

crates/erg_compiler/context/unify.rs

@@ -845,6 +845,17 @@ impl Context {
                     Ok(())
                 }
             }
+            (sub, Type::Structural(sup)) => {
+                let sub_fields = self.fields(sub);
+                for (sup_field, sup_ty) in self.fields(sup) {
+                    if let Some((_, sub_ty)) = sub_fields.get_key_value(&sup_field) {
+                        self.sub_unify(sub_ty, &sup_ty, loc, param_name)?;
+                    } else {
+                        unreachable!()
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
             (
                 _,
                 Type::Poly {

crates/erg_compiler/declare.rs

@@ -268,8 +268,10 @@ impl ASTLowerer {
     }
 
     fn fake_lower_record(&self, rec: ast::Record) -> LowerResult<hir::Record> {
-        match rec {
+        let rec = match rec {
-            ast::Record::Normal(rec) => {
+            ast::Record::Normal(rec) => rec,
+            ast::Record::Mixed(_mixed) => unreachable!(),
+        };
         let mut elems = Vec::new();
         for elem in rec.attrs.into_iter() {
             let elem = self.fake_lower_def(elem)?;
@@ -278,14 +280,6 @@ impl ASTLowerer {
         let attrs = hir::RecordAttrs::new(elems);
         Ok(hir::Record::new(rec.l_brace, rec.r_brace, attrs))
     }
-            other => Err(LowerErrors::from(LowerError::declare_error(
-                self.cfg().input.clone(),
-                line!() as usize,
-                other.loc(),
-                self.module.context.caused_by(),
-            ))),
-        }
-    }
 
     fn fake_lower_set(&self, set: ast::Set) -> LowerResult<hir::Set> {
         match set {

crates/erg_compiler/lower.rs

@@ -1975,11 +1975,12 @@ impl ASTLowerer {
         match expr {
             acc @ hir::Expr::Accessor(_) => Some(acc),
             hir::Expr::Call(mut call) => match call.obj.show_acc().as_ref().map(|s| &s[..]) {
-                Some("Class") => call.args.remove_left_or_key("Requirement"),
+                Some("Class" | "Trait") => call.args.remove_left_or_key("Requirement"),
                 Some("Inherit") => call.args.remove_left_or_key("Super"),
                 Some("Inheritable") => {
                     Self::get_require_or_sup_or_base(call.args.remove_left_or_key("Class").unwrap())
                 }
+                Some("Structural") => call.args.remove_left_or_key("Type"),
                 Some("Patch") => call.args.remove_left_or_key("Base"),
                 _ => todo!(),
             },

crates/erg_compiler/ty/mod.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub mod typaram;
 pub mod value;
 
 use std::fmt;
-use std::ops::{Range, RangeInclusive};
+use std::ops::{BitAnd, BitOr, Deref, Not, Range, RangeInclusive};
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use constructors::dict_t;
@@ -705,6 +705,7 @@ pub enum Type {
         attr_name: Str,
         args: Vec<TyParam>,
     }, // e.g. Ts.__getitem__(N)
+    Structural(Box<Type>),
     FreeVar(FreeTyVar), // a reference to the type of other expression, see docs/compiler/inference.md
     Failure,            // indicates a failure of type inference and behaves as `Never`.
     /// used to represent `TyParam` is not initialized (see `erg_compiler::context::instantiate_tp`)
@@ -749,14 +750,18 @@ impl PartialEq for Type {
             (Self::Subr(l), Self::Subr(r)) => l == r,
             (
                 Self::Callable {
-                    param_ts: _lps,
+                    param_ts: lps,
-                    return_t: _lr,
+                    return_t: lr,
                 },
                 Self::Callable {
-                    param_ts: _rps,
+                    param_ts: rps,
-                    return_t: _rr,
+                    return_t: rr,
                 },
-            ) => todo!(),
+            ) => {
+                lps.len() != rps.len()
+                    && lps.iter().zip(rps.iter()).all(|(l, r)| l == r)
+                    && (lr == rr)
+            }
             (Self::Record(lhs), Self::Record(rhs)) => {
                 for (l_field, l_t) in lhs.iter() {
                     if let Some(r_t) = rhs.get(l_field) {
@@ -804,6 +809,7 @@ impl PartialEq for Type {
                     args: ra,
                 },
             ) => lhs == r && attr_name == rn && args == ra,
+            (Self::Structural(l), Self::Structural(r)) => l == r,
             (Self::FreeVar(fv), other) if fv.is_linked() => &*fv.crack() == other,
             (_self, Self::FreeVar(fv)) if fv.is_linked() => _self == &*fv.crack(),
             (Self::FreeVar(l), Self::FreeVar(r)) => l == r,
@@ -929,6 +935,11 @@ impl LimitedDisplay for Type {
                 }
                 write!(f, ")")
             }
+            Self::Structural(ty) => {
+                write!(f, "Structural(")?;
+                ty.limited_fmt(f, limit - 1)?;
+                write!(f, ")")
+            }
             _ => write!(f, "{}", self.qual_name()),
         }
     }
@@ -1000,6 +1011,27 @@ impl From<Dict<Type, Type>> for Type {
     }
 }
 
+impl BitAnd for Type {
+    type Output = Self;
+    fn bitand(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        Self::And(Box::new(self), Box::new(rhs))
+    }
+}
+
+impl BitOr for Type {
+    type Output = Self;
+    fn bitor(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        Self::Or(Box::new(self), Box::new(rhs))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Not for Type {
+    type Output = Self;
+    fn not(self) -> Self::Output {
+        Self::Not(Box::new(self))
+    }
+}
+
 fn get_t_from_tp(tp: &TyParam) -> Option<Type> {
     match tp {
         TyParam::FreeVar(fv) if fv.is_linked() => get_t_from_tp(&fv.crack()),
@@ -1129,6 +1161,7 @@ impl HasLevel for Type {
                     Some(min)
                 }
             }
+            Self::Structural(ty) => ty.level(),
             Self::Quantified(quant) => quant.level(),
             _ => None,
         }
@@ -1189,6 +1222,13 @@ impl HasLevel for Type {
                     pred.set_level(level);
                 }
             }
+            Self::ProjCall { lhs, args, .. } => {
+                lhs.set_level(level);
+                for arg in args.iter() {
+                    arg.set_level(level);
+                }
+            }
+            Self::Structural(ty) => ty.set_level(level),
             _ => {}
         }
     }
@@ -1284,6 +1324,7 @@ impl StructuralEq for Type {
                         .zip(args2.iter())
                         .all(|(a, b)| a.structural_eq(b))
             }
+            (Self::Structural(l), Self::Structural(r)) => l.structural_eq(r),
             // TODO: commutative
             (Self::And(l, r), Self::And(l2, r2)) => l.structural_eq(l2) && r.structural_eq(r2),
             (Self::Or(l, r), Self::Or(l2, r2)) => l.structural_eq(l2) && r.structural_eq(r2),
@@ -1334,6 +1375,10 @@ impl Type {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn structuralize(self) -> Self {
+        Self::Structural(Box::new(self))
+    }
+
     pub fn is_simple_class(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             Self::FreeVar(fv) if fv.is_linked() => fv.crack().is_simple_class(),
@@ -1507,6 +1552,7 @@ impl Type {
             Self::Subr(subr) => subr.contains_tvar(name),
             // TODO: preds
             Self::Refinement(refine) => refine.t.contains_tvar(name),
+            Self::Structural(ty) => ty.contains_tvar(name),
             _ => false,
         }
     }
@@ -1614,6 +1660,7 @@ impl Type {
             },
             Self::Proj { .. } => Str::ever("Proj"),
             Self::ProjCall { .. } => Str::ever("ProjCall"),
+            Self::Structural(_) => Str::ever("Structural"),
             Self::Failure => Str::ever("Failure"),
             Self::Uninited => Str::ever("Uninited"),
         }
@@ -1809,6 +1856,7 @@ impl Type {
             Self::ProjCall { lhs, args, .. } => lhs
                 .qvars()
                 .concat(args.iter().fold(set! {}, |acc, tp| acc.concat(tp.qvars()))),
+            Self::Structural(ty) => ty.qvars(),
             _ => set! {},
         }
     }
@@ -1866,6 +1914,7 @@ impl Type {
             Self::ProjCall { lhs, args, .. } => {
                 lhs.has_qvar() || args.iter().any(|tp| tp.has_qvar())
             }
+            Self::Structural(ty) => ty.has_qvar(),
             _ => false,
         }
     }
@@ -1917,6 +1966,10 @@ impl Type {
             Self::Quantified(quant) => quant.has_unbound_var(),
             Self::Poly { params, .. } => params.iter().any(|p| p.has_unbound_var()),
             Self::Proj { lhs, .. } => lhs.has_no_unbound_var(),
+            Self::ProjCall { lhs, args, .. } => {
+                lhs.has_no_unbound_var() && args.iter().all(|t| t.has_no_unbound_var())
+            }
+            Self::Structural(ty) => ty.has_unbound_var(),
             _ => false,
         }
     }
@@ -1941,6 +1994,9 @@ impl Type {
             ),
             Self::Callable { param_ts, .. } => Some(param_ts.len() + 1),
             Self::Poly { params, .. } => Some(params.len()),
+            Self::Proj { lhs, .. } => lhs.typarams_len(),
+            Self::ProjCall { args, .. } => Some(1 + args.len()),
+            Self::Structural(ty) => ty.typarams_len(),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
@@ -1977,6 +2033,11 @@ impl Type {
             Self::Quantified(quant) => quant.typarams(),
             Self::Callable { param_ts: _, .. } => todo!(),
             Self::Poly { params, .. } => params.clone(),
+            Self::Proj { lhs, .. } => lhs.typarams(),
+            Self::ProjCall { lhs, args, .. } => {
+                [vec![*lhs.clone()], args.deref().to_vec()].concat()
+            }
+            Self::Structural(ty) => ty.typarams(),
             _ => vec![],
         }
     }
@@ -2135,17 +2196,11 @@ impl Type {
                 before: Box::new(before.derefine()),
                 after: after.as_ref().map(|t| Box::new(t.derefine())),
             },
-            Self::And(l, r) => {
+            Self::And(l, r) => l.derefine() & r.derefine(),
-                let l = l.derefine();
+            Self::Or(l, r) => l.derefine() | r.derefine(),
-                let r = r.derefine();
+            Self::Not(ty) => !ty.derefine(),
-                Self::And(Box::new(l), Box::new(r))
+            Self::Proj { lhs, rhs } => lhs.derefine().proj(rhs.clone()),
-            }
+            Self::Structural(ty) => ty.derefine().structuralize(),
-            Self::Or(l, r) => {
-                let l = l.derefine();
-                let r = r.derefine();
-                Self::Or(Box::new(l), Box::new(r))
-            }
-            Self::Not(ty) => Self::Not(Box::new(ty.derefine())),
             other => other.clone(),
         }
     }
@@ -2218,17 +2273,9 @@ impl Type {
                 before: Box::new(before._replace(target, to)),
                 after: after.map(|t| Box::new(t._replace(target, to))),
             },
-            Self::And(l, r) => {
+            Self::And(l, r) => l._replace(target, to) & r._replace(target, to),
-                let l = l._replace(target, to);
+            Self::Or(l, r) => l._replace(target, to) | r._replace(target, to),
-                let r = r._replace(target, to);
+            Self::Not(ty) => !ty._replace(target, to),
-                Self::And(Box::new(l), Box::new(r))
-            }
-            Self::Or(l, r) => {
-                let l = l._replace(target, to);
-                let r = r._replace(target, to);
-                Self::Or(Box::new(l), Box::new(r))
-            }
-            Self::Not(ty) => Self::Not(Box::new(ty._replace(target, to))),
             Self::Proj { lhs, rhs } => lhs._replace(target, to).proj(rhs),
             Self::ProjCall {
                 lhs,
@@ -2238,6 +2285,7 @@ impl Type {
                 let args = args.into_iter().map(|tp| tp.replace(target, to)).collect();
                 lhs.replace(target, to).proj_call(attr_name, args)
             }
+            Self::Structural(ty) => ty._replace(target, to).structuralize(),
             other => other,
         }
     }
@@ -2264,6 +2312,23 @@ impl Type {
                 Self::Subr(subr)
             }
             Self::Proj { lhs, rhs } => lhs.normalize().proj(rhs),
+            Self::ProjCall {
+                lhs,
+                attr_name,
+                args,
+            } => {
+                let args = args.into_iter().map(|tp| tp.normalize()).collect();
+                lhs.normalize().proj_call(attr_name, args)
+            }
+            Self::Ref(t) => Self::Ref(Box::new(t.normalize())),
+            Self::RefMut { before, after } => Self::RefMut {
+                before: Box::new(before.normalize()),
+                after: after.map(|t| Box::new(t.normalize())),
+            },
+            Self::And(l, r) => l.normalize() & r.normalize(),
+            Self::Or(l, r) => l.normalize() | r.normalize(),
+            Self::Not(ty) => !ty.normalize(),
+            Self::Structural(ty) => ty.normalize().structuralize(),
             other => other,
         }
     }

crates/erg_compiler/ty/typaram.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use erg_common::dict::Dict;
 use erg_common::set;
 use erg_common::set::Set;
 use erg_common::traits::{LimitedDisplay, StructuralEq};
+use erg_common::vis::Field;
 use erg_common::Str;
 use erg_common::{dict, log};
 
@@ -146,6 +147,7 @@ pub enum TyParam {
     Tuple(Vec<TyParam>),
     Set(Set<TyParam>),
     Dict(Dict<TyParam, TyParam>),
+    Record(Dict<Field, TyParam>),
     Mono(Str),
     Proj {
         obj: Box<TyParam>,
@@ -177,6 +179,7 @@ impl PartialEq for TyParam {
             (Self::Array(l), Self::Array(r)) => l == r,
             (Self::Tuple(l), Self::Tuple(r)) => l == r,
             (Self::Dict(l), Self::Dict(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::Record(l), Self::Record(r)) => l == r,
             (Self::Set(l), Self::Set(r)) => l == r,
             (Self::Mono(l), Self::Mono(r)) => l == r,
             (
@@ -296,6 +299,7 @@ impl LimitedDisplay for TyParam {
                 write!(f, "}}")
             }
             Self::Dict(dict) => write!(f, "{dict}"),
+            Self::Record(rec) => write!(f, "{rec}"),
             Self::Tuple(tuple) => {
                 write!(f, "(")?;
                 for (i, t) in tuple.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -453,6 +457,13 @@ impl TryFrom<TyParam> for ValueObj {
                 }
                 Ok(ValueObj::Dict(vals))
             }
+            TyParam::Record(rec) => {
+                let mut vals = dict! {};
+                for (k, v) in rec {
+                    vals.insert(k, ValueObj::try_from(v)?);
+                }
+                Ok(ValueObj::Record(vals))
+            }
             TyParam::FreeVar(fv) if fv.is_linked() => ValueObj::try_from(fv.crack().clone()),
             TyParam::Type(t) => Ok(ValueObj::builtin_t(*t)),
             TyParam::Value(v) => Ok(v),
@@ -530,6 +541,10 @@ impl HasLevel for TyParam {
                         .min(v.level().unwrap_or(GENERIC_LEVEL))
                 })
                 .min(),
+            Self::Record(rec) => rec
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(_, v)| v.level().unwrap_or(GENERIC_LEVEL))
+                .min(),
             Self::Set(tps) => tps.iter().filter_map(|tp| tp.level()).min(),
             Self::Proj { obj, .. } => obj.level(),
             Self::App { args, .. } => args.iter().filter_map(|tp| tp.level()).min(),
@@ -549,6 +564,11 @@ impl HasLevel for TyParam {
                     v.set_level(level);
                 }
             }
+            Self::Record(rec) => {
+                for (_, v) in rec.iter() {
+                    v.set_level(level);
+                }
+            }
             Self::Array(tps) => {
                 for tp in tps {
                     tp.set_level(level);
@@ -600,6 +620,18 @@ impl StructuralEq for TyParam {
                 }
                 true
             }
+            (Self::Record(l), Self::Record(r)) => {
+                for (l_field, l_val) in l.iter() {
+                    if let Some((r_field, r_val)) = r.get_key_value(l_field) {
+                        if l_field.vis != r_field.vis || !l_val.structural_eq(r_val) {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                true
+            }
             (Self::Set(l), Self::Set(r)) => {
                 for l_val in l.iter() {
                     if r.get_by(l_val, |l, r| l.structural_eq(r)).is_none() {
@@ -813,6 +845,9 @@ impl TyParam {
             Self::Dict(ts) => ts.iter().fold(set! {}, |acc, (k, v)| {
                 acc.concat(k.qvars().concat(v.qvars()))
             }),
+            Self::Record(rec) => rec
+                .iter()
+                .fold(set! {}, |acc, (_, v)| acc.concat(v.qvars())),
             Self::UnaryOp { val, .. } => val.qvars(),
             Self::BinOp { lhs, rhs, .. } => lhs.qvars().concat(rhs.qvars()),
             Self::App { args, .. } => args.iter().fold(set! {}, |acc, p| acc.concat(p.qvars())),
@@ -836,6 +871,7 @@ impl TyParam {
             Self::Array(ts) | Self::Tuple(ts) => ts.iter().any(|t| t.has_qvar()),
             Self::Set(ts) => ts.iter().any(|t| t.has_qvar()),
             Self::Dict(ts) => ts.iter().any(|(k, v)| k.has_qvar() || v.has_qvar()),
+            Self::Record(rec) => rec.iter().any(|(_, tp)| tp.has_qvar()),
             Self::UnaryOp { val, .. } => val.has_qvar(),
             Self::BinOp { lhs, rhs, .. } => lhs.has_qvar() || rhs.has_qvar(),
             Self::App { args, .. } => args.iter().any(|p| p.has_qvar()),
@@ -858,6 +894,7 @@ impl TyParam {
             Self::Dict(ts) => ts
                 .iter()
                 .any(|(k, v)| k.contains_var(name) || v.contains_var(name)),
+            Self::Record(rec) => rec.iter().any(|(_, tp)| tp.contains_var(name)),
             Self::UnaryOp { val, .. } => val.contains_var(name),
             Self::BinOp { lhs, rhs, .. } => lhs.contains_var(name) || rhs.contains_var(name),
             Self::App { args, .. } => args.iter().any(|p| p.contains_var(name)),
@@ -885,6 +922,7 @@ impl TyParam {
             Self::Dict(kv) => kv
                 .iter()
                 .any(|(k, v)| k.has_unbound_var() || v.has_unbound_var()),
+            Self::Record(rec) => rec.iter().any(|(_, v)| v.has_unbound_var()),
             Self::UnaryOp { val, .. } => val.has_unbound_var(),
             Self::BinOp { lhs, rhs, .. } => lhs.has_unbound_var() || rhs.has_unbound_var(),
             Self::App { args, .. } => args.iter().any(|p| p.has_unbound_var()),

crates/erg_compiler/ty/value.rs

@@ -164,6 +164,21 @@ impl IntersectionTypeObj {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct StructuralTypeObj {
+    pub t: Type,
+    pub base: Box<TypeObj>,
+}
+
+impl StructuralTypeObj {
+    pub fn new(t: Type, base: TypeObj) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            t,
+            base: Box::new(base),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct PatchObj {
     pub t: Type,
@@ -187,7 +202,7 @@ pub enum GenTypeObj {
     Subclass(InheritedTypeObj),
     Trait(TraitTypeObj),
     Subtrait(SubsumedTypeObj),
-    StructuralTrait(TraitTypeObj),
+    Structural(StructuralTypeObj),
     Union(UnionTypeObj),
     Intersection(IntersectionTypeObj),
     Patch(PatchObj),
@@ -238,13 +253,17 @@ impl GenTypeObj {
         GenTypeObj::Intersection(IntersectionTypeObj::new(t, lhs, rhs))
     }
 
+    pub fn structural(t: Type, type_: TypeObj) -> Self {
+        GenTypeObj::Structural(StructuralTypeObj::new(t, type_))
+    }
+
     pub fn base_or_sup(&self) -> Option<&TypeObj> {
         match self {
             Self::Class(class) => class.base.as_ref().map(AsRef::as_ref),
             Self::Subclass(subclass) => Some(subclass.sup.as_ref()),
             Self::Trait(trait_) => Some(trait_.requires.as_ref()),
             Self::Subtrait(subtrait) => Some(subtrait.sup.as_ref()),
-            Self::StructuralTrait(trait_) => Some(trait_.requires.as_ref()),
+            Self::Structural(type_) => Some(type_.base.as_ref()),
             Self::Patch(patch) => Some(patch.base.as_ref()),
             _ => None,
         }
@@ -281,8 +300,9 @@ impl GenTypeObj {
     pub fn meta_type(&self) -> Type {
         match self {
             Self::Class(_) | Self::Subclass(_) => Type::ClassType,
-            Self::Trait(_) | Self::Subtrait(_) | Self::StructuralTrait(_) => Type::TraitType,
+            Self::Trait(_) | Self::Subtrait(_) => Type::TraitType,
             Self::Patch(_) => Type::Patch,
+            Self::Structural(_) => Type::Type,
             _ => Type::Type,
         }
     }
@@ -293,7 +313,7 @@ impl GenTypeObj {
             Self::Subclass(subclass) => &subclass.t,
             Self::Trait(trait_) => &trait_.t,
             Self::Subtrait(subtrait) => &subtrait.t,
-            Self::StructuralTrait(trait_) => &trait_.t,
+            Self::Structural(struct_) => &struct_.t,
             Self::Union(union_) => &union_.t,
             Self::Intersection(intersection) => &intersection.t,
             Self::Patch(patch) => &patch.t,
@@ -306,7 +326,7 @@ impl GenTypeObj {
             Self::Subclass(subclass) => &mut subclass.t,
             Self::Trait(trait_) => &mut trait_.t,
             Self::Subtrait(subtrait) => &mut subtrait.t,
-            Self::StructuralTrait(trait_) => &mut trait_.t,
+            Self::Structural(struct_) => &mut struct_.t,
             Self::Union(union_) => &mut union_.t,
             Self::Intersection(intersection) => &mut intersection.t,
             Self::Patch(patch) => &mut patch.t,
@@ -319,7 +339,7 @@ impl GenTypeObj {
             Self::Subclass(subclass) => subclass.t,
             Self::Trait(trait_) => trait_.t,
             Self::Subtrait(subtrait) => subtrait.t,
-            Self::StructuralTrait(trait_) => trait_.t,
+            Self::Structural(struct_) => struct_.t,
             Self::Union(union_) => union_.t,
             Self::Intersection(intersection) => intersection.t,
             Self::Patch(patch) => patch.t,

crates/erg_parser/ast.rs

@@ -884,6 +884,14 @@ impl Record {
         })
     }
 
+    pub fn new_normal(l_brace: Token, r_brace: Token, attrs: RecordAttrs) -> Self {
+        Self::Normal(NormalRecord {
+            l_brace,
+            r_brace,
+            attrs,
+        })
+    }
+
     pub fn empty(l_brace: Token, r_brace: Token) -> Self {
         Self::Normal(NormalRecord {
             l_brace,
@@ -1528,6 +1536,118 @@ impl ConstTuple {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct ConstBlock(Vec<ConstExpr>);
+
+impl NestedDisplay for ConstBlock {
+    fn fmt_nest(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>, _level: usize) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt_lines(self.0.iter(), f, _level)
+    }
+}
+
+impl_display_from_nested!(ConstBlock);
+
+impl Locational for ConstBlock {
+    fn loc(&self) -> Location {
+        if self.0.is_empty() {
+            Location::Unknown
+        } else {
+            Location::concat(self.0.first().unwrap(), self.0.last().unwrap())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl_stream!(ConstBlock, ConstExpr);
+
+impl ConstBlock {
+    pub fn downcast(self) -> Block {
+        Block::new(self.0.into_iter().map(|e| e.downcast()).collect())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct ConstDefBody {
+    pub op: Token,
+    pub block: ConstBlock,
+    pub id: DefId,
+}
+
+impl_locational!(ConstDefBody, lossy op, block);
+
+impl ConstDefBody {
+    pub const fn new(op: Token, block: ConstBlock, id: DefId) -> Self {
+        Self { op, block, id }
+    }
+
+    pub fn downcast(self) -> DefBody {
+        DefBody::new(self.op, self.block.downcast(), self.id)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct ConstDef {
+    pub ident: ConstIdentifier,
+    pub body: ConstDefBody,
+}
+
+impl NestedDisplay for ConstDef {
+    fn fmt_nest(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>, _level: usize) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{} = {}", self.ident, self.body.block)
+    }
+}
+
+impl_display_from_nested!(ConstDef);
+impl_locational!(ConstDef, ident, body);
+
+impl ConstDef {
+    pub const fn new(ident: ConstIdentifier, body: ConstDefBody) -> Self {
+        Self { ident, body }
+    }
+
+    pub fn downcast(self) -> Def {
+        Def::new(Signature::new_var(self.ident), self.body.downcast())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct ConstRecord {
+    pub l_brace: Token,
+    pub r_brace: Token,
+    pub attrs: Vec<ConstDef>,
+}
+
+impl NestedDisplay for ConstRecord {
+    fn fmt_nest(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>, _level: usize) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{{{}}}", fmt_vec_split_with(&self.attrs, "; "))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Locational for ConstRecord {
+    fn loc(&self) -> Location {
+        Location::concat(&self.l_brace, &self.r_brace)
+    }
+}
+
+impl_display_from_nested!(ConstRecord);
+
+impl ConstRecord {
+    pub const fn new(l_brace: Token, r_brace: Token, attrs: Vec<ConstDef>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            l_brace,
+            r_brace,
+            attrs,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn downcast(self) -> Record {
+        Record::Normal(NormalRecord::new(
+            self.l_brace,
+            self.r_brace,
+            self.attrs.into_iter().map(|d| d.downcast()).collect(),
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct ConstBinOp {
     pub op: Token,
@@ -1633,13 +1753,15 @@ pub enum ConstExpr {
     Set(ConstSet),
     Dict(ConstDict),
     Tuple(ConstTuple),
+    Record(ConstRecord),
+    Def(ConstDef),
     BinOp(ConstBinOp),
     UnaryOp(ConstUnaryOp),
 }
 
-impl_nested_display_for_chunk_enum!(ConstExpr; Lit, Accessor, App, Array, Set, Dict, Tuple, BinOp, UnaryOp, Erased, Set);
+impl_nested_display_for_chunk_enum!(ConstExpr; Lit, Accessor, App, Array, Set, Dict, Tuple, Record, BinOp, UnaryOp, Def, Erased, Set);
 impl_display_from_nested!(ConstExpr);
-impl_locational_for_enum!(ConstExpr; Lit, Accessor, App, Array, Set Dict, Tuple, BinOp, UnaryOp, Erased, Set);
+impl_locational_for_enum!(ConstExpr; Lit, Accessor, App, Array, Set, Dict, Tuple, Record, BinOp, UnaryOp, Def, Erased, Set);
 
 impl ConstExpr {
     pub fn need_to_be_closed(&self) -> bool {

crates/erg_parser/desugar.rs

@@ -51,6 +51,12 @@ impl Desugarer {
         module
     }
 
+    pub fn desugar_simple_expr(expr: Expr) -> Expr {
+        let expr = Self::rec_desugar_shortened_record(expr);
+        let expr = Self::rec_desugar_lambda_pattern(&mut Desugarer {}, expr);
+        Self::rec_desugar_acc(expr)
+    }
+
     fn desugar_all_chunks(module: Module, desugar: impl Fn(Expr) -> Expr) -> Module {
         module.into_iter().map(desugar).collect()
     }

crates/erg_parser/parse.rs

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use erg_common::{
 };
 
 use crate::ast::*;
+use crate::desugar::Desugarer;
 use crate::error::{ParseError, ParseErrors, ParseResult, ParserRunnerError, ParserRunnerErrors};
 use crate::lex::Lexer;
 use crate::token::{Token, TokenCategory, TokenKind, TokenStream};
@@ -1169,6 +1170,7 @@ impl Parser {
                     let lhs = enum_unwrap!(stack.pop(), Some:(ExprOrOp::Expr:(_)));
                     let t_spec_as_expr = self
                         .try_reduce_expr(false, false, false, false)
+                        .map(Desugarer::desugar_simple_expr)
                         .map_err(|_| self.stack_dec(fn_name!()))?;
                     let t_spec = Self::expr_to_type_spec(t_spec_as_expr.clone())
                         .map_err(|e| self.errs.push(e))?;
@@ -1440,6 +1442,7 @@ impl Parser {
                     let lhs = enum_unwrap!(stack.pop(), Some:(ExprOrOp::Expr:(_)));
                     let t_spec_as_expr = self
                         .try_reduce_expr(false, in_type_args, in_brace, false)
+                        .map(Desugarer::desugar_simple_expr)
                         .map_err(|_| self.stack_dec(fn_name!()))?;
                     let t_spec = Self::expr_to_type_spec(t_spec_as_expr.clone())
                         .map_err(|e| self.errs.push(e))?;

crates/erg_parser/typespec.rs

@@ -109,10 +109,29 @@ impl Parser {
                 let args = ConstArgs::pos_only(const_pos_args, paren);
                 Ok(ConstExpr::App(ConstApp::new(acc, args)))
             }
-            // TODO: App, Record,
+            Expr::Def(def) => Self::validate_const_def(def).map(ConstExpr::Def),
+            Expr::Record(rec) => {
+                let rec = match rec {
+                    Record::Normal(rec) => rec,
+                    Record::Mixed(_) => unreachable!(),
+                };
+                let mut const_fields = vec![];
+                for attr in rec.attrs.into_iter() {
+                    const_fields.push(Self::validate_const_def(attr)?);
+                }
+                Ok(ConstExpr::Record(ConstRecord::new(
+                    rec.l_brace,
+                    rec.r_brace,
+                    const_fields,
+                )))
+            }
+            // TODO: Lambda, ...
             other => Err(ParseError::syntax_error(
                 line!() as usize,
-                other.loc(),
+                {
+                    erg_common::log!(err "{other}");
+                    other.loc()
+                },
                 switch_lang!(
                     "japanese" => "この式はコンパイル時計算できないため、型引数には使用できません",
                     "simplified_chinese" => "此表达式在编译时不可计算，因此不能用作类型参数",
@@ -124,6 +143,16 @@ impl Parser {
         }
     }
 
+    fn validate_const_def(def: Def) -> Result<ConstDef, ParseError> {
+        let mut block = vec![];
+        for expr in def.body.block.into_iter() {
+            let const_expr = Self::validate_const_expr(expr)?;
+            block.push(const_expr);
+        }
+        let body = ConstDefBody::new(def.body.op, ConstBlock::new(block), def.body.id);
+        Ok(ConstDef::new(def.sig.ident().unwrap().clone(), body))
+    }
+
     fn ident_to_type_spec(ident: Identifier) -> SimpleTypeSpec {
         SimpleTypeSpec::new(ident, ConstArgs::empty())
     }