diff --git a/.cargo/config.toml b/.cargo/config.toml
index 2c53e2b6..67b82bf3 100644
--- a/.cargo/config.toml
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -83,5 +83,5 @@ dinst = "install --path . --features debug --features els"
 ntest = "nextest run"
 
 # +nightly
-# you must specify the --target option
+# you must specify the --target option (e.g. x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, aarch64-apple-darwin, x86_64-pc-windows-msvc)
 drc_r = "r -Zbuild-std -Zbuild-std-features=core/debug_refcell"
diff --git a/crates/els/util.rs b/crates/els/util.rs
index e01a2c89..a47595e9 100644
--- a/crates/els/util.rs
+++ b/crates/els/util.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::str::FromStr;
 
 use erg_common::consts::CASE_SENSITIVE;
 use erg_common::normalize_path;
-use erg_common::traits::{DequeStream, Locational};
+use erg_common::traits::{DequeStream, Immutable, Locational};
 
 use erg_compiler::erg_parser::token::{Token, TokenStream};
 
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ use crate::server::ELSResult;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct NormalizedUrl(Url);
 
+impl Immutable for NormalizedUrl {}
+
 impl fmt::Display for NormalizedUrl {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self.0)
diff --git a/crates/erg_common/cache.rs b/crates/erg_common/cache.rs
index 7597026e..a0b0d4f3 100644
--- a/crates/erg_common/cache.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_common/cache.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use crate::dict::Dict;
 use crate::set::Set;
 use crate::shared::Shared;
+use crate::traits::Immutable;
 use crate::{ArcArray, Str};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ impl CacheSet<str> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Hash + Eq + Clone> CacheSet<[T]> {
+impl<T: Hash + Eq + Clone + Immutable> CacheSet<[T]> {
     pub fn get(&self, q: &[T]) -> Arc<[T]> {
         if let Some(cached) = self.0.borrow().get(q) {
             return cached.clone();
@@ -56,7 +57,18 @@ impl<T: Hash + Eq + Clone> CacheSet<[T]> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Hash + Eq> CacheSet<T> {
+impl<T: Hash + Eq + Clone> CacheSet<[T]> {
+    pub fn linear_get(&self, q: &[T]) -> Arc<[T]> {
+        if let Some(cached) = self.0.borrow().linear_get(q) {
+            return cached.clone();
+        } // &self.0 is dropped
+        let s = ArcArray::from(q);
+        self.0.borrow_mut().insert(s.clone());
+        s
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Hash + Eq + Immutable> CacheSet<T> {
     pub fn get<Q>(&self, q: &Q) -> Arc<T>
     where
         Arc<T>: Borrow<Q>,
@@ -71,6 +83,21 @@ impl<T: Hash + Eq> CacheSet<T> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: Hash + Eq> CacheSet<T> {
+    pub fn linear_get<Q>(&self, q: &Q) -> Arc<T>
+    where
+        Arc<T>: Borrow<Q>,
+        Q: ?Sized + Eq + ToOwned<Owned = T>,
+    {
+        if let Some(cached) = self.0.borrow().linear_get(q) {
+            return cached.clone();
+        } // &self.0 is dropped
+        let s = Arc::from(q.to_owned());
+        self.0.borrow_mut().insert(s.clone());
+        s
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct CacheDict<K, V: ?Sized>(Shared<Dict<K, Arc<V>>>);
 
@@ -86,15 +113,26 @@ impl<K: Hash + Eq, V: ?Sized> CacheDict<K, V> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<K: Hash + Eq, V> CacheDict<K, V> {
+impl<K: Hash + Eq + Immutable, V> CacheDict<K, V> {
     pub fn get<Q: ?Sized + Hash + Eq>(&self, k: &Q) -> Option<Arc<V>>
     where
         K: Borrow<Q>,
     {
         self.0.borrow().get(k).cloned()
     }
+}
 
+impl<K: Hash + Eq, V> CacheDict<K, V> {
     pub fn insert(&self, k: K, v: V) {
         self.0.borrow_mut().insert(k, Arc::new(v));
     }
 }
+
+impl<K: Eq, V> CacheDict<K, V> {
+    pub fn linear_get<Q: ?Sized + Eq>(&self, k: &Q) -> Option<Arc<V>>
+    where
+        K: Borrow<Q>,
+    {
+        self.0.borrow().linear_get(k).cloned()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/erg_common/dict.rs b/crates/erg_common/dict.rs
index 4e8e1008..9f46fd13 100644
--- a/crates/erg_common/dict.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_common/dict.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use std::ops::{Index, IndexMut};
 
 use crate::fxhash::FxHashMap;
 use crate::get_hash;
+use crate::traits::Immutable;
 
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! dict {
@@ -25,13 +26,13 @@ pub struct Dict<K, V> {
     dict: FxHashMap<K, V>,
 }
 
-impl<K: Hash + Eq, V: Hash + Eq> PartialEq for Dict<K, V> {
+impl<K: Hash + Eq + Immutable, V: Hash + Eq> PartialEq for Dict<K, V> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Dict<K, V>) -> bool {
         self.dict == other.dict
     }
 }
 
-impl<K: Hash + Eq, V: Hash + Eq> Eq for Dict<K, V> {}
+impl<K: Hash + Eq + Immutable, V: Hash + Eq> Eq for Dict<K, V> {}
 
 impl<K: Hash, V: Hash> Hash for Dict<K, V> {
     fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ impl<K: Hash + Eq, V> From<Vec<(K, V)>> for Dict<K, V> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<K: Hash + Eq, V, Q: ?Sized> Index<&Q> for Dict<K, V>
+impl<K: Hash + Eq + Immutable, V, Q: ?Sized> Index<&Q> for Dict<K, V>
 where
     K: Borrow<Q>,
     Q: Hash + Eq,
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<K: Hash + Eq, V, Q: ?Sized> IndexMut<&Q> for Dict<K, V>
+impl<K: Hash + Eq + Immutable, V, Q: ?Sized> IndexMut<&Q> for Dict<K, V>
 where
     K: Borrow<Q>,
     Q: Hash + Eq,
@@ -195,6 +196,15 @@ impl<K, V> Dict<K, V> {
     {
         self.dict.retain(f);
     }
+
+    pub fn get_by(&self, k: &K, cmp: impl Fn(&K, &K) -> bool) -> Option<&V> {
+        for (k_, v) in self.dict.iter() {
+            if cmp(k, k_) {
+                return Some(v);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
 }
 
 impl<K, V> IntoIterator for Dict<K, V> {
@@ -215,7 +225,47 @@ impl<'a, K, V> IntoIterator for &'a Dict<K, V> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<K: Hash + Eq, V> Dict<K, V> {
+impl<K: Eq, V> Dict<K, V> {
+    /// K: interior-mutable
+    pub fn linear_get<Q>(&self, key: &Q) -> Option<&V>
+    where
+        K: Borrow<Q>,
+        Q: Eq + ?Sized,
+    {
+        self.dict
+            .iter()
+            .find(|(k, _)| (*k).borrow() == key)
+            .map(|(_, v)| v)
+    }
+
+    pub fn linear_get_mut<Q>(&mut self, key: &Q) -> Option<&mut V>
+    where
+        K: Borrow<Q>,
+        Q: Eq + ?Sized,
+    {
+        self.dict
+            .iter_mut()
+            .find(|(k, _)| (*k).borrow() == key)
+            .map(|(_, v)| v)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K: Eq, V: Eq> Dict<K, V> {
+    /// K: interior-mutable
+    pub fn linear_eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        if self.len() != other.len() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (k, v) in self.iter() {
+            if other.linear_get(k) != Some(v) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K: Hash + Eq + Immutable, V> Dict<K, V> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn get<Q>(&self, k: &Q) -> Option<&V>
     where
@@ -225,15 +275,6 @@ impl<K: Hash + Eq, V> Dict<K, V> {
         self.dict.get(k)
     }
 
-    pub fn get_by(&self, k: &K, cmp: impl Fn(&K, &K) -> bool) -> Option<&V> {
-        for (k_, v) in self.dict.iter() {
-            if cmp(k, k_) {
-                return Some(v);
-            }
-        }
-        None
-    }
-
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_mut<Q>(&mut self, k: &Q) -> Option<&mut V>
     where
@@ -260,11 +301,6 @@ impl<K: Hash + Eq, V> Dict<K, V> {
         self.dict.contains_key(k)
     }
 
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, k: K, v: V) -> Option<V> {
-        self.dict.insert(k, v)
-    }
-
     #[inline]
     pub fn remove<Q>(&mut self, k: &Q) -> Option<V>
     where
@@ -281,6 +317,13 @@ impl<K: Hash + Eq, V> Dict<K, V> {
     {
         self.dict.remove_entry(k)
     }
+}
+
+impl<K: Hash + Eq, V> Dict<K, V> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, k: K, v: V) -> Option<V> {
+        self.dict.insert(k, v)
+    }
 
     /// NOTE: This method does not consider pairing with values and keys. That is, a value may be paired with a different key (can be considered equal).
     /// If you need to consider the pairing of the keys and values, use `guaranteed_extend` instead.
diff --git a/crates/erg_common/pathutil.rs b/crates/erg_common/pathutil.rs
index 2f4f3f0f..f713de3f 100644
--- a/crates/erg_common/pathutil.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_common/pathutil.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
 
 use crate::consts::PYTHON_MODE;
 use crate::env::erg_pkgs_path;
+use crate::traits::Immutable;
 use crate::{normalize_path, Str};
 
 /// Guaranteed equivalence path.
@@ -16,6 +17,8 @@ use crate::{normalize_path, Str};
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Default, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct NormalizedPathBuf(PathBuf);
 
+impl Immutable for NormalizedPathBuf {}
+
 impl fmt::Display for NormalizedPathBuf {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self.display())
diff --git a/crates/erg_common/set.rs b/crates/erg_common/set.rs
index 3500afa1..c925cf1e 100644
--- a/crates/erg_common/set.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_common/set.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 use std::iter::FromIterator;
 
 use crate::fxhash::FxHashSet;
+use crate::traits::Immutable;
 use crate::{debug_fmt_iter, fmt_iter, get_hash};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "pylib")]
@@ -46,13 +47,13 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Hash + Eq> PartialEq for Set<T> {
+impl<T: Hash + Eq + Immutable> PartialEq for Set<T> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Set<T>) -> bool {
         self.elems.eq(&other.elems)
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Hash + Eq> Eq for Set<T> {}
+impl<T: Hash + Eq + Immutable> Eq for Set<T> {}
 
 impl<T> Default for Set<T> {
     fn default() -> Self {
@@ -108,9 +109,15 @@ impl<T> Set<T> {
             elems: FxHashSet::default(),
         }
     }
-}
 
-impl<T: Hash> Set<T> {
+    pub fn get_by<Q>(&self, value: &Q, cmp: impl Fn(&Q, &Q) -> bool) -> Option<&T>
+    where
+        T: Borrow<Q>,
+        Q: ?Sized,
+    {
+        self.elems.iter().find(|&v| cmp(v.borrow(), value))
+    }
+
     pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Self {
         Self {
             elems: FxHashSet::with_capacity_and_hasher(capacity, Default::default()),
@@ -163,7 +170,50 @@ impl<'a, T> IntoIterator for &'a Set<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Hash + Eq> Set<T> {
+impl<T: Eq> Set<T> {
+    pub fn linear_get<Q>(&self, value: &Q) -> Option<&T>
+    where
+        T: Borrow<Q>,
+        Q: ?Sized + Eq,
+    {
+        self.elems.iter().find(|x| (*x).borrow() == value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn linear_contains<Q>(&self, value: &Q) -> bool
+    where
+        T: Borrow<Q>,
+        Q: ?Sized + Eq,
+    {
+        self.elems.iter().any(|x| (*x).borrow() == value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn linear_eq(&self, other: &Set<T>) -> bool {
+        self.len() == other.len() && self.iter().all(|x| other.linear_contains(x))
+    }
+
+    pub fn linear_remove<Q>(&mut self, value: &Q) -> bool
+    where
+        T: Borrow<Q>,
+        Q: ?Sized + Eq,
+    {
+        let mut found = false;
+        self.elems.retain(|x| {
+            let eq = (*x).borrow() == value;
+            if eq {
+                found = true;
+            }
+            !eq
+        });
+        found
+    }
+
+    pub fn linear_exclude(mut self, other: &T) -> Set<T> {
+        self.linear_remove(other);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Hash + Eq + Immutable> Set<T> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn get<Q>(&self, value: &Q) -> Option<&T>
     where
@@ -173,14 +223,6 @@ impl<T: Hash + Eq> Set<T> {
         self.elems.get(value)
     }
 
-    pub fn get_by<Q>(&self, value: &Q, cmp: impl Fn(&Q, &Q) -> bool) -> Option<&T>
-    where
-        T: Borrow<Q>,
-        Q: ?Sized + Hash + Eq,
-    {
-        self.elems.iter().find(|&v| cmp(v.borrow(), value))
-    }
-
     #[inline]
     pub fn contains<Q>(&self, value: &Q) -> bool
     where
@@ -190,12 +232,6 @@ impl<T: Hash + Eq> Set<T> {
         self.elems.contains(value)
     }
 
-    /// newly inserted: true, already present: false
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, value: T) -> bool {
-        self.elems.insert(value)
-    }
-
     #[inline]
     pub fn remove<Q>(&mut self, value: &Q) -> bool
     where
@@ -205,6 +241,42 @@ impl<T: Hash + Eq> Set<T> {
         self.elems.remove(value)
     }
 
+    pub fn exclude(mut self, other: &T) -> Set<T> {
+        self.remove(other);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Hash + Eq + Clone + Immutable> Set<T> {
+    /// ```
+    /// # use erg_common::set;
+    /// # use erg_common::set::Set;
+    /// assert_eq!(Set::multi_intersection([set!{1, 3}, set!{1, 2}].into_iter()), set!{1});
+    /// assert_eq!(Set::multi_intersection([set!{1, 3}, set!{1, 2}, set!{2}].into_iter()), set!{1, 2});
+    /// assert_eq!(Set::multi_intersection([set!{1, 3}, set!{1, 2}, set!{2, 3}].into_iter()), set!{1, 2, 3});
+    /// ```
+    pub fn multi_intersection<I>(mut i: I) -> Set<T>
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = Set<T>> + Clone,
+    {
+        let mut res = set! {};
+        while let Some(s) = i.next() {
+            res = res.union_from_iter(
+                s.into_iter()
+                    .filter(|x| i.clone().any(|set| set.contains(x))),
+            );
+        }
+        res
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Hash + Eq> Set<T> {
+    /// newly inserted: true, already present: false
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, value: T) -> bool {
+        self.elems.insert(value)
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     pub fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(&mut self, iter: I) {
         self.elems.extend(iter);
@@ -295,27 +367,6 @@ impl<T: Hash + Eq + Clone> Set<T> {
         self.intersection(&iter.collect())
     }
 
-    /// ```
-    /// # use erg_common::set;
-    /// # use erg_common::set::Set;
-    /// assert_eq!(Set::multi_intersection([set!{1, 3}, set!{1, 2}].into_iter()), set!{1});
-    /// assert_eq!(Set::multi_intersection([set!{1, 3}, set!{1, 2}, set!{2}].into_iter()), set!{1, 2});
-    /// assert_eq!(Set::multi_intersection([set!{1, 3}, set!{1, 2}, set!{2, 3}].into_iter()), set!{1, 2, 3});
-    /// ```
-    pub fn multi_intersection<I>(mut i: I) -> Set<T>
-    where
-        I: Iterator<Item = Set<T>> + Clone,
-    {
-        let mut res = set! {};
-        while let Some(s) = i.next() {
-            res = res.union_from_iter(
-                s.into_iter()
-                    .filter(|x| i.clone().any(|set| set.contains(x))),
-            );
-        }
-        res
-    }
-
     pub fn difference(&self, other: &Set<T>) -> Set<T> {
         let u = self.elems.difference(&other.elems);
         Self {
@@ -331,11 +382,6 @@ impl<T: Hash + Eq + Clone> Set<T> {
         self.insert(other);
         self
     }
-
-    pub fn exclude(mut self, other: &T) -> Set<T> {
-        self.remove(other);
-        self
-    }
 }
 
 impl<T: Hash + Ord> Set<T> {
diff --git a/crates/erg_common/traits.rs b/crates/erg_common/traits.rs
index 4f07cfe0..7c0c84bf 100644
--- a/crates/erg_common/traits.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_common/traits.rs
@@ -1371,3 +1371,42 @@ impl<T: Clone> OptionalTranspose for Option<Vec<T>> {
 pub trait New {
     fn new(cfg: ErgConfig) -> Self;
 }
+
+/// Indicates that the type has no interior mutability
+// TODO: auto trait
+pub trait Immutable {}
+
+impl Immutable for () {}
+impl Immutable for bool {}
+impl Immutable for char {}
+impl Immutable for u8 {}
+impl Immutable for u16 {}
+impl Immutable for u32 {}
+impl Immutable for u64 {}
+impl Immutable for u128 {}
+impl Immutable for usize {}
+impl Immutable for i8 {}
+impl Immutable for i16 {}
+impl Immutable for i32 {}
+impl Immutable for i64 {}
+impl Immutable for i128 {}
+impl Immutable for isize {}
+impl Immutable for f32 {}
+impl Immutable for f64 {}
+impl Immutable for str {}
+impl Immutable for String {}
+impl Immutable for crate::Str {}
+impl Immutable for std::path::PathBuf {}
+impl Immutable for std::path::Path {}
+impl Immutable for std::ffi::OsString {}
+impl Immutable for std::ffi::OsStr {}
+impl Immutable for std::time::Duration {}
+impl Immutable for std::time::SystemTime {}
+impl Immutable for std::time::Instant {}
+impl<T: Immutable + ?Sized> Immutable for &T {}
+impl<T: Immutable> Immutable for Option<T> {}
+impl<T: Immutable> Immutable for Vec<T> {}
+impl<T: Immutable> Immutable for [T] {}
+impl<T: Immutable + ?Sized> Immutable for Box<T> {}
+impl<T: Immutable + ?Sized> Immutable for std::rc::Rc<T> {}
+impl<T: Immutable + ?Sized> Immutable for std::sync::Arc<T> {}
diff --git a/crates/erg_common/tsort.rs b/crates/erg_common/tsort.rs
index 8b114d44..78c3efbd 100644
--- a/crates/erg_common/tsort.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_common/tsort.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! Topological sort
 use crate::dict::Dict;
 use crate::set::Set;
+use crate::traits::Immutable;
 
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::hash::Hash;
@@ -48,13 +49,13 @@ impl TopoSortError {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct Node<T: Eq + Hash, U> {
+pub struct Node<T: Eq + Hash + Immutable, U> {
     pub id: T,
     pub data: U,
     pub depends_on: Set<T>,
 }
 
-impl<T: Eq + Hash, U> Node<T, U> {
+impl<T: Eq + Hash + Immutable, U> Node<T, U> {
     pub const fn new(id: T, data: U, depends_on: Set<T>) -> Self {
         Node {
             id,
@@ -93,12 +94,12 @@ fn _reorder_by_idx<T>(mut v: Vec<T>, idx: Vec<usize>) -> Vec<T> {
     v
 }
 
-fn reorder_by_key<T: Eq + Hash, U>(mut g: Graph<T, U>, idx: Vec<T>) -> Graph<T, U> {
+fn reorder_by_key<T: Eq + Hash + Immutable, U>(mut g: Graph<T, U>, idx: Vec<T>) -> Graph<T, U> {
     g.sort_by_key(|node| idx.iter().position(|k| k == &node.id).unwrap());
     g
 }
 
-fn dfs<T: Eq + Hash + Clone + Debug, U: Debug>(
+fn dfs<T: Eq + Hash + Clone + Debug + Immutable, U: Debug>(
     g: &Graph<T, U>,
     v: T,
     used: &mut Set<T>,
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ fn dfs<T: Eq + Hash + Clone + Debug, U: Debug>(
 
 /// perform topological sort on a graph
 #[allow(clippy::result_unit_err)]
-pub fn tsort<T: Eq + Hash + Clone + Debug, U: Debug>(
+pub fn tsort<T: Eq + Hash + Clone + Debug + Immutable, U: Debug>(
     g: Graph<T, U>,
 ) -> Result<Graph<T, U>, TopoSortError> {
     let n = g.len();
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/context/compare.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/context/compare.rs
index 03d7017d..8acac4f0 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/context/compare.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/context/compare.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use erg_common::dict::Dict;
 use erg_common::set::Set;
 use erg_common::style::colors::DEBUG_ERROR;
 use erg_common::traits::StructuralEq;
-use erg_common::{assume_unreachable, log, set_recursion_limit};
+use erg_common::{assume_unreachable, log};
 use erg_common::{Str, Triple};
 
 use crate::context::eval::UndoableLinkedList;
@@ -126,7 +126,6 @@ impl Context {
 
     /// lhs :> rhs ?
     pub(crate) fn supertype_of(&self, lhs: &Type, rhs: &Type) -> bool {
-        set_recursion_limit!(false, 128);
         let res = match Self::cheap_supertype_of(lhs, rhs) {
             (Absolutely, judge) => judge,
             (Maybe, judge) => {
@@ -1040,7 +1039,7 @@ impl Context {
                 }
                 for (sub_k, sub_v) in sub_d.iter() {
                     if let Some(sup_v) = sup_d
-                        .get(sub_k)
+                        .linear_get(sub_k)
                         .or_else(|| sub_tpdict_get(sup_d, sub_k, self))
                     {
                         if !self.supertype_of_tp(sup_v, sub_v, variance) {
@@ -1794,7 +1793,7 @@ impl Context {
             if self.subtype_of(&t, elem) {
                 return intersection.clone();
             } else if self.supertype_of(&t, elem) {
-                return constructors::ands(ands.exclude(&t).include(elem.clone()));
+                return constructors::ands(ands.linear_exclude(&t).include(elem.clone()));
             }
         }
         and(intersection.clone(), elem.clone())
@@ -2024,7 +2023,7 @@ impl Context {
                 "or" => self.is_sub_pred_of(existing, pred),
                 _ => unreachable!(),
             }) {
-                reduced.remove(old);
+                reduced.linear_remove(old);
             }
             // insert if necessary
             if reduced.iter().all(|existing| match mode {
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/context/eval.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/context/eval.rs
index 5e5ab3bc..9b3f5454 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/context/eval.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/context/eval.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use erg_common::log;
 use erg_common::set::Set;
 use erg_common::shared::Shared;
 use erg_common::traits::{Locational, Stream};
-use erg_common::{dict, fmt_vec, fn_name, option_enum_unwrap, set, set_recursion_limit, Triple};
+use erg_common::{dict, fmt_vec, fn_name, option_enum_unwrap, set, Triple};
 use erg_common::{ArcArray, Str};
 use OpKind::*;
 
@@ -2068,7 +2068,6 @@ impl Context {
         level: usize,
         t_loc: &impl Locational,
     ) -> Failable<Type> {
-        set_recursion_limit!(Ok(Failure), 128);
         let mut errs = EvalErrors::empty();
         match substituted {
             Type::FreeVar(fv) if fv.is_linked() => {
@@ -3943,8 +3942,8 @@ impl Context {
             (TyParam::Erased(l), TyParam::Erased(r)) => l == r,
             (TyParam::List(l), TyParam::List(r)) => l == r,
             (TyParam::Tuple(l), TyParam::Tuple(r)) => l == r,
-            (TyParam::Set(l), TyParam::Set(r)) => l == r, // FIXME:
-            (TyParam::Dict(l), TyParam::Dict(r)) => l == r,
+            (TyParam::Set(l), TyParam::Set(r)) => l.linear_eq(r),
+            (TyParam::Dict(l), TyParam::Dict(r)) => l.linear_eq(r),
             (TyParam::Lambda(l), TyParam::Lambda(r)) => l == r,
             (TyParam::FreeVar { .. }, TyParam::FreeVar { .. }) => true,
             (TyParam::Mono(l), TyParam::Mono(r)) => {
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/context/generalize.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/context/generalize.rs
index 661ecdc1..59da39b9 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/context/generalize.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/context/generalize.rs
@@ -100,19 +100,19 @@ impl Generalizer {
                 let nd_params = lambda
                     .nd_params
                     .into_iter()
-                    .map(|pt| pt.map_type(|t| self.generalize_t(t, uninit)))
+                    .map(|pt| pt.map_type(&mut |t| self.generalize_t(t, uninit)))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                 let var_params = lambda
                     .var_params
-                    .map(|pt| pt.map_type(|t| self.generalize_t(t, uninit)));
+                    .map(|pt| pt.map_type(&mut |t| self.generalize_t(t, uninit)));
                 let d_params = lambda
                     .d_params
                     .into_iter()
-                    .map(|pt| pt.map_type(|t| self.generalize_t(t, uninit)))
+                    .map(|pt| pt.map_type(&mut |t| self.generalize_t(t, uninit)))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                 let kw_var_params = lambda
                     .kw_var_params
-                    .map(|pt| pt.map_type(|t| self.generalize_t(t, uninit)));
+                    .map(|pt| pt.map_type(&mut |t| self.generalize_t(t, uninit)));
                 let body = lambda
                     .body
                     .into_iter()
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/context/initialize/const_func.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/context/initialize/const_func.rs
index 6093b5db..e98178c4 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/context/initialize/const_func.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/context/initialize/const_func.rs
@@ -342,7 +342,10 @@ pub(crate) fn __dict_getitem__(mut args: ValueArgs, ctx: &Context) -> EvalValueR
     let index = args
         .remove_left_or_key("Index")
         .ok_or_else(|| not_passed("Index"))?;
-    if let Some(v) = slf.get(&index).or_else(|| sub_vdict_get(&slf, &index, ctx)) {
+    if let Some(v) = slf
+        .linear_get(&index)
+        .or_else(|| sub_vdict_get(&slf, &index, ctx))
+    {
         Ok(v.clone().into())
     } else if let Some(v) = sub_vdict_get(&homogenize_dict(&slf, ctx), &index, ctx).cloned() {
         Ok(v.into())
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/context/inquire.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/context/inquire.rs
index 00e4f988..9c2ffcd9 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/context/inquire.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/context/inquire.rs
@@ -1235,11 +1235,11 @@ impl Context {
             let non_default_params = subr_t
                 .non_default_params
                 .iter()
-                .map(|pt| pt.clone().map_type(|t| self.readable_type(t)));
+                .map(|pt| pt.clone().map_type(&mut |t| self.readable_type(t)));
             let default_params = subr_t
                 .default_params
                 .iter()
-                .map(|pt| pt.clone().map_type(|t| self.readable_type(t)));
+                .map(|pt| pt.clone().map_type(&mut |t| self.readable_type(t)));
             Err(TyCheckError::overload_error(
                 self.cfg.input.clone(),
                 line!() as usize,
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/context/register.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/context/register.rs
index f5194d2e..edde9f02 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/context/register.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/context/register.rs
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ impl Context {
             }
             if let Some(var_params) = &mut params.var_params {
                 if let Some(pt) = &subr_t.var_params {
-                    let pt = pt.clone().map_type(unknown_len_list_t);
+                    let pt = pt.clone().map_type(&mut unknown_len_list_t);
                     if let Err(es) =
                         self.assign_param(var_params, Some(&pt), tmp_tv_cache, ParamKind::VarParams)
                     {
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ impl Context {
             }
             if let Some(kw_var_params) = &mut params.kw_var_params {
                 if let Some(pt) = &subr_t.var_params {
-                    let pt = pt.clone().map_type(str_dict_t);
+                    let pt = pt.clone().map_type(&mut str_dict_t);
                     if let Err(es) = self.assign_param(
                         kw_var_params,
                         Some(&pt),
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/context/unify.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/context/unify.rs
index 362cd12f..a9cdef89 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/context/unify.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/context/unify.rs
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ impl<'c, 'l, 'u, L: Locational> Unifier<'c, 'l, 'u, L> {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
                 for (sub_k, sub_v) in sub.iter() {
-                    if let Some(sup_v) = sup.get(sub_k) {
+                    if let Some(sup_v) = sup.linear_get(sub_k) {
                         self.sub_unify_value(sub_v, sup_v)?;
                     } else {
                         log!(err "{sup} does not have key {sub_k}");
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ impl<'c, 'l, 'u, L: Locational> Unifier<'c, 'l, 'u, L> {
             (TyParam::Dict(sub), TyParam::Dict(sup)) => {
                 for (sub_k, sub_v) in sub.iter() {
                     if let Some(sup_v) = sup
-                        .get(sub_k)
+                        .linear_get(sub_k)
                         .or_else(|| sub_tpdict_get(sup, sub_k, self.ctx))
                     {
                         // self.sub_unify_tp(sub_k, sup_k, _variance, loc, allow_divergence)?;
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/hir.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/hir.rs
index 14564516..5311cf36 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/hir.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/hir.rs
@@ -2098,7 +2098,8 @@ impl Params {
 
 pub type Decorator = Expr;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[allow(clippy::derived_hash_with_manual_eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
 pub struct SubrSignature {
     pub decorators: HashSet<Decorator>,
     pub ident: Identifier,
@@ -2108,6 +2109,19 @@ pub struct SubrSignature {
     pub captured_names: Vec<Identifier>,
 }
 
+impl PartialEq for SubrSignature {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.ident == other.ident
+            && self.bounds == other.bounds
+            && self.params == other.params
+            && self.return_t_spec == other.return_t_spec
+            && self.captured_names == other.captured_names
+            && self.decorators.linear_eq(&other.decorators)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for SubrSignature {}
+
 impl NestedDisplay for SubrSignature {
     fn fmt_nest(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>, _level: usize) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/lower.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/lower.rs
index c4af5727..4d2d7160 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/lower.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/lower.rs
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ impl<A: ASTBuildable> GenericASTLowerer<A> {
             };
             if let Some(popped_val_t) = union.insert(key.t(), value.t()) {
                 if PYTHON_MODE {
-                    if let Some(val_t) = union.get_mut(key.ref_t()) {
+                    if let Some(val_t) = union.linear_get_mut(key.ref_t()) {
                         *val_t = self.module.context.union(&mem::take(val_t), &popped_val_t);
                     }
                 } else {
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/module/cache.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/module/cache.rs
index b69110a0..14bce069 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/module/cache.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/module/cache.rs
@@ -443,6 +443,6 @@ impl SharedGeneralizationCache {
     }
 
     pub fn get(&self, key: &FreeTyVar) -> Option<GeneralizationResult> {
-        self.0.borrow().get(key).cloned()
+        self.0.borrow().linear_get(key).cloned()
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/ty/deserialize.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/ty/deserialize.rs
index c5a3d6bb..5834237d 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/ty/deserialize.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/ty/deserialize.rs
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ impl Deserializer {
     }
 
     fn get_cached_arr(&mut self, arr: &[ValueObj]) -> ValueObj {
-        ValueObj::List(self.arr_cache.get(arr))
+        ValueObj::List(self.arr_cache.linear_get(arr))
     }
 
     pub fn vec_to_bytes<const LEN: usize>(vector: Vec<u8>) -> [u8; LEN] {
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/ty/free.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/ty/free.rs
index 9a80e801..f93b3ff3 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/ty/free.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/ty/free.rs
@@ -781,12 +781,12 @@ impl Free<Type> {
     }
 
     /// interior-mut
-    pub fn do_avoiding_recursion<O, F: FnOnce() -> O>(&self, f: F) -> O {
+    pub fn do_avoiding_recursion<O>(&self, f: impl FnOnce() -> O) -> O {
         self._do_avoiding_recursion(None, f)
     }
 
     /// interior-mut
-    pub fn do_avoiding_recursion_with<O, F: FnOnce() -> O>(&self, placeholder: &Type, f: F) -> O {
+    pub fn do_avoiding_recursion_with<O>(&self, placeholder: &Type, f: impl FnOnce() -> O) -> O {
         self._do_avoiding_recursion(Some(placeholder), f)
     }
 
@@ -868,8 +868,10 @@ impl<T: StructuralEq + CanbeFree + Clone + Default + fmt::Debug + Send + Sync +
     fn structural_eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         if let (Some((l, r)), Some((l2, r2))) = (self.get_subsup(), other.get_subsup()) {
             self.dummy_link();
+            other.dummy_link();
             let res = l.structural_eq(&l2) && r.structural_eq(&r2);
             self.undo();
+            other.undo();
             res
         } else if let (Some(l), Some(r)) = (self.get_type(), other.get_type()) {
             l.structural_eq(&r)
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/ty/mod.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/ty/mod.rs
index adce5e1b..b45d65ba 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/ty/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/ty/mod.rs
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ impl ParamTy {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn map_type(self, f: impl FnOnce(Type) -> Type) -> Self {
+    pub fn map_type(self, f: &mut impl FnMut(Type) -> Type) -> Self {
         match self {
             Self::Pos(ty) => Self::Pos(f(ty)),
             Self::Kw { name, ty } => Self::Kw { name, ty: f(ty) },
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ impl ParamTy {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn map_default_type(self, f: impl FnOnce(Type) -> Type) -> Self {
+    pub fn map_default_type(self, f: &mut impl FnMut(Type) -> Type) -> Self {
         match self {
             Self::KwWithDefault { name, ty, default } => Self::KwWithDefault {
                 name,
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ impl SubrType {
             || self.return_t.contains_tp(target)
     }
 
-    pub fn map(self, f: impl Fn(Type) -> Type + Copy) -> Self {
+    pub fn map(self, f: &mut impl FnMut(Type) -> Type) -> Self {
         Self::new(
             self.kind,
             self.non_default_params
@@ -859,25 +859,25 @@ impl SubrType {
         let non_default_params = self
             .non_default_params
             .iter()
-            .map(|pt| pt.clone().map_type(|t| t.derefine()))
+            .map(|pt| pt.clone().map_type(&mut |t| t.derefine()))
             .collect();
         let var_params = self
             .var_params
             .as_ref()
-            .map(|pt| pt.clone().map_type(|t| t.derefine()));
+            .map(|pt| pt.clone().map_type(&mut |t| t.derefine()));
         let default_params = self
             .default_params
             .iter()
             .map(|pt| {
                 pt.clone()
-                    .map_type(|t| t.derefine())
-                    .map_default_type(|t| t.derefine())
+                    .map_type(&mut |t| t.derefine())
+                    .map_default_type(&mut |t| t.derefine())
             })
             .collect();
         let kw_var_params = self
             .kw_var_params
             .as_ref()
-            .map(|pt| pt.clone().map_type(|t| t.derefine()));
+            .map(|pt| pt.clone().map_type(&mut |t| t.derefine()));
         Self::new(
             self.kind,
             non_default_params,
@@ -1016,13 +1016,34 @@ impl SubrType {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
 pub enum RefineKind {
     Interval { min: TyParam, max: TyParam }, // e.g. {I: Int | I >= 2; I <= 10} 2..10
     Enum(Set<TyParam>),                      // e.g. {I: Int | I == 1 or I == 2} {1, 2}
     Complex,
 }
 
+impl PartialEq for RefineKind {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (
+                Self::Interval {
+                    min: lmin,
+                    max: lmax,
+                },
+                Self::Interval {
+                    min: rmin,
+                    max: rmax,
+                },
+            ) => lmin == rmin && lmax == rmax,
+            (Self::Enum(lset), Self::Enum(rset)) => lset.linear_eq(rset),
+            (Self::Complex, Self::Complex) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl Eq for RefineKind {}
+
 /// e.g.
 /// ```erg
 /// {I: Int | I >= 0}
@@ -1483,8 +1504,8 @@ impl PartialEq for Type {
             (Self::NamedTuple(lhs), Self::NamedTuple(rhs)) => lhs == rhs,
             (Self::Refinement(l), Self::Refinement(r)) => l == r,
             (Self::Quantified(l), Self::Quantified(r)) => l == r,
-            (Self::And(_, _), Self::And(_, _)) => self.ands() == other.ands(),
-            (Self::Or(_, _), Self::Or(_, _)) => self.ors() == other.ors(),
+            (Self::And(_, _), Self::And(_, _)) => self.ands().linear_eq(&other.ands()),
+            (Self::Or(_, _), Self::Or(_, _)) => self.ors().linear_eq(&other.ors()),
             (Self::Not(l), Self::Not(r)) => l == r,
             (
                 Self::Poly {
@@ -4160,7 +4181,7 @@ impl Type {
                 }
                 Self::NamedTuple(r)
             }
-            Self::Subr(subr) => Self::Subr(subr.map(|t| t.eliminate_recursion(target))),
+            Self::Subr(subr) => Self::Subr(subr.map(&mut |t| t.eliminate_recursion(target))),
             Self::Callable { param_ts, return_t } => {
                 let param_ts = param_ts
                     .into_iter()
@@ -4228,20 +4249,20 @@ impl Type {
                     .iter()
                     .map(|pt| {
                         pt.clone()
-                            .map_type(|t| t.replace(&Self::Failure, &Self::Obj))
+                            .map_type(&mut |t| t.replace(&Self::Failure, &Self::Obj))
                     })
                     .collect();
                 let var_params = subr.var_params.as_ref().map(|pt| {
                     pt.clone()
-                        .map_type(|t| t.replace(&Self::Failure, &Self::Obj))
+                        .map_type(&mut |t| t.replace(&Self::Failure, &Self::Obj))
                 });
                 let default_params = subr
                     .default_params
                     .iter()
                     .map(|pt| {
                         pt.clone()
-                            .map_type(|t| t.replace(&Self::Failure, &Self::Obj))
-                            .map_default_type(|t| {
+                            .map_type(&mut |t| t.replace(&Self::Failure, &Self::Obj))
+                            .map_default_type(&mut |t| {
                                 let typ = pt.typ().clone().replace(&Self::Failure, &Self::Obj);
                                 t.replace(&Self::Failure, &typ) & typ
                             })
@@ -4249,8 +4270,8 @@ impl Type {
                     .collect();
                 let kw_var_params = subr.kw_var_params.as_ref().map(|pt| {
                     pt.clone()
-                        .map_type(|t| t.replace(&Self::Failure, &Self::Obj))
-                        .map_default_type(|t| {
+                        .map_type(&mut |t| t.replace(&Self::Failure, &Self::Obj))
+                        .map_default_type(&mut |t| {
                             let typ = pt.typ().clone().replace(&Self::Failure, &Self::Obj);
                             t.replace(&Self::Failure, &typ) & typ
                         })
@@ -4285,97 +4306,91 @@ impl Type {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Unlike `replace`, this does not make a look-up table.
-    fn _replace(mut self, target: &Type, to: &Type) -> Type {
-        if self.structural_eq(target) {
-            self = to.clone();
-        }
+    fn map(self, f: &mut impl FnMut(Type) -> Type) -> Type {
         match self {
-            Self::FreeVar(fv) if fv.is_linked() => fv.unwrap_linked()._replace(target, to),
+            Self::FreeVar(fv) if fv.is_linked() => fv.unwrap_linked().map(f),
             Self::FreeVar(fv) => {
                 let fv_clone = fv.deep_clone();
                 if let Some((sub, sup)) = fv_clone.get_subsup() {
                     fv.dummy_link();
                     fv_clone.dummy_link();
-                    let sub = sub._replace(target, to);
-                    let sup = sup._replace(target, to);
+                    let sub = sub.map(f);
+                    let sup = sup.map(f);
                     fv.undo();
                     fv_clone.undo();
                     fv_clone.update_constraint(Constraint::new_sandwiched(sub, sup), true);
                 } else if let Some(ty) = fv_clone.get_type() {
-                    fv_clone
-                        .update_constraint(Constraint::new_type_of(ty._replace(target, to)), true);
+                    fv_clone.update_constraint(Constraint::new_type_of(ty.map(f)), true);
                 }
                 Self::FreeVar(fv_clone)
             }
             Self::Refinement(mut refine) => {
-                refine.t = Box::new(refine.t._replace(target, to));
-                refine.pred = Box::new(refine.pred._replace_t(target, to));
+                refine.t = Box::new(refine.t.map(f));
+                refine.pred = Box::new(refine.pred.map_t(f));
                 Self::Refinement(refine)
             }
             Self::Record(mut rec) => {
                 for v in rec.values_mut() {
-                    *v = std::mem::take(v)._replace(target, to);
+                    *v = std::mem::take(v).map(f);
                 }
                 Self::Record(rec)
             }
             Self::NamedTuple(mut r) => {
                 for (_, v) in r.iter_mut() {
-                    *v = std::mem::take(v)._replace(target, to);
+                    *v = std::mem::take(v).map(f);
                 }
                 Self::NamedTuple(r)
             }
-            Self::Subr(subr) => Self::Subr(subr._replace(target, to)),
+            Self::Subr(subr) => Self::Subr(subr.map(f)),
             Self::Callable { param_ts, return_t } => {
-                let param_ts = param_ts
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|t| t._replace(target, to))
-                    .collect();
-                let return_t = Box::new(return_t._replace(target, to));
+                let param_ts = param_ts.into_iter().map(|t| t.map(f)).collect();
+                let return_t = Box::new(return_t.map(f));
                 Self::Callable { param_ts, return_t }
             }
-            Self::Quantified(quant) => quant._replace(target, to).quantify(),
+            Self::Quantified(quant) => quant.map(f).quantify(),
             Self::Poly { name, params } => {
-                let params = params
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|tp| tp.replace_t(target, to))
-                    .collect();
+                let params = params.into_iter().map(|tp| tp.map_t(f)).collect();
                 Self::Poly { name, params }
             }
-            Self::Ref(t) => Self::Ref(Box::new(t._replace(target, to))),
+            Self::Ref(t) => Self::Ref(Box::new(t.map(f))),
             Self::RefMut { before, after } => Self::RefMut {
-                before: Box::new(before._replace(target, to)),
-                after: after.map(|t| Box::new(t._replace(target, to))),
+                before: Box::new(before.map(f)),
+                after: after.map(|t| Box::new(t.map(f))),
             },
-            Self::And(l, r) => l._replace(target, to) & r._replace(target, to),
-            Self::Or(l, r) => l._replace(target, to) | r._replace(target, to),
-            Self::Not(ty) => !ty._replace(target, to),
-            Self::Proj { lhs, rhs } => lhs._replace(target, to).proj(rhs),
+            Self::And(l, r) => l.map(f) & r.map(f),
+            Self::Or(l, r) => l.map(f) | r.map(f),
+            Self::Not(ty) => !ty.map(f),
+            Self::Proj { lhs, rhs } => lhs.map(f).proj(rhs),
             Self::ProjCall {
                 lhs,
                 attr_name,
                 args,
             } => {
-                let args = args
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|tp| tp.replace_t(target, to))
-                    .collect();
-                proj_call(lhs.replace_t(target, to), attr_name, args)
+                let args = args.into_iter().map(|tp| tp.map_t(f)).collect();
+                proj_call(lhs.map_t(f), attr_name, args)
             }
-            Self::Structural(ty) => ty._replace(target, to).structuralize(),
+            Self::Structural(ty) => ty.map(f).structuralize(),
             Self::Guard(guard) => Self::Guard(GuardType::new(
                 guard.namespace,
                 guard.target.clone(),
-                guard.to._replace(target, to),
+                guard.to.map(f),
             )),
             Self::Bounded { sub, sup } => Self::Bounded {
-                sub: Box::new(sub._replace(target, to)),
-                sup: Box::new(sup._replace(target, to)),
+                sub: Box::new(sub.map(f)),
+                sup: Box::new(sup.map(f)),
             },
             mono_type_pattern!() => self,
         }
     }
 
+    /// Unlike `replace`, this does not make a look-up table.
+    fn _replace(mut self, target: &Type, to: &Type) -> Type {
+        if self.structural_eq(target) {
+            self = to.clone();
+        }
+        self.map(&mut |t| t._replace(target, to))
+    }
+
     fn _replace_tp(self, target: &TyParam, to: &TyParam) -> Type {
         match self {
             Self::FreeVar(fv) if fv.is_linked() => fv.unwrap_linked()._replace_tp(target, to),
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/ty/typaram.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/ty/typaram.rs
index efdf1d79..146db392 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/ty/typaram.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/ty/typaram.rs
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ impl PartialEq for TyParam {
             (Self::List(l), Self::List(r)) => l == r,
             (Self::UnsizedList(l), Self::UnsizedList(r)) => l == r,
             (Self::Tuple(l), Self::Tuple(r)) => l == r,
-            (Self::Dict(l), Self::Dict(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::Dict(l), Self::Dict(r)) => l.linear_eq(r),
             (Self::Record(l), Self::Record(r)) => l == r,
             (
                 Self::DataClass {
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ impl PartialEq for TyParam {
                     fields: rfs,
                 },
             ) => ln == rn && lfs == rfs,
-            (Self::Set(l), Self::Set(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::Set(l), Self::Set(r)) => l.linear_eq(r),
             (Self::Lambda(l), Self::Lambda(r)) => l == r,
             (Self::Mono(l), Self::Mono(r)) => l == r,
             (
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/ty/value.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/ty/value.rs
index d2df2b51..e95d55d9 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/ty/value.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/ty/value.rs
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ impl Rem for Float {
 
 /// 値オブジェクト
 /// コンパイル時評価ができ、シリアライズも可能(Typeなどはシリアライズ不可)
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Hash)]
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Hash)]
 pub enum ValueObj {
     Int(i32),
     Nat(u64),
@@ -970,6 +970,44 @@ impl LimitedDisplay for ValueObj {
     }
 }
 
+impl PartialEq for ValueObj {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (Self::Int(i1), Self::Int(i2)) => i1 == i2,
+            (Self::Nat(n1), Self::Nat(n2)) => n1 == n2,
+            (Self::Float(f1), Self::Float(f2)) => f1 == f2,
+            (Self::Str(s1), Self::Str(s2)) => s1 == s2,
+            (Self::Bool(b1), Self::Bool(b2)) => b1 == b2,
+            (Self::List(l1), Self::List(l2)) => l1 == l2,
+            (Self::UnsizedList(l1), Self::UnsizedList(l2)) => l1 == l2,
+            (Self::Set(s1), Self::Set(s2)) => s1.linear_eq(s2),
+            (Self::Dict(d1), Self::Dict(d2)) => d1.linear_eq(d2),
+            (Self::Tuple(t1), Self::Tuple(t2)) => t1 == t2,
+            (Self::Record(r1), Self::Record(r2)) => r1 == r2,
+            (
+                Self::DataClass {
+                    name: n1,
+                    fields: f1,
+                },
+                Self::DataClass {
+                    name: n2,
+                    fields: f2,
+                },
+            ) => n1 == n2 && f1 == f2,
+            (Self::Code(c1), Self::Code(c2)) => c1 == c2,
+            (Self::Subr(s1), Self::Subr(s2)) => s1 == s2,
+            (Self::Type(t1), Self::Type(t2)) => t1 == t2,
+            (Self::None, Self::None)
+            | (Self::Ellipsis, Self::Ellipsis)
+            | (Self::NotImplemented, Self::NotImplemented)
+            | (Self::NegInf, Self::NegInf)
+            | (Self::Inf, Self::Inf)
+            | (Self::Failure, Self::Failure) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Eq for ValueObj {}
 
 impl Neg for ValueObj {
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/ty/vis.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/ty/vis.rs
index 498703a8..18ff69b9 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/ty/vis.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/ty/vis.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use std::fmt;
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use erg_common::log;
 use erg_common::set::Set;
+use erg_common::traits::Immutable;
 use erg_common::{switch_lang, Str};
 
 use erg_parser::ast::AccessModifier;
@@ -170,6 +171,8 @@ pub struct Field {
     pub symbol: Str,
 }
 
+impl Immutable for Field {}
+
 impl PartialEq for Field {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         self.symbol == other.symbol
diff --git a/crates/erg_compiler/varinfo.rs b/crates/erg_compiler/varinfo.rs
index 5e64419f..343c3cc2 100644
--- a/crates/erg_compiler/varinfo.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_compiler/varinfo.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use erg_common::error::Location;
 use erg_common::pathutil::NormalizedPathBuf;
 use erg_common::set::Set;
+use erg_common::traits::Immutable;
 use erg_common::{switch_lang, Str};
 
 use erg_parser::ast::DefId;
@@ -141,6 +142,8 @@ pub struct AbsLocation {
     pub loc: Location,
 }
 
+impl Immutable for AbsLocation {}
+
 impl fmt::Display for AbsLocation {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         if let Some(module) = &self.module {
diff --git a/crates/erg_parser/ast.rs b/crates/erg_parser/ast.rs
index 8bc4fc3f..93b22dea 100644
--- a/crates/erg_parser/ast.rs
+++ b/crates/erg_parser/ast.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use erg_common::error::Location;
 use erg_common::io::Input;
 use erg_common::set::Set as HashSet;
 // use erg_common::dict::Dict as HashMap;
-use erg_common::traits::{Locational, NestedDisplay, Stream};
+use erg_common::traits::{Immutable, Locational, NestedDisplay, Stream};
 use erg_common::{
     fmt_option, fmt_vec, impl_display_for_enum, impl_display_from_nested,
     impl_displayable_stream_for_wrapper, impl_from_trait_for_enum, impl_locational,
@@ -3806,6 +3806,8 @@ impl Locational for TypeBoundSpecs {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct Decorator(pub Expr);
 
+impl Immutable for Decorator {}
+
 impl Decorator {
     pub const fn new(expr: Expr) -> Self {
         Self(expr)
@@ -3825,6 +3827,8 @@ impl Decorator {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq)]
 pub struct VarName(Token);
 
+impl Immutable for VarName {}
+
 impl PartialEq for VarName {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         self.0 == other.0