# 结构

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模块为它们提供代表代数结构和补丁的Trait

* 成员

## BinOp(二进制运算)

```python
BinOp Op: Kind 2 = Subsume Op(Self, Self.ReturnTypeOf Op), Additional: {
    .ReturnTypeof = TraitType -> Type
}

Nat <: BinOp Add
assert Nat. ReturnTypeof(Add) == Nat
assert Nat. ReturnTypeof(Sub) == Int
assert Nat. ReturnTypeof(Mul) == Nat
assert Nat.ReturnTypeof(Div) == Positive Ratio
```

## SemiGroup(半群)

```python
SemiGroup Op: Kind 2 = Op(Self, Self)

IntIsSemiGroupAdd = Patch Int, Impl=SemiGroupAdd

Int <: SemiGroup Add
```

## Functor(函子)

```python
# * Identity law: x.map(id) == x
# * Composition law: x.map(f).map(g) == x.map(f.then g)
Functor = Trait {
    .map|T, U: Type| = (Self(T), T -> U) -> Self U
}
```

## Applicative(应用)

```python
# * Identity law: x.app(X.pure(id)) == x
Applicative = Subsume Functor, Additional: {
    .pure|T: Type| = T -> Self T
    .app|T, U: Type| = (Self(T), Self(T -> U)) -> Self U
}
```

## Monad(单子)

```python
Monad = Subsume Applicative, Additional: {
    .bind|T, U: Type| = (Self(T), T -> Self U) -> Self U
}
```