feat(core): create linter to detect improper use of need to <nominal> (#2177)

harper-core/dictionary.dict

@@ -7216,7 +7216,6 @@ NJ/OJ               # US state (New Jersey)
 NLRB/O
 NM/ONJV             # US state (New Mexico)
 NORAD/Og
-NOW/ON
 NP/ON
 NPC/NSg             # non-player character
 NPR/ONg             # National Public Radio
@@ -25294,7 +25293,7 @@ fop/NSg
 foppery/Nmg
 foppish/Jp
 foppishness/Nmg
-for/~CPH
+for/~CPHR
 fora/~N9
 forage/~NSgVd>GZ
 forager/NgS
@@ -29465,7 +29464,7 @@ impure/~JY^V>
 impurity/~NSg
 imputation/NSg
 impute/VdSGB
-in/~PJrg            # removed `4`, verb senses are obsolete, `NS`, noun sense is marginal
+in/~PJRrg            # removed `4`, verb senses are obsolete, `NS`, noun sense is marginal
 inaccuracy/NwgS
 inaction/~Nmg
 inadequacy/NS
@@ -36019,7 +36018,7 @@ novenae/N!@_
 novene/J
 novice/~NgS
 novitiate/NgS
-now/~JCNgV
+now/~JCNgVR
 nowadays/~g
 noway/S
 nowhere/~JNg
@@ -51864,7 +51863,7 @@ when/~CINgS
 whence/~C
 whenever/~C
 whensoever/
-where/~CNSg
+where/~CNSRg
 where'd/
 whereabouts/~Ng
 whereas/~CN

harper-core/src/expr/mod.rs

@@ -154,6 +154,7 @@ where
 
 pub trait OwnedExprExt {
     fn or(self, other: impl Expr + 'static) -> FirstMatchOf;
+    fn and(self, other: impl Expr + 'static) -> All;
     fn or_longest(self, other: impl Expr + 'static) -> LongestMatchOf;
 }
 
@@ -166,6 +167,11 @@ where
         FirstMatchOf::new(vec![Box::new(self), Box::new(other)])
     }
 
+    /// Returns an expression that matches only if both the current one and the expression contained in `other` do.
+    fn and(self, other: impl Expr + 'static) -> All {
+        All::new(vec![Box::new(self), Box::new(other)])
+    }
+
     /// Returns an expression that matches the longest of the current one or the expression contained in `other`.
     ///
     /// If you don't need the longest match, prefer using the short-circuiting [`Self::or()`] instead.

harper-core/src/linting/lint_group.rs

@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ use super::most_number::MostNumber;
 use super::most_of_the_times::MostOfTheTimes;
 use super::multiple_sequential_pronouns::MultipleSequentialPronouns;
 use super::nail_on_the_head::NailOnTheHead;
+use super::need_to_noun::NeedToNoun;
 use super::no_french_spaces::NoFrenchSpaces;
 use super::no_match_for::NoMatchFor;
 use super::nobody::Nobody;
@@ -315,7 +316,7 @@ impl LintGroup {
             config: LintGroupConfig::default(),
             linters: BTreeMap::new(),
             expr_linters: BTreeMap::new(),
-            chunk_expr_cache: LruCache::new(NonZero::new(10000).unwrap()),
+            chunk_expr_cache: LruCache::new(NonZero::new(1000).unwrap()),
             hasher_builder: RandomState::default(),
         }
     }
@@ -480,7 +481,6 @@ impl LintGroup {
         insert_expr_rule!(CautionaryTale, true);
         insert_expr_rule!(ChangeTack, true);
         insert_expr_rule!(ChockFull, true);
-        insert_expr_rule!(VerbToAdjective, true);
         insert_struct_rule!(CommaFixes, true);
         insert_struct_rule!(CompoundNouns, true);
         insert_expr_rule!(CompoundSubjectI, true);
@@ -542,6 +542,7 @@ impl LintGroup {
         insert_expr_rule!(MostOfTheTimes, true);
         insert_expr_rule!(MultipleSequentialPronouns, true);
         insert_struct_rule!(NailOnTheHead, true);
+        insert_expr_rule!(NeedToNoun, true);
         insert_struct_rule!(NoFrenchSpaces, true);
         insert_expr_rule!(NoMatchFor, true);
         insert_struct_rule!(NoOxfordComma, false);
@@ -605,6 +606,7 @@ impl LintGroup {
         insert_struct_rule!(UnclosedQuotes, true);
         insert_expr_rule!(UpdatePlaceNames, true);
         insert_expr_rule!(UseGenitive, false);
+        insert_expr_rule!(VerbToAdjective, true);
         insert_expr_rule!(VeryUnique, true);
         insert_expr_rule!(ViceVersa, true);
         insert_expr_rule!(WasAloud, true);

harper-core/src/linting/mod.rs

@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ mod most_number;
 mod most_of_the_times;
 mod multiple_sequential_pronouns;
 mod nail_on_the_head;
+mod need_to_noun;
 mod no_french_spaces;
 mod no_match_for;
 mod no_oxford_comma;
@@ -287,6 +288,7 @@ pub use most_number::MostNumber;
 pub use most_of_the_times::MostOfTheTimes;
 pub use multiple_sequential_pronouns::MultipleSequentialPronouns;
 pub use nail_on_the_head::NailOnTheHead;
+pub use need_to_noun::NeedToNoun;
 pub use no_french_spaces::NoFrenchSpaces;
 pub use no_match_for::NoMatchFor;
 pub use no_oxford_comma::NoOxfordComma;

harper-core/src/linting/need_to_noun.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+use crate::Token;
+use crate::char_string::char_string;
+use crate::expr::Expr;
+use crate::expr::LongestMatchOf;
+use crate::expr::OwnedExprExt;
+use crate::expr::SequenceExpr;
+use crate::expr::UnlessStep;
+use crate::patterns::DerivedFrom;
+use crate::patterns::WordSet;
+
+use super::{ExprLinter, Lint, LintKind, Suggestion};
+
+pub struct NeedToNoun {
+    expr: Box<dyn Expr>,
+}
+
+impl Default for NeedToNoun {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        let postfix_exceptions = LongestMatchOf::new(vec![
+            Box::new(|tok: &Token, _: &[char]| tok.kind.is_adverb() || tok.kind.is_determiner()),
+            Box::new(WordSet::new(&["about"])),
+        ]);
+
+        let exceptions = SequenceExpr::default()
+            .t_any()
+            .t_any()
+            .t_any()
+            .t_any()
+            .then_word_set(&["be"]);
+
+        let a = SequenceExpr::default()
+            .then(|tok: &Token, _: &[char]| tok.kind.is_nominal())
+            .t_ws()
+            .then_unless(postfix_exceptions);
+
+        let b = SequenceExpr::default()
+            .then(|tok: &Token, _: &[char]| tok.kind.is_nominal() && !tok.kind.is_verb());
+
+        let expr = SequenceExpr::default()
+            .then(DerivedFrom::new_from_str("need"))
+            .t_ws()
+            .t_aco("to")
+            .t_ws()
+            .then(a.or(b));
+
+        Self {
+            expr: Box::new(expr.and(UnlessStep::new(exceptions, |_: &Token, _: &[char]| true))),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExprLinter for NeedToNoun {
+    fn expr(&self) -> &dyn Expr {
+        self.expr.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    fn match_to_lint(&self, matched_tokens: &[Token], source: &[char]) -> Option<Lint> {
+        let to_idx = 2;
+        let to_token = &matched_tokens[to_idx];
+
+        let noun_idx = 4;
+        let noun_token = &matched_tokens[noun_idx];
+
+        let noun_text = noun_token.span.get_content_string(source);
+        let span = to_token.span;
+
+        Some(Lint {
+            span,
+            lint_kind: LintKind::Grammar,
+            suggestions: vec![Suggestion::ReplaceWith(char_string!("the").to_vec())],
+            message: format!(
+                "`need to` should be followed by a verb, not a noun or pronoun like `{noun_text}`."
+            ),
+            priority: 48,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn description(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "Flags `need to` when it is immediately followed by a noun, which usually means the infinitive verb is missing."
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::NeedToNoun;
+    use crate::linting::tests::{assert_lint_count, assert_suggestion_result};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_need_to_noun() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "I need to information now.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "I need the information now.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_need_to_verb() {
+        assert_lint_count("I need to leave now.", NeedToNoun::default(), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_need_to_finish() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "I need to finish this report by tomorrow.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_need_to_call() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "You need to call your mother tonight.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_need_to_talk() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "We need to talk about the budget.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_need_to_leave() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "They need to leave early to catch the train.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_need_to_practice() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "She needs to practice her German more often.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_need_to_fix() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "He needs to fix his bike before the weekend.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_need_to_decide() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "We need to decide where to go for dinner.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_need_to_update() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "You need to update your password.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_need_to_take() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "I need to take a break and get some fresh air.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_need_to_clean() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "They need to clean the house before guests arrive.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn avoids_false_positive_for_need_to_verify() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "I need to verify the expenses before submission.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_need_to_compiler() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "We simply don't need to compiler to do as much work anymore.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "We simply don't need the compiler to do as much work anymore.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn catches_false_negative_for_need_to_credentials() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "I need to credentials before logging in.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "I need the credentials before logging in.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_need_to_report() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "We need to report before the meeting starts.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "We need the report before the meeting starts.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_need_to_password() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "You need to password to access the server.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "You need the password to access the server.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_need_to_data() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "They need to data analyzed by tomorrow.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "They need the data analyzed by tomorrow.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_need_to_approval() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "She will need to approval of her manager first.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "She will need the approval of her manager first.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_need_to_backup() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "We might need to backup if the main system fails.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "We might need the backup if the main system fails.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_need_to_permit() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "He didn’t realize he would need to permit to film there.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "He didn’t realize he would need the permit to film there.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_need_to_tools() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "You’ll need to right tools to fix that.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "You’ll need the right tools to fix that.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_need_to_context() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "We need to context to make sense of his decision.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "We need the context to make sense of his decision.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_need_to_funds() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "They need to funds released before construction begins.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "They need the funds released before construction begins.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_need_to_silence() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "I need to silence to think clearly.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "I need the silence to think clearly.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_needs_to_approval() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "She needs to approval from her advisor.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "She needs the approval from her advisor.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn avoids_false_positive_for_needs_to_coordinate() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "She needs to collaborate with everyone on the plan.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn catches_false_negative_for_needs_to_credentials() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "He needs to credentials ready before the audit.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "He needs the credentials ready before the audit.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_needs_to_finalize() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "She needs to finalize the schedule.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_needed_to_permit() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "They needed to permit before entering the site.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "They needed the permit before entering the site.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn avoids_false_positive_for_needed_to_explain() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "They needed to explain the new policy carefully.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn catches_false_negative_for_needed_to_authorization() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "They needed to authorization before proceeding.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "They needed the authorization before proceeding.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_needed_to_file() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "They needed to file the paperwork before noon.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_needing_to_documentation() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "Needing to documentation slowed the entire process.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "Needing the documentation slowed the entire process.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn avoids_false_positive_for_needing_to_calibrate() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "Needing to calibrate the equipment delayed us slightly.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn catches_false_negative_for_needing_to_confirmation() {
+        assert_suggestion_result(
+            "Needing to confirmation from legal stalled the launch.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            "Needing the confirmation from legal stalled the launch.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_needing_to_call() {
+        assert_lint_count(
+            "Needing to call your mother is stressful.",
+            NeedToNoun::default(),
+            0,
+        );
+    }
+}

harper-core/src/linting/noun_verb_confusion/effect_affect/affect_to_effect.rs

@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ fn behaves_like_verb(token: &Token, source: &[char], prev: &[char]) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn is_preceding_context(token: &Token) -> bool {
-    if token.kind.is_adverb() {
+    if token.kind.is_upos(UPOS::ADV) {
         return false;
     }
 

harper-core/src/linting/touristic.rs

@@ -390,19 +390,6 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn fixes_for_t_content() {
-        assert_good_and_bad_suggestions(
-            "Missing languages for published field in APIv2 for Touristic Content",
-            Touristic::default(),
-            &[
-                "Missing languages for published field in APIv2 for Tourist Content",
-                "Missing languages for published field in APIv2 for Tourism Content",
-            ],
-            &["Missing languages for published field in APIv2 for Touristy Content"],
-        );
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn fixes_a_t_flutter() {
         assert_good_and_bad_suggestions(

harper-core/tests/text/tagged/Computer science.md

@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@
 # NSg         NPl/V3+  NSg/VB/J NPl/V3 P  NSg         VB/C NSg/VB/J NPl/V3  P
 > problems that          can     be      solved using   them     . The fields   of cryptography and  computer
 # NPl+     NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J   Nᴹ/Vg/J NSg/IPl+ . D   NPrPl/V3 P  Nᴹ           VB/C NSg/VB+
-> security involve studying the means  for secure communication and  preventing
-# Nᴹ+      VB      Nᴹ/Vg/J  D   NPl/V3 C/P VB/J   N🅪Sg+         VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J
+> security involve studying the means  for   secure communication and  preventing
+# Nᴹ+      VB      Nᴹ/Vg/J  D   NPl/V3 R/C/P VB/J   N🅪Sg+         VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J
 > security vulnerabilities . Computer graphics and  computational geometry address
 # Nᴹ+      NPl+            . NSg/VB+  NPl      VB/C J+            N🅪Sg+    NSg/VB+
 > the generation of images  . Programming language theory considers different ways
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@
 # NSg/VB+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+ NSg/VB P  VB         NSg/VB+ . VP/J       NPl/V3    NSg/I NSg/R
 > problem - solving , decision - making  , environmental adaptation , planning and
 # NSg/J+  . Nᴹ/Vg/J . NSg/VB+  . Nᴹ/Vg/J . NSg/J         NSg+       . NSg/VB   VB/C
-> learning found  in      humans and  animals . Within  artificial intelligence , computer
-# Nᴹ/Vg/J+ NSg/VB NPr/J/P NPl/V3 VB/C NPl+    . NSg/J/P J+         N🅪Sg+        . NSg/VB+
+> learning found  in        humans and  animals . Within  artificial intelligence , computer
+# Nᴹ/Vg/J+ NSg/VB NPr/J/R/P NPl/V3 VB/C NPl+    . NSg/J/P J+         N🅪Sg+        . NSg/VB+
 > vision   aims   to understand and  process image   and  video    data  , while      natural
 # N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/V3 P  VB         VB/C NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB VB/C N🅪Sg/VB+ N🅪Pl+ . NSg/VB/C/P NSg/J+
 > language processing aims   to understand and  process textual and  linguistic data  .
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@
 # D   NSg/J       N🅪Sg/VB P  NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 Nᴹ/Vg/J     NSg/I+ NPr/VXB VB/C NSg/VB
 > be      automated . The Turing Award   is  generally recognized as    the highest
 # NSg/VXB VP/J      . D   NPr    NSg/VB+ VL3 R         VP/J       NSg/R D   JS
-> distinction in      computer science  .
-# N🅪Sg        NPr/J/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ .
+> distinction in        computer science  .
+# N🅪Sg        NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 >
 #
 > History
@@ -72,12 +72,12 @@
 #
 > The earliest foundations of what   would become computer science  predate the
 # D   JS       NPl         P  NSg/I+ VXB   VBPp   NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/VB  D
-> invention of the modern digital computer . Machines for calculating fixed
-# N🅪Sg      P  D   NSg/J  NSg/J   NSg/VB+  . NPl/V3+  C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J     VP/J
+> invention of the modern digital computer . Machines for   calculating fixed
+# N🅪Sg      P  D   NSg/J  NSg/J   NSg/VB+  . NPl/V3+  R/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J     VP/J
 > numerical tasks   such  as    the abacus have    existed since antiquity , aiding  in
-# J+        NPl/V3+ NSg/I NSg/R D   NSg    NSg/VXB VP/J    C/P   NSg+      . Nᴹ/Vg/J NPr/J/P
-> computations such  as    multiplication and  division . Algorithms for performing
-# NPl          NSg/I NSg/R Nᴹ             VB/C NSg+     . NPl+       C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J
+# J+        NPl/V3+ NSg/I NSg/R D   NSg    NSg/VXB VP/J    C/P   NSg+      . Nᴹ/Vg/J NPr/J/R/P
+> computations such  as    multiplication and  division . Algorithms for   performing
+# NPl          NSg/I NSg/R Nᴹ             VB/C NSg+     . NPl+       R/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J
 > computations have    existed since antiquity , even     before the development of
 # NPl          NSg/VXB VP/J    C/P   NSg+      . NSg/VB/J C/P    D   N🅪Sg        P
 > sophisticated computing equipment .
@@ -86,68 +86,68 @@
 #
 > Wilhelm Schickard designed and  constructed the first    working mechanical
 # NPr     ?         VP/J     VB/C VP/J        D   NSg/VB/J Nᴹ/Vg/J NSg/J
-> calculator in      1623 . In      1673 , Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a   digital mechanical
-# NSg+       NPr/J/P #    . NPr/J/P #    . ?         NPr     VP/J         D/P NSg/J   NSg/J
+> calculator in        1623 . In        1673 , Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a   digital mechanical
+# NSg+       NPr/J/R/P #    . NPr/J/R/P #    . ?         NPr     VP/J         D/P NSg/J   NSg/J
 > calculator , called the Stepped Reckoner . Leibniz may     be      considered the first
 # NSg+       . VP/J   D   J       ?        . NPr     NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J       D   NSg/VB/J
 > computer scientist and  information theorist , because of various reasons ,
 # NSg/VB+  NSg       VB/C Nᴹ+         NSg      . C/P     P  J       NPl/V3+ .
-> including the fact that          he       documented the binary  number      system . In      1820 , Thomas
-# Nᴹ/Vg/J   D   NSg+ NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NPr/ISg+ VP/J       D   N🅪Sg/J+ N🅪Sg/VB/JC+ NSg+   . NPr/J/P #    . NPr+
+> including the fact that          he       documented the binary  number      system . In        1820 , Thomas
+# Nᴹ/Vg/J   D   NSg+ NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NPr/ISg+ VP/J       D   N🅪Sg/J+ N🅪Sg/VB/JC+ NSg+   . NPr/J/R/P #    . NPr+
 > de   Colmar launched the mechanical calculator industry [ note    1 ] when    he       invented
 # NPr+ ?      VP/J     D   NSg/J      NSg+       N🅪Sg+    . NSg/VB+ # . NSg/I/C NPr/ISg+ VP/J
 > his     simplified arithmometer , the first    calculating machine strong enough and
 # ISg/D$+ VP/J       ?            . D   NSg/VB/J Nᴹ/Vg/J     NSg/VB+ NPr/J  NSg/I  VB/C
-> reliable enough to be      used daily      in      an  office  environment . Charles Babbage
-# NSg/J    NSg/I  P  NSg/VXB VP/J NSg/VB/J/R NPr/J/P D/P NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg+       . NPr+    NPr
+> reliable enough to be      used daily      in        an  office  environment . Charles Babbage
+# NSg/J    NSg/I  P  NSg/VXB VP/J NSg/VB/J/R NPr/J/R/P D/P NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg+       . NPr+    NPr
 > started the design  of the first    automatic mechanical calculator , his     Difference
 # VP/J    D   N🅪Sg/VB P  D   NSg/VB/J NSg/J     NSg/J      NSg+       . ISg/D$+ N🅪Sg/VB+
-> Engine  , in      1822 , which eventually gave him  the idea of the first    programmable
-# NSg/VB+ . NPr/J/P #    . I/C+  R          VPt  ISg+ D   NSg  P  D   NSg/VB/J NSg/J
+> Engine  , in        1822 , which eventually gave him  the idea of the first    programmable
+# NSg/VB+ . NPr/J/R/P #    . I/C+  R          VPt  ISg+ D   NSg  P  D   NSg/VB/J NSg/J
 > mechanical calculator , his     Analytical Engine  . He       started developing this    machine
 # NSg/J      NSg+       . ISg/D$+ J          NSg/VB+ . NPr/ISg+ VP/J    Nᴹ/Vg/J    I/Ddem+ NSg/VB+
-> in      1834 , and  " in      less       than two  years , he       had sketched out          many       of the salient
-# NPr/J/P #    . VB/C . NPr/J/P VB/J/R/C/P C/P  NSg+ NPl+  . NPr/ISg+ VB  VP/J     NSg/VB/J/R/P NSg/I/J/Dq P  D   NSg/J
+> in        1834 , and  " in        less       than two  years , he       had sketched out          many       of the salient
+# NPr/J/R/P #    . VB/C . NPr/J/R/P VB/J/R/C/P C/P  NSg+ NPl+  . NPr/ISg+ VB  VP/J     NSg/VB/J/R/P NSg/I/J/Dq P  D   NSg/J
 > features of the modern computer " . " A    crucial step    was the adoption of a   punched
 # NPl/V3   P  D   NSg/J  NSg/VB+  . . . D/P+ J+      NSg/VB+ VPt D   N🅪Sg     P  D/P VP/J
 > card     system derived from the Jacquard loom   " making  it       infinitely
 # N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg+   VP/J    P    D   NPr      NSg/VB . Nᴹ/Vg/J NPr/ISg+ R
-> programmable . [ note    2 ] In      1843 , during the translation of a   French      article on  the
-# NSg/J        . . NSg/VB+ # . NPr/J/P #    . VB/P   D   N🅪Sg        P  D/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J NSg/VB+ J/P D
-> Analytical Engine  , Ada  Lovelace wrote , in      one        of the many       notes   she  included , an
-# J          NSg/VB+ . NPr+ NPr      VPt   . NPr/J/P NSg/I/VB/J P  D   NSg/I/J/Dq NPl/V3+ ISg+ VP/J     . D/P
+> programmable . [ note    2 ] In        1843 , during the translation of a   French      article on  the
+# NSg/J        . . NSg/VB+ # . NPr/J/R/P #    . VB/P   D   N🅪Sg        P  D/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J NSg/VB+ J/P D
+> Analytical Engine  , Ada  Lovelace wrote , in        one        of the many       notes   she  included , an
+# J          NSg/VB+ . NPr+ NPr      VPt   . NPr/J/R/P NSg/I/VB/J P  D   NSg/I/J/Dq NPl/V3+ ISg+ VP/J     . D/P
 > algorithm to compute the Bernoulli numbers   , which is  considered to be      the first
 # NSg       P  NSg/VB  D   NPr+      NPrPl/V3+ . I/C+  VL3 VP/J       P  NSg/VXB D   NSg/VB/J
-> published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on  a   computer .
-# VP/J      NSg       J    R            VP/J     C/P N🅪Sg+          J/P D/P NSg/VB+  .
+> published algorithm ever specifically tailored for   implementation on  a   computer .
+# VP/J      NSg       J    R            VP/J     R/C/P N🅪Sg+          J/P D/P NSg/VB+  .
 > Around 1885 , Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator , which used punched cards
 # J/P    #    . NPr+   NPr       VP/J     D   NSg       . I/C+  VP/J VP/J    NPl/V3+
 > to process statistical information ; eventually his     company  became part     of IBM  .
 # P  NSg/VB  J           Nᴹ+         . R          ISg/D$+ N🅪Sg/VB+ VPt    NSg/VB/J P  NPr+ .
-> Following Babbage , although unaware of his     earlier work     , Percy Ludgate in      1909
-# Nᴹ/Vg/J/P NPr     . C        VB/J    P  ISg/D$+ JC      N🅪Sg/VB+ . NPr+  ?       NPr/J/P #
-> published the 2nd of the only  two designs for mechanical analytical engines in
-# VP/J      D   #   P  D   J/R/C NSg NPl/V3+ C/P NSg/J      J          NPl/V3  NPr/J/P
-> history . In      1914 , the Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo published his
-# N🅪Sg+   . NPr/J/P #    . D+  NPrᴹ/J+ NSg/VB+  NPr+     NPr    ?       VP/J      ISg/D$+
+> Following Babbage , although unaware of his     earlier work     , Percy Ludgate in        1909
+# Nᴹ/Vg/J/P NPr     . C        VB/J    P  ISg/D$+ JC      N🅪Sg/VB+ . NPr+  ?       NPr/J/R/P #
+> published the 2nd of the only  two designs for   mechanical analytical engines in
+# VP/J      D   #   P  D   J/R/C NSg NPl/V3+ R/C/P NSg/J      J          NPl/V3  NPr/J/R/P
+> history . In        1914 , the Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo published his
+# N🅪Sg+   . NPr/J/R/P #    . D+  NPrᴹ/J+ NSg/VB+  NPr+     NPr    ?       VP/J      ISg/D$+
 > Essays  on  Automatics , and  designed , inspired by      Babbage , a   theoretical
 # NPl/V3+ J/P NPl        . VB/C VP/J     . VP/J     NSg/J/P NPr     . D/P J
 > electromechanical calculating machine which was to be      controlled by      a   read     - only
 # J                 Nᴹ/Vg/J     NSg/VB+ I/C+  VPt P  NSg/VXB VB/J       NSg/J/P D/P NSg/VBP+ . J/R/C
 > program . The paper      also introduced the idea of floating - point   arithmetic . In
-# NPr/VB+ . D+  N🅪Sg/VB/J+ R/C  VP/J       D   NSg  P  Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . NSg/VB+ Nᴹ/J       . NPr/J/P
+# NPr/VB+ . D+  N🅪Sg/VB/J+ R/C  VP/J       D   NSg  P  Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . NSg/VB+ Nᴹ/J       . NPr/J/R/P
 > 1920 , to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the invention of the arithmometer ,
 # #    . P  VB        D   #     NSg         P  D   N🅪Sg      P  D   ?            .
-> Torres presented in      Paris the Electromechanical Arithmometer , a   prototype that
-# NPr    VP/J      NPr/J/P NPr+  D   J                 ?            . D/P NSg/VB+   NSg/I/C/Ddem+
+> Torres presented in        Paris the Electromechanical Arithmometer , a   prototype that
+# NPr    VP/J      NPr/J/R/P NPr+  D   J                 ?            . D/P NSg/VB+   NSg/I/C/Ddem+
 > demonstrated the feasibility of an  electromechanical analytical engine  , on  which
 # VP/J         D   Nᴹ          P  D/P J                 J          NSg/VB+ . J/P I/C+
-> commands could   be      typed and  the results printed automatically . In      1937 , one
-# NPl/V3+  NSg/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J  VB/C D   NPl/V3+ VP/J    R             . NPr/J/P #    . NSg/I/VB/J
+> commands could   be      typed and  the results printed automatically . In        1937 , one
+# NPl/V3+  NSg/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J  VB/C D   NPl/V3+ VP/J    R             . NPr/J/R/P #    . NSg/I/VB/J
 > hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream     , Howard Aiken convinced IBM  ,
 # NSg     NPl+  P     NSg$      NSg/J      NSg/VB/J+ . NPr+   NPr   VP/J      NPr+ .
-> which was making  all          kinds of punched card     equipment and  was also in      the
-# I/C+  VPt Nᴹ/Vg/J NSg/I/J/C/Dq NPl   P  VP/J    N🅪Sg/VB+ Nᴹ+       VB/C VPt R/C  NPr/J/P D
+> which was making  all          kinds of punched card     equipment and  was also in        the
+# I/C+  VPt Nᴹ/Vg/J NSg/I/J/C/Dq NPl   P  VP/J    N🅪Sg/VB+ Nᴹ+       VB/C VPt R/C  NPr/J/R/P D
 > calculator business to develop his     giant programmable calculator , the
 # NSg+       N🅪Sg/J+  P  VB      ISg/D$+ NSg/J NSg/J        NSg+       . D
 > ASCC / Harvard Mark    I       , based on  Babbage's Analytical Engine  , which itself used
@@ -164,60 +164,60 @@
 # NPl/V3   NSg/I NSg/R D   ?         . NPr🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/VB+  VB/C ?     . D   NSg/VB/J+ NSg/VB+  NSg/VPt/P
 > to refer  to the machines rather     than their human    predecessors . As    it       became
 # P  NSg/VB P  D   NPl/V3+  NPr/VB/J/R C/P  D$+   NSg/VB/J NPl+         . NSg/R NPr/ISg+ VPt
-> clear    that         computers could   be      used for more            than just mathematical calculations ,
-# NSg/VB/J NSg/I/C/Ddem NPl/V3+   NSg/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J C/P NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq C/P  VB/J J+           +            .
-> the field  of computer science  broadened to study  computation in      general  . In
-# D   NSg/VB P  NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VP/J      P  NSg/VB NSg         NPr/J/P NSg/VB/J . NPr/J/P
+> clear    that         computers could   be      used for   more            than just mathematical calculations ,
+# NSg/VB/J NSg/I/C/Ddem NPl/V3+   NSg/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J R/C/P NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq C/P  VB/J J+           +            .
+> the field  of computer science  broadened to study  computation in        general  . In
+# D   NSg/VB P  NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VP/J      P  NSg/VB NSg         NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB/J . NPr/J/R/P
 > 1945 , IBM  founded the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at    Columbia
 # #    . NPr+ VP/J    D+  NPr+   J+         Nᴹ/Vg/J+  NSg+       NSg/P NPr+
-> University in      New    York City . The renovated fraternity house  on  Manhattan's West
-# NSg        NPr/J/P NSg/J+ NPr+ NSg+ . D   VP/J      NSg+       NPr/VB J/P NSg$        NPr/VB/J+
+> University in        New    York City . The renovated fraternity house  on  Manhattan's West
+# NSg        NPr/J/R/P NSg/J+ NPr+ NSg+ . D   VP/J      NSg+       NPr/VB J/P NSg$        NPr/VB/J+
 > Side      was IBM's first    laboratory devoted to pure     science  . The lab  is  the
 # NSg/VB/J+ VPt NSg$  NSg/VB/J NSg+       VP/J    P  NSg/VB/J N🅪Sg/VB+ . D+  NPr+ VL3 D
 > forerunner of IBM's Research Division , which today  operates research facilities
 # NSg        P  NSg$  Nᴹ/VB+   NSg+     . I/C+  NSg/J+ V3       Nᴹ/VB+   NPl+
 > around the world   . Ultimately , the close    relationship between IBM and  Columbia
 # J/P    D   NSg/VB+ . R          . D   NSg/VB/J NSg          NSg/P   NPr VB/C NPr+
-> University was instrumental in      the emergence of a   new   scientific discipline ,
-# NSg+       VPt NSg/J        NPr/J/P D   Nᴹ        P  D/P NSg/J J          NSg/VB+    .
-> with Columbia offering  one        of the first    academic - credit  courses in      computer
-# P    NPr+     N🅪Sg/Vg/J NSg/I/VB/J P  D   NSg/VB/J NSg/J    . NSg/VB+ NPl/V3  NPr/J/P NSg/VB+
-> science  in      1946 . Computer science  began to be      established as    a   distinct academic
-# N🅪Sg/VB+ NPr/J/P #    . NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VPt   P  NSg/VXB VP/J        NSg/R D/P VB/J     NSg/J
-> discipline in      the 1950s and  early    1960s . The world's first    computer science
-# NSg/VB+    NPr/J/P D   #d    VB/C NSg/J/R+ #d    . D   NSg$    NSg/VB/J NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+
-> degree program , the Cambridge Diploma in      Computer Science  , began at    the
-# NSg+   NPr/VB+ . D   NPr+      NSg     NPr/J/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . VPt   NSg/P D
-> University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory in      1953 . The first     computer science
-# NSg        P  NPr+      NSg/VB+  NSg+       NPr/J/P #    . D+  NSg/VB/J+ NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+
-> department in      the United States    was formed at    Purdue University in      1962 . Since
-# NSg+       NPr/J/P D+  VP/J   NPrPl/V3+ VPt VP/J   NSg/P NPr    NSg+       NPr/J/P #    . C/P
+> University was instrumental in        the emergence of a   new   scientific discipline ,
+# NSg+       VPt NSg/J        NPr/J/R/P D   Nᴹ        P  D/P NSg/J J          NSg/VB+    .
+> with Columbia offering  one        of the first    academic - credit  courses in        computer
+# P    NPr+     N🅪Sg/Vg/J NSg/I/VB/J P  D   NSg/VB/J NSg/J    . NSg/VB+ NPl/V3  NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+
+> science  in        1946 . Computer science  began to be      established as    a   distinct academic
+# N🅪Sg/VB+ NPr/J/R/P #    . NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VPt   P  NSg/VXB VP/J        NSg/R D/P VB/J     NSg/J
+> discipline in        the 1950s and  early    1960s . The world's first    computer science
+# NSg/VB+    NPr/J/R/P D   #d    VB/C NSg/J/R+ #d    . D   NSg$    NSg/VB/J NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+
+> degree program , the Cambridge Diploma in        Computer Science  , began at    the
+# NSg+   NPr/VB+ . D   NPr+      NSg     NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . VPt   NSg/P D
+> University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory in        1953 . The first     computer science
+# NSg        P  NPr+      NSg/VB+  NSg+       NPr/J/R/P #    . D+  NSg/VB/J+ NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+
+> department in        the United States    was formed at    Purdue University in        1962 . Since
+# NSg+       NPr/J/R/P D+  VP/J   NPrPl/V3+ VPt VP/J   NSg/P NPr    NSg+       NPr/J/R/P #    . C/P
 > practical computers became available , many       applications of computing have    become
 # NSg/J+    NPl/V3+   VPt    J         . NSg/I/J/Dq NPl          P  Nᴹ/Vg/J+  NSg/VXB VBPp
-> distinct areas of study   in      their own       rights  .
-# VB/J     NPl   P  NSg/VB+ NPr/J/P D$+   NSg/VB/J+ NPl/V3+ .
+> distinct areas of study   in        their own       rights  .
+# VB/J     NPl   P  NSg/VB+ NPr/J/R/P D$+   NSg/VB/J+ NPl/V3+ .
 >
 #
 > Etymology and  scope
 # N🅪Sg      VB/C NSg/VB+
 >
 #
-> Although first    proposed in      1956 , the term     " computer science  " appears in      a   1959
-# C        NSg/VB/J VP/J     NPr/J/P #    . D   NSg/VB/J . NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . V3      NPr/J/P D/P #
-> article in      Communications of the ACM , in      which Louis Fein argues for the
-# NSg/VB  NPr/J/P NPl            P  D   NSg . NPr/J/P I/C+  NPr+  ?    V3     C/P D
-> creation of a   Graduate  School   in      Computer Sciences analogous to the creation of
-# NSg      P  D/P NSg/VB/J+ N🅪Sg/VB+ NPr/J/P NSg/VB+  NPl/V3+  J         P  D   NSg      P
-> Harvard Business School   in      1921 . Louis justifies the name    by      arguing that          , like
-# NPr+    N🅪Sg/J+  N🅪Sg/VB+ NPr/J/P #    . NPr+  V3        D+  NSg/VB+ NSg/J/P Nᴹ/Vg/J NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . NSg/VB/J/C/P
-> management science  , the subject   is  applied and  interdisciplinary in      nature   ,
-# N🅪Sg+      N🅪Sg/VB+ . D+  NSg/VB/J+ VL3 VP/J    VB/C J                 NPr/J/P N🅪Sg/VB+ .
+> Although first    proposed in        1956 , the term     " computer science  " appears in        a   1959
+# C        NSg/VB/J VP/J     NPr/J/R/P #    . D   NSg/VB/J . NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . V3      NPr/J/R/P D/P #
+> article in        Communications of the ACM , in        which Louis Fein argues for   the
+# NSg/VB  NPr/J/R/P NPl            P  D   NSg . NPr/J/R/P I/C+  NPr+  ?    V3     R/C/P D
+> creation of a   Graduate  School   in        Computer Sciences analogous to the creation of
+# NSg      P  D/P NSg/VB/J+ N🅪Sg/VB+ NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+  NPl/V3+  J         P  D   NSg      P
+> Harvard Business School   in        1921 . Louis justifies the name    by      arguing that          , like
+# NPr+    N🅪Sg/J+  N🅪Sg/VB+ NPr/J/R/P #    . NPr+  V3        D+  NSg/VB+ NSg/J/P Nᴹ/Vg/J NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . NSg/VB/J/C/P
+> management science  , the subject   is  applied and  interdisciplinary in        nature   ,
+# N🅪Sg+      N🅪Sg/VB+ . D+  NSg/VB/J+ VL3 VP/J    VB/C J                 NPr/J/R/P N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 > while      having  the characteristics typical of an  academic discipline . His     efforts ,
 # NSg/VB/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J D   NPl+            NSg/J   P  D/P NSg/J    NSg/VB+    . ISg/D$+ NPl/V3+ .
 > and  those  of others  such  as    numerical analyst George Forsythe , were    rewarded :
 # VB/C I/Ddem P  NPl/V3+ NSg/I NSg/R J+        NSg+    NPr+   ?        . NSg/VPt VP/J     .
-> universities went    on  to create such  departments , starting with Purdue in      1962 .
-# NPl+         NSg/VPt J/P P  VB/J   NSg/I NPl+        . Nᴹ/Vg/J  P    NPr    NPr/J/P #    .
+> universities went    on  to create such  departments , starting with Purdue in        1962 .
+# NPl+         NSg/VPt J/P P  VB/J   NSg/I NPl+        . Nᴹ/Vg/J  P    NPr    NPr/J/R/P #    .
 > Despite  its     name    , a   significant amount of computer science  does   not     involve the
 # NSg/VB/P ISg/D$+ NSg/VB+ . D/P NSg/J       NSg/VB P  NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/V3 NSg/R/C VB      D
 > study  of computers themselves . Because of this    , several alternative names   have
@@ -232,46 +232,46 @@
 # NSg/VB+    NPl/V3   J/P    N🅪Pl VB/C N🅪Pl+ N🅪Sg+     . NSg/VB/C/P NSg/R/C R
 > involving computers . The first    scientific institution to use     the term      was the
 # Nᴹ/Vg/J   NPl/V3+   . D   NSg/VB/J J          NSg+        P  N🅪Sg/VB D+  NSg/VB/J+ VPt D
-> Department of Datalogy at    the University of Copenhagen , founded in      1969 , with
-# NSg        P  ?        NSg/P D   NSg        P  NPr+       . VP/J    NPr/J/P #    . P
-> Peter      Naur being       the first    professor in      datalogy . The term      is  used mainly in      the
-# NPr/VB/JC+ ?    N🅪Sg/Vg/J/C D   NSg/VB/J NSg+      NPr/J/P ?        . D+  NSg/VB/J+ VL3 VP/J R      NPr/J/P D
+> Department of Datalogy at    the University of Copenhagen , founded in        1969 , with
+# NSg        P  ?        NSg/P D   NSg        P  NPr+       . VP/J    NPr/J/R/P #    . P
+> Peter      Naur being       the first    professor in        datalogy . The term      is  used mainly in        the
+# NPr/VB/JC+ ?    N🅪Sg/Vg/J/C D   NSg/VB/J NSg+      NPr/J/R/P ?        . D+  NSg/VB/J+ VL3 VP/J R      NPr/J/R/P D
 > Scandinavian countries . An   alternative term      , also proposed by      Naur , is  data
 # NSg/J        NPl+      . D/P+ NSg/J+      NSg/VB/J+ . R/C  VP/J     NSg/J/P ?    . VL3 N🅪Pl+
-> science  ; this    is  now        used for a   multi - disciplinary field  of data  analysis ,
-# N🅪Sg/VB+ . I/Ddem+ VL3 NPr/VB/J/C VP/J C/P D/P NSg   . NSg/J        NSg/VB P  N🅪Pl+ N🅪Sg+    .
+> science  ; this    is  now          used for   a   multi - disciplinary field  of data  analysis ,
+# N🅪Sg/VB+ . I/Ddem+ VL3 NSg/VB/J/R/C VP/J R/C/P D/P NSg   . NSg/J        NSg/VB P  N🅪Pl+ N🅪Sg+    .
 > including statistics and  databases .
 # Nᴹ/Vg/J   NPl/V3     VB/C NPl/V3+   .
 >
 #
-> In      the early   days of computing , a   number     of terms   for the practitioners of the
-# NPr/J/P D   NSg/J/R NPl  P  Nᴹ/Vg/J+  . D/P N🅪Sg/VB/JC P  NPl/V3+ C/P D   NPl           P  D
-> field  of computing were    suggested ( albeit facetiously ) in      the Communications of
-# NSg/VB P  Nᴹ/Vg/J+  NSg/VPt VP/J      . C      R           . NPr/J/P D   NPl            P
+> In        the early   days of computing , a   number     of terms   for   the practitioners of the
+# NPr/J/R/P D   NSg/J/R NPl  P  Nᴹ/Vg/J+  . D/P N🅪Sg/VB/JC P  NPl/V3+ R/C/P D   NPl           P  D
+> field  of computing were    suggested ( albeit facetiously ) in        the Communications of
+# NSg/VB P  Nᴹ/Vg/J+  NSg/VPt VP/J      . C      R           . NPr/J/R/P D   NPl            P
 > the ACM — turingineer , turologist , flow    - charts  - man       , applied meta  - mathematician ,
 # D   NSg . ?           . ?          . NSg/VB+ . NPl/V3+ . NPr/VB/J+ . VP/J    NSg/J . NSg+          .
-> and  applied epistemologist . Three months later in      the same journal   , comptologist
-# VB/C VP/J    NSg            . NSg+  NPl+   JC    NPr/J/P D+  I/J+ NSg/VB/J+ . ?
+> and  applied epistemologist . Three months later in        the same journal   , comptologist
+# VB/C VP/J    NSg            . NSg+  NPl+   JC    NPr/J/R/P D+  I/J+ NSg/VB/J+ . ?
 > was suggested , followed next    year by      hypologist . The term      computics has also
 # VPt VP/J      . VP/J     NSg/J/P NSg+ NSg/J/P ?          . D+  NSg/VB/J+ ?         V3  R/C
-> been    suggested . In      Europe , terms   derived from contracted translations of the
-# NSg/VPp VP/J      . NPr/J/P NPr+   . NPl/V3+ VP/J    P    VP/J       NPl          P  D+
-> expression " automatic information " ( e.g. " informazione automatica " in      Italian )
-# N🅪Sg+      . NSg/J+    Nᴹ+         . . NSg  . ?            ?          . NPr/J/P N🅪Sg/J  .
+> been    suggested . In        Europe , terms   derived from contracted translations of the
+# NSg/VPp VP/J      . NPr/J/R/P NPr+   . NPl/V3+ VP/J    P    VP/J       NPl          P  D+
+> expression " automatic information " ( e.g. " informazione automatica " in        Italian )
+# N🅪Sg+      . NSg/J+    Nᴹ+         . . NSg  . ?            ?          . NPr/J/R/P N🅪Sg/J  .
 > or    " information and  mathematics " are often used , e.g. informatique ( French      ) ,
 # NPr/C . Nᴹ          VB/C Nᴹ+         . VB  R     VP/J . NSg  ?            . NPr🅪Sg/VB/J . .
 > Informatik ( German   ) , informatica ( Italian , Dutch     ) , informática ( Spanish ,
 # ?          . NPr🅪Sg/J . . ?           . N🅪Sg/J  . NPrᴹ/VB/J . . ?           . NPrᴹ/J  .
 > Portuguese ) , informatika ( Slavic languages and  Hungarian ) or    pliroforiki
 # NPr/J      . . ?           . NSg/J  NPl/V3+   VB/C NSg/J     . NPr/C ?
-> ( π          λ          η          ρ          ο          φ          ο          ρ          ι          κ          ή          , which means  informatics ) in      Greek    . Similar words   have    also been
-# . Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable . I/C+  NPl/V3 Nᴹ          . NPr/J/P NPr/VB/J . NSg/J+  NPl/V3+ NSg/VXB R/C  NSg/VPp
-> adopted in      the UK   ( as    in      the School  of Informatics , University of Edinburgh ) .
-# VP/J    NPr/J/P D+  NPr+ . NSg/R NPr/J/P D   N🅪Sg/VB P  Nᴹ          . NSg        P  NPr+      . .
-> " In      the U.S. , however , informatics is  linked with applied computing , or
-# . NPr/J/P D+  ?    . C       . Nᴹ          VL3 VP/J   P    VP/J    Nᴹ/Vg/J+  . NPr/C
-> computing in      the context of another domain . "
-# Nᴹ/Vg/J+  NPr/J/P D   N🅪Sg/VB P  I/D     NSg+   . .
+> ( π          λ          η          ρ          ο          φ          ο          ρ          ι          κ          ή          , which means  informatics ) in        Greek    . Similar words   have    also been
+# . Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable Unlintable . I/C+  NPl/V3 Nᴹ          . NPr/J/R/P NPr/VB/J . NSg/J+  NPl/V3+ NSg/VXB R/C  NSg/VPp
+> adopted in        the UK   ( as    in        the School  of Informatics , University of Edinburgh ) .
+# VP/J    NPr/J/R/P D+  NPr+ . NSg/R NPr/J/R/P D   N🅪Sg/VB P  Nᴹ          . NSg        P  NPr+      . .
+> " In        the U.S. , however , informatics is  linked with applied computing , or
+# . NPr/J/R/P D+  ?    . C       . Nᴹ          VL3 VP/J   P    VP/J    Nᴹ/Vg/J+  . NPr/C
+> computing in        the context of another domain . "
+# Nᴹ/Vg/J+  NPr/J/R/P D   N🅪Sg/VB P  I/D     NSg+   . .
 >
 #
 > A   folkloric quotation , often attributed to — but     almost certainly not     first
@@ -282,8 +282,8 @@
 # NPl/V3+   C/P  Nᴹ+       VL3 J/P   NPl/V3     . . . NSg/VB+ # . D   N🅪Sg/VB VB/C NSg
 > of computers and  computer systems is  generally considered the province of
 # P  NPl/V3    VB/C NSg/VB+  NPl+    VL3 R         VP/J       D   NSg      P
-> disciplines other    than computer science  . For example , the study  of computer
-# NPl/V3+     NSg/VB/J C/P  NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . C/P NSg/VB+ . D   NSg/VB P  NSg/VB+
+> disciplines other    than computer science  . For   example , the study  of computer
+# NPl/V3+     NSg/VB/J C/P  NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . R/C/P NSg/VB+ . D   NSg/VB P  NSg/VB+
 > hardware is  usually considered part     of computer engineering , while      the study  of
 # Nᴹ+      VL3 R       VP/J       NSg/VB/J P  NSg/VB+  Nᴹ/Vg/J+    . NSg/VB/C/P D   NSg/VB P
 > commercial computer systems and  their deployment is  often called information
@@ -308,8 +308,8 @@
 # VP/J       NSg/J/P D   N🅪Sg/VB P  NPl+           NSg/I NSg/R NPr  NPr   . NPr+ NPr    . NPr+
 > von Neumann , Rózsa Péter and  Alonzo Church     and  there continues to be      a   useful
 # ?   ?       . ?     ?     VB/C NPr    NPr🅪Sg/VB+ VB/C R+    NPl/V3    P  NSg/VXB D/P J
-> interchange of ideas between the two fields    in      areas such  as    mathematical logic    ,
-# NSg/VB      P  NPl+  NSg/P   D   NSg NPrPl/V3+ NPr/J/P NPl+  NSg/I NSg/R J            Nᴹ/VB/J+ .
+> interchange of ideas between the two fields    in        areas such  as    mathematical logic    ,
+# NSg/VB      P  NPl+  NSg/P   D   NSg NPrPl/V3+ NPr/J/R/P NPl+  NSg/I NSg/R J            Nᴹ/VB/J+ .
 > category theory , domain theory , and  algebra .
 # NSg+     N🅪Sg+  . NSg+   N🅪Sg+  . VB/C N🅪Sg+   .
 >
@@ -324,8 +324,8 @@
 # NSg/Vg/J D/P NSg/VB+ P    D   NSg+         NSg/P   NSg/VB/J Nᴹ/Vg/J     VB/C N🅪Sg/VB+
 > disciplines , has claimed that         the principal focus   of computer science  is
 # NPl/V3+     . V3  VP/J    NSg/I/C/Ddem D   NSg/J     N🅪Sg/VB P  NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3
-> studying the properties of computation in      general  , while      the principal focus   of
-# Nᴹ/Vg/J  D   NPl/V3+    P  NSg         NPr/J/P NSg/VB/J . NSg/VB/C/P D   NSg/J     N🅪Sg/VB P
+> studying the properties of computation in        general  , while      the principal focus   of
+# Nᴹ/Vg/J  D   NPl/V3+    P  NSg         NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB/J . NSg/VB/C/P D   NSg/J     N🅪Sg/VB P
 > software engineering is  the design  of specific computations to achieve practical
 # Nᴹ+      Nᴹ/Vg/J+    VL3 D   N🅪Sg/VB P  NSg/J    NPl          P  VB      NSg/J
 > goals   , making  the two separate but     complementary disciplines .
@@ -354,12 +354,12 @@
 # Nᴹ           P  NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+
 >
 #
-> Despite  the word    science  in      its     name    , there is  debate   over    whether or    not
-# NSg/VB/P D+  NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB+ NPr/J/P ISg/D$+ NSg/VB+ . R+    VL3 N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/J/P I/C     NPr/C NSg/R/C
+> Despite  the word    science  in        its     name    , there is  debate   over    whether or    not
+# NSg/VB/P D+  NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB+ NPr/J/R/P ISg/D$+ NSg/VB+ . R+    VL3 N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/J/P I/C     NPr/C NSg/R/C
 > computer science  is  a   discipline of science  , mathematics , or    engineering . Allen
 # NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 D/P NSg/VB     P  N🅪Sg/VB+ . Nᴹ+         . NPr/C Nᴹ/Vg/J+    . NPr+
-> Newell and  Herbert A. Simon argued in      1975 ,
-# ?      VB/C NPr+    ?  NPr+  VP/J   NPr/J/P #    .
+> Newell and  Herbert A. Simon argued in        1975 ,
+# ?      VB/C NPr+    ?  NPr+  VP/J   NPr/J/R/P #    .
 >
 #
 > Computer science  is  an  empirical discipline . We   would have    called it       an
@@ -372,8 +372,8 @@
 # D   NSg/J        NSg/VB+ . R           . IPl+ VB  NPl/V3+     . Dq+  NSg/J+ NSg/VB+
 > that          is  built    is  an   experiment . Actually constructing the machine poses   a
 # NSg/I/C/Ddem+ VL3 NSg/VB/J VL3 D/P+ NSg/VB+    . R        Nᴹ/Vg/J      D+  NSg/VB+ NPl/V3+ D/P+
-> question to nature  ; and  we   listen for the answer  by      observing the machine in
-# NSg/VB+  P  N🅪Sg/VB . VB/C IPl+ NSg/VB C/P D+  NSg/VB+ NSg/J/P Nᴹ/Vg/J   D   NSg/VB+ NPr/J/P
+> question to nature  ; and  we   listen for   the answer  by      observing the machine in
+# NSg/VB+  P  N🅪Sg/VB . VB/C IPl+ NSg/VB R/C/P D+  NSg/VB+ NSg/J/P Nᴹ/Vg/J   D   NSg/VB+ NPr/J/R/P
 > operation and  analyzing it       by      all          analytical and  measurement means  available .
 # N🅪Sg+     VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J   NPr/ISg+ NSg/J/P NSg/I/J/C/Dq J          VB/C N🅪Sg+       NPl/V3 J         .
 >
@@ -382,22 +382,22 @@
 # NPr/ISg+ V3  C/P+  NSg/VPp VP/J   NSg/I/C/Ddem NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ NPr/VXB NSg/VXB NSg/VP/J   NSg/R D/P+ NSg/J+
 > science  since it       makes  use     of empirical testing  to evaluate the correctness of
 # N🅪Sg/VB+ C/P   NPr/ISg+ NPl/V3 N🅪Sg/VB P  NSg/J     Nᴹ/Vg/J+ P  VB       D   NSg         P
-> programs , but     a    problem remains in      defining the laws    and  theorems of computer
-# NPl/V3+  . NSg/C/P D/P+ NSg/J+  NPl/V3  NPr/J/P Nᴹ/Vg/J  D+  NPl/V3+ VB/C NPl/V3   P  NSg/VB+
-> science  ( if    any    exist ) and  defining the nature  of experiments in      computer
-# N🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg/C I/R/Dq VB+   . VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J  D   N🅪Sg/VB P  NPl/V3+     NPr/J/P NSg/VB+
+> programs , but     a    problem remains in        defining the laws    and  theorems of computer
+# NPl/V3+  . NSg/C/P D/P+ NSg/J+  NPl/V3  NPr/J/R/P Nᴹ/Vg/J  D+  NPl/V3+ VB/C NPl/V3   P  NSg/VB+
+> science  ( if    any    exist ) and  defining the nature  of experiments in        computer
+# N🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg/C I/R/Dq VB+   . VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J  D   N🅪Sg/VB P  NPl/V3+     NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+
 > science  . Proponents of classifying computer science  as    an  engineering discipline
 # N🅪Sg/VB+ . NPl        P  Nᴹ/Vg/J     NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/R D/P Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NSg/VB+
-> argue that         the reliability of computational systems is  investigated in      the same
-# VB    NSg/I/C/Ddem D   Nᴹ          P  J             NPl+    VL3 VP/J         NPr/J/P D   I/J
-> way    as    bridges   in      civil engineering and  airplanes in      aerospace engineering . They
-# NSg/J+ NSg/R NPrPl/V3+ NPr/J/P J     Nᴹ/Vg/J+    VB/C NPl/V3    NPr/J/P NSg/J+    Nᴹ/Vg/J+    . IPl+
+> argue that         the reliability of computational systems is  investigated in        the same
+# VB    NSg/I/C/Ddem D   Nᴹ          P  J             NPl+    VL3 VP/J         NPr/J/R/P D   I/J
+> way    as    bridges   in        civil engineering and  airplanes in        aerospace engineering . They
+# NSg/J+ NSg/R NPrPl/V3+ NPr/J/R/P J     Nᴹ/Vg/J+    VB/C NPl/V3    NPr/J/R/P NSg/J+    Nᴹ/Vg/J+    . IPl+
 > also argue that         while      empirical sciences observe what   presently exists , computer
 # R/C  VB    NSg/I/C/Ddem NSg/VB/C/P NSg/J+    NPl/V3+  NSg/VB  NSg/I+ R         V3     . NSg/VB+
 > science  observes what   is  possible to exist and  while      scientists discover  laws
 # N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/V3   NSg/I+ VL3 NSg/J    P  VB    VB/C NSg/VB/C/P NPl+       N🅪Sg/VB/J NPl/V3
-> from observation , no        proper laws    have    been    found  in      computer science  and  it       is
-# P    N🅪Sg+       . NPr/Dq/P+ NSg/J+ NPl/V3+ NSg/VXB NSg/VPp NSg/VB NPr/J/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VB/C NPr/ISg+ VL3
+> from observation , no        proper laws    have    been    found  in        computer science  and  it       is
+# P    N🅪Sg+       . NPr/Dq/P+ NSg/J+ NPl/V3+ NSg/VXB NSg/VPp NSg/VB NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VB/C NPr/ISg+ VL3
 > instead concerned with creating phenomena .
 # R       VP/J      P    Nᴹ/Vg/J  NSg+      .
 >
@@ -409,9 +409,9 @@
 > programs that          can     be      deductively reasoned through mathematical formal methods .
 # NPl/V3+  NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NPr/VXB NSg/VXB R           VP/J     NSg/J/P J            NSg/J  NPl/V3+ .
 > Computer scientists Edsger W. Dijkstra and  Tony  Hoare regard  instructions for
-# NSg/VB+  NPl+       ?      ?  NSg      VB/C NPr/J ?     NSg/VB+ NPl          C/P
+# NSg/VB+  NPl+       ?      ?  NSg      VB/C NPr/J ?     NSg/VB+ NPl          R/C/P
 > computer programs as    mathematical sentences and  interpret formal semantics for
-# NSg/VB+  NPl/V3+  NSg/R J            NPl/V3+   VB/C VB        NSg/J  NPl       C/P
+# NSg/VB+  NPl/V3+  NSg/R J            NPl/V3+   VB/C VB        NSg/J  NPl       R/C/P
 > programming languages as    mathematical axiomatic systems .
 # Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NPl/V3+   NSg/R J            J         NPl+    .
 >
@@ -420,28 +420,28 @@
 # NPl       P  NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+
 >
 #
-> A   number     of computer scientists have    argued for the distinction of three
-# D/P N🅪Sg/VB/JC P  NSg/VB+  NPl+       NSg/VXB VP/J   C/P D   N🅪Sg        P  NSg
-> separate paradigms in      computer science  . Peter      Wegner argued that         those  paradigms
-# NSg/VB/J NPl       NPr/J/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . NPr/VB/JC+ ?      VP/J   NSg/I/C/Ddem I/Ddem NPl+
+> A   number     of computer scientists have    argued for   the distinction of three
+# D/P N🅪Sg/VB/JC P  NSg/VB+  NPl+       NSg/VXB VP/J   R/C/P D   N🅪Sg        P  NSg
+> separate paradigms in        computer science  . Peter      Wegner argued that         those  paradigms
+# NSg/VB/J NPl       NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . NPr/VB/JC+ ?      VP/J   NSg/I/C/Ddem I/Ddem NPl+
 > are science , technology , and  mathematics . Peter      Denning's working group   argued
 # VB  N🅪Sg/VB . N🅪Sg+      . VB/C Nᴹ+         . NPr/VB/JC+ ?         Nᴹ/Vg/J NSg/VB+ VP/J
 > that         they are theory , abstraction ( modeling ) , and  design   . Amnon H. Eden
 # NSg/I/C/Ddem IPl+ VB  N🅪Sg   . N🅪Sg        . Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . . VB/C N🅪Sg/VB+ . ?     ?  NPr+
 > described them     as    the " rationalist paradigm " ( which treats  computer science  as    a
 # VP/J      NSg/IPl+ NSg/R D   . NSg+        NSg+     . . I/C+  NPl/V3+ NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/R D/P
-> branch of mathematics , which is  prevalent in      theoretical computer science  , and
-# NPr/VB P  Nᴹ+         . I/C+  VL3 J         NPr/J/P J           NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . VB/C
+> branch of mathematics , which is  prevalent in        theoretical computer science  , and
+# NPr/VB P  Nᴹ+         . I/C+  VL3 J         NPr/J/R/P J           NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . VB/C
 > mainly employs deductive reasoning ) , the " technocratic paradigm " ( which might    be
 # R      NPl/V3  J         Nᴹ/Vg/J   . . D   . J            NSg+     . . I/C+  Nᴹ/VXB/J NSg/VXB
-> found  in      engineering approaches , most         prominently in      software engineering ) , and
-# NSg/VB NPr/J/P Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NPl/V3+    . NSg/I/J/R/Dq R           NPr/J/P Nᴹ+      Nᴹ/Vg/J+    . . VB/C
+> found  in        engineering approaches , most         prominently in        software engineering ) , and
+# NSg/VB NPr/J/R/P Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NPl/V3+    . NSg/I/J/R/Dq R           NPr/J/R/P Nᴹ+      Nᴹ/Vg/J+    . . VB/C
 > the " scientific paradigm " ( which approaches computer - related artifacts from the
 # D   . J          NSg+     . . I/C+  NPl/V3+    NSg/VB+  . J       NPl+      P    D
-> empirical perspective of natural sciences , identifiable in      some     branches of
-# NSg/J     NSg/J       P  NSg/J   NPl/V3+  . J            NPr/J/P I/J/R/Dq NPl/V3   P
+> empirical perspective of natural sciences , identifiable in        some     branches of
+# NSg/J     NSg/J       P  NSg/J   NPl/V3+  . J            NPr/J/R/P I/J/R/Dq NPl/V3   P
 > artificial intelligence ) . Computer science  focuses on  methods involved in
-# J          N🅪Sg+        . . NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/V3  J/P NPl/V3+ VP/J     NPr/J/P
+# J          N🅪Sg+        . . NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/V3  J/P NPl/V3+ VP/J     NPr/J/R/P
 > design   , specification , programming , verification , implementation and  testing of
 # N🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg+          . Nᴹ/Vg/J     . N🅪Sg+        . N🅪Sg           VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J P
 > human    - made computing systems .
@@ -456,20 +456,20 @@
 # NSg/R D/P+ NSg/VB+    . NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/V3 D/P N🅪Sg/VB P  NPl+   P    J
 > studies of algorithms and  the limits of computation to the practical issues of
 # NPl/V3  P  NPl+       VB/C D   NPl/V3 P  NSg         P  D   NSg/J     NPl/V3 P
-> implementing computing systems in      hardware and  software . CSAB , formerly called
-# Nᴹ/Vg/J      Nᴹ/Vg/J+  NPl     NPr/J/P Nᴹ       VB/C Nᴹ+      . ?    . R        VP/J
+> implementing computing systems in        hardware and  software . CSAB , formerly called
+# Nᴹ/Vg/J      Nᴹ/Vg/J+  NPl     NPr/J/R/P Nᴹ       VB/C Nᴹ+      . ?    . R        VP/J
 > Computing Sciences Accreditation Board    — which is  made up         of representatives of
 # Nᴹ/Vg/J+  NPl/V3+  N🅪Sg          N🅪Sg/VB+ . I/C+  VL3 VB   NSg/VB/J/P P  NPl             P
-> the Association for Computing Machinery ( ACM ) , and  the IEEE Computer Society
-# D   N🅪Sg+       C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J+  Nᴹ+       . NSg . . VB/C D   NPr  NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg+
+> the Association for   Computing Machinery ( ACM ) , and  the IEEE Computer Society
+# D   N🅪Sg+       R/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J+  Nᴹ+       . NSg . . VB/C D   NPr  NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg+
 > ( IEEE CS     ) — identifies four areas that          it       considers crucial to the discipline of
 # . NPr  NPl/V3 . . V3         NSg  NPl+  NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NPr/ISg+ V3        J       P  D   NSg/VB     P
 > computer science  : theory of computation , algorithms and  data  structures ,
 # NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . N🅪Sg   P  NSg         . NPl        VB/C N🅪Pl+ NPl/V3+    .
 > programming methodology and  languages , and  computer elements and  architecture .
 # Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NSg         VB/C NPl/V3+   . VB/C NSg/VB+  NPl/V3   VB/C N🅪Sg+        .
-> In      addition to these   four areas , CSAB also identifies fields    such  as    software
-# NPr/J/P NSg+     P  I/Ddem+ NSg+ NPl+  . ?    R/C  V3         NPrPl/V3+ NSg/I NSg/R Nᴹ+
+> In        addition to these   four areas , CSAB also identifies fields    such  as    software
+# NPr/J/R/P NSg+     P  I/Ddem+ NSg+ NPl+  . ?    R/C  V3         NPrPl/V3+ NSg/I NSg/R Nᴹ+
 > engineering , artificial intelligence , computer networking and  communication ,
 # Nᴹ/Vg/J+    . J          N🅪Sg+        . NSg/VB+  Nᴹ/Vg/J    VB/C N🅪Sg+         .
 > database systems , parallel computation , distributed computation , human    – computer
@@ -484,8 +484,8 @@
 # J+          NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+
 >
 #
-> Theoretical computer science  is  mathematical and  abstract in      spirit  , but     it
-# J+          NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 J            VB/C NSg/VB/J NPr/J/P NSg/VB+ . NSg/C/P NPr/ISg+
+> Theoretical computer science  is  mathematical and  abstract in        spirit  , but     it
+# J+          NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 J            VB/C NSg/VB/J NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+ . NSg/C/P NPr/ISg+
 > derives its     motivation from practical and  everyday computation . It       aims   to
 # NPl/V3  ISg/D$+ N🅪Sg+      P    NSg/J     VB/C NSg/J    NSg         . NPr/ISg+ NPl/V3 P
 > understand the nature  of computation and  , as    a   consequence of this
@@ -504,8 +504,8 @@
 # VL3 . . NSg/I+ NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J      . . N🅪Sg   P  NSg         VL3 VP/J    J/P Nᴹ/Vg/J
 > fundamental questions about what   can     be      computed and  what   amount of resources
 # NSg/J       NPl/V3+   J/P   NSg/I+ NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J     VB/C NSg/I+ NSg/VB P  NPl/V3+
-> are required to perform those  computations . In      an  effort   to answer the first
-# VB  VP/J     P  VB      I/Ddem NPl          . NPr/J/P D/P N🅪Sg/VB+ P  NSg/VB D+  NSg/VB/J+
+> are required to perform those  computations . In        an  effort   to answer the first
+# VB  VP/J     P  VB      I/Ddem NPl          . NPr/J/R/P D/P N🅪Sg/VB+ P  NSg/VB D+  NSg/VB/J+
 > question , computability theory examines which computational problems are
 # NSg/VB+  . Nᴹ            N🅪Sg+  NPl/V3   I/C+  J+            NPl+     VB
 > solvable on  various theoretical models of computation . The second    question is
@@ -520,8 +520,8 @@
 #
 > The famous P           = NP  ? problem , one        of the Millennium Prize     Problems , is  an  open
 # D+  VB/J+  NPr/VB/J/P+ . NPr . NSg/J+  . NSg/I/VB/J P  D+  NSg+       NSg/VB/J+ NPl+     . VL3 D/P NSg/VB/J
-> problem in      the theory of computation .
-# NSg/J   NPr/J/P D   N🅪Sg   P  NSg         .
+> problem in        the theory of computation .
+# NSg/J   NPr/J/R/P D   N🅪Sg   P  NSg         .
 >
 #
 > Information and  coding   theory
@@ -536,14 +536,14 @@
 # NSg/J       NPl/V3 J/P NSg/VB/J+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+   NPl+       NSg/I NSg/R Nᴹ/Vg/J     N🅪Pl+ VB/C
 > on  reliably storing and  communicating data  . Coding   theory is  the study  of the
 # J/P R        Nᴹ/Vg/J VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J       N🅪Pl+ . Nᴹ/Vg/J+ N🅪Sg+  VL3 D   NSg/VB P  D
-> properties of codes   ( systems for converting information from one        form     to
-# NPl/V3     P  NPl/V3+ . NPl+    C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J    Nᴹ+         P    NSg/I/VB/J N🅪Sg/VB+ P
-> another ) and  their fitness for a    specific application . Codes   are used for data
-# I/D     . VB/C D$+   Nᴹ      C/P D/P+ NSg/J+   NSg+        . NPl/V3+ VB  VP/J C/P N🅪Pl+
+> properties of codes   ( systems for   converting information from one        form     to
+# NPl/V3     P  NPl/V3+ . NPl+    R/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J    Nᴹ+         P    NSg/I/VB/J N🅪Sg/VB+ P
+> another ) and  their fitness for   a    specific application . Codes   are used for   data
+# I/D     . VB/C D$+   Nᴹ      R/C/P D/P+ NSg/J+   NSg+        . NPl/V3+ VB  VP/J R/C/P N🅪Pl+
 > compression , cryptography , error   detection and  correction , and  more            recently
 # NSg+        . Nᴹ           . NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg      VB/C NSg+       . VB/C NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq R
-> also for network coding   . Codes   are studied for the purpose of designing
-# R/C  C/P NSg/VB+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . NPl/V3+ VB  VP/J    C/P D   N🅪Sg/VB P  Nᴹ/Vg/J
+> also for   network coding   . Codes   are studied for   the purpose of designing
+# R/C  R/C/P NSg/VB+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . NPl/V3+ VB  VP/J    R/C/P D   N🅪Sg/VB P  Nᴹ/Vg/J
 > efficient and  reliable data  transmission methods .
 # NSg/J     VB/C NSg/J+   N🅪Pl+ N🅪Sg+        NPl/V3+ .
 >
@@ -576,38 +576,38 @@
 # J+       VP/J+     NSg/J+   NPl/V3+  .
 >
 #
-> Formal methods are a   particular kind  of mathematically based technique for the
-# NSg/J+ NPl/V3+ VB  D/P NSg/J      NSg/J P  R              VP/J  N🅪Sg+     C/P D+
+> Formal methods are a   particular kind  of mathematically based technique for   the
+# NSg/J+ NPl/V3+ VB  D/P NSg/J      NSg/J P  R              VP/J  N🅪Sg+     R/C/P D+
 > specification , development and  verification of software and  hardware systems .
 # NSg+          . N🅪Sg        VB/C N🅪Sg         P  Nᴹ       VB/C Nᴹ+      NPl+    .
-> The use     of formal methods for software and  hardware design   is  motivated by      the
-# D   N🅪Sg/VB P  NSg/J  NPl/V3  C/P Nᴹ       VB/C Nᴹ+      N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 VP/J      NSg/J/P D+
-> expectation that          , as    in      other     engineering disciplines , performing appropriate
-# N🅪Sg+       NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . NSg/R NPr/J/P NSg/VB/J+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NPl/V3+     . Nᴹ/Vg/J    VB/J+
+> The use     of formal methods for   software and  hardware design   is  motivated by      the
+# D   N🅪Sg/VB P  NSg/J  NPl/V3  R/C/P Nᴹ       VB/C Nᴹ+      N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 VP/J      NSg/J/P D+
+> expectation that          , as    in        other     engineering disciplines , performing appropriate
+# N🅪Sg+       NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . NSg/R NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB/J+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NPl/V3+     . Nᴹ/Vg/J    VB/J+
 > mathematical analysis can     contribute to the reliability and  robustness of a
 # J+           N🅪Sg+    NPr/VXB NSg/VB     P  D+  Nᴹ+         VB/C NSg        P  D/P
-> design   . They form    an  important theoretical underpinning for software
-# N🅪Sg/VB+ . IPl+ N🅪Sg/VB D/P J         J           NSg/Vg       C/P Nᴹ+
-> engineering , especially where safety  or    security is  involved . Formal methods are
-# Nᴹ/Vg/J+    . R          NSg/C N🅪Sg/VB NPr/C Nᴹ+      VL3 VP/J     . NSg/J+ NPl/V3+ VB
+> design   . They form    an  important theoretical underpinning for   software
+# N🅪Sg/VB+ . IPl+ N🅪Sg/VB D/P J         J           NSg/Vg       R/C/P Nᴹ+
+> engineering , especially where   safety  or    security is  involved . Formal methods are
+# Nᴹ/Vg/J+    . R          NSg/R/C N🅪Sg/VB NPr/C Nᴹ+      VL3 VP/J     . NSg/J+ NPl/V3+ VB
 > a   useful adjunct  to software testing  since they help   avoid errors  and  can     also
 # D/P J      NSg/VB/J P  Nᴹ       Nᴹ/Vg/J+ C/P   IPl+ NSg/VB VB    NPl/V3+ VB/C NPr/VXB R/C
-> give   a   framework for testing  . For industrial use      , tool    support  is  required .
-# NSg/VB D/P NSg       C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . C/P NSg/J      N🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 VP/J     .
+> give   a   framework for   testing  . For   industrial use      , tool    support  is  required .
+# NSg/VB D/P NSg       R/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . R/C/P NSg/J      N🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 VP/J     .
 > However , the high       cost       of using   formal methods means  that         they are usually only
 # C       . D   NSg/VB/J/R N🅪Sg/VBP/J P  Nᴹ/Vg/J NSg/J+ NPl/V3+ NPl/V3 NSg/I/C/Ddem IPl+ VB  R       J/R/C
-> used in      the development of high       - integrity and  life     - critical systems , where
-# VP/J NPr/J/P D   N🅪Sg        P  NSg/VB/J/R . Nᴹ        VB/C N🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg/J    NPl     . NSg/C
+> used in        the development of high       - integrity and  life     - critical systems , where
+# VP/J NPr/J/R/P D   N🅪Sg        P  NSg/VB/J/R . Nᴹ        VB/C N🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg/J    NPl     . NSg/R/C
 > safety  or    security is  of utmost importance . Formal methods are best       described as
 # N🅪Sg/VB NPr/C Nᴹ+      VL3 P  NSg/J+ Nᴹ+        . NSg/J+ NPl/V3+ VB  NPr/VXB/JS VP/J      NSg/R
 > the application of a   fairly broad variety of theoretical computer science
 # D   NSg         P  D/P R      NSg/J N🅪Sg    P  J+          NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+
-> fundamentals , in      particular logic    calculi , formal languages , automata theory ,
-# NPl+         . NPr/J/P NSg/J+     Nᴹ/VB/J+ NSg     . NSg/J  NPl/V3+   . NPl      N🅪Sg+  .
+> fundamentals , in        particular logic    calculi , formal languages , automata theory ,
+# NPl+         . NPr/J/R/P NSg/J+     Nᴹ/VB/J+ NSg     . NSg/J  NPl/V3+   . NPl      N🅪Sg+  .
 > and  program semantics , but     also type    systems and  algebraic data  types   to
 # VB/C NPr/VB+ NPl+      . NSg/C/P R/C  NSg/VB+ NPl     VB/C J         N🅪Pl+ NPl/V3+ P
-> problems in      software and  hardware specification and  verification .
-# NPl      NPr/J/P Nᴹ       VB/C Nᴹ+      NSg           VB/C N🅪Sg+        .
+> problems in        software and  hardware specification and  verification .
+# NPl      NPr/J/R/P Nᴹ       VB/C Nᴹ+      NSg           VB/C N🅪Sg+        .
 >
 #
 > Applied computer science
@@ -622,10 +622,10 @@
 # NSg/VB+  NPl+     VL3 D   NSg/VB P  NSg/J+  NSg/J+ NPl/V3+  VB/C V3       D
 > synthesis and  manipulation of image    data  . The study   is  connected to many       other
 # N🅪Sg      VB/C N🅪Sg         P  N🅪Sg/VB+ N🅪Pl+ . D+  NSg/VB+ VL3 VP/J      P  NSg/I/J/Dq NSg/VB/J
-> fields   in      computer science  , including computer vision  , image    processing , and
-# NPrPl/V3 NPr/J/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . Nᴹ/Vg/J   NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB . N🅪Sg/VB+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+   . VB/C
-> computational geometry , and  is  heavily applied in      the fields   of special  effects
-# J+            N🅪Sg+    . VB/C VL3 R       VP/J    NPr/J/P D   NPrPl/V3 P  NSg/VB/J NPl/V3
+> fields   in        computer science  , including computer vision  , image    processing , and
+# NPrPl/V3 NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . Nᴹ/Vg/J   NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB . N🅪Sg/VB+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+   . VB/C
+> computational geometry , and  is  heavily applied in        the fields   of special  effects
+# J+            N🅪Sg+    . VB/C VL3 R       VP/J    NPr/J/R/P D   NPrPl/V3 P  NSg/VB/J NPl/V3
 > and  video    games   .
 # VB/C N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/V3+ .
 >
@@ -643,15 +643,15 @@
 > processing algorithms independently of the type   of information carrier – whether
 # Nᴹ/Vg/J+   NPl+       R             P  D   NSg/VB P  Nᴹ+         NPr+    . I/C
 > it       is  electrical , mechanical or    biological . This    field   plays  important role in
-# NPr/ISg+ VL3 NSg/J      . NSg/J      NPr/C NSg/J      . I/Ddem+ NSg/VB+ NPl/V3 J         NSg  NPr/J/P
+# NPr/ISg+ VL3 NSg/J      . NSg/J      NPr/C NSg/J      . I/Ddem+ NSg/VB+ NPl/V3 J         NSg  NPr/J/R/P
 > information theory , telecommunications , information engineering and  has
 # Nᴹ+         N🅪Sg+  . Nᴹ+                . Nᴹ+         Nᴹ/Vg/J+    VB/C V3
-> applications in      medical image    computing and  speech   synthesis , among others  . What
-# NPl          NPr/J/P NSg/J   N🅪Sg/VB+ Nᴹ/Vg/J   VB/C N🅪Sg/VB+ N🅪Sg+     . P     NPl/V3+ . NSg/I+
+> applications in        medical image    computing and  speech   synthesis , among others  . What
+# NPl          NPr/J/R/P NSg/J   N🅪Sg/VB+ Nᴹ/Vg/J   VB/C N🅪Sg/VB+ N🅪Sg+     . P     NPl/V3+ . NSg/I+
 > is  the lower     bound    on  the complexity of fast       Fourier transform algorithms ? is
 # VL3 D   NSg/VB/JC NSg/VP/J J/P D   NSg        P  NSg/VB/J/R NPr     NSg/VB    NPl+       . VL3
-> one        of the unsolved problems in      theoretical computer science  .
-# NSg/I/VB/J P  D   VP/J     NPl      NPr/J/P J+          NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ .
+> one        of the unsolved problems in        theoretical computer science  .
+# NSg/I/VB/J P  D   VP/J     NPl      NPr/J/R/P J+          NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 >
 #
 > Computational science  , finance and  engineering
@@ -672,12 +672,12 @@
 # NSg/VB/J/R NSg/R NPl       VB/C NSg/J  +          . R       N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/V3+ . P     P    D$+
 > habitats , among many       others  . Modern computers enable optimization of such
 # NPl      . P     NSg/I/J/Dq NPl/V3+ . NSg/J  NPl/V3+   VB     N🅪Sg         P  NSg/I
-> designs as    complete  aircraft . Notable in      electrical and  electronic circuit
-# NPl/V3+ NSg/R NSg/VB/J+ NSgPl+   . J       NPr/J/P NSg/J      VB/C J+         NSg/VB+
-> design   are SPICE    , as    well       as    software for physical realization of new   ( or
-# N🅪Sg/VB+ VB  N🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg/R NSg/VB/J/R NSg/R Nᴹ       C/P NSg/J    NSg/NoAm    P  NSg/J . NPr/C
-> modified ) designs . The latter includes essential design   software for integrated
-# NSg/VP/J . NPl/V3+ . D   NSg/J  NPl/V3   NSg/J+    N🅪Sg/VB+ Nᴹ+      C/P VP/J
+> designs as    complete  aircraft . Notable in        electrical and  electronic circuit
+# NPl/V3+ NSg/R NSg/VB/J+ NSgPl+   . J       NPr/J/R/P NSg/J      VB/C J+         NSg/VB+
+> design   are SPICE    , as    well       as    software for   physical realization of new   ( or
+# N🅪Sg/VB+ VB  N🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg/R NSg/VB/J/R NSg/R Nᴹ       R/C/P NSg/J    NSg/NoAm    P  NSg/J . NPr/C
+> modified ) designs . The latter includes essential design   software for   integrated
+# NSg/VP/J . NPl/V3+ . D   NSg/J  NPl/V3   NSg/J+    N🅪Sg/VB+ Nᴹ+      R/C/P VP/J
 > circuits .
 # NPl/V3   .
 >
@@ -704,8 +704,8 @@
 #
 > Software engineering is  the study  of designing , implementing , and  modifying the
 # Nᴹ+      Nᴹ/Vg/J+    VL3 D   NSg/VB P  Nᴹ/Vg/J+  . Nᴹ/Vg/J      . VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J   D
-> software in      order    to ensure it       is  of high        quality , affordable , maintainable , and
-# Nᴹ+      NPr/J/P N🅪Sg/VB+ P  VB     NPr/ISg+ VL3 P  NSg/VB/J/R+ N🅪Sg/J+ . J          . J            . VB/C
+> software in        order    to ensure it       is  of high        quality , affordable , maintainable , and
+# Nᴹ+      NPr/J/R/P N🅪Sg/VB+ P  VB     NPr/ISg+ VL3 P  NSg/VB/J/R+ N🅪Sg/J+ . J          . J            . VB/C
 > fast       to build  . It       is  a   systematic approach to software design   , involving the
 # NSg/VB/J/R P  NSg/VB . NPr/ISg+ VL3 D/P J          N🅪Sg/VB  P  Nᴹ       N🅪Sg/VB+ . Nᴹ/Vg/J   D
 > application of engineering practices to software . Software engineering deals
@@ -714,8 +714,8 @@
 # P    D   Nᴹ/Vg/J    VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J   P  Nᴹ+      . NPr/ISg+ NPl/V3 NSg/R/C VB/J NSg/VB/J P    D+
 > creation or    manufacture of new    software , but     its     internal arrangement and
 # NSg+     NPr/C NSg/VB      P  NSg/J+ Nᴹ+      . NSg/C/P ISg/D$+ J        NSg         VB/C
-> maintenance . For example software testing  , systems engineering , technical debt
-# Nᴹ+         . C/P NSg/VB+ Nᴹ+      Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . NPl+    Nᴹ/Vg/J+    . NSg/J     N🅪Sg
+> maintenance . For   example software testing  , systems engineering , technical debt
+# Nᴹ+         . R/C/P NSg/VB+ Nᴹ+      Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . NPl+    Nᴹ/Vg/J+    . NSg/J     N🅪Sg
 > and  software development processes .
 # VB/C Nᴹ+      N🅪Sg+       NPl/V3+   .
 >
@@ -728,34 +728,34 @@
 # J          N🅪Sg         . NPr🅪Sg+ . NPl/V3 P  NPr/C VL3 VP/J     P  VB
 > goal    - orientated processes such  as    problem - solving , decision - making  ,
 # NSg/VB+ . VP/J       NPl/V3    NSg/I NSg/R NSg/J+  . Nᴹ/Vg/J . NSg/VB+  . Nᴹ/Vg/J .
-> environmental adaptation , learning , and  communication found  in      humans and
-# NSg/J         NSg+       . Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . VB/C N🅪Sg+         NSg/VB NPr/J/P NPl/V3 VB/C
-> animals . From its     origins in      cybernetics and  in      the Dartmouth Conference ( 1956 ) ,
-# NPl+    . P    ISg/D$+ NPl+    NPr/J/P Nᴹ          VB/C NPr/J/P D   NPr+      NSg/VB+    . #    . .
+> environmental adaptation , learning , and  communication found  in        humans and
+# NSg/J         NSg+       . Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . VB/C N🅪Sg+         NSg/VB NPr/J/R/P NPl/V3 VB/C
+> animals . From its     origins in        cybernetics and  in        the Dartmouth Conference ( 1956 ) ,
+# NPl+    . P    ISg/D$+ NPl+    NPr/J/R/P Nᴹ          VB/C NPr/J/R/P D   NPr+      NSg/VB+    . #    . .
 > artificial intelligence research has been    necessarily cross       - disciplinary ,
 # J          N🅪Sg+        Nᴹ/VB+   V3  NSg/VPp R           NPr/VB/J/P+ . NSg/J        .
 > drawing   on  areas of expertise such  as    applied mathematics , symbolic logic    ,
 # N🅪Sg/Vg/J J/P NPl   P  Nᴹ/VB+    NSg/I NSg/R VP/J    Nᴹ+         . J        Nᴹ/VB/J+ .
 > semiotics , electrical engineering , philosophy of mind    , neurophysiology , and
 # Nᴹ        . NSg/J      Nᴹ/Vg/J+    . N🅪Sg/VB    P  NSg/VB+ . Nᴹ              . VB/C
-> social intelligence . AI      is  associated in      the popular mind    with robotic
-# NSg/J  N🅪Sg+        . NPr🅪Sg+ VL3 VP/J       NPr/J/P D   NSg/J   NSg/VB+ P    J+
+> social intelligence . AI      is  associated in        the popular mind    with robotic
+# NSg/J  N🅪Sg+        . NPr🅪Sg+ VL3 VP/J       NPr/J/R/P D   NSg/J   NSg/VB+ P    J+
 > development , but     the main     field  of practical application has been    as    an  embedded
 # N🅪Sg+       . NSg/C/P D   NSg/VB/J NSg/VB P  NSg/J+    NSg+        V3  NSg/VPp NSg/R D/P VP/J
-> component in      areas of software development , which require computational
-# NSg/J     NPr/J/P NPl   P  Nᴹ+      N🅪Sg+       . I/C+  NSg/VB  J+
-> understanding . The starting point   in      the late   1940s was Alan Turing's question
-# N🅪Sg/Vg/J+    . D   Nᴹ/Vg/J  NSg/VB+ NPr/J/P D+  NSg/J+ #d    VPt NPr  NSg$     NSg/VB+
+> component in        areas of software development , which require computational
+# NSg/J     NPr/J/R/P NPl   P  Nᴹ+      N🅪Sg+       . I/C+  NSg/VB  J+
+> understanding . The starting point   in        the late   1940s was Alan Turing's question
+# N🅪Sg/Vg/J+    . D   Nᴹ/Vg/J  NSg/VB+ NPr/J/R/P D+  NSg/J+ #d    VPt NPr  NSg$     NSg/VB+
 > " Can     computers think  ? " , and  the question remains effectively unanswered ,
 # . NPr/VXB NPl/V3+   NSg/VB . . . VB/C D+  NSg/VB+  NPl/V3  R           J          .
 > although the Turing test    is  still    used to assess computer output    on  the scale   of
 # C        D   NPr    NSg/VB+ VL3 NSg/VB/J VP/J P  VB     NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VBP+ J/P D   N🅪Sg/VB P
 > human    intelligence . But     the automation of evaluative and  predictive tasks   has
 # NSg/VB/J N🅪Sg+        . NSg/C/P D   N🅪Sg       P  J          VB/C J          NPl/V3+ V3
-> been    increasingly successful as    a   substitute for human    monitoring and
-# NSg/VPp R            J          NSg/R D/P NSg/VB+    C/P NSg/VB/J Nᴹ/Vg/J    VB/C
-> intervention in      domains of computer application involving complex  real  - world
-# NSg+         NPr/J/P NPl     P  NSg/VB+  NSg+        Nᴹ/Vg/J   NSg/VB/J NSg/J . NSg/VB+
+> been    increasingly successful as    a   substitute for   human    monitoring and
+# NSg/VPp R            J          NSg/R D/P NSg/VB+    R/C/P NSg/VB/J Nᴹ/Vg/J    VB/C
+> intervention in        domains of computer application involving complex  real  - world
+# NSg+         NPr/J/R/P NPl     P  NSg/VB+  NSg+        Nᴹ/Vg/J   NSg/VB/J NSg/J . NSg/VB+
 > data  .
 # N🅪Pl+ .
 >
@@ -774,34 +774,34 @@
 # N🅪Sg/VB+ VB/C NSg/J       J           N🅪Sg/VB   P  D/P+ NSg/VB+  NSg+   . NPr/ISg+ NPl/V3
 > largely on  the way    by      which the central processing unit performs internally and
 # R       J/P D+  NSg/J+ NSg/J/P I/C+  D+  NPr/J+  Nᴹ/Vg/J+   NSg+ V3       R          VB/C
-> accesses addresses in      memory . Computer engineers study   computational logic   and
-# NPl/V3   NPl/V3    NPr/J/P N🅪Sg+  . NSg/VB+  NPl/V3+   NSg/VB+ J             Nᴹ/VB/J VB/C
+> accesses addresses in        memory . Computer engineers study   computational logic   and
+# NPl/V3   NPl/V3    NPr/J/R/P N🅪Sg+  . NSg/VB+  NPl/V3+   NSg/VB+ J             Nᴹ/VB/J VB/C
 > design  of computer hardware , from individual processor components ,
 # N🅪Sg/VB P  NSg/VB+  Nᴹ+      . P    NSg/J+     NSg+      NPl+       .
 > microcontrollers , personal computers to supercomputers and  embedded systems . The
 # NPl              . NSg/J    NPl/V3+   P  NPl            VB/C VP/J     NPl+    . D
-> term     " architecture " in      computer literature can     be      traced to the work    of Lyle R.
-# NSg/VB/J . N🅪Sg+        . NPr/J/P NSg/VB+  Nᴹ+        NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J   P  D   N🅪Sg/VB P  NPr  ?
+> term     " architecture " in        computer literature can     be      traced to the work    of Lyle R.
+# NSg/VB/J . N🅪Sg+        . NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+  Nᴹ+        NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J   P  D   N🅪Sg/VB P  NPr  ?
 > Johnson and  Frederick P. Brooks   Jr     . , members of the Machine Organization
 # NPr     VB/C NPr+      ?  NPrPl/V3 NSg/J+ . . NPl/V3  P  D+  NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg+
-> department in      IBM's main      research center    in      1959 .
-# NSg+       NPr/J/P NSg$  NSg/VB/J+ Nᴹ/VB+   NSg/VB/J+ NPr/J/P #    .
+> department in        IBM's main      research center    in        1959 .
+# NSg+       NPr/J/R/P NSg$  NSg/VB/J+ Nᴹ/VB+   NSg/VB/J+ NPr/J/R/P #    .
 >
 #
 > Concurrent , parallel and  distributed computing
 # NSg/J      . NSg/VB/J VB/C VP/J        Nᴹ/Vg/J+
 >
 #
-> Concurrency is  a   property of systems in      which several computations are executing
-# N🅪Sg        VL3 D/P NSg/VB   P  NPl+    NPr/J/P I/C+  J/Dq    NPl          VB  Nᴹ/Vg/J
+> Concurrency is  a   property of systems in        which several computations are executing
+# N🅪Sg        VL3 D/P NSg/VB   P  NPl+    NPr/J/R/P I/C+  J/Dq    NPl          VB  Nᴹ/Vg/J
 > simultaneously , and  potentially interacting with each other    . A   number     of
 # R              . VB/C R           Nᴹ/Vg/J     P    Dq   NSg/VB/J . D/P N🅪Sg/VB/JC P
-> mathematical models  have    been    developed for general  concurrent computation
-# J+           NPl/V3+ NSg/VXB NSg/VPp VP/J      C/P NSg/VB/J NSg/J      NSg
+> mathematical models  have    been    developed for   general  concurrent computation
+# J+           NPl/V3+ NSg/VXB NSg/VPp VP/J      R/C/P NSg/VB/J NSg/J      NSg
 > including Petri nets   , process calculi and  the parallel random   access   machine
 # Nᴹ/Vg/J   ?     NPl/V3 . NSg/VB+ NSg     VB/C D   NSg/VB/J NSg/VB/J N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/VB+
-> model     . When    multiple  computers are connected in      a    network while      using
-# NSg/VB/J+ . NSg/I/C NSg/J/Dq+ NPl/V3+   VB  VP/J      NPr/J/P D/P+ NSg/VB+ NSg/VB/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J
+> model     . When    multiple  computers are connected in        a    network while      using
+# NSg/VB/J+ . NSg/I/C NSg/J/Dq+ NPl/V3+   VB  VP/J      NPr/J/R/P D/P+ NSg/VB+ NSg/VB/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J
 > concurrency , this    is  known as    a   distributed system . Computers within  that
 # N🅪Sg        . I/Ddem+ VL3 VPp/J NSg/R D/P VP/J+       NSg+   . NPl/V3    NSg/J/P NSg/I/C/Ddem+
 > distributed system have    their own       private   memory , and  information can     be
@@ -828,8 +828,8 @@
 # NSg/VB+  Nᴹ+      VL3 D/P NPr/VB P  NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg+      P    D   NSg/J     P
 > protecting information from unauthorized access   , disruption , or    modification
 # Nᴹ/Vg/J    Nᴹ+         P    J            N🅪Sg/VB+ . N🅪Sg+      . NPr/C N🅪Sg+
-> while      maintaining the accessibility and  usability of the system for its     intended
-# NSg/VB/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J     D   Nᴹ+           VB/C Nᴹ        P  D   NSg+   C/P ISg/D$+ NSg/VP/J
+> while      maintaining the accessibility and  usability of the system for   its     intended
+# NSg/VB/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J     D   Nᴹ+           VB/C Nᴹ        P  D   NSg+   R/C/P ISg/D$+ NSg/VP/J
 > users .
 # NPl+  .
 >
@@ -838,8 +838,8 @@
 # NSg/J      Nᴹ           VL3 D   NPr🅪Sg/VB P  Nᴹ/Vg/J VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J     NSg/VB/J NPl/V3+  .
 > Modern cryptography is  the scientific study  of problems relating to distributed
 # NSg/J  Nᴹ           VL3 D   J          NSg/VB P  NPl+     Nᴹ/Vg/J  P  VP/J
-> computations that          can     be      attacked . Technologies studied in      modern cryptography
-# NPl          NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J     . NPl+         VP/J    NPr/J/P NSg/J  Nᴹ
+> computations that          can     be      attacked . Technologies studied in        modern cryptography
+# NPl          NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J     . NPl+         VP/J    NPr/J/R/P NSg/J  Nᴹ
 > include symmetric and  asymmetric encryption , digital signatures , cryptographic
 # NSg/VB  J         VB/C J          N🅪Sg       . NSg/J   NPl+       . J
 > hash    functions , key      - agreement protocols , blockchain , zero     - knowledge proofs , and
@@ -858,8 +858,8 @@
 # R      . NSg/J+  NPl/V3+   VB  VP/J    Nᴹ/Vg/J NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg+      NPl+    P
 > store  , create , maintain , and  search   data  , through database models and  query
 # NSg/VB . VB/J   . VB       . VB/C N🅪Sg/VB+ N🅪Pl+ . NSg/J/P NSg/VB+  NPl/V3 VB/C NSg/VB+
-> languages . Data  mining   is  a   process of discovering patterns in      large data  sets   .
-# NPl/V3+   . N🅪Pl+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+ VL3 D/P NSg/VB  P  Nᴹ/Vg/J     NPl/V3+  NPr/J/P NSg/J N🅪Pl+ NPl/V3 .
+> languages . Data  mining   is  a   process of discovering patterns in        large data  sets   .
+# NPl/V3+   . N🅪Pl+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+ VL3 D/P NSg/VB  P  Nᴹ/Vg/J     NPl/V3+  NPr/J/R/P NSg/J N🅪Pl+ NPl/V3 .
 >
 #
 > Discoveries
@@ -880,8 +880,8 @@
 # ?         NPr     NSg$      . NPr+   NSg$    . NPr+ NSg$     . NPr+   NSg$      .
 > and  Samuel Morse's insight : there are only  two objects that         a   computer has to
 # VB/C NPr+   NSg$    N🅪Sg+   . R+    VB  J/R/C NSg NPl/V3+ NSg/I/C/Ddem D/P NSg/VB+  V3  P
-> deal     with in      order    to represent " anything  " . [ note    4 ]
-# NSg/VB/J P    NPr/J/P N🅪Sg/VB+ P  VB        . NSg/I/VB+ . . . NSg/VB+ # .
+> deal     with in        order    to represent " anything  " . [ note    4 ]
+# NSg/VB/J P    NPr/J/R/P N🅪Sg/VB+ P  VB        . NSg/I/VB+ . . . NSg/VB+ # .
 >
 #
 > All          the information about any    computable problem can     be      represented using
@@ -900,12 +900,12 @@
 #
 > Alan Turing's insight : there are only  five actions that         a   computer has to
 # NPr+ NSg$     N🅪Sg+   . R+    VB  J/R/C NSg  NPl/V3+ NSg/I/C/Ddem D/P NSg/VB+  V3  P
-> perform in      order    to do      " anything  " .
-# VB      NPr/J/P N🅪Sg/VB+ P  NSg/VXB . NSg/I/VB+ . .
+> perform in        order    to do      " anything  " .
+# VB      NPr/J/R/P N🅪Sg/VB+ P  NSg/VXB . NSg/I/VB+ . .
 >
 #
-> Every algorithm can     be      expressed in      a   language for a   computer consisting of
-# Dq    NSg       NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J      NPr/J/P D/P N🅪Sg/VB+ C/P D/P NSg/VB+  Nᴹ/Vg/J    P
+> Every algorithm can     be      expressed in        a   language for   a   computer consisting of
+# Dq    NSg       NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J      NPr/J/R/P D/P N🅪Sg/VB+ R/C/P D/P NSg/VB+  Nᴹ/Vg/J    P
 > only  five basic instructions :
 # J/R/C NSg  NPr/J NPl+         .
 >
@@ -940,8 +940,8 @@
 #
 > Corrado Böhm and  Giuseppe Jacopini's insight : there are only  three ways of
 # ?       ?    VB/C NSg      ?          N🅪Sg+   . R+    VB  J/R/C NSg   NPl  P
-> combining these  actions ( into more            complex  ones    ) that          are needed in      order    for
-# Nᴹ/Vg/J   I/Ddem NPl/V3+ . P    NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq NSg/VB/J NPl/V3+ . NSg/I/C/Ddem+ VB  VP/J   NPr/J/P N🅪Sg/VB+ C/P
+> combining these  actions ( into more            complex  ones    ) that          are needed in        order    for
+# Nᴹ/Vg/J   I/Ddem NPl/V3+ . P    NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq NSg/VB/J NPl/V3+ . NSg/I/C/Ddem+ VB  VP/J   NPr/J/R/P N🅪Sg/VB+ R/C/P
 > a   computer to do      " anything  " .
 # D/P NSg/VB+  P  NSg/VXB . NSg/I/VB+ . .
 >
@@ -980,8 +980,8 @@
 # Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NPl+
 >
 #
-> Programming languages can     be      used to accomplish different tasks   in      different
-# Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NPl/V3+   NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J P  VB         NSg/J     NPl/V3+ NPr/J/P NSg/J+
+> Programming languages can     be      used to accomplish different tasks   in        different
+# Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NPl/V3+   NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J P  VB         NSg/J     NPl/V3+ NPr/J/R/P NSg/J+
 > ways . Common    programming paradigms include :
 # NPl+ . NSg/VB/J+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NPl+      NSg/VB  .
 >
@@ -1004,22 +1004,22 @@
 #
 > Imperative programming , a    programming paradigm that          uses   statements that
 # NSg/J+     Nᴹ/Vg/J+    . D/P+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NSg+     NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NPl/V3 NPl/V3+    NSg/I/C/Ddem+
-> change  a   program's state    . In      much         the same way    that         the imperative mood in
-# N🅪Sg/VB D/P NSg$      N🅪Sg/VB+ . NPr/J/P NSg/I/J/R/Dq D   I/J  NSg/J+ NSg/I/C/Ddem D   NSg/J      N🅪Sg NPr/J/P
+> change  a   program's state    . In        much         the same way    that         the imperative mood in
+# N🅪Sg/VB D/P NSg$      N🅪Sg/VB+ . NPr/J/R/P NSg/I/J/R/Dq D   I/J  NSg/J+ NSg/I/C/Ddem D   NSg/J      N🅪Sg NPr/J/R/P
 > natural languages expresses commands , an   imperative program consists of
 # NSg/J+  NPl/V3+   NPl/V3    NPl/V3+  . D/P+ NSg/J+     NPr/VB+ NPl/V3   P
-> commands for the computer to perform . Imperative programming focuses on
-# NPl/V3+  C/P D+  NSg/VB+  P  VB      . NSg/J+     Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NPl/V3  J/P
+> commands for   the computer to perform . Imperative programming focuses on
+# NPl/V3+  R/C/P D+  NSg/VB+  P  VB      . NSg/J+     Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NPl/V3  J/P
 > describing how   a    program operates .
 # Nᴹ/Vg/J    NSg/C D/P+ NPr/VB+ V3       .
 >
 #
 > Object  - oriented programming , a    programming paradigm based on  the concept of
 # NSg/VB+ . VP/J     Nᴹ/Vg/J+    . D/P+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NSg+     VP/J  J/P D   NSg/VB  P
-> " objects " , which may     contain data  , in      the form    of fields    , often known as
-# . NPl/V3+ . . I/C+  NPr/VXB VB      N🅪Pl+ . NPr/J/P D   N🅪Sg/VB P  NPrPl/V3+ . R     VPp/J NSg/R
-> attributes ; and  code     , in      the form    of procedures , often known as    methods . A
-# NPl/V3+    . VB/C N🅪Sg/VB+ . NPr/J/P D   N🅪Sg/VB P  NPl+       . R     VPp/J NSg/R NPl/V3+ . D/P
+> " objects " , which may     contain data  , in        the form    of fields    , often known as
+# . NPl/V3+ . . I/C+  NPr/VXB VB      N🅪Pl+ . NPr/J/R/P D   N🅪Sg/VB P  NPrPl/V3+ . R     VPp/J NSg/R
+> attributes ; and  code     , in        the form    of procedures , often known as    methods . A
+# NPl/V3+    . VB/C N🅪Sg/VB+ . NPr/J/R/P D   N🅪Sg/VB P  NPl+       . R     VPp/J NSg/R NPl/V3+ . D/P
 > feature of objects is  that         an  object's procedures can     access   and  often modify
 # NSg/VB  P  NPl/V3+ VL3 NSg/I/C/Ddem D/P NSg$     NPl+       NPr/VXB N🅪Sg/VB+ VB/C R     VB
 > the data  fields   of the object  with which they are associated . Thus
@@ -1038,8 +1038,8 @@
 # NPl          VB/C NSg/VB+ NSg/J+   Nᴹ+      NPl/V3+  .
 >
 #
-> Many        languages offer     support for multiple  paradigms , making  the distinction more
-# NSg/I/J/Dq+ NPl/V3+   NSg/VB/JC N🅪Sg/VB C/P NSg/J/Dq+ NPl+      . Nᴹ/Vg/J D+  N🅪Sg+       NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq
+> Many        languages offer     support for   multiple  paradigms , making  the distinction more
+# NSg/I/J/Dq+ NPl/V3+   NSg/VB/JC N🅪Sg/VB R/C/P NSg/J/Dq+ NPl+      . Nᴹ/Vg/J D+  N🅪Sg+       NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq
 > a   matter  of style   than of technical capabilities .
 # D/P N🅪Sg/VB P  NSg/VB+ C/P  P  NSg/J+    NPl+         .
 >
@@ -1048,16 +1048,16 @@
 # Nᴹ/VB+
 >
 #
-> Conferences are important events for computer science  research . During these
-# NPl/V3+     VB  J         NPl/V3 C/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ Nᴹ/VB+   . VB/P   I/Ddem+
+> Conferences are important events for   computer science  research . During these
+# NPl/V3+     VB  J         NPl/V3 R/C/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ Nᴹ/VB+   . VB/P   I/Ddem+
 > conferences , researchers from the public  and  private  sectors present  their
 # NPl/V3+     . NPl+        P    D   Nᴹ/VB/J VB/C NSg/VB/J NPl+    NSg/VB/J D$+
-> recent work     and  meet     . Unlike     in      most         other    academic fields    , in      computer science  ,
-# NSg/J+ N🅪Sg/VB+ VB/C NSg/VB/J . NSg/VB/J/P NPr/J/P NSg/I/J/R/Dq NSg/VB/J NSg/J+   NPrPl/V3+ . NPr/J/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ .
+> recent work     and  meet     . Unlike     in        most         other    academic fields    , in        computer science  ,
+# NSg/J+ N🅪Sg/VB+ VB/C NSg/VB/J . NSg/VB/J/P NPr/J/R/P NSg/I/J/R/Dq NSg/VB/J NSg/J+   NPrPl/V3+ . NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 > the prestige of conference papers  is  greater than that         of journal   publications .
 # D   Nᴹ/VB/J  P  NSg/VB+    NPl/V3+ VL3 JC      C/P  NSg/I/C/Ddem P  NSg/VB/J+ NPl+         .
-> One        proposed explanation for this    is  the quick    development of this   relatively
-# NSg/I/VB/J VP/J     N🅪Sg+       C/P I/Ddem+ VL3 D   NSg/VB/J N🅪Sg        P  I/Ddem R
+> One        proposed explanation for   this    is  the quick    development of this   relatively
+# NSg/I/VB/J VP/J     N🅪Sg+       R/C/P I/Ddem+ VL3 D   NSg/VB/J N🅪Sg        P  I/Ddem R
 > new   field   requires rapid review and  distribution of results , a    task    better
 # NSg/J NSg/VB+ NPl/V3   NSg/J NSg/VB VB/C NSg          P  NPl/V3+ . D/P+ NSg/VB+ NSg/VXB/JC
 > handled by      conferences than by      journals .

harper-core/tests/text/tagged/Difficult sentences.md

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 # D/P N🅪Sg       P  VB/J      NPl/V3+   P  NSg/VB NSg$     N🅪Sg+   P  R         NSg/VB+ NSg/J   . NSg/VB/J NSg/C/P NSg/VB/J NPl/V3+   .
 >
 #
-> Note    that         some      word    may     not     be      tagged correctly right    now        .
-# NSg/VB+ NSg/I/C/Ddem I/J/R/Dq+ NSg/VB+ NPr/VXB NSg/R/C NSg/VXB VP/J   R         NPr/VB/J NPr/VB/J/C .
+> Note    that         some      word    may     not     be      tagged correctly right    now          .
+# NSg/VB+ NSg/I/C/Ddem I/J/R/Dq+ NSg/VB+ NPr/VXB NSg/R/C NSg/VXB VP/J   R         NPr/VB/J NSg/VB/J/R/C .
 >
 #
 > Most         example sentences are taken from https://en.wiktionary.org/. License : CC         BY      - SA        4.0 .
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@
 # NSg/VB
 >
 #
-> Caesar was at    Rome ; a   climate  treaty  was signed at    Kyoto in      1997 .
-# NPr    VPt NSg/P NPr+ . D/P N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/VB+ VPt VP/J   NSg/P NPr+  NPr/J/P #    .
+> Caesar was at    Rome ; a   climate  treaty  was signed at    Kyoto in        1997 .
+# NPr    VPt NSg/P NPr+ . D/P N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/VB+ VPt VP/J   NSg/P NPr+  NPr/J/R/P #    .
 > I       was at    Jim’s house   at    the corner of Fourth   Street   and  Vine .
 # ISg/#r+ VPt NSg/P NSg$  NPr/VB+ NSg/P D   NSg/VB P  NPr/VB/J NSg/VB/J VB/C NSg+ .
 > at    the bottom   of the page    ; sitting  at    the table   ; at    church     ; at    sea
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@
 # NSg/VB+
 >
 #
-> ( In      online chats   : ) Don't @ me       ! Don't at    me       !
-# . NPr/J/P VB/J+  NPl/V3+ . . VB    . NPr/ISg+ . VB    NSg/P NPr/ISg+ .
+> ( In        online chats   : ) Don't @ me       ! Don't at    me       !
+# . NPr/J/R/P VB/J+  NPl/V3+ . . VB    . NPr/ISg+ . VB    NSg/P NPr/ISg+ .
 >
 #
 > By
@@ -110,8 +110,8 @@
 # D+  NSg/VB+ VPt VP/J    NSg/J/P D+  N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 > He       was protected by      his     body    armour       .
 # NPr/ISg+ VPt VP/J      NSg/J/P ISg/D$+ NSg/VB+ NPr/VB/Comm+ .
-> There was a    call    by      the unions for a   30 % pay      rise    .
-# R+    VPt D/P+ NSg/VB+ NSg/J/P D   NPl/V3 C/P D/P #  . NSg/VB/J NSg/VB+ .
+> There was a    call    by      the unions for   a   30 % pay      rise    .
+# R+    VPt D/P+ NSg/VB+ NSg/J/P D   NPl/V3 R/C/P D/P #  . NSg/VB/J NSg/VB+ .
 > I       was aghast by      what   I       saw     .
 # ISg/#r+ VPt J      NSg/J/P NSg/I+ ISg/#r+ NSg/VPt .
 > There are many       well       - known plays  by      William Shakespeare .
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@
 # NSg/J/P . NSg/J/R . ISg+ NPl/V3 . NPr/Dq/P . .
 > The electricity was cut       off        , so        we   had to read    by      candlelight .
 # D+  Nᴹ+         VPt NSg/VBP/J NSg/VB/J/P . NSg/I/J/C IPl+ VB  P  NSg/VBP NSg/J/P Nᴹ          .
-> By      the power      vested in      me       , I       now        pronounce you    man      and  wife      .
-# NSg/J/P D+  N🅪Sg/VB/J+ VP/J   NPr/J/P NPr/ISg+ . ISg/#r+ NPr/VB/J/C NSg/VB    ISgPl+ NPr/VB/J VB/C NSg/VB/J+ .
+> By      the power      vested in        me       , I       now          pronounce you    man      and  wife      .
+# NSg/J/P D+  N🅪Sg/VB/J+ VP/J   NPr/J/R/P NPr/ISg+ . ISg/#r+ NSg/VB/J/R/C NSg/VB    ISgPl+ NPr/VB/J VB/C NSg/VB/J+ .
 > By      Jove ! I       think  she's got it       !
 # NSg/J/P NPr+ . ISg/#r+ NSg/VB K     VP  NPr/ISg+ .
 > By      all           that          is  holy    , I'll put     an  end     to this    .
@@ -168,8 +168,8 @@
 # D+  N🅪Sg/VB/J+ VPt J/P   # NSg/VB NSg/J/P # NSg/VB+ .
 > The bricks  used to build  the wall    measured 10 by      20 by      30 cm      .
 # D+  NPl/V3+ VP/J P  NSg/VB D+  NPr/VB+ VP/J     #  NSg/J/P #  NSg/J/P #  NSg/#r+ .
-> She's a   lovely little     filly , by      Big   Lad , out          of Damsel in      Distress .
-# K     D/P NSg/J  NPr/I/J/Dq NSg   . NSg/J/P NSg/J NSg . NSg/VB/J/R/P P  NSg    NPr/J/P Nᴹ/VB+   .
+> She's a   lovely little     filly , by      Big   Lad , out          of Damsel in        Distress .
+# K     D/P NSg/J  NPr/I/J/Dq NSg   . NSg/J/P NSg/J NSg . NSg/VB/J/R/P P  NSg    NPr/J/R/P Nᴹ/VB+   .
 > Are you    eating  by      Rabbi Fischer ? ( at    the house  of )
 # VB  ISgPl+ Nᴹ/Vg/J NSg/J/P NSg+  NPr+    . . NSg/P D   NPr/VB P  .
 > By      Chabad , it's different . ( with , among )
@@ -188,8 +188,8 @@
 # K    NSg/VB NSg/J/P J/P D$+ NSg/J+ NSg/VB/J P    N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 > We're right    near       the lifeguard station . Come       by      before you    leave  .
 # K     NPr/VB/J NSg/VB/J/P D   NSg+      NSg/VB+ . NSg/VBPp/P NSg/J/P C/P    ISgPl+ NSg/VB .
-> The women spent much         time       after harvest putting jams    by      for winter  and  spring   .
-# D+  NPl+  VB/J  NSg/I/J/R/Dq N🅪Sg/VB/J+ P     NSg/VB+ Nᴹ/Vg/J NPl/V3+ NSg/J/P C/P N🅪Sg/VB VB/C N🅪Sg/VB+ .
+> The women spent much         time       after harvest putting jams    by      for   winter  and  spring   .
+# D+  NPl+  VB/J  NSg/I/J/R/Dq N🅪Sg/VB/J+ P     NSg/VB+ Nᴹ/Vg/J NPl/V3+ NSg/J/P R/C/P N🅪Sg/VB VB/C N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 >
 #
 > Adjective
@@ -203,121 +203,121 @@
 >
 #
 > For
-# C/P
+# R/C/P
 >
 #
 > Conjunction
 # NSg/VB+
 >
 #
-> I       had to stay     with my  wicked stepmother , for I       had nowhere else    to go       .
-# ISg/#r+ VB  P  NSg/VB/J P    D$+ VP/J   NSg        . C/P ISg/#r+ VB  NSg/J   NSg/J/C P  NSg/VB/J .
+> I       had to stay     with my  wicked stepmother , for   I       had nowhere else    to go       .
+# ISg/#r+ VB  P  NSg/VB/J P    D$+ VP/J   NSg        . R/C/P ISg/#r+ VB  NSg/J   NSg/J/C P  NSg/VB/J .
 >
 #
 > Preposition
 # NSg/VB
 >
 #
-> The astronauts headed for the moon    .
-# D+  NPl+       VP/J   C/P D+  NPr/VB+ .
-> Run      for the hills   !
-# NSg/VBPp C/P D+  NPl/V3+ .
-> He       was headed for the door    when    he       remembered .
-# NPr/ISg+ VPt VP/J   C/P D+  NSg/VB+ NSg/I/C NPr/ISg+ VP/J       .
-> I       have    something   for you    .
-# ISg/#r+ NSg/VXB NSg/I/VB/J+ C/P ISgPl+ .
-> Everything I       do      , I       do      for you    .
-# NSg/I/VB+  ISg/#r+ NSg/VXB . ISg/#r+ NSg/VXB C/P ISgPl+ .
-> We're having  a   birthday party    for Janet .
-# K     Nᴹ/Vg/J D/P NSg/VB+  NSg/VB/J C/P NPr+  .
-> The mayor gave a   speech  for the charity gala   .
-# D+  NSg+  VPt  D/P N🅪Sg/VB C/P D+  NPr+    NSg/J+ .
-> If    having  to bag    the groceries correctly is  more            than you    can     handle , then    this   isn't  the job     for you    .
-# NSg/C Nᴹ/Vg/J P  NSg/VB D+  NPl/V3+   R         VL3 NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq C/P  ISgPl+ NPr/VXB NSg/VB . NSg/J/C I/Ddem NSg/VB D   NPr/VB+ C/P ISgPl+ .
-> This    is  a   new   bell   for my  bicycle .
-# I/Ddem+ VL3 D/P NSg/J NPr/VB C/P D$+ NSg/VB+ .
-> The cake     is  for Tom    and  Helen's anniversary .
-# D+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 C/P NPr/VB VB/C NSg$    NSg+        .
-> This    medicine is  for your cough   .
-# I/Ddem+ N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 C/P D$+  NSg/VB+ .
-> He       wouldn't apologize ; and  just for that          , she  refused to help   him  .
-# NPr/ISg+ VXB      VB        . VB/C VB/J C/P NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . ISg+ VP/J    P  NSg/VB ISg+ .
-> He       looks  better     for having  lost weight   . ( UK   usage )
-# NPr/ISg+ NPl/V3 NSg/VXB/JC C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J VP/J N🅪Sg/VB+ . . NPr+ N🅪Sg+ .
-> She  was the worse     for drink   .
-# ISg+ VPt D   NSg/VB/JC C/P NSg/VB+ .
-> All          those  for the motion   , raise  your hands   .
-# NSg/I/J/C/Dq I/Ddem C/P D+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg/VB D$+  NPl/V3+ .
-> Who's for ice        - cream      ?
-# NSg$+ C/P NPr🅪Sg/VB+ . N🅪Sg/VB/J+ .
-> I'm for going   by      train
-# K   C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J NSg/J/P NSg/VB+
-> Ten voted for , and  three against . ( with implied object  )
-# NSg VP/J  C/P . VB/C NSg   C/P     . . P    VP/J    NSg/VB+ .
-> Make   way   for the president !
-# NSg/VB NSg/J C/P D+  NSg/VB+   .
-> Clear    the shelves for our new    Christmas stock      !
-# NSg/VB/J D   NPl/V3  C/P D$+ NSg/J+ NPr/VB/J+ N🅪Sg/VB/J+ .
-> Stand  by      for your cue     .
-# NSg/VB NSg/J/P C/P D$+  NSg/VB+ .
-> Prepare for battle    .
-# VB      C/P NPr/VB/J+ .
-> They swept the area for enemy   operatives .
-# IPl+ VB/J  D   N🅪Sg C/P NSg/VB+ NPl+       .
-> Police combed his     flat     for clues   .
-# Nᴹ/VB+ VP/J   ISg/D$+ NSg/VB/J C/P NPl/V3+ .
-> I've lived here    for three years .
-# K    VP/J  NSg/J/R C/P NSg   NPl+  .
-> They fought for days over    a    silly  pencil  .
-# IPl+ VB     C/P NPl+ NSg/J/P D/P+ NSg/J+ NSg/VB+ .
-> The store   is  closed for the day     .
-# D+  NSg/VB+ VL3 VP/J   C/P D+  NPr🅪Sg+ .
-> I       can     see    for miles  .
-# ISg/#r+ NPr/VXB NSg/VB C/P NPrPl+ .
-> I       will    stand  in      for him  .
-# ISg/#r+ NPr/VXB NSg/VB NPr/J/P C/P ISg+ .
-> I       speak  for the Prime     Minister .
-# ISg/#r+ NSg/VB C/P D+  NSg/VB/J+ NSg/VB+  .
-> It       is  unreasonable for our boss      to withhold our wages   .
-# NPr/ISg+ VL3 J            C/P D$+ NSg/VB/J+ P  NSg/VB   D$+ NPl/V3+ .
-> I       don't think  it's a   good     idea for you    and  me       to meet     ever again .
-# ISg/#r+ VB    NSg/VB +    D/P NPr/VB/J NSg+ C/P ISgPl+ VB/C NPr/ISg+ P  NSg/VB/J J    P     .
-> I       am       aiming  for completion by      the end    of business Thursday .
-# ISg/#r+ NPr/VB/J Nᴹ/Vg/J C/P NSg+       NSg/J/P D   NSg/VB P  N🅪Sg/J+  NSg+     .
-> He's going   for his     doctorate .
-# NSg$ Nᴹ/Vg/J C/P ISg/D$+ NSg/VB+   .
-> Do      you    want   to go       for coffee     ?
-# NSg/VXB ISgPl+ NSg/VB P  NSg/VB/J C/P N🅪Sg/VB/J+ .
-> I'm saving      up         for a   car  .
-# K   N🅪Sg/Vg/J/P NSg/VB/J/P C/P D/P NSg+ .
-> Don't wait   for an  answer  .
-# VB    NSg/VB C/P D/P NSg/VB+ .
-> Fair     for its     day     .
-# NSg/VB/J C/P ISg/D$+ NPr🅪Sg+ .
-> She's spry for an  old   lady    .
-# K     J    C/P D/P NSg/J NPr/VB+ .
-> Don't take   me       for a   fool      .
-# VB    NSg/VB NPr/ISg+ C/P D/P NSg/VB/J+ .
-> For all           his     expensive education , he       didn't seem very bright   .
-# C/P NSg/I/J/C/Dq+ ISg/D$+ J+        NSg+      . NPr/ISg+ VB     VB   J/R  NPr/VB/J .
-> And  now        for a    slap      - up         meal    !
-# VB/C NPr/VB/J/C C/P D/P+ NSg/VB/J+ . NSg/VB/J/P NSg/VB+ .
-> Go       scuba   diving   ? For one         thing , I       can't even     swim   .
-# NSg/VB/J N🅪Sg/VB Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . C/P NSg/I/VB/J+ NSg+  . ISg/#r+ VXB   NSg/VB/J NSg/VB .
-> For another , we   don't have    any    equipment .
-# C/P I/D     . IPl+ VB    NSg/VXB I/R/Dq Nᴹ+       .
-> He       is  named for his     grandfather .
-# NPr/ISg+ VL3 VP/J  C/P ISg/D$+ NSg/VB/J+   .
-> He       totally screwed up         that          project . Now        he's surely for the sack   .
-# NPr/ISg+ R       VP/J    NSg/VB/J/P NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NSg/VB+ . NPr/VB/J/C NSg$ R      C/P D   NSg/VB .
-> In      term     of base      hits   , Jones   was three for four on  the day
-# NPr/J/P NSg/VB/J P  NSg/VB/J+ NPl/V3 . NPr/VB+ VPt NSg   C/P NSg  J/P D+  NPr🅪Sg+
-> At    close    of play    , England were    305 for 3 .
-# NSg/P NSg/VB/J P  N🅪Sg/VB . NPr+    NSg/VPt #   C/P # .
-> He       took the swing   shift   for he       could   get    more            overtime .
-# NPr/ISg+ VPt  D+  NSg/VB+ NSg/VB+ C/P NPr/ISg+ NSg/VXB NSg/VB NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq NSg/VB   .
-> to account for one's whereabouts .
-# P  NSg/VB  C/P NSg$+ NSg+        .
+> The astronauts headed for   the moon    .
+# D+  NPl+       VP/J   R/C/P D+  NPr/VB+ .
+> Run      for   the hills   !
+# NSg/VBPp R/C/P D+  NPl/V3+ .
+> He       was headed for   the door    when    he       remembered .
+# NPr/ISg+ VPt VP/J   R/C/P D+  NSg/VB+ NSg/I/C NPr/ISg+ VP/J       .
+> I       have    something   for   you    .
+# ISg/#r+ NSg/VXB NSg/I/VB/J+ R/C/P ISgPl+ .
+> Everything I       do      , I       do      for   you    .
+# NSg/I/VB+  ISg/#r+ NSg/VXB . ISg/#r+ NSg/VXB R/C/P ISgPl+ .
+> We're having  a   birthday party    for   Janet .
+# K     Nᴹ/Vg/J D/P NSg/VB+  NSg/VB/J R/C/P NPr+  .
+> The mayor gave a   speech  for   the charity gala   .
+# D+  NSg+  VPt  D/P N🅪Sg/VB R/C/P D+  NPr+    NSg/J+ .
+> If    having  to bag    the groceries correctly is  more            than you    can     handle , then    this   isn't  the job     for   you    .
+# NSg/C Nᴹ/Vg/J P  NSg/VB D+  NPl/V3+   R         VL3 NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq C/P  ISgPl+ NPr/VXB NSg/VB . NSg/J/C I/Ddem NSg/VB D   NPr/VB+ R/C/P ISgPl+ .
+> This    is  a   new   bell   for   my  bicycle .
+# I/Ddem+ VL3 D/P NSg/J NPr/VB R/C/P D$+ NSg/VB+ .
+> The cake     is  for   Tom    and  Helen's anniversary .
+# D+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 R/C/P NPr/VB VB/C NSg$    NSg+        .
+> This    medicine is  for   your cough   .
+# I/Ddem+ N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 R/C/P D$+  NSg/VB+ .
+> He       wouldn't apologize ; and  just for   that          , she  refused to help   him  .
+# NPr/ISg+ VXB      VB        . VB/C VB/J R/C/P NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . ISg+ VP/J    P  NSg/VB ISg+ .
+> He       looks  better     for   having  lost weight   . ( UK   usage )
+# NPr/ISg+ NPl/V3 NSg/VXB/JC R/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J VP/J N🅪Sg/VB+ . . NPr+ N🅪Sg+ .
+> She  was the worse     for   drink   .
+# ISg+ VPt D   NSg/VB/JC R/C/P NSg/VB+ .
+> All          those  for   the motion   , raise  your hands   .
+# NSg/I/J/C/Dq I/Ddem R/C/P D+  N🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg/VB D$+  NPl/V3+ .
+> Who's for   ice        - cream      ?
+# NSg$+ R/C/P NPr🅪Sg/VB+ . N🅪Sg/VB/J+ .
+> I'm for   going   by      train
+# K   R/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J NSg/J/P NSg/VB+
+> Ten voted for   , and  three against . ( with implied object  )
+# NSg VP/J  R/C/P . VB/C NSg   C/P     . . P    VP/J    NSg/VB+ .
+> Make   way   for   the president !
+# NSg/VB NSg/J R/C/P D+  NSg/VB+   .
+> Clear    the shelves for   our new    Christmas stock      !
+# NSg/VB/J D   NPl/V3  R/C/P D$+ NSg/J+ NPr/VB/J+ N🅪Sg/VB/J+ .
+> Stand  by      for   your cue     .
+# NSg/VB NSg/J/P R/C/P D$+  NSg/VB+ .
+> Prepare for   battle    .
+# VB      R/C/P NPr/VB/J+ .
+> They swept the area for   enemy   operatives .
+# IPl+ VB/J  D   N🅪Sg R/C/P NSg/VB+ NPl+       .
+> Police combed his     flat     for   clues   .
+# Nᴹ/VB+ VP/J   ISg/D$+ NSg/VB/J R/C/P NPl/V3+ .
+> I've lived here    for   three years .
+# K    VP/J  NSg/J/R R/C/P NSg   NPl+  .
+> They fought for   days over    a    silly  pencil  .
+# IPl+ VB     R/C/P NPl+ NSg/J/P D/P+ NSg/J+ NSg/VB+ .
+> The store   is  closed for   the day     .
+# D+  NSg/VB+ VL3 VP/J   R/C/P D+  NPr🅪Sg+ .
+> I       can     see    for   miles  .
+# ISg/#r+ NPr/VXB NSg/VB R/C/P NPrPl+ .
+> I       will    stand  in        for   him  .
+# ISg/#r+ NPr/VXB NSg/VB NPr/J/R/P R/C/P ISg+ .
+> I       speak  for   the Prime     Minister .
+# ISg/#r+ NSg/VB R/C/P D+  NSg/VB/J+ NSg/VB+  .
+> It       is  unreasonable for   our boss      to withhold our wages   .
+# NPr/ISg+ VL3 J            R/C/P D$+ NSg/VB/J+ P  NSg/VB   D$+ NPl/V3+ .
+> I       don't think  it's a   good     idea for   you    and  me       to meet     ever again .
+# ISg/#r+ VB    NSg/VB +    D/P NPr/VB/J NSg+ R/C/P ISgPl+ VB/C NPr/ISg+ P  NSg/VB/J J    P     .
+> I       am       aiming  for   completion by      the end    of business Thursday .
+# ISg/#r+ NPr/VB/J Nᴹ/Vg/J R/C/P NSg+       NSg/J/P D   NSg/VB P  N🅪Sg/J+  NSg+     .
+> He's going   for   his     doctorate .
+# NSg$ Nᴹ/Vg/J R/C/P ISg/D$+ NSg/VB+   .
+> Do      you    want   to go       for   coffee     ?
+# NSg/VXB ISgPl+ NSg/VB P  NSg/VB/J R/C/P N🅪Sg/VB/J+ .
+> I'm saving      up         for   a   car  .
+# K   N🅪Sg/Vg/J/P NSg/VB/J/P R/C/P D/P NSg+ .
+> Don't wait   for   an  answer  .
+# VB    NSg/VB R/C/P D/P NSg/VB+ .
+> Fair     for   its     day     .
+# NSg/VB/J R/C/P ISg/D$+ NPr🅪Sg+ .
+> She's spry for   an  old   lady    .
+# K     J    R/C/P D/P NSg/J NPr/VB+ .
+> Don't take   me       for   a   fool      .
+# VB    NSg/VB NPr/ISg+ R/C/P D/P NSg/VB/J+ .
+> For   all           his     expensive education , he       didn't seem very bright   .
+# R/C/P NSg/I/J/C/Dq+ ISg/D$+ J+        NSg+      . NPr/ISg+ VB     VB   J/R  NPr/VB/J .
+> And  now          for   a    slap      - up         meal    !
+# VB/C NSg/VB/J/R/C R/C/P D/P+ NSg/VB/J+ . NSg/VB/J/P NSg/VB+ .
+> Go       scuba   diving   ? For   one         thing , I       can't even     swim   .
+# NSg/VB/J N🅪Sg/VB Nᴹ/Vg/J+ . R/C/P NSg/I/VB/J+ NSg+  . ISg/#r+ VXB   NSg/VB/J NSg/VB .
+> For   another , we   don't have    any    equipment .
+# R/C/P I/D     . IPl+ VB    NSg/VXB I/R/Dq Nᴹ+       .
+> He       is  named for   his     grandfather .
+# NPr/ISg+ VL3 VP/J  R/C/P ISg/D$+ NSg/VB/J+   .
+> He       totally screwed up         that          project . Now          he's surely for   the sack   .
+# NPr/ISg+ R       VP/J    NSg/VB/J/P NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NSg/VB+ . NSg/VB/J/R/C NSg$ R      R/C/P D   NSg/VB .
+> In        term     of base      hits   , Jones   was three for   four on  the day
+# NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB/J P  NSg/VB/J+ NPl/V3 . NPr/VB+ VPt NSg   R/C/P NSg  J/P D+  NPr🅪Sg+
+> At    close    of play    , England were    305 for   3 .
+# NSg/P NSg/VB/J P  N🅪Sg/VB . NPr+    NSg/VPt #   R/C/P # .
+> He       took the swing   shift   for   he       could   get    more            overtime .
+# NPr/ISg+ VPt  D+  NSg/VB+ NSg/VB+ R/C/P NPr/ISg+ NSg/VXB NSg/VB NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq NSg/VB   .
+> to account for   one's whereabouts .
+# P  NSg/VB  R/C/P NSg$+ NSg+        .
 >
 #
 > From
@@ -352,8 +352,8 @@
 # +    N🅪Sg/J/R P  NPr/VB P    NSg/J/R .
 > Try      to see    it       from his     point  of view    .
 # NSg/VB/J P  NSg/VB NPr/ISg+ P    ISg/D$+ NSg/VB P  NSg/VB+ .
-> The bomb      went     off        just 100 yards   from where they were    standing .
-# D+  NSg/VB/J+ NSg/VPt+ NSg/VB/J/P VB/J #   NPl/V3+ P    NSg/C IPl+ NSg/VPt Nᴹ/Vg/J  .
+> The bomb      went     off        just 100 yards   from where   they were    standing .
+# D+  NSg/VB/J+ NSg/VPt+ NSg/VB/J/P VB/J #   NPl/V3+ P    NSg/R/C IPl+ NSg/VPt Nᴹ/Vg/J  .
 > From the top      of the lighthouse you    can     just see    the mainland .
 # P    D   NSg/VB/J P  D+  NSg+       ISgPl+ NPr/VXB VB/J NSg/VB D+  NSg+     .
 > I’ve been    doing   this    from pickney .
@@ -365,161 +365,161 @@
 >
 #
 > In
-# NPr/J/P
+# NPr/J/R/P
 >
 #
 > Preposition
 # NSg/VB
 >
 #
-> Who    lives in      a   pineapple under   the sea  ?
-# NPr/I+ V3+   NPr/J/P D/P NSg       NSg/J/P D   NSg+ .
-> The dog       is  in      the kennel .
-# D+  NSg/VB/J+ VL3 NPr/J/P D   NSg/VB .
-> There were    three pickles in      a    jar     .
-# R+    NSg/VPt NSg   NPl/V3  NPr/J/P D/P+ NSg/VB+ .
-> I       like         living  in      the city .
-# ISg/#r+ NSg/VB/J/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J NPr/J/P D+  NSg+ .
-> There are lots   of trees   in      the park    .
-# R+    VB  NPl/V3 P  NPl/V3+ NPr/J/P D+  NPr/VB+ .
-> We   are in      the enemy   camp      .
-# IPl+ VB  NPr/J/P D+  NSg/VB+ NSg/VB/J+ .
-> Her     plane     is  in      the air      .
-# ISg/D$+ NSg/VB/J+ VL3 NPr/J/P D+  N🅪Sg/VB+ .
-> I       glanced over    at    the pretty     girl    in      the red     dress   .
-# ISg/#r+ VP/J    NSg/J/P NSg/P D+  NSg/VB/J/R NSg/VB+ NPr/J/P D+  N🅪Sg/J+ NSg/VB+ .
-> There wasn't much         of interest in      her     speech   .
-# R+    VB     NSg/I/J/R/Dq P  N🅪Sg/VB+ NPr/J/P ISg/D$+ N🅪Sg/VB+ .
-> He       hasn't got an  original idea in      him  .
-# NPr/ISg+ V3     VP  D/P NSg/J    NSg+ NPr/J/P ISg+ .
-> You    are one        in      a   million .
-# ISgPl+ VB  NSg/I/VB/J NPr/J/P D/P NSg     .
-> She's in      an  orchestra .
-# K     NPr/J/P D/P NSg+      .
-> My  birthday is  in      the first    week  of December .
-# D$+ NSg/VB+  VL3 NPr/J/P D   NSg/VB/J NSg/J P  NPr+     .
-> Easter  falls   in      the fourth    lunar  month  .
-# NPr/VB+ NPl/V3+ NPr/J/P D+  NPr/VB/J+ NSg/J+ NSg/J+ .
-> Will    you    be      able     to finish this    in      a    week   ?
-# NPr/VXB ISgPl+ NSg/VXB NSg/VB/J P  NSg/VB I/Ddem+ NPr/J/P D/P+ NSg/J+ .
-> They said they would call   us       in      a    week   .
-# IPl+ VP/J IPl+ VXB   NSg/VB NPr/IPl+ NPr/J/P D/P+ NSg/J+ .
-> Less       water    gets   in      your boots  this    way    .
-# VB/J/R/C/P N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/V3 NPr/J/P D$+  NPl/V3 I/Ddem+ NSg/J+ .
-> She  stood there looking in      the window  longingly .
-# ISg+ VB    R     Nᴹ/Vg/J NPr/J/P D+  NSg/VB+ R         .
-> In      replacing the faucet washers , he       felt      he       was making  his     contribution to the environment .
-# NPr/J/P Nᴹ/Vg/J   D   NSg    NPl/V3  . NPr/ISg+ N🅪Sg/VB/J NPr/ISg+ VPt Nᴹ/Vg/J ISg/D$+ NSg+         P  D   N🅪Sg+       .
-> In      trying  to make   amends , she  actually made matters worse     .
-# NPr/J/P Nᴹ/Vg/J P  NSg/VB NPl/V3 . ISg+ R        VB   NPl/V3+ NSg/VB/JC .
-> My  aim     in      travelling    there was to find   my  missing friend    .
-# D$+ NSg/VB+ NPr/J/P NSg/Vg/J/Comm R+    VPt P  NSg/VB D$+ Nᴹ/Vg/J NPr/VB/J+ .
-> My  fat       rolls   around in      folds   .
-# D$+ N🅪Sg/VB/J NPl/V3+ J/P    NPr/J/P NPl/V3+ .
-> The planes  flew      over    in      waves   .
-# D+  NPl/V3+ NSg/VPt/J NSg/J/P NPr/J/P NPl/V3+ .
-> Arrange the chairs  in      a    circle  .
-# NSg/VB  D   NPl/V3+ NPr/J/P D/P+ NSg/VB+ .
-> He       stalked away in      anger  .
-# NPr/ISg+ VP/J    VB/J NPr/J/P Nᴹ/VB+ .
-> John is  in      a   coma .
-# NPr+ VL3 NPr/J/P D/P NSg  .
-> My  fruit    trees   are in      bud        .
-# D$+ N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/V3+ VB  NPr/J/P NPr🅪Sg/VB+ .
-> The company  is  in      profit      .
-# D+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 NPr/J/P N🅪Sg/VBP/J+ .
-> You've got a   friend    in      me       .
-# K      VP  D/P NPr/VB/J+ NPr/J/P NPr/ISg+ .
-> He's met his     match   in      her     .
-# NSg$ VB  ISg/D$+ NSg/VB+ NPr/J/P ISg/D$+ .
-> There has been    no       change  in      his     condition .
-# R+    V3  NSg/VPp NPr/Dq/P N🅪Sg/VB NPr/J/P ISg/D$+ N🅪Sg/VB+  .
-> What   grade   did he       get    in      English      ?
-# NSg/I+ NSg/VB+ VPt NPr/ISg+ NSg/VB NPr/J/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ .
-> Please pay      me       in      cash       — preferably in      tens and  twenties .
-# VB     NSg/VB/J NPr/ISg+ NPr/J/P NPrᴹ/VB/J+ . R          NPr/J/P W?   VB/C NPl+     .
-> The deposit can     be      in      any    legal tender   , even     in      gold     .
-# D+  NSg/VB+ NPr/VXB NSg/VXB NPr/J/P I/R/Dq NSg/J NSg/VB/J . NSg/VB/J NPr/J/P Nᴹ/VB/J+ .
-> Beethoven's " Symphony No       . 5 " in      C            minor    is  among his     most         popular .
-# NSg$        . NSg+     NPr/Dq/P . # . NPr/J/P NPr/VB/J/#r+ NSg/VB/J VL3 P     ISg/D$+ NSg/I/J/R/Dq NSg/J   .
-> His     speech   was in      French      , but     was simultaneously translated into eight  languages .
-# ISg/D$+ N🅪Sg/VB+ VPt NPr/J/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J . NSg/C/P VPt R              VP/J       P    NSg/J+ NPl/V3+   .
-> When    you    write  in      cursive , it's illegible .
-# NSg/I/C ISgPl+ NSg/VB NPr/J/P NSg/J   . +    J         .
-> Military letters should be      formal in      tone       , but     not     stilted .
-# NSg/J+   NPl/V3+ VXB    NSg/VXB NSg/J  NPr/J/P N🅪Sg/I/VB+ . NSg/C/P NSg/R/C VP/J    .
+> Who    lives in        a   pineapple under   the sea  ?
+# NPr/I+ V3+   NPr/J/R/P D/P NSg       NSg/J/P D   NSg+ .
+> The dog       is  in        the kennel .
+# D+  NSg/VB/J+ VL3 NPr/J/R/P D   NSg/VB .
+> There were    three pickles in        a    jar     .
+# R+    NSg/VPt NSg   NPl/V3  NPr/J/R/P D/P+ NSg/VB+ .
+> I       like         living  in        the city .
+# ISg/#r+ NSg/VB/J/C/P Nᴹ/Vg/J NPr/J/R/P D+  NSg+ .
+> There are lots   of trees   in        the park    .
+# R+    VB  NPl/V3 P  NPl/V3+ NPr/J/R/P D+  NPr/VB+ .
+> We   are in        the enemy   camp      .
+# IPl+ VB  NPr/J/R/P D+  NSg/VB+ NSg/VB/J+ .
+> Her     plane     is  in        the air      .
+# ISg/D$+ NSg/VB/J+ VL3 NPr/J/R/P D+  N🅪Sg/VB+ .
+> I       glanced over    at    the pretty     girl    in        the red     dress   .
+# ISg/#r+ VP/J    NSg/J/P NSg/P D+  NSg/VB/J/R NSg/VB+ NPr/J/R/P D+  N🅪Sg/J+ NSg/VB+ .
+> There wasn't much         of interest in        her     speech   .
+# R+    VB     NSg/I/J/R/Dq P  N🅪Sg/VB+ NPr/J/R/P ISg/D$+ N🅪Sg/VB+ .
+> He       hasn't got an  original idea in        him  .
+# NPr/ISg+ V3     VP  D/P NSg/J    NSg+ NPr/J/R/P ISg+ .
+> You    are one        in        a   million .
+# ISgPl+ VB  NSg/I/VB/J NPr/J/R/P D/P NSg     .
+> She's in        an  orchestra .
+# K     NPr/J/R/P D/P NSg+      .
+> My  birthday is  in        the first    week  of December .
+# D$+ NSg/VB+  VL3 NPr/J/R/P D   NSg/VB/J NSg/J P  NPr+     .
+> Easter  falls   in        the fourth    lunar  month  .
+# NPr/VB+ NPl/V3+ NPr/J/R/P D+  NPr/VB/J+ NSg/J+ NSg/J+ .
+> Will    you    be      able     to finish this    in        a    week   ?
+# NPr/VXB ISgPl+ NSg/VXB NSg/VB/J P  NSg/VB I/Ddem+ NPr/J/R/P D/P+ NSg/J+ .
+> They said they would call   us       in        a    week   .
+# IPl+ VP/J IPl+ VXB   NSg/VB NPr/IPl+ NPr/J/R/P D/P+ NSg/J+ .
+> Less       water    gets   in        your boots  this    way    .
+# VB/J/R/C/P N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/V3 NPr/J/R/P D$+  NPl/V3 I/Ddem+ NSg/J+ .
+> She  stood there looking in        the window  longingly .
+# ISg+ VB    R     Nᴹ/Vg/J NPr/J/R/P D+  NSg/VB+ R         .
+> In        replacing the faucet washers , he       felt      he       was making  his     contribution to the environment .
+# NPr/J/R/P Nᴹ/Vg/J   D   NSg    NPl/V3  . NPr/ISg+ N🅪Sg/VB/J NPr/ISg+ VPt Nᴹ/Vg/J ISg/D$+ NSg+         P  D   N🅪Sg+       .
+> In        trying  to make   amends , she  actually made matters worse     .
+# NPr/J/R/P Nᴹ/Vg/J P  NSg/VB NPl/V3 . ISg+ R        VB   NPl/V3+ NSg/VB/JC .
+> My  aim     in        travelling    there was to find   my  missing friend    .
+# D$+ NSg/VB+ NPr/J/R/P NSg/Vg/J/Comm R+    VPt P  NSg/VB D$+ Nᴹ/Vg/J NPr/VB/J+ .
+> My  fat       rolls   around in        folds   .
+# D$+ N🅪Sg/VB/J NPl/V3+ J/P    NPr/J/R/P NPl/V3+ .
+> The planes  flew      over    in        waves   .
+# D+  NPl/V3+ NSg/VPt/J NSg/J/P NPr/J/R/P NPl/V3+ .
+> Arrange the chairs  in        a    circle  .
+# NSg/VB  D   NPl/V3+ NPr/J/R/P D/P+ NSg/VB+ .
+> He       stalked away in        anger  .
+# NPr/ISg+ VP/J    VB/J NPr/J/R/P Nᴹ/VB+ .
+> John is  in        a   coma .
+# NPr+ VL3 NPr/J/R/P D/P NSg  .
+> My  fruit    trees   are in        bud        .
+# D$+ N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/V3+ VB  NPr/J/R/P NPr🅪Sg/VB+ .
+> The company  is  in        profit      .
+# D+  N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 NPr/J/R/P N🅪Sg/VBP/J+ .
+> You've got a   friend    in        me       .
+# K      VP  D/P NPr/VB/J+ NPr/J/R/P NPr/ISg+ .
+> He's met his     match   in        her     .
+# NSg$ VB  ISg/D$+ NSg/VB+ NPr/J/R/P ISg/D$+ .
+> There has been    no       change  in        his     condition .
+# R+    V3  NSg/VPp NPr/Dq/P N🅪Sg/VB NPr/J/R/P ISg/D$+ N🅪Sg/VB+  .
+> What   grade   did he       get    in        English      ?
+# NSg/I+ NSg/VB+ VPt NPr/ISg+ NSg/VB NPr/J/R/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ .
+> Please pay      me       in        cash       — preferably in        tens and  twenties .
+# VB     NSg/VB/J NPr/ISg+ NPr/J/R/P NPrᴹ/VB/J+ . R          NPr/J/R/P W?   VB/C NPl+     .
+> The deposit can     be      in        any    legal tender   , even     in        gold     .
+# D+  NSg/VB+ NPr/VXB NSg/VXB NPr/J/R/P I/R/Dq NSg/J NSg/VB/J . NSg/VB/J NPr/J/R/P Nᴹ/VB/J+ .
+> Beethoven's " Symphony No       . 5 " in        C            minor    is  among his     most         popular .
+# NSg$        . NSg+     NPr/Dq/P . # . NPr/J/R/P NPr/VB/J/#r+ NSg/VB/J VL3 P     ISg/D$+ NSg/I/J/R/Dq NSg/J   .
+> His     speech   was in        French      , but     was simultaneously translated into eight  languages .
+# ISg/D$+ N🅪Sg/VB+ VPt NPr/J/R/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J . NSg/C/P VPt R              VP/J       P    NSg/J+ NPl/V3+   .
+> When    you    write  in        cursive , it's illegible .
+# NSg/I/C ISgPl+ NSg/VB NPr/J/R/P NSg/J   . +    J         .
+> Military letters should be      formal in        tone       , but     not     stilted .
+# NSg/J+   NPl/V3+ VXB    NSg/VXB NSg/J  NPr/J/R/P N🅪Sg/I/VB+ . NSg/C/P NSg/R/C VP/J    .
 >
 #
 > Verb
 # NSg/VB+
 >
 #
-> He       that          ears    my  land       spares my  team    and  gives  me       leave  to in      the crop    .
-# NPr/ISg+ NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NPl/V3+ D$+ NPr🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/V3 D$+ NSg/VB+ VB/C NPl/V3 NPr/ISg+ NSg/VB P  NPr/J/P D   NSg/VB+ .
+> He       that          ears    my  land       spares my  team    and  gives  me       leave  to in        the crop    .
+# NPr/ISg+ NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NPl/V3+ D$+ NPr🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/V3 D$+ NSg/VB+ VB/C NPl/V3 NPr/ISg+ NSg/VB P  NPr/J/R/P D   NSg/VB+ .
 >
 #
 > Adverb
 # NSg/VB+
 >
 #
-> Suddenly a    strange   man       walked in      .
-# R        D/P+ NSg/VB/J+ NPr/VB/J+ VP/J   NPr/J/P .
-> Would you    like         that          to take   away or    eat in      ?
-# VXB   ISgPl+ NSg/VB/J/C/P NSg/I/C/Ddem+ P  NSg/VB VB/J NPr/C VB  NPr/J/P .
-> He       ran     to the edge   of the swimming pool    and  dived in      .
-# NPr/ISg+ NSg/VPt P  D   NSg/VB P  D+  NSg/VB   NSg/VB+ VB/C VP/J  NPr/J/P .
-> They flew      in      from London last      night    .
-# IPl+ NSg/VPt/J NPr/J/P P    NPr+   NSg/VB/J+ N🅪Sg/VB+ .
-> For six  hours the tide    flows  in      , then    for another six  hours it       flows  out          .
-# C/P NSg+ NPl+  D+  NSg/VB+ NPl/V3 NPr/J/P . NSg/J/C C/P I/D+    NSg+ NPl+  NPr/ISg+ NPl/V3 NSg/VB/J/R/P .
-> Bring the water    to the boil    and  drop   the vegetables in      .
-# VB    D+  N🅪Sg/VB+ P  D+  NSg/VB+ VB/C NSg/VB D+  NPl+       NPr/J/P .
-> The show   still    didn't become interesting 20 minutes in      .
-# D   NSg/VB NSg/VB/J VB     VBPp   Vg/J        #  NPl/V3+ NPr/J/P .
+> Suddenly a    strange   man       walked in        .
+# R        D/P+ NSg/VB/J+ NPr/VB/J+ VP/J   NPr/J/R/P .
+> Would you    like         that          to take   away or    eat in        ?
+# VXB   ISgPl+ NSg/VB/J/C/P NSg/I/C/Ddem+ P  NSg/VB VB/J NPr/C VB  NPr/J/R/P .
+> He       ran     to the edge   of the swimming pool    and  dived in        .
+# NPr/ISg+ NSg/VPt P  D   NSg/VB P  D+  NSg/VB   NSg/VB+ VB/C VP/J  NPr/J/R/P .
+> They flew      in        from London last      night    .
+# IPl+ NSg/VPt/J NPr/J/R/P P    NPr+   NSg/VB/J+ N🅪Sg/VB+ .
+> For   six  hours the tide    flows  in        , then    for   another six  hours it       flows  out          .
+# R/C/P NSg+ NPl+  D+  NSg/VB+ NPl/V3 NPr/J/R/P . NSg/J/C R/C/P I/D+    NSg+ NPl+  NPr/ISg+ NPl/V3 NSg/VB/J/R/P .
+> Bring the water    to the boil    and  drop   the vegetables in        .
+# VB    D+  N🅪Sg/VB+ P  D+  NSg/VB+ VB/C NSg/VB D+  NPl+       NPr/J/R/P .
+> The show   still    didn't become interesting 20 minutes in        .
+# D   NSg/VB NSg/VB/J VB     VBPp   Vg/J        #  NPl/V3+ NPr/J/R/P .
 >
 #
 > Noun
 # NSg/VB+
 >
 #
-> His     parents got him  an  in      with the company  .
-# ISg/D$+ NPl/V3+ VP  ISg+ D/P NPr/J/P P    D+  N🅪Sg/VB+ .
+> His     parents got him  an  in        with the company  .
+# ISg/D$+ NPl/V3+ VP  ISg+ D/P NPr/J/R/P P    D+  N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 >
 #
 > Adjective
 # NSg/VB/J+
 >
 #
-> Is  Mr   . Smith   in      ?
-# VL3 NSg+ . NPr/VB+ NPr/J/P .
-> Little     by      little     I       pushed the snake   into the basket  , until finally all          of it       was in      .
-# NPr/I/J/Dq NSg/J/P NPr/I/J/Dq ISg/#r+ VP/J   D+  NPr/VB+ P    D+  NSg/VB+ . C/P   R       NSg/I/J/C/Dq P  NPr/ISg+ VPt NPr/J/P .
-> The bullet  is  about five centimetres in      .
-# D+  NSg/VB+ VL3 J/P   NSg  NPl/Comm    NPr/J/P .
-> If    the tennis  ball    bounces on  the line    then    it's in      .
-# NSg/C D+  NSg/VB+ NPr/VB+ NPl/V3  J/P D+  NSg/VB+ NSg/J/C +    NPr/J/P .
-> I've discovered why    the TV   wasn't working – the plug    wasn't in      !
-# K    VP/J       NSg/VB D   NSg+ VB     Nᴹ/Vg/J . D   NSg/VB+ VB     NPr/J/P .
-> The replies to the questionnaires are now        all          in      .
-# D   NPl/V3+ P  D+  NPl/V3+        VB  NPr/VB/J/C NSg/I/J/C/Dq NPr/J/P .
-> Skirts  are in      this    year .
-# NPl/V3+ VB  NPr/J/P I/Ddem+ NSg+ .
-> the in      train   ( incoming train   )
-# D   NPr/J/P NSg/VB+ . Nᴹ/Vg/J  NSg/VB+ .
-> You    can't get    round      the headland when    the tide's in      .
-# ISgPl+ VXB   NSg/VB NSg/VB/J/P D   NSg      NSg/I/C D   NSg$   NPr/J/P .
-> in      by      descent  ;            in      by      purchase ;            in      of the seisin of her     husband
-# NPr/J/P NSg/J/P N🅪Sg/VB+ . Unlintable NPr/J/P NSg/J/P NSg/VB+  . Unlintable NPr/J/P P  D   ?      P  ISg/D$+ NSg/VB+
-> He       is  very in      with the Joneses .
-# NPr/ISg+ VL3 J/R  NPr/J/P P    D   NPl/V3  .
-> I       need     to keep   in      with the neighbours   in      case       I       ever need     a    favour        from them     .
-# ISg/#r+ N🅪Sg/VXB P  NSg/VB NPr/J/P P    D   NPl/V3/Comm+ NPr/J/P NPr🅪Sg/VB+ ISg/#r+ J    N🅪Sg/VXB D/P+ N🅪Sg/VB/Comm+ P    NSg/IPl+ .
-> I       think  that          bird      fancies you    . You're in      there , mate   !
-# ISg/#r+ NSg/VB NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NPr/VB/J+ NPl/V3  ISgPl+ . +      NPr/J/P R     . NSg/VB .
-> I'm three drinks  in      right    now        .
-# K   NSg+  NPl/V3+ NPr/J/P NPr/VB/J NPr/VB/J/C .
-> I       was 500 dollars in      when    the stock      crashed .
-# ISg/#r+ VPt #   NPl     NPr/J/P NSg/I/C D+  N🅪Sg/VB/J+ VP/J    .
+> Is  Mr   . Smith   in        ?
+# VL3 NSg+ . NPr/VB+ NPr/J/R/P .
+> Little     by      little     I       pushed the snake   into the basket  , until finally all          of it       was in        .
+# NPr/I/J/Dq NSg/J/P NPr/I/J/Dq ISg/#r+ VP/J   D+  NPr/VB+ P    D+  NSg/VB+ . C/P   R       NSg/I/J/C/Dq P  NPr/ISg+ VPt NPr/J/R/P .
+> The bullet  is  about five centimetres in        .
+# D+  NSg/VB+ VL3 J/P   NSg  NPl/Comm    NPr/J/R/P .
+> If    the tennis  ball    bounces on  the line    then    it's in        .
+# NSg/C D+  NSg/VB+ NPr/VB+ NPl/V3  J/P D+  NSg/VB+ NSg/J/C +    NPr/J/R/P .
+> I've discovered why    the TV   wasn't working – the plug    wasn't in        !
+# K    VP/J       NSg/VB D   NSg+ VB     Nᴹ/Vg/J . D   NSg/VB+ VB     NPr/J/R/P .
+> The replies to the questionnaires are now          all          in        .
+# D   NPl/V3+ P  D+  NPl/V3+        VB  NSg/VB/J/R/C NSg/I/J/C/Dq NPr/J/R/P .
+> Skirts  are in        this    year .
+# NPl/V3+ VB  NPr/J/R/P I/Ddem+ NSg+ .
+> the in        train   ( incoming train   )
+# D   NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+ . Nᴹ/Vg/J  NSg/VB+ .
+> You    can't get    round      the headland when    the tide's in        .
+# ISgPl+ VXB   NSg/VB NSg/VB/J/P D   NSg      NSg/I/C D   NSg$   NPr/J/R/P .
+> in        by      descent  ;            in        by      purchase ;            in        of the seisin of her     husband
+# NPr/J/R/P NSg/J/P N🅪Sg/VB+ . Unlintable NPr/J/R/P NSg/J/P NSg/VB+  . Unlintable NPr/J/R/P P  D   ?      P  ISg/D$+ NSg/VB+
+> He       is  very in        with the Joneses .
+# NPr/ISg+ VL3 J/R  NPr/J/R/P P    D   NPl/V3  .
+> I       need     to keep   in        with the neighbours   in        case       I       ever need     a    favour        from them     .
+# ISg/#r+ N🅪Sg/VXB P  NSg/VB NPr/J/R/P P    D   NPl/V3/Comm+ NPr/J/R/P NPr🅪Sg/VB+ ISg/#r+ J    N🅪Sg/VXB D/P+ N🅪Sg/VB/Comm+ P    NSg/IPl+ .
+> I       think  that          bird      fancies you    . You're in        there , mate   !
+# ISg/#r+ NSg/VB NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NPr/VB/J+ NPl/V3  ISgPl+ . +      NPr/J/R/P R     . NSg/VB .
+> I'm three drinks  in        right    now          .
+# K   NSg+  NPl/V3+ NPr/J/R/P NPr/VB/J NSg/VB/J/R/C .
+> I       was 500 dollars in        when    the stock      crashed .
+# ISg/#r+ VPt #   NPl     NPr/J/R/P NSg/I/C D+  N🅪Sg/VB/J+ VP/J    .
 >
 #
 > Unit
@@ -528,8 +528,8 @@
 #
 > The glass      is  8 inches  .
 # D+  NPr🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 # NPl/V3+ .
-> The glass      is  8 in      .
-# D+  NPr🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 # NPr/J/P .
+> The glass      is  8 in        .
+# D+  NPr🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 # NPr/J/R/P .
 >
 #
 > Of
@@ -540,8 +540,8 @@
 # NSg/VB D+  N🅪Sg/VB/J+ NSg/VB/J/R/P P  D+  NSg+    .
 > He       hasn't been    well       of late  .
 # NPr/ISg+ V3     NSg/VPp NSg/VB/J/R P  NSg/J .
-> Finally she  was relieved of the burden of caring  for her     sick      husband .
-# R       ISg+ VPt VP/J     P  D   NSg/VB P  Nᴹ/Vg/J C/P ISg/D$+ NSg/VB/J+ NSg/VB+ .
+> Finally she  was relieved of the burden of caring  for   her     sick      husband .
+# R       ISg+ VPt VP/J     P  D   NSg/VB P  Nᴹ/Vg/J R/C/P ISg/D$+ NSg/VB/J+ NSg/VB+ .
 > He       seemed devoid of human     feelings .
 # NPr/ISg+ VP/J   VB/J   P  NSg/VB/J+ NPl/V3+  .
 > The word    is  believed to be      of Japanese  origin .
@@ -596,14 +596,14 @@
 # IPl+ VB  P  NSg/VB D$+ NSg+ C/P     R+    VPt D/P+ N🅪Sg/VB+ J/P .
 > Some     of the cast     went    down        with flu  , but     the show's still    on  .
 # I/J/R/Dq P  D   NSg/VB/J NSg/VPt N🅪Sg/VB/J/P P    NSg+ . NSg/C/P D   NSg$   NSg/VB/J J/P .
-> That          TV   programme     that          you    wanted to watch  is  on  now        .
-# NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NSg+ NSg/VB/Au/Br+ NSg/I/C/Ddem+ ISgPl+ VP/J   P  NSg/VB VL3 J/P NPr/VB/J/C .
+> That          TV   programme     that          you    wanted to watch  is  on  now          .
+# NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NSg+ NSg/VB/Au/Br+ NSg/I/C/Ddem+ ISgPl+ VP/J   P  NSg/VB VL3 J/P NSg/VB/J/R/C .
 > This    is  her     last      song  . You're on  next    !
 # I/Ddem+ VL3 ISg/D$+ NSg/VB/J+ N🅪Sg+ . +      J/P NSg/J/P .
-> Are we   still    on  for tonight ?
-# VB  IPl+ NSg/VB/J J/P C/P NSg+    .
-> Mike    just threw coffee     onto Paul's lap       . It's on  now        .
-# NPr/VB+ VB/J VB    N🅪Sg/VB/J+ J/P  NSg$   NSg/VB/J+ . +    J/P NPr/VB/J/C .
+> Are we   still    on  for   tonight ?
+# VB  IPl+ NSg/VB/J J/P R/C/P NSg+    .
+> Mike    just threw coffee     onto Paul's lap       . It's on  now          .
+# NPr/VB+ VB/J VB    N🅪Sg/VB/J+ J/P  NSg$   NSg/VB/J+ . +    J/P NSg/VB/J/R/C .
 > England need     a   hundred runs   , with twenty - five overs remaining . Game      on  !
 # NPr+    N🅪Sg/VXB D/P NSg     NPl/V3 . P    NSg    . NSg  NPl   Nᴹ/Vg/J   . NSg/VB/J+ J/P .
 > Your feet will    soon warm     up         once  your socks   are on  .
@@ -638,14 +638,14 @@
 # D+  NSg+      VP/J  D   NSg/VB J/P .
 > Drive   on  past        the railway station .
 # N🅪Sg/VB J/P NSg/VB/J/P+ D+  NSg+    NSg/VB+ .
-> From now        on  things are going   to be      different .
-# P    NPr/VB/J/C J/P NPl+   VB  Nᴹ/Vg/J P  NSg/VXB NSg/J     .
+> From now          on  things are going   to be      different .
+# P    NSg/VB/J/R/C J/P NPl+   VB  Nᴹ/Vg/J P  NSg/VXB NSg/J     .
 > and  so        on  .
 # VB/C NSg/I/J/C J/P .
 > He       rambled on  and  on  .
 # NPr/ISg+ VP/J    J/P VB/C J/P .
-> Ten  years on  , nothing  had changed in      the village .
-# NSg+ NPl+  J/P . NSg/I/J+ VB  VP/J    NPr/J/P D+  NSg+    .
+> Ten  years on  , nothing  had changed in        the village .
+# NSg+ NPl+  J/P . NSg/I/J+ VB  VP/J    NPr/J/R/P D+  NSg+    .
 >
 #
 > Preposition
@@ -700,8 +700,8 @@
 # D/P+ NSg/VB+ VXB   NSg/VB J/P NSg NPl/V3+ .
 > After resting  on  his     elbows  , he       stood on  his     toes    , then    walked on  his     heels   .
 # P     Nᴹ/Vg/J+ J/P ISg/D$+ NPl/V3+ . NPr/ISg+ VB    J/P ISg/D$+ NPl/V3+ . NSg/J/C VP/J   J/P ISg/D$+ NPl/V3+ .
-> The Tories are on  twenty - five percent in      this   constituency .
-# D   NPl    VB  J/P NSg    . NSg  NSg     NPr/J/P I/Ddem NSg+         .
+> The Tories are on  twenty - five percent in        this   constituency .
+# D   NPl    VB  J/P NSg    . NSg  NSg     NPr/J/R/P I/Ddem NSg+         .
 > The blue       team    are on  six points and  the red     team    on  five .
 # D+  N🅪Sg/VB/J+ NSg/VB+ VB  J/P NSg NPl/V3 VB/C D+  N🅪Sg/J+ NSg/VB+ J/P NSg  .
 > I'm on  question four .
@@ -758,14 +758,14 @@
 # K   J/P NPl/V3+ NSg/I/J/C/Dq I/Ddem NSg/J+ .
 > You've been    on  these  antidepressants far      too long     .
 # K      NSg/VPp J/P I/Ddem NPl             NSg/VB/J R   NPr/VB/J .
-> I       depended on  them     for assistance .
-# ISg/#r+ VP/J     J/P NSg/IPl+ C/P Nᴹ+        .
+> I       depended on  them     for   assistance .
+# ISg/#r+ VP/J     J/P NSg/IPl+ R/C/P Nᴹ+        .
 > He       will    promise on  certain conditions .
 # NPr/ISg+ NPr/VXB NSg/VB  J/P I/J+    NPl/V3+    .
 > A    curse   on  him  !
 # D/P+ NSg/VB+ J/P ISg+ .
-> Please don't tell   on  her     and  get    her     in      trouble  .
-# VB     VB    NPr/VB J/P ISg/D$+ VB/C NSg/VB ISg/D$+ NPr/J/P N🅪Sg/VB+ .
+> Please don't tell   on  her     and  get    her     in        trouble  .
+# VB     VB    NPr/VB J/P ISg/D$+ VB/C NSg/VB ISg/D$+ NPr/J/R/P N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 >
 #
 > Verb
@@ -848,8 +848,8 @@
 # NSg   P  D   NSg/VB/J VL3 NSg  .
 > Three squared or    three to the second    power      is  nine .
 # NSg   VP/J    NPr/C NSg   P  D+  NSg/VB/J+ N🅪Sg/VB/J+ VL3 NSg  .
-> What's the time       ? – It's quarter   to four in      the afternoon ( or    3 : 45 pm      ) .
-# NSg$   D+  N🅪Sg/VB/J+ . . +    NSg/VB/J+ P  NSg  NPr/J/P D+  N🅪Sg+     . NPr/C # . #  NSg/VB+ . .
+> What's the time       ? – It's quarter   to four in        the afternoon ( or    3 : 45 pm      ) .
+# NSg$   D+  N🅪Sg/VB/J+ . . +    NSg/VB/J+ P  NSg  NPr/J/R/P D+  N🅪Sg+     . NPr/C # . #  NSg/VB+ . .
 >
 #
 > Adverb
@@ -880,8 +880,8 @@
 # D+  NSg/VB+ NSg/VB+ VPt #  . # . P    NPr+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+ NSg+  NPl/V3+ .
 > With a   heavy    sigh   , she  looked around the empty     room       .
 # P    D/P NSg/VB/J NSg/VB . ISg+ VP/J   J/P    D+  NSg/VB/J+ N🅪Sg/VB/J+ .
-> Four people  were    injured , with one        of them     in      critical condition .
-# NSg+ NPl/VB+ NSg/VPt VP/J    . P    NSg/I/VB/J P  NSg/IPl+ NPr/J/P NSg/J+   N🅪Sg/VB+  .
+> Four people  were    injured , with one        of them     in        critical condition .
+# NSg+ NPl/VB+ NSg/VPt VP/J    . P    NSg/I/VB/J P  NSg/IPl+ NPr/J/R/P NSg/J+   N🅪Sg/VB+  .
 > With their reputation on  the line    , they decided  to fire      their PR   team    .
 # P    D$+   NSg+       J/P D+  NSg/VB+ . IPl+ NSg/VP/J P  N🅪Sg/VB/J D$+   NSg+ NSg/VB+ .
 > We   are with you    all          the way    .
@@ -914,16 +914,16 @@
 # R+    VB  NPl/V3 P  NPl/VB+ P    NPr/Dq/P+ NPl/V3+ P     D   NSg      .
 > Speak  with confidence .
 # NSg/VB P    Nᴹ+        .
-> He       spoke   with sadness in      his     voice   .
-# NPr/ISg+ NSg/VPt P    Nᴹ+     NPr/J/P ISg/D$+ NSg/VB+ .
+> He       spoke   with sadness in        his     voice   .
+# NPr/ISg+ NSg/VPt P    Nᴹ+     NPr/J/R/P ISg/D$+ NSg/VB+ .
 > The sailors were    infected with malaria .
 # D+  NPl+    NSg/VPt NSg/VP/J P    Nᴹ+     .
 > overcome with happiness
 # NSg/VB   P    Nᴹ+
 > green       with envy    ; flushed with success
 # NPr🅪Sg/VB/J P    NSg/VB+ . VP/J    P    N🅪Sg+
-> She  was with Acme for twenty years before retiring last     fall     .
-# ISg+ VPt P    NSg  C/P NSg    NPl+  C/P    Nᴹ/Vg/J  NSg/VB/J N🅪Sg/VB+ .
+> She  was with Acme for   twenty years before retiring last     fall     .
+# ISg+ VPt P    NSg  R/C/P NSg    NPl+  C/P    Nᴹ/Vg/J  NSg/VB/J N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 > With your kind  of body    size     , you    shouldn’t be      eating  pizza at    all          .
 # P    D$+  NSg/J P  NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB+ . ISgPl+ VB        NSg/VXB Nᴹ/Vg/J N🅪Sg+ NSg/P NSg/I/J/C/Dq .
 > That          was a   lot    to explain ; are you    still    with me       ?

harper-core/tests/text/tagged/Part-of-speech tagging.md

@@ -10,22 +10,22 @@
 # Unlintable NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/Vg
 >
 #
-> In      corpus linguistics , part      - of - speech   tagging ( POS  tagging or    PoS  tagging or
-# NPr/J/P NSg+   Nᴹ+         . NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/Vg  . NSg+ NSg/Vg  NPr/C NSg+ NSg/Vg  NPr/C
-> POST         ) , also called grammatical tagging is  the process of marking up         a   word    in      a
-# NPr🅪Sg/VB/P+ . . R/C  VP/J   J           NSg/Vg  VL3 D   NSg/VB  P  Nᴹ/Vg/J NSg/VB/J/P D/P NSg/VB+ NPr/J/P D/P
+> In        corpus linguistics , part      - of - speech   tagging ( POS  tagging or    PoS  tagging or
+# NPr/J/R/P NSg+   Nᴹ+         . NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/Vg  . NSg+ NSg/Vg  NPr/C NSg+ NSg/Vg  NPr/C
+> POST         ) , also called grammatical tagging is  the process of marking up         a   word    in        a
+# NPr🅪Sg/VB/P+ . . R/C  VP/J   J           NSg/Vg  VL3 D   NSg/VB  P  Nᴹ/Vg/J NSg/VB/J/P D/P NSg/VB+ NPr/J/R/P D/P
 > text     ( corpus ) as    corresponding to a   particular part     of speech   , based on  both   its
 # N🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg+   . NSg/R Nᴹ/Vg/J       P  D/P NSg/J      NSg/VB/J P  N🅪Sg/VB+ . VP/J  J/P I/C/Dq ISg/D$+
 > definition and  its     context  . A   simplified form    of this    is  commonly taught to
 # NSg        VB/C ISg/D$+ N🅪Sg/VB+ . D/P VP/J       N🅪Sg/VB P  I/Ddem+ VL3 R        VB     P
-> school  - age      children , in      the identification of words   as    nouns  , verbs   , adjectives ,
-# N🅪Sg/VB . N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl+     . NPr/J/P D   Nᴹ             P  NPl/V3+ NSg/R NPl/V3 . NPl/V3+ . NPl/V3     .
+> school  - age      children , in        the identification of words   as    nouns  , verbs   , adjectives ,
+# N🅪Sg/VB . N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl+     . NPr/J/R/P D   Nᴹ             P  NPl/V3+ NSg/R NPl/V3 . NPl/V3+ . NPl/V3     .
 > adverbs , etc.
 # NPl/V3  . +
 >
 #
-> Once  performed by      hand    , POS  tagging is  now        done      in      the context of computational
-# NSg/C VP/J      NSg/J/P NSg/VB+ . NSg+ NSg/Vg  VL3 NPr/VB/J/C NSg/VPp/J NPr/J/P D   N🅪Sg/VB P  J
+> Once  performed by      hand    , POS  tagging is  now          done      in        the context of computational
+# NSg/C VP/J      NSg/J/P NSg/VB+ . NSg+ NSg/Vg  VL3 NSg/VB/J/R/C NSg/VPp/J NPr/J/R/P D   N🅪Sg/VB P  J
 > linguistics , using   algorithms which associate discrete terms   , as    well       as    hidden
 # Nᴹ+         . Nᴹ/Vg/J NPl+       I/C+  NSg/VB/J+ J        NPl/V3+ . NSg/R NSg/VB/J/R NSg/R VB/J
 > parts  of speech   , by      a   set       of descriptive tags    . POS  - tagging algorithms fall     into
@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@
 # NPl/V3 P  N🅪Sg/VB+ . C/P     I/J/R/Dq NPl/V3+ NPr/VXB VB        NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq C/P  NSg/I/VB/J NSg/VB/J P  N🅪Sg/VB+
 > at    different times   , and  because some     parts  of speech   are complex  . This    is  not
 # NSg/P NSg/J     NPl/V3+ . VB/C C/P     I/J/R/Dq NPl/V3 P  N🅪Sg/VB+ VB  NSg/VB/J . I/Ddem+ VL3 NSg/R/C
-> rare     — in      natural languages ( as    opposed to many        artificial languages ) , a   large
-# NSg/VB/J . NPr/J/P NSg/J+  NPl/V3+   . NSg/R VP/J    P  NSg/I/J/Dq+ J+         NPl/V3+   . . D/P NSg/J
-> percentage of word    - forms   are ambiguous . For example , even     " dogs    " , which is
-# N🅪Sg       P  NSg/VB+ . NPl/V3+ VB  J         . C/P NSg/VB+ . NSg/VB/J . NPl/V3+ . . I/C+  VL3
+> rare     — in        natural languages ( as    opposed to many        artificial languages ) , a   large
+# NSg/VB/J . NPr/J/R/P NSg/J+  NPl/V3+   . NSg/R VP/J    P  NSg/I/J/Dq+ J+         NPl/V3+   . . D/P NSg/J
+> percentage of word    - forms   are ambiguous . For   example , even     " dogs    " , which is
+# N🅪Sg       P  NSg/VB+ . NPl/V3+ VB  J         . R/C/P NSg/VB+ . NSg/VB/J . NPl/V3+ . . I/C+  VL3
 > usually thought of as    just a    plural noun    , can     also be      a    verb    :
 # R       N🅪Sg/VP P  NSg/R VB/J D/P+ NSg/J+ NSg/VB+ . NPr/VXB R/C  NSg/VXB D/P+ NSg/VB+ .
 >
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@
 # NSg/R D   NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq NSg/VB/J NSg/J  NSg/VB+ . J+          N🅪Sg/VB+ VL3 NSg/I/VB/J NSg/J P  VB
 > this    ; semantic analysis can     also be      used to infer that          " sailor " and  " hatch  "
 # I/Ddem+ . NSg/J+   N🅪Sg+    NPr/VXB R/C  NSg/VXB VP/J P  VB    NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . NSg+   . VB/C . NSg/VB .
-> implicate " dogs    " as    1 ) in      the nautical context  and  2 ) an  action     applied to the
-# NSg/VB    . NPl/V3+ . NSg/R # . NPr/J/P D   J        N🅪Sg/VB+ VB/C # . D/P N🅪Sg/VB/J+ VP/J    P  D
-> object  " hatch  " ( in      this   context  , " dogs    " is  a   nautical term      meaning    " fastens ( a
-# NSg/VB+ . NSg/VB . . NPr/J/P I/Ddem N🅪Sg/VB+ . . NPl/V3+ . VL3 D/P J        NSg/VB/J+ N🅪Sg/Vg/J+ . V3      . D/P
+> implicate " dogs    " as    1 ) in        the nautical context  and  2 ) an  action     applied to the
+# NSg/VB    . NPl/V3+ . NSg/R # . NPr/J/R/P D   J        N🅪Sg/VB+ VB/C # . D/P N🅪Sg/VB/J+ VP/J    P  D
+> object  " hatch  " ( in        this   context  , " dogs    " is  a   nautical term      meaning    " fastens ( a
+# NSg/VB+ . NSg/VB . . NPr/J/R/P I/Ddem N🅪Sg/VB+ . . NPl/V3+ . VL3 D/P J        NSg/VB/J+ N🅪Sg/Vg/J+ . V3      . D/P
 > watertight door    ) securely " ) .
 # J          NSg/VB+ . R        . . .
 >
@@ -76,78 +76,78 @@
 # NSg/VB+ NPl/V3
 >
 #
-> Schools commonly teach  that         there are 9 parts  of speech  in      English     : noun    , verb    ,
-# NPl/V3+ R        NSg/VB NSg/I/C/Ddem R+    VB  # NPl/V3 P  N🅪Sg/VB NPr/J/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J . NSg/VB+ . NSg/VB+ .
+> Schools commonly teach  that         there are 9 parts  of speech  in        English     : noun    , verb    ,
+# NPl/V3+ R        NSg/VB NSg/I/C/Ddem R+    VB  # NPl/V3 P  N🅪Sg/VB NPr/J/R/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J . NSg/VB+ . NSg/VB+ .
 > article , adjective , preposition , pronoun , adverb  , conjunction , and  interjection .
 # NSg/VB+ . NSg/VB/J+ . NSg/VB      . NSg/VB+ . NSg/VB+ . NSg/VB+     . VB/C N🅪Sg+        .
-> However , there are clearly many        more             categories and  sub      - categories . For nouns  ,
-# C       . R+    VB  R       NSg/I/J/Dq+ NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq+ NPl+       VB/C NSg/VB/P . NPl+       . C/P NPl/V3 .
-> the plural , possessive , and  singular forms   can     be      distinguished . In      many
-# D   NSg/J  . NSg/J      . VB/C NSg/J    NPl/V3+ NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J          . NPr/J/P NSg/I/J/Dq+
-> languages words   are also marked for their " case       " ( role as    subject   , object  ,
-# NPl/V3+   NPl/V3+ VB  R/C  VP/J   C/P D$+   . NPr🅪Sg/VB+ . . NSg  NSg/R NSg/VB/J+ . NSg/VB+ .
-> etc. ) , grammatical gender     , and  so        on  ; while      verbs   are marked for tense    , aspect   ,
-# +    . . J+          N🅪Sg/VB/J+ . VB/C NSg/I/J/C J/P . NSg/VB/C/P NPl/V3+ VB  VP/J   C/P NSg/VB/J . N🅪Sg/VB+ .
-> and  other     things . In      some     tagging systems , different inflections of the same
-# VB/C NSg/VB/J+ NPl+   . NPr/J/P I/J/R/Dq NSg/Vg  NPl+    . NSg/J     NPl         P  D   I/J
-> root    word    will    get    different parts  of speech   , resulting in      a   large number     of
-# NPr/VB+ NSg/VB+ NPr/VXB NSg/VB NSg/J     NPl/V3 P  N🅪Sg/VB+ . Nᴹ/Vg/J   NPr/J/P D/P NSg/J N🅪Sg/VB/JC P
-> tags    . For example , NN for singular common   nouns  , NNS for plural common   nouns  , NP
-# NPl/V3+ . C/P NSg/VB+ . ?  C/P NSg/J    NSg/VB/J NPl/V3 . ?   C/P NSg/J  NSg/VB/J NPl/V3 . NPr
-> for singular proper nouns  ( see    the POS  tags    used in      the Brown       Corpus ) . Other
-# C/P NSg/J    NSg/J  NPl/V3 . NSg/VB D   NSg+ NPl/V3+ VP/J NPr/J/P D   NPr🅪Sg/VB/J NSg+   . . NSg/VB/J
+> However , there are clearly many        more             categories and  sub      - categories . For   nouns  ,
+# C       . R+    VB  R       NSg/I/J/Dq+ NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq+ NPl+       VB/C NSg/VB/P . NPl+       . R/C/P NPl/V3 .
+> the plural , possessive , and  singular forms   can     be      distinguished . In        many
+# D   NSg/J  . NSg/J      . VB/C NSg/J    NPl/V3+ NPr/VXB NSg/VXB VP/J          . NPr/J/R/P NSg/I/J/Dq+
+> languages words   are also marked for   their " case       " ( role as    subject   , object  ,
+# NPl/V3+   NPl/V3+ VB  R/C  VP/J   R/C/P D$+   . NPr🅪Sg/VB+ . . NSg  NSg/R NSg/VB/J+ . NSg/VB+ .
+> etc. ) , grammatical gender     , and  so        on  ; while      verbs   are marked for   tense    , aspect   ,
+# +    . . J+          N🅪Sg/VB/J+ . VB/C NSg/I/J/C J/P . NSg/VB/C/P NPl/V3+ VB  VP/J   R/C/P NSg/VB/J . N🅪Sg/VB+ .
+> and  other     things . In        some     tagging systems , different inflections of the same
+# VB/C NSg/VB/J+ NPl+   . NPr/J/R/P I/J/R/Dq NSg/Vg  NPl+    . NSg/J     NPl         P  D   I/J
+> root    word    will    get    different parts  of speech   , resulting in        a   large number     of
+# NPr/VB+ NSg/VB+ NPr/VXB NSg/VB NSg/J     NPl/V3 P  N🅪Sg/VB+ . Nᴹ/Vg/J   NPr/J/R/P D/P NSg/J N🅪Sg/VB/JC P
+> tags    . For   example , NN for   singular common   nouns  , NNS for   plural common   nouns  , NP
+# NPl/V3+ . R/C/P NSg/VB+ . ?  R/C/P NSg/J    NSg/VB/J NPl/V3 . ?   R/C/P NSg/J  NSg/VB/J NPl/V3 . NPr
+> for   singular proper nouns  ( see    the POS  tags    used in        the Brown       Corpus ) . Other
+# R/C/P NSg/J    NSg/J  NPl/V3 . NSg/VB D   NSg+ NPl/V3+ VP/J NPr/J/R/P D   NPr🅪Sg/VB/J NSg+   . . NSg/VB/J
 > tagging systems use     a   smaller number     of tags    and  ignore fine     differences or
 # NSg/Vg  NPl+    N🅪Sg/VB D/P NSg/JC  N🅪Sg/VB/JC P  NPl/V3+ VB/C VB     NSg/VB/J NPl/VB      NPr/C
 > model     them     as    features somewhat independent from part      - of - speech   .
 # NSg/VB/J+ NSg/IPl+ NSg/R NPl/V3+  NSg/I/R  NSg/J       P    NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 >
 #
-> In      part      - of - speech   tagging by      computer , it       is  typical to distinguish from 50 to
-# NPr/J/P NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/Vg  NSg/J/P NSg/VB+  . NPr/ISg+ VL3 NSg/J   P  VB          P    #  P
-> 150 separate parts  of speech  for English      . Work    on  stochastic methods for tagging
-# #   NSg/VB/J NPl/V3 P  N🅪Sg/VB C/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ . N🅪Sg/VB J/P J          NPl/V3+ C/P NSg/Vg
+> In        part      - of - speech   tagging by      computer , it       is  typical to distinguish from 50 to
+# NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/Vg  NSg/J/P NSg/VB+  . NPr/ISg+ VL3 NSg/J   P  VB          P    #  P
+> 150 separate parts  of speech  for   English      . Work    on  stochastic methods for   tagging
+# #   NSg/VB/J NPl/V3 P  N🅪Sg/VB R/C/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ . N🅪Sg/VB J/P J          NPl/V3+ R/C/P NSg/Vg
 > Koine Greek    ( DeRose 1990 ) has used over    1 , 000 parts  of speech   and  found  that
 # ?     NPr/VB/J . ?      #    . V3  VP/J NSg/J/P # . #   NPl/V3 P  N🅪Sg/VB+ VB/C NSg/VB NSg/I/C/Ddem
-> about as    many       words   were    ambiguous in      that         language as    in      English      . A
-# J/P   NSg/R NSg/I/J/Dq NPl/V3+ NSg/VPt J         NPr/J/P NSg/I/C/Ddem N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/R NPr/J/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ . D/P
-> morphosyntactic descriptor in      the case      of morphologically rich     languages is
-# ?               NSg        NPr/J/P D   NPr🅪Sg/VB P  ?               NPr/VB/J NPl/V3+   VL3
-> commonly expressed using   very short      mnemonics , such  as    Ncmsan for Category = Noun    ,
-# R        VP/J      Nᴹ/Vg/J J/R  NPr/VB/J/P NPl       . NSg/I NSg/R ?      C/P NSg+     . NSg/VB+ .
+> about as    many       words   were    ambiguous in        that         language as    in        English      . A
+# J/P   NSg/R NSg/I/J/Dq NPl/V3+ NSg/VPt J         NPr/J/R/P NSg/I/C/Ddem N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/R NPr/J/R/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ . D/P
+> morphosyntactic descriptor in        the case      of morphologically rich     languages is
+# ?               NSg        NPr/J/R/P D   NPr🅪Sg/VB P  ?               NPr/VB/J NPl/V3+   VL3
+> commonly expressed using   very short      mnemonics , such  as    Ncmsan for   Category = Noun    ,
+# R        VP/J      Nᴹ/Vg/J J/R  NPr/VB/J/P NPl       . NSg/I NSg/R ?      R/C/P NSg+     . NSg/VB+ .
 > Type    = common   , Gender     = masculine , Number      = singular , Case       = accusative , Animate
 # NSg/VB+ . NSg/VB/J . N🅪Sg/VB/J+ . NSg/J     . N🅪Sg/VB/JC+ . NSg/J    . NPr🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg/J      . VB/J
 > = no       .
 # . NPr/Dq/P .
 >
 #
-> The most         popular " tag    set       " for POS  tagging for American English      is  probably the
-# D   NSg/I/J/R/Dq NSg/J   . NSg/VB NPr/VBP/J . C/P NSg+ NSg/Vg  C/P NPr/J    NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ VL3 R        D
-> Penn tag     set       , developed in      the Penn Treebank project . It       is  largely similar to
-# NPr+ NSg/VB+ NPr/VBP/J . VP/J      NPr/J/P D   NPr+ ?        NSg/VB+ . NPr/ISg+ VL3 R       NSg/J   P
+> The most         popular " tag    set       " for   POS  tagging for   American English      is  probably the
+# D   NSg/I/J/R/Dq NSg/J   . NSg/VB NPr/VBP/J . R/C/P NSg+ NSg/Vg  R/C/P NPr/J    NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ VL3 R        D
+> Penn tag     set       , developed in        the Penn Treebank project . It       is  largely similar to
+# NPr+ NSg/VB+ NPr/VBP/J . VP/J      NPr/J/R/P D   NPr+ ?        NSg/VB+ . NPr/ISg+ VL3 R       NSg/J   P
 > the earlier Brown       Corpus and  LOB    Corpus tag     sets   , though much         smaller . In
-# D   JC      NPr🅪Sg/VB/J NSg    VB/C NSg/VB NSg+   NSg/VB+ NPl/V3 . VB/C   NSg/I/J/R/Dq NSg/JC  . NPr/J/P
+# D   JC      NPr🅪Sg/VB/J NSg    VB/C NSg/VB NSg+   NSg/VB+ NPl/V3 . VB/C   NSg/I/J/R/Dq NSg/JC  . NPr/J/R/P
 > Europe , tag     sets   from the Eagles Guidelines see    wide  use      and  include versions
 # NPr+   . NSg/VB+ NPl/V3 P    D   NPl/V3 NPl+       NSg/VB NSg/J N🅪Sg/VB+ VB/C NSg/VB  NPl/V3+
-> for multiple languages .
-# C/P NSg/J/Dq NPl/V3+   .
+> for   multiple languages .
+# R/C/P NSg/J/Dq NPl/V3+   .
 >
 #
-> POS  tagging work     has been    done      in      a   variety of languages , and  the set       of POS
-# NSg+ NSg/Vg  N🅪Sg/VB+ V3  NSg/VPp NSg/VPp/J NPr/J/P D/P N🅪Sg    P  NPl/V3+   . VB/C D   NPr/VBP/J P  NSg+
+> POS  tagging work     has been    done      in        a   variety of languages , and  the set       of POS
+# NSg+ NSg/Vg  N🅪Sg/VB+ V3  NSg/VPp NSg/VPp/J NPr/J/R/P D/P N🅪Sg    P  NPl/V3+   . VB/C D   NPr/VBP/J P  NSg+
 > tags    used varies greatly with language . Tags    usually are designed to include
 # NPl/V3+ VP/J NPl/V3 R       P    N🅪Sg/VB+ . NPl/V3+ R       VB  VP/J     P  NSg/VB
 > overt  morphological distinctions , although this   leads  to inconsistencies such  as
 # NSg/J+ J+            NPl+         . C        I/Ddem NPl/V3 P  NPl             NSg/I NSg/R
-> case       - marking for pronouns but     not     nouns  in      English      , and  much         larger
-# NPr🅪Sg/VB+ . Nᴹ/Vg/J C/P NPl/V3   NSg/C/P NSg/R/C NPl/V3 NPr/J/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ . VB/C NSg/I/J/R/Dq JC
-> cross       - language differences . The tag     sets   for heavily inflected languages such  as
-# NPr/VB/J/P+ . N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/VB+     . D+  NSg/VB+ NPl/V3 C/P R       VP/J      NPl/V3+   NSg/I NSg/R
-> Greek    and  Latin can     be      very large ; tagging words   in      agglutinative languages such
-# NPr/VB/J VB/C NPr/J NPr/VXB NSg/VXB J/R  NSg/J . NSg/Vg  NPl/V3+ NPr/J/P ?             NPl/V3+   NSg/I
+> case       - marking for   pronouns but     not     nouns  in        English      , and  much         larger
+# NPr🅪Sg/VB+ . Nᴹ/Vg/J R/C/P NPl/V3   NSg/C/P NSg/R/C NPl/V3 NPr/J/R/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ . VB/C NSg/I/J/R/Dq JC
+> cross       - language differences . The tag     sets   for   heavily inflected languages such  as
+# NPr/VB/J/P+ . N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl/VB+     . D+  NSg/VB+ NPl/V3 R/C/P R       VP/J      NPl/V3+   NSg/I NSg/R
+> Greek    and  Latin can     be      very large ; tagging words   in        agglutinative languages such
+# NPr/VB/J VB/C NPr/J NPr/VXB NSg/VXB J/R  NSg/J . NSg/Vg  NPl/V3+ NPr/J/R/P ?             NPl/V3+   NSg/I
 > as    Inuit languages may     be      virtually impossible . At    the other    extreme , Petrov et
 # NSg/R NPr/J NPl/V3+   NPr/VXB NSg/VXB R         NSg/J      . NSg/P D   NSg/VB/J NSg/J   . ?      ?
-> al. have    proposed a   " universal " tag     set       , with 12 categories ( for example , no
-# ?   NSg/VXB VP/J     D/P . NSg/J     . NSg/VB+ NPr/VBP/J . P    #  NPl+       . C/P NSg/VB+ . NPr/Dq/P
+> al. have    proposed a   " universal " tag     set       , with 12 categories ( for   example , no
+# ?   NSg/VXB VP/J     D/P . NSg/J     . NSg/VB+ NPr/VBP/J . P    #  NPl+       . R/C/P NSg/VB+ . NPr/Dq/P
 > subtypes of nouns  , verbs   , punctuation , and  so        on  ) . Whether a   very small    set       of
 # NPl      P  NPl/V3 . NPl/V3+ . Nᴹ+         . VB/C NSg/I/J/C J/P . . I/C     D/P J/R  NPr/VB/J NPr/VBP/J P
 > very broad tags    or    a   much         larger set       of more            precise ones    is  preferable , depends
@@ -166,10 +166,10 @@
 #
 > Research on  part      - of - speech   tagging has been    closely tied to corpus linguistics .
 # Nᴹ/VB    J/P NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/Vg  V3  NSg/VPp R       VP/J P  NSg    Nᴹ+         .
-> The first    major    corpus of English     for computer analysis was the Brown       Corpus
-# D   NSg/VB/J NPr/VB/J NSg    P  NPr🅪Sg/VB/J C/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg+    VPt D   NPr🅪Sg/VB/J NSg
-> developed at    Brown       University by      Henry Kučera and  W. Nelson Francis , in      the
-# VP/J      NSg/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J NSg+       NSg/J/P NPr+  ?      VB/C ?  NPr+   NPr+    . NPr/J/P D
+> The first    major    corpus of English     for   computer analysis was the Brown       Corpus
+# D   NSg/VB/J NPr/VB/J NSg    P  NPr🅪Sg/VB/J R/C/P NSg/VB+  N🅪Sg+    VPt D   NPr🅪Sg/VB/J NSg
+> developed at    Brown       University by      Henry Kučera and  W. Nelson Francis , in        the
+# VP/J      NSg/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J NSg+       NSg/J/P NPr+  ?      VB/C ?  NPr+   NPr+    . NPr/J/R/P D
 > mid      - 1960s . It       consists of about 1 , 000 , 000 words  of running   English      prose text     ,
 # NSg/J/P+ . #d    . NPr/ISg+ NPl/V3   P  J/P   # . #   . #   NPl/V3 P  Nᴹ/Vg/J/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ Nᴹ/VB N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 > made up         of 500 samples from randomly chosen   publications . Each sample  is  2 , 000
@@ -186,24 +186,24 @@
 # NSg/I/J/Dq+ NPl+  . D/P+ NSg/VB/J+ N🅪Sg+         VPt NSg/VPp/J P    D/P+ NPr/VB+ NSg/J/P NPr    VB/C NPr   .
 > which consisted of a   huge handmade list   of what   categories could   co        - occur at
 # I/C+  VP/J      P  D/P J    NSg/J    NSg/VB P  NSg/I+ NPl+       NSg/VXB NPr/I/VB+ . VB    NSg/P
-> all          . For example , article then    noun    can     occur , but     article then    verb    ( arguably )
-# NSg/I/J/C/Dq . C/P NSg/VB+ . NSg/VB+ NSg/J/C NSg/VB+ NPr/VXB VB    . NSg/C/P NSg/VB+ NSg/J/C NSg/VB+ . R        .
+> all          . For   example , article then    noun    can     occur , but     article then    verb    ( arguably )
+# NSg/I/J/C/Dq . R/C/P NSg/VB+ . NSg/VB+ NSg/J/C NSg/VB+ NPr/VXB VB    . NSg/C/P NSg/VB+ NSg/J/C NSg/VB+ . R        .
 > cannot . The program got about 70 % correct  . Its     results were    repeatedly reviewed
 # NSg/VB . D+  NPr/VB+ VP  J/P   #  . NSg/VB/J . ISg/D$+ NPl/V3+ NSg/VPt R          VP/J
-> and  corrected by      hand    , and  later users sent   in      errata so        that          by      the late  70 s
-# VB/C VP/J      NSg/J/P NSg/VB+ . VB/C JC    NPl+  NSg/VB NPr/J/P NSg    NSg/I/J/C NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NSg/J/P D   NSg/J #  ?
-> the tagging was nearly perfect  ( allowing for some     cases   on  which even     human
-# D   NSg/Vg  VPt R      NSg/VB/J . Nᴹ/Vg/J  C/P I/J/R/Dq NPl/V3+ J/P I/C+  NSg/VB/J NSg/VB/J+
+> and  corrected by      hand    , and  later users sent   in        errata so        that          by      the late  70 s
+# VB/C VP/J      NSg/J/P NSg/VB+ . VB/C JC    NPl+  NSg/VB NPr/J/R/P NSg    NSg/I/J/C NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NSg/J/P D   NSg/J #  ?
+> the tagging was nearly perfect  ( allowing for   some     cases   on  which even     human
+# D   NSg/Vg  VPt R      NSg/VB/J . Nᴹ/Vg/J  R/C/P I/J/R/Dq NPl/V3+ J/P I/C+  NSg/VB/J NSg/VB/J+
 > speakers might    not     agree ) .
 # +        Nᴹ/VXB/J NSg/R/C VB    . .
 >
 #
-> This    corpus has been    used for innumerable studies of word    - frequency and  of
-# I/Ddem+ NSg+   V3  NSg/VPp VP/J C/P J           NPl/V3  P  NSg/VB+ . NSg       VB/C P
-> part      - of - speech   and  inspired the development of similar " tagged " corpora in      many
-# NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ VB/C VP/J     D   N🅪Sg        P  NSg/J   . VP/J   . NPl+    NPr/J/P NSg/I/J/Dq
-> other    languages . Statistics derived by      analyzing it       formed the basis for most
-# NSg/VB/J NPl/V3+   . NPl/V3+    VP/J    NSg/J/P Nᴹ/Vg/J   NPr/ISg+ VP/J   D+  NSg+  C/P NSg/I/J/R/Dq
+> This    corpus has been    used for   innumerable studies of word    - frequency and  of
+# I/Ddem+ NSg+   V3  NSg/VPp VP/J R/C/P J           NPl/V3  P  NSg/VB+ . NSg       VB/C P
+> part      - of - speech   and  inspired the development of similar " tagged " corpora in        many
+# NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ VB/C VP/J     D   N🅪Sg        P  NSg/J   . VP/J   . NPl+    NPr/J/R/P NSg/I/J/Dq
+> other    languages . Statistics derived by      analyzing it       formed the basis for   most
+# NSg/VB/J NPl/V3+   . NPl/V3+    VP/J    NSg/J/P Nᴹ/Vg/J   NPr/ISg+ VP/J   D+  NSg+  R/C/P NSg/I/J/R/Dq
 > later part      - of - speech   tagging systems , such  as    CLAWS   and  VOLSUNGA . However , by
 # JC    NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/Vg  NPl+    . NSg/I NSg/R NPl/V3+ VB/C ?        . C       . NSg/J/P
 > this    time       ( 2005 ) it       has been    superseded by      larger corpora such  as    the 100
@@ -214,38 +214,38 @@
 # R          VP/J    .
 >
 #
-> For some     time       , part      - of - speech   tagging was considered an  inseparable part     of
-# C/P I/J/R/Dq N🅪Sg/VB/J+ . NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/Vg  VPt VP/J       D/P NSg/J       NSg/VB/J P
-> natural language processing , because there are certain cases   where the correct
-# NSg/J   N🅪Sg/VB+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+   . C/P     R+    VB  I/J     NPl/V3+ NSg/C D   NSg/VB/J
+> For   some     time       , part      - of - speech   tagging was considered an  inseparable part     of
+# R/C/P I/J/R/Dq N🅪Sg/VB/J+ . NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/Vg  VPt VP/J       D/P NSg/J       NSg/VB/J P
+> natural language processing , because there are certain cases   where   the correct
+# NSg/J   N🅪Sg/VB+ Nᴹ/Vg/J+   . C/P     R+    VB  I/J     NPl/V3+ NSg/R/C D   NSg/VB/J
 > part     of speech   cannot be      decided  without understanding the semantics or    even     the
 # NSg/VB/J P  N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/VB NSg/VXB NSg/VP/J C/P     N🅪Sg/Vg/J+    D   NPl+      NPr/C NSg/VB/J D
 > pragmatics of the context  . This    is  extremely expensive , especially because
 # NPl        P  D   N🅪Sg/VB+ . I/Ddem+ VL3 R         J         . R          C/P
 > analyzing the higher  levels  is  much         harder when    multiple part     - of - speech
 # Nᴹ/Vg/J   D+  NSg/JC+ NPl/V3+ VL3 NSg/I/J/R/Dq JC     NSg/I/C NSg/J/Dq NSg/VB/J . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+
-> possibilities must   be      considered for each word    .
-# NPl+          NSg/VB NSg/VXB VP/J       C/P Dq+  NSg/VB+ .
+> possibilities must   be      considered for   each word    .
+# NPl+          NSg/VB NSg/VXB VP/J       R/C/P Dq+  NSg/VB+ .
 >
 #
 > Use     of hidden Markov models
 # N🅪Sg/VB P  VB/J   NPr    NPl/V3+
 >
 #
-> In      the mid      - 1980s , researchers in      Europe began to use     hidden Markov models  ( HMMs )
-# NPr/J/P D   NSg/J/P+ . #d    . NPl         NPr/J/P NPr+   VPt   P  N🅪Sg/VB VB/J   NPr    NPl/V3+ . ?    .
+> In        the mid      - 1980s , researchers in        Europe began to use     hidden Markov models  ( HMMs )
+# NPr/J/R/P D   NSg/J/P+ . #d    . NPl         NPr/J/R/P NPr+   VPt   P  N🅪Sg/VB VB/J   NPr    NPl/V3+ . ?    .
 > to disambiguate parts  of speech   , when    working to tag    the Lancaster - Oslo - Bergen
 # P  VB           NPl/V3 P  N🅪Sg/VB+ . NSg/I/C Nᴹ/Vg/J P  NSg/VB D   NPr       . NPr+ . NPr+
 > Corpus of British English      . HMMs involve counting cases   ( such  as    from the Brown
 # NSg    P  NPr/J   NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ . ?    VB      Nᴹ/Vg/J  NPl/V3+ . NSg/I NSg/R P    D   NPr🅪Sg/VB/J
 > Corpus ) and  making  a   table  of the probabilities of certain sequences . For
-# NSg+   . VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J D/P NSg/VB P  D   NPl           P  I/J     NPl/V3+   . C/P
+# NSg+   . VB/C Nᴹ/Vg/J D/P NSg/VB P  D   NPl           P  I/J     NPl/V3+   . R/C/P
 > example , once  you've seen    an  article such  as    ' the ' , perhaps the next    word    is  a
 # NSg/VB+ . NSg/C K      NSg/VPp D/P NSg/VB+ NSg/I NSg/R . D   . . NSg/R   D   NSg/J/P NSg/VB+ VL3 D/P
 > noun    40 % of the time       , an  adjective 40 % , and  a   number      20 % . Knowing    this    , a
 # NSg/VB+ #  . P  D   N🅪Sg/VB/J+ . D/P NSg/VB/J+ #  . . VB/C D/P N🅪Sg/VB/JC+ #  . . NSg/Vg/J/P I/Ddem+ . D/P+
-> program can     decide that          " can     " in      " the can     " is  far      more            likely to be      a   noun   than
-# NPr/VB+ NPr/VXB VB     NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . NPr/VXB . NPr/J/P . D+  NPr/VXB . VL3 NSg/VB/J NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq NSg/J  P  NSg/VXB D/P NSg/VB C/P
+> program can     decide that          " can     " in        " the can     " is  far      more            likely to be      a   noun   than
+# NPr/VB+ NPr/VXB VB     NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . NPr/VXB . NPr/J/R/P . D+  NPr/VXB . VL3 NSg/VB/J NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq NSg/J  P  NSg/VXB D/P NSg/VB C/P
 > a    verb    or    a   modal . The same method  can     , of course  , be      used to benefit from
 # D/P+ NSg/VB+ NPr/C D/P NSg/J . D+  I/J+ NSg/VB+ NPr/VXB . P  NSg/VB+ . NSg/VXB VP/J P  NSg/VB  P
 > knowledge about the following words   .
@@ -254,8 +254,8 @@
 #
 > More            advanced ( " higher - order   " ) HMMs learn  the probabilities not     only  of pairs
 # NPr/I/VB/J/R/Dq VP/J     . . NSg/JC . N🅪Sg/VB . . ?    NSg/VB D   NPl+          NSg/R/C J/R/C P  NPl/V3+
-> but     triples or    even     larger sequences . So        , for example , if    you've just seen    a
-# NSg/C/P NPl/V3  NPr/C NSg/VB/J JC     NPl/V3+   . NSg/I/J/C . C/P NSg/VB+ . NSg/C K      VB/J NSg/VPp D/P
+> but     triples or    even     larger sequences . So        , for   example , if    you've just seen    a
+# NSg/C/P NPl/V3  NPr/C NSg/VB/J JC     NPl/V3+   . NSg/I/J/C . R/C/P NSg/VB+ . NSg/C K      VB/J NSg/VPp D/P
 > noun    followed by      a   verb    , the next    item    may     be      very likely a   preposition ,
 # NSg/VB+ VP/J     NSg/J/P D/P NSg/VB+ . D   NSg/J/P NSg/VB+ NPr/VXB NSg/VXB J/R  NSg/J  D/P NSg/VB      .
 > article , or    noun    , but     much         less       likely another verb    .
@@ -268,16 +268,16 @@
 # C       . NPr/ISg+ VL3 NSg/VB/J P  VB        Dq+   N🅪Sg+       VB/C P  NSg/VB D/P NSg/J
 > probability to each one         , by      multiplying together the probabilities of each
 # NSg+        P  Dq   NSg/I/VB/J+ . NSg/J/P Nᴹ/Vg/J     J        D   NPl           P  Dq
-> choice  in      turn   . The combination with the highest probability is  then    chosen   . The
-# N🅪Sg/J+ NPr/J/P NSg/VB . D   N🅪Sg        P    D+  JS+     NSg+        VL3 NSg/J/C Nᴹ/VPp/J . D+
+> choice  in        turn   . The combination with the highest probability is  then    chosen   . The
+# N🅪Sg/J+ NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB . D   N🅪Sg        P    D+  JS+     NSg+        VL3 NSg/J/C Nᴹ/VPp/J . D+
 > European group   developed CLAWS   , a   tagging program that          did exactly this   and
 # NSg/J+   NSg/VB+ VP/J      NPl/V3+ . D/P NSg/Vg  NPr/VB+ NSg/I/C/Ddem+ VPt R       I/Ddem VB/C
-> achieved accuracy in      the 93 – 95 % range    .
-# VP/J     N🅪Sg+    NPr/J/P D   #  . #  . N🅪Sg/VB+ .
+> achieved accuracy in        the 93 – 95 % range    .
+# VP/J     N🅪Sg+    NPr/J/R/P D   #  . #  . N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 >
 #
-> Eugene Charniak points  out          in      Statistical techniques for natural language
-# NPr+   ?        NPl/V3+ NSg/VB/J/R/P NPr/J/P J           NPl        C/P NSg/J+  N🅪Sg/VB+
+> Eugene Charniak points  out          in        Statistical techniques for   natural language
+# NPr+   ?        NPl/V3+ NSg/VB/J/R/P NPr/J/R/P J           NPl        R/C/P NSg/J+  N🅪Sg/VB+
 > parsing ( 1997 ) that          merely assigning the most         common   tag     to each known word    and
 # Nᴹ/Vg/J . #    . NSg/I/C/Ddem+ R      Nᴹ/Vg/J   D   NSg/I/J/R/Dq NSg/VB/J NSg/VB+ P  Dq   VPp/J NSg/VB+ VB/C
 > the tag     " proper noun    " to all          unknowns will    approach 90 % accuracy because many
@@ -294,14 +294,14 @@
 # J         C/P   NPr/ISg+ VP/J       NSg/I/J/C/Dq NPl+          . NPr/ISg+ R         VB  P  NSg/VB P
 > backup methods when    there were    simply too many       options ( the Brown        Corpus
 # NSg/J  NPl/V3+ NSg/I/C R+    NSg/VPt R      R   NSg/I/J/Dq NPl/V3  . D+  NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ NSg+
-> contains a   case       with 17 ambiguous words  in      a    row     , and  there are words   such  as
-# V3       D/P NPr🅪Sg/VB+ P    #  J         NPl/V3 NPr/J/P D/P+ NSg/VB+ . VB/C R+    VB  NPl/V3+ NSg/I NSg/R
+> contains a   case       with 17 ambiguous words  in        a    row     , and  there are words   such  as
+# V3       D/P NPr🅪Sg/VB+ P    #  J         NPl/V3 NPr/J/R/P D/P+ NSg/VB+ . VB/C R+    VB  NPl/V3+ NSg/I NSg/R
 > " still    " that          can     represent as    many       as    7 distinct parts  of speech   .
 # . NSg/VB/J . NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NPr/VXB VB        NSg/R NSg/I/J/Dq NSg/R # VB/J     NPl/V3 P  N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 >
 #
-> HMMs underlie the functioning of stochastic taggers and  are used in      various
-# ?    VB       D   Nᴹ/Vg/J+    P  J          NPl     VB/C VB  VP/J NPr/J/P J
+> HMMs underlie the functioning of stochastic taggers and  are used in        various
+# ?    VB       D   Nᴹ/Vg/J+    P  J          NPl     VB/C VB  VP/J NPr/J/R/P J
 > algorithms one        of the most         widely used being       the bi    - directional inference
 # NPl+       NSg/I/VB/J P  D   NSg/I/J/R/Dq R      VP/J N🅪Sg/Vg/J/C D   NSg/J . NSg/J       NSg+
 > algorithm .
@@ -312,24 +312,24 @@
 # NSg/J+  Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NPl/V3+
 >
 #
-> In      1987 , Steven DeRose and  Kenneth W. Church     independently developed dynamic
-# NPr/J/P #    . NPr+   ?      VB/C NPr+    ?  NPr🅪Sg/VB+ R             VP/J      NSg/J
-> programming algorithms to solve  the same problem in      vastly less       time       . Their
-# Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NPl+       P  NSg/VB D   I/J  NSg/J+  NPr/J/P R      VB/J/R/C/P N🅪Sg/VB/J+ . D$+
-> methods were    similar to the Viterbi algorithm known for some     time       in      other
-# NPl/V3+ NSg/VPt NSg/J   P  D   ?       NSg       VPp/J C/P I/J/R/Dq N🅪Sg/VB/J+ NPr/J/P NSg/VB/J
+> In        1987 , Steven DeRose and  Kenneth W. Church     independently developed dynamic
+# NPr/J/R/P #    . NPr+   ?      VB/C NPr+    ?  NPr🅪Sg/VB+ R             VP/J      NSg/J
+> programming algorithms to solve  the same problem in        vastly less       time       . Their
+# Nᴹ/Vg/J+    NPl+       P  NSg/VB D   I/J  NSg/J+  NPr/J/R/P R      VB/J/R/C/P N🅪Sg/VB/J+ . D$+
+> methods were    similar to the Viterbi algorithm known for   some     time       in        other
+# NPl/V3+ NSg/VPt NSg/J   P  D   ?       NSg       VPp/J R/C/P I/J/R/Dq N🅪Sg/VB/J+ NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB/J
 > fields    . DeRose used a   table  of pairs   , while      Church     used a   table  of triples and  a
 # NPrPl/V3+ . ?      VP/J D/P NSg/VB P  NPl/V3+ . NSg/VB/C/P NPr🅪Sg/VB+ VP/J D/P NSg/VB P  NPl/V3  VB/C D/P
-> method of estimating the values  for triples that          were    rare     or    nonexistent in      the
-# NSg/VB P  Nᴹ/Vg/J    D   NPl/V3+ C/P NPl/V3  NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NSg/VPt NSg/VB/J NPr/C NSg/J       NPr/J/P D
+> method of estimating the values  for   triples that          were    rare     or    nonexistent in        the
+# NSg/VB P  Nᴹ/Vg/J    D   NPl/V3+ R/C/P NPl/V3  NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NSg/VPt NSg/VB/J NPr/C NSg/J       NPr/J/R/P D
 > Brown       Corpus ( an  actual measurement of triple   probabilities would require a   much
 # NPr🅪Sg/VB/J NSg+   . D/P NSg/J  N🅪Sg        P  NSg/VB/J NPl+          VXB   NSg/VB  D/P NSg/I/J/R/Dq
 > larger corpus ) . Both   methods achieved an  accuracy of over    95 % . DeRose's 1990
 # JC     NSg+   . . I/C/Dq NPl/V3+ VP/J     D/P N🅪Sg+    P  NSg/J/P #  . . ?        #
 > dissertation at    Brown       University included analyses     of the specific error   types   ,
 # NSg+         NSg/P NPr🅪Sg/VB/J NSg+       VP/J     NPl/V3/Au/Br P  D   NSg/J    NSg/VB+ NPl/V3+ .
-> probabilities , and  other    related data  , and  replicated his     work     for Greek    , where
-# NPl+          . VB/C NSg/VB/J J       N🅪Pl+ . VB/C VP/J       ISg/D$+ N🅪Sg/VB+ C/P NPr/VB/J . NSg/C
+> probabilities , and  other    related data  , and  replicated his     work     for   Greek    , where
+# NPl+          . VB/C NSg/VB/J J       N🅪Pl+ . VB/C VP/J       ISg/D$+ N🅪Sg/VB+ R/C/P NPr/VB/J . NSg/R/C
 > it       proved similarly effective .
 # NPr/ISg+ VP/J   R         NSg/J     .
 >
@@ -342,18 +342,18 @@
 # VP/J+         NPl+       NSg/I/C/Ddem+ VP/J       NSg/VB/J P  N🅪Sg/VB+ N🅪Sg/J+ P    NSg/I/J/Dq NSg/JC
 > levels of linguistic analysis : syntax , morphology , semantics , and  so        on  . CLAWS   ,
 # NPl/V3 P  J          N🅪Sg     . Nᴹ+    . Nᴹ+        . NPl+      . VB/C NSg/I/J/C J/P . NPl/V3+ .
-> DeRose's and  Church's methods did fail     for some     of the known cases   where
-# ?        VB/C NSg$     NPl/V3+ VPt NSg/VB/J C/P I/J/R/Dq P  D   VPp/J NPl/V3+ NSg/C
+> DeRose's and  Church's methods did fail     for   some     of the known cases   where
+# ?        VB/C NSg$     NPl/V3+ VPt NSg/VB/J R/C/P I/J/R/Dq P  D   VPp/J NPl/V3+ NSg/R/C
 > semantics is  required , but     those  proved negligibly rare     . This   convinced many       in
-# NPl+      VL3 VP/J     . NSg/C/P I/Ddem VP/J   R          NSg/VB/J . I/Ddem VP/J      NSg/I/J/Dq NPr/J/P
+# NPl+      VL3 VP/J     . NSg/C/P I/Ddem VP/J   R          NSg/VB/J . I/Ddem VP/J      NSg/I/J/Dq NPr/J/R/P
 > the field   that          part      - of - speech   tagging could   usefully be      separated from the other
 # D+  NSg/VB+ NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/Vg  NSg/VXB R        NSg/VXB VP/J      P    D   NSg/VB/J
-> levels of processing ; this    , in      turn   , simplified the theory and  practice of
-# NPl/V3 P  Nᴹ/Vg/J+   . I/Ddem+ . NPr/J/P NSg/VB . VP/J       D   N🅪Sg   VB/C NSg/VB   P
+> levels of processing ; this    , in        turn   , simplified the theory and  practice of
+# NPl/V3 P  Nᴹ/Vg/J+   . I/Ddem+ . NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB . VP/J       D   N🅪Sg   VB/C NSg/VB   P
 > computerized language analysis and  encouraged researchers to find   ways to
 # VP/J         N🅪Sg/VB+ N🅪Sg+    VB/C VP/J       NPl+        P  NSg/VB NPl+ P
-> separate other    pieces  as    well       . Markov Models  became the standard method  for the
-# NSg/VB/J NSg/VB/J NPl/V3+ NSg/R NSg/VB/J/R . NPr    NPl/V3+ VPt    D   NSg/J    NSg/VB+ C/P D
+> separate other    pieces  as    well       . Markov Models  became the standard method  for   the
+# NSg/VB/J NSg/VB/J NPl/V3+ NSg/R NSg/VB/J/R . NPr    NPl/V3+ VPt    D   NSg/J    NSg/VB+ R/C/P D
 > part      - of - speech   assignment .
 # NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg+       .
 >
@@ -368,14 +368,14 @@
 # NSg/VB NSg/VB+ NPl+          . NPr/ISg+ VL3 . C       . R/C  NSg/J    P  NSg/VB    Nᴹ/Vg/J
 > " unsupervised " tagging . Unsupervised tagging techniques use     an  untagged corpus
 # . VB/J         . NSg/Vg  . VB/J         NSg/Vg  NPl+       N🅪Sg/VB D/P J        NSg+
-> for their training data  and  produce the tagset by      induction . That          is  , they
-# C/P D$+   Nᴹ/Vg/J+ N🅪Pl+ VB/C Nᴹ/VB   D   NSg    NSg/J/P N🅪Sg      . NSg/I/C/Ddem+ VL3 . IPl+
-> observe patterns in      word    use     , and  derive part      - of - speech   categories themselves .
-# NSg/VB  NPl/V3+  NPr/J/P NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB . VB/C NSg/VB NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl+       IPl+       .
-> For example , statistics readily reveal that          " the " , " a   " , and  " an  " occur in
-# C/P NSg/VB+ . NPl/V3+    R       NSg/VB NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . D   . . . D/P . . VB/C . D/P . VB    NPr/J/P
-> similar contexts , while      " eat " occurs in      very different ones    . With sufficient
-# NSg/J+  NPl/V3+  . NSg/VB/C/P . VB  . V3     NPr/J/P J/R  NSg/J+    NPl/V3+ . P    J
+> for   their training data  and  produce the tagset by      induction . That          is  , they
+# R/C/P D$+   Nᴹ/Vg/J+ N🅪Pl+ VB/C Nᴹ/VB   D   NSg    NSg/J/P N🅪Sg      . NSg/I/C/Ddem+ VL3 . IPl+
+> observe patterns in        word    use     , and  derive part      - of - speech   categories themselves .
+# NSg/VB  NPl/V3+  NPr/J/R/P NSg/VB+ N🅪Sg/VB . VB/C NSg/VB NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NPl+       IPl+       .
+> For   example , statistics readily reveal that          " the " , " a   " , and  " an  " occur in
+# R/C/P NSg/VB+ . NPl/V3+    R       NSg/VB NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . D   . . . D/P . . VB/C . D/P . VB    NPr/J/R/P
+> similar contexts , while      " eat " occurs in        very different ones    . With sufficient
+# NSg/J+  NPl/V3+  . NSg/VB/C/P . VB  . V3     NPr/J/R/P J/R  NSg/J+    NPl/V3+ . P    J
 > iteration , similarity classes of words   emerge that          are remarkably similar to
 # N🅪Sg      . NSg        NPl/V3  P  NPl/V3+ NSg/VB NSg/I/C/Ddem+ VB  R          NSg/J   P
 > those  human    linguists would expect ; and  the differences themselves sometimes
@@ -394,16 +394,16 @@
 # NSg/VB/J NPl     VB/C NPl/V3+
 >
 #
-> Some     current major    algorithms for part      - of - speech   tagging include the Viterbi
-# I/J/R/Dq NSg/J   NPr/VB/J NPl        C/P NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/Vg  NSg/VB  D   ?
+> Some     current major    algorithms for   part      - of - speech   tagging include the Viterbi
+# I/J/R/Dq NSg/J   NPr/VB/J NPl        R/C/P NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/Vg  NSg/VB  D   ?
 > algorithm , Brill tagger , Constraint Grammar  , and  the Baum - Welch algorithm ( also
 # NSg       . NSg/J NSg    . NSg+       N🅪Sg/VB+ . VB/C D   NPr  . ?     NSg       . R/C
 > known as    the forward  - backward algorithm ) . Hidden Markov model     and  visible Markov
 # VPp/J NSg/R D   NSg/VB/J . NSg/J    NSg       . . VB/J   NPr    NSg/VB/J+ VB/C J       NPr
 > model     taggers can     both   be      implemented using   the Viterbi algorithm . The
 # NSg/VB/J+ NPl     NPr/VXB I/C/Dq NSg/VXB VP/J        Nᴹ/Vg/J D   ?       NSg       . D+
-> rule    - based Brill tagger is  unusual in      that         it       learns a   set       of rule    patterns , and
-# NSg/VB+ . VP/J  NSg/J NSg    VL3 NSg/J   NPr/J/P NSg/I/C/Ddem NPr/ISg+ NPl/V3 D/P NPr/VBP/J P  NSg/VB+ NPl/V3+  . VB/C
+> rule    - based Brill tagger is  unusual in        that         it       learns a   set       of rule    patterns , and
+# NSg/VB+ . VP/J  NSg/J NSg    VL3 NSg/J   NPr/J/R/P NSg/I/C/Ddem NPr/ISg+ NPl/V3 D/P NPr/VBP/J P  NSg/VB+ NPl/V3+  . VB/C
 > then    applies those  patterns rather     than optimizing a   statistical quantity .
 # NSg/J/C V3      I/Ddem NPl/V3+  NPr/VB/J/R C/P  Nᴹ/Vg/J    D/P J           N🅪Sg+    .
 >
@@ -424,8 +424,8 @@
 # NSg/VB+ . I/Ddem+ NSg+       NPl/V3 D+  NPr+ NSg/VB+ NPr/VBP/J J/P I/J/R/Dq P  D   NPr+ ?        N🅪Pl+ .
 > so        the results are directly comparable . However , many       significant taggers are
 # NSg/I/J/C D   NPl/V3+ VB  R/C      NSg/J      . C       . NSg/I/J/Dq NSg/J       NPl     VB
-> not     included ( perhaps because of the labor            involved in      reconfiguring them     for
-# NSg/R/C VP/J     . NSg/R   C/P     P  D   NPr🅪Sg/VB/Am/Au+ VP/J     NPr/J/P Nᴹ/Vg/J       NSg/IPl+ C/P
+> not     included ( perhaps because of the labor            involved in        reconfiguring them     for
+# NSg/R/C VP/J     . NSg/R   C/P     P  D   NPr🅪Sg/VB/Am/Au+ VP/J     NPr/J/R/P Nᴹ/Vg/J       NSg/IPl+ R/C/P
 > this   particular dataset ) . Thus , it       should not     be      assumed that         the results
 # I/Ddem NSg/J      NSg     . . NSg  . NPr/ISg+ VXB    NSg/R/C NSg/VXB VP/J    NSg/I/C/Ddem D+  NPl/V3+
 > reported here    are the best       that          can     be      achieved with a    given        approach ; nor   even
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@
 # D+  NPr/VXB/JS+ NSg/I/C/Ddem+ NSg/VXB NSg/VPp VP/J     P    D/P+ NSg/VPp/J/P+ N🅪Sg/VB+ .
 >
 #
-> In      2014 , a    paper      reporting using   the structure regularization method for
-# NPr/J/P #    . D/P+ N🅪Sg/VB/J+ Nᴹ/Vg/J   Nᴹ/Vg/J D   N🅪Sg/VB+  N🅪Sg           NSg/VB C/P
+> In        2014 , a    paper      reporting using   the structure regularization method for
+# NPr/J/R/P #    . D/P+ N🅪Sg/VB/J+ Nᴹ/Vg/J   Nᴹ/Vg/J D   N🅪Sg/VB+  N🅪Sg           NSg/VB R/C/P
 > part      - of - speech   tagging , achieving 97.36 % on  a   standard benchmark dataset .
 # NSg/VB/J+ . P  . N🅪Sg/VB+ NSg/Vg  . Nᴹ/Vg/J   #     . J/P D/P NSg/J    NSg/VB    NSg     .

harper-core/tests/text/tagged/Spell.US.md

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 # NSg/VB
 >
 #
-> This    document contains a   list   of words   spelled correctly in      some     dialects of English      , but     not     American English      . This    is  designed to test   the spelling suggestions we   give   for such   mistakes .
-# I/Ddem+ NSg/VB+  V3       D/P NSg/VB P  NPl/V3+ VP/J    R         NPr/J/P I/J/R/Dq NPl      P  NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ . NSg/C/P NSg/R/C NPr/J    NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ . I/Ddem+ VL3 VP/J     P  NSg/VB D+  Nᴹ/Vg/J+ NPl+        IPl+ NSg/VB C/P NSg/I+ NPl/V3+  .
+> This    document contains a   list   of words   spelled correctly in        some     dialects of English      , but     not     American English      . This    is  designed to test   the spelling suggestions we   give   for   such   mistakes .
+# I/Ddem+ NSg/VB+  V3       D/P NSg/VB P  NPl/V3+ VP/J    R         NPr/J/R/P I/J/R/Dq NPl      P  NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ . NSg/C/P NSg/R/C NPr/J    NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ . I/Ddem+ VL3 VP/J     P  NSg/VB D+  Nᴹ/Vg/J+ NPl+        IPl+ NSg/VB R/C/P NSg/I+ NPl/V3+  .
 >
 #
 > To achieve this    , the filename of this   file    contains `.US.`     , which will    tell   the snapshot generator to use     the American dialect , rather     than trying  to use     an  automatically detected dialect .

harper-core/tests/text/tagged/this and that.md

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-> " This    " and  " that          " are common   and  fulfill multiple purposes in      everyday English      .
-# . I/Ddem+ . VB/C . NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . VB  NSg/VB/J VB/C VB/NoAm NSg/J/Dq NPl/V3   NPr/J/P NSg/J+   NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ .
+> " This    " and  " that          " are common   and  fulfill multiple purposes in        everyday English      .
+# . I/Ddem+ . VB/C . NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . VB  NSg/VB/J VB/C VB/NoAm NSg/J/Dq NPl/V3   NPr/J/R/P NSg/J+   NPr🅪Sg/VB/J+ .
 > As    such  , disambiguating them     is  necessary .
 # NSg/R NSg/I . Nᴹ/Vg/J        NSg/IPl+ VL3 NSg/J     .
 >
 #
 > This    document contains various sentences that          use     " this    " , " that          " , " these  " , and
 # I/Ddem+ NSg/VB+  V3       J+      NPl/V3+   NSg/I/C/Ddem+ N🅪Sg/VB . I/Ddem+ . . . NSg/I/C/Ddem+ . . . I/Ddem . . VB/C
-> " those  " in      different contexts with a   lot    of edge    cases   .
-# . I/Ddem . NPr/J/P NSg/J     NPl/V3   P    D/P NPr/VB P  NSg/VB+ NPl/V3+ .
+> " those  " in        different contexts with a   lot    of edge    cases   .
+# . I/Ddem . NPr/J/R/P NSg/J     NPl/V3   P    D/P NPr/VB P  NSg/VB+ NPl/V3+ .
 >
 #
 > Examples
@@ -70,5 +70,5 @@
 # ISg/#r+ NPr/VXB NSg/VXB I/Ddem VB/C NSg/I/C/Ddem+ .
 >
 #
-> We   unite  to stand  united in      unity .
-# IPl+ NSg/VB P  NSg/VB VP/J   NPr/J/P Nᴹ+   .
+> We   unite  to stand  united in        unity .
+# IPl+ NSg/VB P  NSg/VB VP/J   NPr/J/R/P Nᴹ+   .

justfile

@@ -667,3 +667,10 @@ alias auditdict := auditdictionary
 
 auditdictionary DIR="harper-core":
   cargo run --bin harper-cli -- audit-dictionary {{DIR}}
+
+runsnapshots:
+  #!/usr/bin/env bash
+  set -eo pipefail
+
+  cd harper-core
+  cargo test -- test_pos_tagger test_most_lints