Merge branch 'trunk' of github.com:rtfeldman/roc into shadowing-report

compiler/can/src/expr.rs

@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ fn canonicalize_when_branch<'a>(
     env: &mut Env<'a>,
     var_store: &VarStore,
     scope: &mut Scope,
-    region: Region,
+    _region: Region,
     branch: &'a ast::WhenBranch<'a>,
     output: &mut Output,
 ) -> (WhenBranch, References) {
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ fn canonicalize_when_branch<'a>(
         None => None,
         Some(loc_expr) => {
             let (can_guard, guard_branch_output) =
-                canonicalize_expr(env, var_store, &mut scope, region, &loc_expr.value);
+                canonicalize_expr(env, var_store, &mut scope, loc_expr.region, &loc_expr.value);
 
             branch_output.union(guard_branch_output);
             Some(can_guard)

compiler/constrain/src/expr.rs

@@ -181,9 +181,10 @@ pub fn constrain_expr(
                 region,
             );
 
-            cons.push(con);
+            // ensure constraints are solved in this order, gives better errors
-            cons.push(fields_con);
+            cons.insert(0, fields_con);
-            cons.push(record_con);
+            cons.insert(1, con);
+            cons.insert(2, record_con);
 
             exists(vars, And(cons))
         }
@@ -202,9 +203,12 @@ pub fn constrain_expr(
                 let list_elem_type = Type::Variable(*elem_var);
                 let mut constraints = Vec::with_capacity(1 + loc_elems.len());
 
-                for loc_elem in loc_elems {
+                for (index, loc_elem) in loc_elems.iter().enumerate() {
-                    let elem_expected =
+                    let elem_expected = ForReason(
-                        ForReason(Reason::ElemInList, list_elem_type.clone(), region);
+                        Reason::ElemInList { index },
+                        list_elem_type.clone(),
+                        loc_elem.region,
+                    );
                     let constraint =
                         constrain_expr(env, loc_elem.region, &loc_elem.value, elem_expected);
 
@@ -539,7 +543,11 @@ pub fn constrain_expr(
                                 cond_type.clone(),
                                 region,
                             ),
-                            ForReason(Reason::WhenBranch { index }, branch_type.clone(), region),
+                            ForReason(
+                                Reason::WhenBranch { index },
+                                branch_type.clone(),
+                                when_branch.value.region,
+                            ),
                         );
 
                         branch_cons.push(branch_con);

compiler/constrain/src/uniq.rs

@@ -596,9 +596,12 @@ pub fn constrain_expr(
                 let entry_type = Type::Variable(*elem_var);
                 let mut constraints = Vec::with_capacity(1 + loc_elems.len());
 
-                for loc_elem in loc_elems.iter() {
+                for (index, loc_elem) in loc_elems.iter().enumerate() {
-                    let elem_expected =
+                    let elem_expected = Expected::ForReason(
-                        Expected::ForReason(Reason::ElemInList, entry_type.clone(), region);
+                        Reason::ElemInList { index },
+                        entry_type.clone(),
+                        region,
+                    );
                     let constraint = constrain_expr(
                         env,
                         var_store,

compiler/reporting/src/report.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use ven_pretty::{BoxAllocator, DocAllocator, DocBuilder, Render, RenderAnnotated
 
 /// A textual report.
 pub struct Report {
+    pub title: String,
     pub filename: PathBuf,
     pub text: ReportText,
 }
@@ -128,6 +129,7 @@ pub fn can_problem(filename: PathBuf, problem: Problem) -> Report {
     };
 
     Report {
+        title: "SYNTAX PROBLEM".to_string(),
         filename,
         text: Concat(texts),
     }
@@ -327,11 +329,11 @@ where
             Url => {
                 self.write_str("<")?;
             }
-            GlobalTag | PrivateTag | RecordField | Keyword => {
+            GlobalTag | PrivateTag | Keyword => {
                 self.write_str("`")?;
             }
             CodeBlock | PlainText | LineNumber | Error | GutterBar | TypeVariable | Alias
-            | Module | Structure | Symbol | BinOp => {}
+            | RecordField | Module | Structure | Symbol | BinOp => {}
         }
         self.style_stack.push(*annotation);
         Ok(())
@@ -349,11 +351,11 @@ where
                 Url => {
                     self.write_str(">")?;
                 }
-                GlobalTag | PrivateTag | RecordField | Keyword => {
+                GlobalTag | PrivateTag | Keyword => {
                     self.write_str("`")?;
                 }
                 CodeBlock | PlainText | LineNumber | Error | GutterBar | TypeVariable | Alias
-                | Module | Structure | Symbol | BinOp => {}
+                | RecordField | Module | Structure | Symbol | BinOp => {}
             },
         }
         Ok(())

compiler/reporting/src/type_error.rs

@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ fn report_mismatch(
     ];
 
     Report {
+        title: "TYPE MISMATCH".to_string(),
         filename,
         text: Concat(lines),
     }
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@ fn report_bad_type(
     ];
 
     Report {
+        title: "TYPE MISMATCH".to_string(),
         filename,
         text: Concat(lines),
     }
@@ -119,8 +121,8 @@ fn to_expr_report(
     use ReportText::*;
 
     match expected {
-        Expected::NoExpectation(_expected_type) => todo!(),
+        Expected::NoExpectation(expected_type) => todo!("hit no expectation with type {:?}", expected_type),
-        Expected::FromAnnotation(_name, _arity, _sub_context, _expected_type) => todo!(),
+        Expected::FromAnnotation(_name, _arity, _sub_context, _expected_type) => todo!("hit from annotation {:?} {:?}",_sub_context, _expected_type ),
         Expected::ForReason(reason, expected_type, region) => match reason {
             Reason::IfCondition => {
                 let problem = Concat(vec![
@@ -159,6 +161,36 @@ fn to_expr_report(
                     // they don't know. ("Wait, what's truthiness?")
                 )
             }
+            Reason::WhenGuard => {
+                let problem = Concat(vec![
+                    plain_text("This "),
+                    keyword_text("if"),
+                    plain_text(" guard condition needs to be a "),
+                    ReportText::Type(Content::Alias(Symbol::BOOL_BOOL, vec![], Variable::BOOL)),
+                    plain_text("."),
+                ]);
+                report_bad_type(
+                    filename,
+                    &category,
+                    found,
+                    expected_type,
+                    region,
+                    Some(expr_region),
+                    problem,
+                    plain_text("Right now it’s"),
+                    Concat(vec![
+                        plain_text("but I need every "),
+                        keyword_text("if"),
+                        plain_text(" guard condition to evaluate to a "),
+                        ReportText::Type(Content::Alias(Symbol::BOOL_BOOL, vec![], Variable::BOOL)),
+                        plain_text("—either "),
+                        global_tag_text("True"),
+                        plain_text(" or "),
+                        global_tag_text("False"),
+                        plain_text("."),
+                    ]),
+                )
+            }
             Reason::IfBranch {
                 index,
                 total_branches,
@@ -211,11 +243,96 @@ fn to_expr_report(
                         )),
                         plain_text(&format!("The {} branch is", ith)),
                         plain_text("but all the previous branches have the type"),
-                        plain_text("instead."),
+                        Concat(vec![
+                            plain_text("instead. I need all branches in an "),
+                            keyword_text("if"),
+                            plain_text(" to have the same type!"),
+                        ]),
                     )
                 }
             },
-            _ => todo!(),
+            Reason::WhenBranch { index } => {
+                // NOTE: is 0-based
+
+                let ith = int_to_ordinal(index + 1);
+
+                report_mismatch(
+                    filename,
+                    &category,
+                    found,
+                    expected_type,
+                    region,
+                    Some(expr_region),
+                    Concat(vec![
+                        plain_text(&format!("The {} branch of this ", ith)),
+                        keyword_text("when"),
+                        plain_text(" does not match all the previous branches"),
+                    ]),
+                    plain_text(&format!("The {} branch is", ith)),
+                    plain_text("but all the previous branches have type"),
+                    Concat(vec![
+                        plain_text("instead. I need all branches of a "),
+                        keyword_text("when"),
+                        plain_text(" to have the same type!"),
+                    ]),
+                )
+            }
+            Reason::ElemInList { index } => {
+                // NOTE: is 0-based
+
+                let ith = int_to_ordinal(index + 1);
+
+                report_mismatch(
+                    filename,
+                    &category,
+                    found,
+                    expected_type,
+                    region,
+                    Some(expr_region),
+                    plain_text(&format!(
+                        "The {} element of this list does not match all the previous elements",
+                        ith
+                    )),
+                    plain_text(&format!("The {} element is", ith)),
+                    plain_text("but all the previous elements in the list have type"),
+                    plain_text("instead. I need all elements of a list to have the same type!"),
+                )
+            }
+            Reason::RecordUpdateValue(field) => report_mismatch(
+                filename,
+                &category,
+                found,
+                expected_type,
+                region,
+                Some(expr_region),
+                Concat(vec![
+                    plain_text("I cannot update the "),
+                    record_field_text(field.as_str()),
+                    plain_text(" field like this"),
+                ]),
+                Concat(vec![
+                    plain_text("You are trying to update "),
+                    record_field_text(field.as_str()),
+                    plain_text(" to be"),
+                ]),
+                plain_text("But it should be"),
+                plain_text("instead. Record update syntax does not allow you to change the type of fields. You can achieve that with record literal syntax."),
+            ),
+            other => {
+                //    AnonymousFnArg { arg_index: u8 },
+                //    NamedFnArg(String /* function name */, u8 /* arg index */),
+                //    AnonymousFnCall { arity: u8 },
+                //    NamedFnCall(String /* function name */, u8 /* arity */),
+                //    BinOpArg(BinOp, ArgSide),
+                //    BinOpRet(BinOp),
+                //    FloatLiteral,
+                //    IntLiteral,
+                //    NumLiteral,
+                //    InterpolatedStringVar,
+                //    RecordUpdateValue(Lowercase),
+                //    RecordUpdateKeys(Symbol, SendMap<Lowercase, Type>),
+                todo!("I don't have a message yet for reason {:?}", other)
+            }
         },
     }
 }
@@ -300,10 +417,10 @@ fn add_category(this_is: ReportText, category: &Category) -> ReportText {
             plain_text("expression produces"),
         ]),
 
-        List => Concat(vec![this_is, plain_text("a list of type")]),
+        List => Concat(vec![this_is, plain_text(" a list of type")]),
-        Num => Concat(vec![this_is, plain_text("a number of type")]),
+        Num => Concat(vec![this_is, plain_text(" a number of type")]),
-        Int => Concat(vec![this_is, plain_text("an integer of type")]),
+        Int => Concat(vec![this_is, plain_text(" an integer of type")]),
-        Float => Concat(vec![this_is, plain_text("a float of type")]),
+        Float => Concat(vec![this_is, plain_text(" a float of type")]),
         Str => Concat(vec![this_is, plain_text(" a string of type")]),
 
         Lambda => Concat(vec![this_is, plain_text("an anonymous function of type")]),
@@ -319,7 +436,7 @@ fn add_category(this_is: ReportText, category: &Category) -> ReportText {
             plain_text(" private tag application produces"),
         ]),
 
-        Record => Concat(vec![this_is, plain_text("a record of type")]),
+        Record => Concat(vec![this_is, plain_text(" a record of type")]),
 
         Accessor(field) => Concat(vec![
             plain_text("This "),
@@ -378,6 +495,7 @@ fn to_circular_report(
     ];
 
     Report {
+        title: "TYPE MISMATCH".to_string(),
         filename,
         text: Concat(lines),
     }

compiler/reporting/tests/test_reporting.rs

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ mod test_reporting {
     // use roc_problem::can;
     fn to_simple_report(text: ReportText) -> Report {
         Report {
+            title: "SYNTAX PROBLEM".to_string(),
             text: text,
             filename: filename_from_string(r"\code\proj\Main.roc"),
         }
@@ -826,6 +827,33 @@ mod test_reporting {
         )
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn when_if_guard() {
+        report_problem_as(
+            indoc!(
+                r#"
+                when 1 is
+                    2 if 1 -> 0x0
+                    _ -> 0x1
+                "#
+            ),
+            indoc!(
+                r#"
+                This `if` guard condition needs to be a Bool.
+
+                2 ┆      2 if 1 -> 0x0
+                  ┆           ^
+
+                Right now it’s a number of type
+
+                    Num a
+
+                but I need every `if` guard condition to evaluate to a Bool—either `True` or `False`.
+                "#
+            ),
+        )
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn if_2_branch_mismatch() {
         report_problem_as(
@@ -885,6 +913,160 @@ mod test_reporting {
     //     )
     // }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn when_branch_mismatch() {
+        report_problem_as(
+            indoc!(
+                r#"
+                when 1 is
+                    2 -> "foo"
+                    3 -> {}
+                "#
+            ),
+            indoc!(
+                r#"
+                The 2nd branch of this `when` does not match all the previous branches
+
+                3 ┆      3 -> {}
+                  ┆           ^^
+
+                The 2nd branch is a record of type
+
+                    {}
+
+                but all the previous branches have type
+
+                    Str
+
+                instead. I need all branches of a `when` to have the same type!
+                "#
+            ),
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn elem_in_list() {
+        report_problem_as(
+            indoc!(
+                r#"
+                [ 1, 3, "foo" ]
+                "#
+            ),
+            indoc!(
+                r#"
+                The 3rd element of this list does not match all the previous elements
+
+                1 ┆  [ 1, 3, "foo" ]
+                  ┆          ^^^^^
+
+                The 3rd element is a string of type
+
+                    Str
+
+                but all the previous elements in the list have type
+
+                    Num a
+
+                instead. I need all elements of a list to have the same type!
+                "#
+            ),
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn record_update_value() {
+        report_problem_as(
+            indoc!(
+                r#"
+                x : { foo : {} }
+                x = { foo: {} }
+
+                { x & foo: "bar" }
+                "#
+            ),
+            indoc!(
+                r#"
+                I cannot update the .foo field like this
+
+                4 ┆  { x & foo: "bar" }
+                  ┆  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+                You are trying to update .foo to be a string of type
+
+                    Str
+
+                But it should be
+
+                    {}
+
+                instead. Record update syntax does not allow you to change the type of fields. You can achieve that with record literal syntax.
+                "#
+            ),
+        )
+    }
+
+    // needs a bit more infrastructure re. diffing records
+    //    #[test]
+    //    fn record_update_keys() {
+    //        report_problem_as(
+    //            indoc!(
+    //                r#"
+    //                x : { foo : {} }
+    //                x = { foo: {} }
+    //
+    //                { x & baz: "bar" }
+    //                "#
+    //            ),
+    //            indoc!(
+    //                r#"
+    //                The `x` record does not have a `baz` field
+    //
+    //                4 ┆  { x & baz: "bar" }
+    //                  ┆        ^^^
+    //
+    //                This is usually a typo. Here are the `x` fields that are most similar
+    //
+    //                    { foo : {}
+    //                    }
+    //
+    //                So maybe `baz` should be `foo`?
+    //                "#
+    //            ),
+    //        )
+    //    }
+
+    //    #[test]
+    //    fn num_literal() {
+    //        report_problem_as(
+    //            indoc!(
+    //                r#"
+    //                x : Str
+    //                x = 4
+    //
+    //                x
+    //                "#
+    //            ),
+    //            indoc!(
+    //                r#"
+    //                Something is off with the body of the `x` definition
+    //
+    //                4 ┆  x = 4
+    //                  ┆      ^
+    //
+    //                The body is a number of type
+    //
+    //                    Num a
+    //
+    //                But the type annotation on `x` says that it should be
+    //
+    //                    Str
+    //
+    //                instead.
+    //                "#
+    //            ),
+    //        )
+    //    }
+
     #[test]
     fn circular_type() {
         report_problem_as(

compiler/types/src/types.rs

@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ pub enum Reason {
     WhenGuard,
     IfCondition,
     IfBranch { index: usize, total_branches: usize },
-    ElemInList,
+    ElemInList { index: usize },
     RecordUpdateValue(Lowercase),
     RecordUpdateKeys(Symbol, SendMap<Lowercase, Type>),
 }

examples/hello-world/host.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::ffi::CStr;
 use std::os::raw::c_char;
 
-#[link(name = "hello_from_roc")]
+#[link(name = "app_main")]
 extern "C" {
     #[link_name = "$Test.main"]
     fn str_from_roc() -> *const c_char;

examples/quicksort/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+qs
+*.o
+*.so

examples/quicksort/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# Quicksort
+
+Right now, there is only one way to build Roc programs: the Rube Goldberg Build Process.
+(In the future, it will be nicer. At the moment, the nicer build system exists only 
+in our imaginations...so Rube Goldberg it is!)
+
+*NOTE:* On macOS or Linux, you can run `sudo ./build.sh` from this directory instead of following these instructions.
+
+## Ingredients
+
+1. A host. For this example, our host is implemented in the file `host.rs`.
+2. A Roc function. For this example, we'll use a function which returns a list of integers.
+3. Having `gcc` installed. This will not be necessary in the future, but the Rube Goldberg build process needs it.
+
+## Steps
+
+1. `cd` into `examples/hello-world/`
+2. Run `cargo run hello.roc` to compile the Roc source code into a `hello.o` file.
+3. Run `gcc -shared hello.o -o libroc_qs_main.so` to generate `libroc_qs_main.so`. (This filename must begin with `lib` and end in `.so` or else `host.rs` won't be able to find it!)
+4. Move `libroc_qs_main.so` onto the system library path, e.g. with `sudo mv libroc_qs_main.so /usr/local/lib/` on macOS, or `sudo mv libroc_qs_main.so /usr/local/lib /usr/lib` on Linux.
+5. Run `rustc host.rs -o qs` to generate the `qs` executable.
+6. Run `./qs` to see the output!
+
+To run in release mode instead, do:
+
+```bash
+cargo run --release hello.roc
+```
+
+## Design Notes
+
+This demonstrates the basic design of hosts: Roc code gets compiled into a pure 
+function (in this case, a thunk that always returns `"Hello, World!"`) and
+then the host calls that function. Fundamentally, that's the whole idea! The host
+might not even have a `main` - it could be a library, a plugin, anything.
+Everything else is built on this basic "hosts calling linked pure functions" design.
+
+For example, things get more interesting when the compiled Roc function returns
+a `Task` - that is, a tagged union data structure containing function pointers 
+to callback closures. This lets the Roc pure function describe arbitrary 
+chainable effects, which the host can interpret to perform I/O as requested by 
+the Roc program.  (The tagged union `Task` would have a variant for each supported 
+I/O operation.)
+
+In this trivial example, it's very easy to line up the API between the host and
+the Roc program. In a more involved host, this would be much trickier - especially
+if the API were changing frequently during development.
+
+The idea there is to have a first-class concept of "glue code" which host authors
+can write (it would be plain Roc code, but with some extra keywords that aren't
+available in normal modules - kinda like `port module` in Elm), and which
+describe both the Roc-host/C boundary as well as the Roc-host/Roc-app boundary.
+Roc application authors only care about the Roc-host/Roc-app portion, and the
+host author only cares about the Roc-host/C bounary when implementing the host.
+
+Using this glue code, the Roc compiler can generate C header files describing the
+boundary. This not only gets us host compatibility with C compilers, but also 
+Rust FFI for free, because [`rust-bindgen`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-bindgen) 
+generates correct Rust FFI bindings from C headers.
+
+The whole "calling gcc and rustc" part of the current build process is obviously
+not something Roc application authors should ever need to do. Rather, the idea
+would be to have the host precompiled into an object file (eliminating the
+need for Roc authors to run `rustc` in this example) and for the Roc compiler
+to not only generate the object file for the Roc file, but also to link it with
+the host object file to produce an executable (eliminating the need for `gcc`)
+such that Roc application authors can concern themselves exclusively with Roc code
+and need only the Roc compiler to build and to execute it.
+
+Of course, none of those niceties exist yet. But we'll get there!
+
+## The test that builds things
+
+```rust
+let src = indoc!(
+    r#"
+    "Hello, World!"
+    "#
+);
+
+// Build the expr
+let arena = Bump::new();
+let (loc_expr, _output, _problems, subs, var, constraint, home, interns) = uniq_expr(src);
+
+let mut unify_problems = Vec::new();
+let (content, mut subs) = infer_expr(subs, &mut unify_problems, &constraint, var);
+
+let context = Context::create();
+let module = context.create_module("app");
+let builder = context.create_builder();
+let fpm = PassManager::create(&module);
+
+roc_gen::llvm::build::add_passes(&fpm);
+
+fpm.initialize();
+
+// Compute main_fn_type before moving subs to Env
+let layout = Layout::from_content(&arena, content, &subs, crate::helpers::eval::POINTER_SIZE)
+.unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("Code gen error in test: could not convert to layout. Err was {:?} and Subs were {:?}", err, subs));
+
+let execution_engine = module
+    .create_jit_execution_engine(OptimizationLevel::None)
+    .expect("Error creating JIT execution engine for test");
+
+let ptr_bytes = execution_engine
+    .get_target_data()
+    .get_pointer_byte_size(None);
+let main_fn_type =
+    basic_type_from_layout(&arena, &context, &layout, ptr_bytes).fn_type(&[], false);
+let main_fn_name = "$Test.main";
+
+// Compile and add all the Procs before adding main
+let mut env = roc_gen::llvm::build::Env {
+    arena: &arena,
+    builder: &builder,
+    context: &context,
+    interns,
+    module: arena.alloc(module),
+    ptr_bytes,
+};
+let mut procs = Procs::default();
+let mut ident_ids = env.interns.all_ident_ids.remove(&home).unwrap();
+
+// Populate Procs and get the low-level Expr from the canonical Expr
+let main_body = Expr::new(
+    &arena,
+    &mut subs,
+    loc_expr.value,
+    &mut procs,
+    home,
+    &mut ident_ids,
+    crate::helpers::eval::POINTER_SIZE,
+);
+
+// Put this module's ident_ids back in the interns, so we can use them in env.
+env.interns.all_ident_ids.insert(home, ident_ids);
+
+let mut headers = Vec::with_capacity(procs.len());
+
+// Add all the Proc headers to the module.
+// We have to do this in a separate pass first,
+// because their bodies may reference each other.
+for (symbol, opt_proc) in procs.as_map().into_iter() {
+    if let Some(proc) = opt_proc {
+        let (fn_val, arg_basic_types) = build_proc_header(&env, symbol, &proc);
+
+        headers.push((proc, fn_val, arg_basic_types));
+    }
+}
+
+// Build each proc using its header info.
+for (proc, fn_val, arg_basic_types) in headers {
+    // NOTE: This is here to be uncommented in case verification fails.
+    // (This approach means we don't have to defensively clone name here.)
+    //
+    // println!("\n\nBuilding and then verifying function {}\n\n", name);
+    build_proc(&env, proc, &procs, fn_val, arg_basic_types);
+
+    if fn_val.verify(true) {
+        fpm.run_on(&fn_val);
+    } else {
+        // NOTE: If this fails, uncomment the above println to debug.
+        panic!("Non-main function failed LLVM verification. Uncomment the above println to debug!");
+    }
+}
+
+// Add main to the module.
+let main_fn = env.module.add_function(main_fn_name, main_fn_type, None);
+
+main_fn.set_call_conventions(crate::helpers::eval::MAIN_CALLING_CONVENTION);
+main_fn.set_linkage(Linkage::External);
+
+// Add main's body
+let basic_block = context.append_basic_block(main_fn, "entry");
+
+builder.position_at_end(basic_block);
+
+let ret = roc_gen::llvm::build::build_expr(
+    &env,
+    &ImMap::default(),
+    main_fn,
+    &main_body,
+    &mut Procs::default(),
+);
+
+builder.build_return(Some(&ret));
+
+// Uncomment this to see the module's un-optimized LLVM instruction output:
+// env.module.print_to_stderr();
+
+if main_fn.verify(true) {
+    fpm.run_on(&main_fn);
+} else {
+    panic!("Function {} failed LLVM verification.", main_fn_name);
+}
+
+// Verify the module
+if let Err(errors) = env.module.verify() {
+    panic!("Errors defining module: {:?}", errors);
+}
+
+// Uncomment this to see the module's optimized LLVM instruction output:
+// env.module.print_to_stderr();
+
+// Emit
+Target::initialize_x86(&InitializationConfig::default());
+
+let opt = OptimizationLevel::Default;
+let reloc = RelocMode::Default;
+let model = CodeModel::Default;
+let target = Target::from_name("x86-64").unwrap();
+let target_machine = target
+    .create_target_machine(
+        &TargetTriple::create("x86_64-pc-linux-gnu"),
+        "x86-64",
+        "+avx2",
+        opt,
+        reloc,
+        model,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+let path = Path::new("../../hello.o");
+
+assert!(target_machine
+    .write_to_file(&env.module, FileType::Object, &path)
+    .is_ok());
+
+let path = Path::new("../../hello.asm");
+
+assert!(target_machine
+    .write_to_file(&env.module, FileType::Assembly, &path)
+    .is_ok());
+```

examples/quicksort/build.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -Eeuo pipefail
+
+cargo run qs.roc
+gcc -shared qs.o -o libroc_qs_main.so
+
+# Move it to a different place depending on Linux vs macOS
+unameVal="$(uname -s)"
+
+case "${unameVal}" in
+    Linux*)     sudo mv libroc_qs_main.so /usr/lib/;;
+    Darwin*)    sudo mv libroc_qs_main.so /usr/local/lib/;;
+    *)          echo "build.sh does not support this operating system!" exit 1;
+esac
+
+rustc host.rs -o qs
+
+./qs

examples/quicksort/host.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#[link(name = "roc_qs_main")]
+extern "C" {
+    #[allow(improper_ctypes)]
+    #[link_name = "$Test.main"]
+    fn list_from_roc() -> Box<[i64]>;
+}
+
+pub fn main() {
+    let list = unsafe { list_from_roc() };
+
+    println!("Roc quicksort says: {:?}", list);
+}

examples/quicksort/qs.roc

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+quicksort : List (Num a), Int, Int -> List (Num a)
+quicksort = \list, low, high ->
+    when partition low high list is
+        Pair partitionIndex partitioned ->
+            partitioned
+                |> quicksort low (partitionIndex - 1)
+                |> quicksort (partitionIndex + 1) high
+
+
+swap : Int, Int, List a -> List a
+swap = \i, j, list ->
+    when Pair (List.get list i) (List.get list j) is
+        Pair (Ok atI) (Ok atJ) ->
+            list
+                |> List.set i atJ
+                |> List.set j atI
+
+        _ ->
+            []
+
+
+partition : Int, Int, List (Num a) -> [ Pair Int (List (Num a)) ]
+partition = \low, high, initialList ->
+    when List.get initialList high is
+        Ok pivot ->
+            go = \i, j, list ->
+                if j < high then
+                    when List.get list j is
+                        Ok value ->
+                            if value <= pivot then
+                                go (i + 1) (j + 1) (swap (i + 1) j list)
+                            else
+                                go i (j + 1) list
+
+                        Err _ ->
+                            Pair i list
+                else
+                    Pair i list
+
+            when go (low - 1) low initialList is
+                Pair newI newList ->
+                    Pair (newI + 1) (swap (newI + 1) high newList)
+
+        Err _ ->
+            Pair (low - 1) initialList
+
+quicksort [ 7, 4, 9 ]