[ty] Bind Self typevar to method context (#20366)

Fixes: https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues/1173

<!--
Thank you for contributing to Ruff/ty! To help us out with reviewing,
please consider the following:

- Does this pull request include a summary of the change? (See below.)
- Does this pull request include a descriptive title? (Please prefix
with `[ty]` for ty pull
  requests.)
- Does this pull request include references to any relevant issues?
-->

## Summary

This PR will change the logic of binding Self type variables to bind
self to the immediate function that it's used on.
Since we are binding `self` to methods and not the class itself we need
to ensure that we bind self consistently.

The fix is to traverse scopes containing the self and find the first
function inside a class and use that function to bind the typevar for
self.

If no such scope is found we fallback to the normal behavior. Using Self
outside of a class scope is not legal anyway.

## Test Plan

Added a new mdtest.

Checked the diagnostics that are not emitted anymore in [primer
results](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/20366#issuecomment-3289411424).
It looks good altough I don't completely understand what was wrong
before.

---------

Co-authored-by: Douglas Creager <dcreager@dcreager.net>

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/self.md

@@ -30,9 +30,7 @@ class Shape:
 
     def nested_func_without_enclosing_binding(self):
         def inner(x: Self):
-            # TODO: revealed: Self@nested_func_without_enclosing_binding
-            # (The outer method binds an implicit `Self`)
-            reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Self@inner
+            reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Self@nested_func_without_enclosing_binding
         inner(self)
 
     def implicit_self(self) -> Self:
@@ -239,4 +237,36 @@ reveal_type(D().instance_method)
 reveal_type(D.class_method)
 ```
 
+In nested functions `self` binds to the method. So in the following example the `self` in `C.b` is
+bound at `C.f`.
+
+```py
+from typing import Self
+from ty_extensions import generic_context
+
+class C[T]():
+    def f(self: Self):
+        def b(x: Self):
+            reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Self@f
+        reveal_type(generic_context(b))  # revealed: None
+
+reveal_type(generic_context(C.f))  # revealed: tuple[Self@f]
+```
+
+Even if the `Self` annotation appears first in the nested function, it is the method that binds
+`Self`.
+
+```py
+from typing import Self
+from ty_extensions import generic_context
+
+class C:
+    def f(self: "C"):
+        def b(x: Self):
+            reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Self@f
+        reveal_type(generic_context(b))  # revealed: None
+
+reveal_type(generic_context(C.f))  # revealed: None
+```
+
 [self attribute]: https://typing.python.org/en/latest/spec/generics.html#use-in-attribute-annotations

crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/generics.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use std::borrow::Cow;
 
 use crate::types::constraints::ConstraintSet;
 
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use ruff_db::parsed::ParsedModuleRef;
 use ruff_python_ast as ast;
 use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
@@ -18,8 +19,8 @@ use crate::types::tuple::{TupleSpec, TupleType, walk_tuple_type};
 use crate::types::{
     ApplyTypeMappingVisitor, BoundTypeVarInstance, FindLegacyTypeVarsVisitor, HasRelationToVisitor,
     IsEquivalentVisitor, KnownClass, KnownInstanceType, MaterializationKind, NormalizedVisitor,
-    Type, TypeMapping, TypeRelation, TypeVarBoundOrConstraints, TypeVarInstance, TypeVarVariance,
-    UnionType, binding_type, declaration_type,
+    Type, TypeMapping, TypeRelation, TypeVarBoundOrConstraints, TypeVarInstance, TypeVarKind,
+    TypeVarVariance, UnionType, binding_type, declaration_type,
 };
 use crate::{Db, FxOrderSet};
 
@@ -82,6 +83,17 @@ pub(crate) fn bind_typevar<'db>(
     typevar_binding_context: Option<Definition<'db>>,
     typevar: TypeVarInstance<'db>,
 ) -> Option<BoundTypeVarInstance<'db>> {
+    // typing.Self is treated like a legacy typevar, but doesn't follow the same scoping rules. It is always bound to the outermost method in the containing class.
+    if matches!(typevar.kind(db), TypeVarKind::TypingSelf) {
+        for ((_, inner), (_, outer)) in index.ancestor_scopes(containing_scope).tuple_windows() {
+            if outer.kind().is_class() {
+                if let NodeWithScopeKind::Function(function) = inner.node() {
+                    let definition = index.expect_single_definition(function.node(module));
+                    return Some(typevar.with_binding_context(db, definition));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
     enclosing_generic_contexts(db, module, index, containing_scope)
         .find_map(|enclosing_context| enclosing_context.binds_typevar(db, typevar))
         .or_else(|| {