diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
index 7bc1804074..5d3800d582 100644
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/pyupgrade/UP018_CR.py text eol=cr
 crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/pyupgrade/UP018_LF.py text eol=lf
 
 crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline linguist-generated=true
+crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/*.lock linguist-generated=true
 
 ruff.schema.json -diff linguist-generated=true text=auto eol=lf
 ty.schema.json -diff linguist-generated=true text=auto eol=lf
diff --git a/crates/ty_python_semantic/mdtest.py b/crates/ty_python_semantic/mdtest.py
index 8f6b4f11d4..92cd873466 100644
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/mdtest.py
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/mdtest.py
@@ -38,8 +38,14 @@ class MDTestRunner:
     console: Console
     filters: list[str]
     enable_external: bool
+    upgrade_lockfiles: bool
 
-    def __init__(self, filters: list[str] | None, enable_external: bool) -> None:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        filters: list[str] | None,
+        enable_external: bool,
+        upgrade_lockfiles: bool,
+    ) -> None:
         self.mdtest_executable = None
         self.console = Console()
         self.filters = [
@@ -47,6 +53,7 @@ class MDTestRunner:
             for f in (filters or [])
         ]
         self.enable_external = enable_external
+        self.upgrade_lockfiles = upgrade_lockfiles
 
     def _run_cargo_test(self, *, message_format: Literal["human", "json"]) -> str:
         return subprocess.check_output(
@@ -123,6 +130,7 @@ class MDTestRunner:
                 INSTA_FORCE_PASS="1",
                 INSTA_OUTPUT="none",
                 MDTEST_EXTERNAL="1" if self.enable_external else "0",
+                MDTEST_UPGRADE_LOCKFILES="1" if self.upgrade_lockfiles else "0",
             ),
             capture_output=capture_output,
             text=True,
@@ -260,12 +268,20 @@ def main() -> None:
         action="store_true",
         help="Enable tests with external dependencies",
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--no-lockfile-upgrades",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="By default, lockfiles will be upgraded when dependency requirements in the Markdown test change."
+        + " Set this flag to never upgrade any lockfiles.",
+    )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     try:
         runner = MDTestRunner(
-            filters=args.filters, enable_external=args.enable_external
+            filters=args.filters,
+            enable_external=args.enable_external,
+            upgrade_lockfiles=not args.no_lockfile_upgrades,
         )
         runner.watch()
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
diff --git a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/attrs.lock b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/attrs.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3138a052a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/attrs.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+version = 1
+revision = 3
+requires-python = "==3.13.*"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "attrs"
+version = "25.4.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
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+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "mdtest-deps"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = { virtual = "." }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "attrs" },
+]
+
+[package.metadata]
+requires-dist = [{ name = "attrs", specifier = "==25.4.0" }]
diff --git a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/numpy.lock b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/numpy.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e1604b4b65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/numpy.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+version = 1
+revision = 3
+requires-python = "==3.13.*"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "mdtest-deps"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = { virtual = "." }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "numpy" },
+]
+
+[package.metadata]
+requires-dist = [{ name = "numpy", specifier = "==2.3.0" }]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "numpy"
+version = "2.3.0"
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/3d/8d/bb40a5d10e7a5f2195f235c0b2f2c79b0bf6e8f00c0c223130a4fbd2db09/sqlalchemy-2.0.45-cp313-cp313t-manylinux2014_x86_64.manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:83d7009f40ce619d483d26ac1b757dfe3167b39921379a8bd1b596cf02dab4a6", size = 3521998, upload-time = "2025-12-09T22:13:28.622Z" },
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/bf/e1/3ccb13c643399d22289c6a9786c1a91e3dcbb68bce4beb44926ac2c557bf/sqlalchemy-2.0.45-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:5225a288e4c8cc2308dbdd874edad6e7d0fd38eac1e9e5f23503425c8eee20d0", size = 1936672, upload-time = "2025-12-09T21:54:52.608Z" },
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlmodel"
+version = "0.0.27"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "pydantic" },
+    { name = "sqlalchemy" },
+]
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+]
+
+[[package]]
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+version = "4.15.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/72/94/1a15dd82efb362ac84269196e94cf00f187f7ed21c242792a923cdb1c61f/typing_extensions-4.15.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0cea48d173cc12fa28ecabc3b837ea3cf6f38c6d1136f85cbaaf598984861466", size = 109391, upload-time = "2025-08-25T13:49:26.313Z" }
+wheels = [
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+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "typing-inspection"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "typing-extensions" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/55/e3/70399cb7dd41c10ac53367ae42139cf4b1ca5f36bb3dc6c9d33acdb43655/typing_inspection-0.4.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ba561c48a67c5958007083d386c3295464928b01faa735ab8547c5692e87f464", size = 75949, upload-time = "2025-10-01T02:14:41.687Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/dc/9b/47798a6c91d8bdb567fe2698fe81e0c6b7cb7ef4d13da4114b41d239f65d/typing_inspection-0.4.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:4ed1cacbdc298c220f1bd249ed5287caa16f34d44ef4e9c3d0cbad5b521545e7", size = 14611, upload-time = "2025-10-01T02:14:40.154Z" },
+]
diff --git a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/sqlmodel.md b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/sqlmodel.md
index 54ab9012c2..7dafa336db 100644
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/sqlmodel.md
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/sqlmodel.md
@@ -6,11 +6,7 @@ python-version = "3.13"
 python-platform = "linux"
 
 [project]
-dependencies = [
-    "sqlmodel==0.0.27",
-    # TODO: remove this pin, once we have a lockfile
-    "sqlalchemy==2.0.44"
-]
+dependencies = ["sqlmodel==0.0.27"]
 ```
 
 ## Basic model
diff --git a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/strawberry.lock b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/strawberry.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0a0c4290b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/strawberry.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+version = 1
+revision = 3
+requires-python = "==3.13.*"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "graphql-core"
+version = "3.2.7"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ac/9b/037a640a2983b09aed4a823f9cf1729e6d780b0671f854efa4727a7affbe/graphql_core-3.2.7.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:27b6904bdd3b43f2a0556dad5d579bdfdeab1f38e8e8788e555bdcb586a6f62c", size = 513484, upload-time = "2025-11-01T22:30:40.436Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/0a/14/933037032608787fb92e365883ad6a741c235e0ff992865ec5d904a38f1e/graphql_core-3.2.7-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:17fc8f3ca4a42913d8e24d9ac9f08deddf0a0b2483076575757f6c412ead2ec0", size = 207262, upload-time = "2025-11-01T22:30:38.912Z" },
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "lia-web"
+version = "0.2.3"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "typing-extensions" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/1e/4e/847404ca9d36e3f5468c9e460aed565a02cbca0fdf81247da9f87fabc1b8/lia_web-0.2.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ccc9d24cdc200806ea96a20b22fb68f4759e6becdb901bd36024df7921e848d7", size = 156761, upload-time = "2025-08-11T10:23:21.003Z" }
+wheels = [
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+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "mdtest-deps"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = { virtual = "." }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "strawberry-graphql" },
+]
+
+[package.metadata]
+requires-dist = [{ name = "strawberry-graphql", specifier = "==0.283.3" }]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "packaging"
+version = "25.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a1/d4/1fc4078c65507b51b96ca8f8c3ba19e6a61c8253c72794544580a7b6c24d/packaging-25.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:d443872c98d677bf60f6a1f2f8c1cb748e8fe762d2bf9d3148b5599295b0fc4f", size = 165727, upload-time = "2025-04-19T11:48:59.673Z" }
+wheels = [
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+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "python-dateutil"
+version = "2.9.0.post0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "six" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/66/c0/0c8b6ad9f17a802ee498c46e004a0eb49bc148f2fd230864601a86dcf6db/python-dateutil-2.9.0.post0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:37dd54208da7e1cd875388217d5e00ebd4179249f90fb72437e91a35459a0ad3", size = 342432, upload-time = "2024-03-01T18:36:20.211Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ec/57/56b9bcc3c9c6a792fcbaf139543cee77261f3651ca9da0c93f5c1221264b/python_dateutil-2.9.0.post0-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a8b2bc7bffae282281c8140a97d3aa9c14da0b136dfe83f850eea9a5f7470427", size = 229892, upload-time = "2024-03-01T18:36:18.57Z" },
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "six"
+version = "1.17.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/94/e7/b2c673351809dca68a0e064b6af791aa332cf192da575fd474ed7d6f16a2/six-1.17.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ff70335d468e7eb6ec65b95b99d3a2836546063f63acc5171de367e834932a81", size = 34031, upload-time = "2024-12-04T17:35:28.174Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b7/ce/149a00dd41f10bc29e5921b496af8b574d8413afcd5e30dfa0ed46c2cc5e/six-1.17.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:4721f391ed90541fddacab5acf947aa0d3dc7d27b2e1e8eda2be8970586c3274", size = 11050, upload-time = "2024-12-04T17:35:26.475Z" },
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "strawberry-graphql"
+version = "0.283.3"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "graphql-core" },
+    { name = "lia-web" },
+    { name = "packaging" },
+    { name = "python-dateutil" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/30/74/729c227b1e7fce28678290a5013ddceb543f350b6c14ae83400ab2c727d1/strawberry_graphql-0.283.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:375e545856b7587debd4e0f1e2a6fca19d09cc126238a07b9e5164e5eb09342a", size = 212141, upload-time = "2025-10-10T20:03:46.985Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/23/1b/aa358ef730d727d2e42810bf943542a8cc4c15aa2401f8629d356643a06f/strawberry_graphql-0.283.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:3751d86a219d81a16a13f335bb7d2fa3f57a85fab83d7d284b8ea88e2261d68b", size = 309885, upload-time = "2025-10-10T20:03:44.051Z" },
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "typing-extensions"
+version = "4.15.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/72/94/1a15dd82efb362ac84269196e94cf00f187f7ed21c242792a923cdb1c61f/typing_extensions-4.15.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0cea48d173cc12fa28ecabc3b837ea3cf6f38c6d1136f85cbaaf598984861466", size = 109391, upload-time = "2025-08-25T13:49:26.313Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/18/67/36e9267722cc04a6b9f15c7f3441c2363321a3ea07da7ae0c0707beb2a9c/typing_extensions-4.15.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:f0fa19c6845758ab08074a0cfa8b7aecb71c999ca73d62883bc25cc018c4e548", size = 44614, upload-time = "2025-08-25T13:49:24.86Z" },
+]
diff --git a/crates/ty_test/README.md b/crates/ty_test/README.md
index 200a197660..45a4c6e457 100644
--- a/crates/ty_test/README.md
+++ b/crates/ty_test/README.md
@@ -332,7 +332,8 @@ import pydantic
 When a test has dependencies:
 
 1. The test framework creates a `pyproject.toml` in a temporary directory.
-1. Runs `uv sync` to install the dependencies.
+1. The lockfile (e.g., `pydantic.lock`) is copied to the temporary directory.
+1. Runs `uv sync --locked` to install the dependencies.
 1. Copies the installed packages from the virtual environment's `site-packages` directory into the test's
     in-memory filesystem.
 1. Configures the type checker to use these packages.
@@ -341,6 +342,24 @@ When a test has dependencies:
 are installed fresh for each test that specifies them, so tests with many dependencies may be slower
 to run.
 
+#### Lockfiles
+
+Each `.md` file with external dependencies has a corresponding `.lock` file of the same name.
+This ensures reproducible test results across different environments and CI runs.
+
+When adding new tests or if you need to update dependency versions, regenerate the lockfiles
+with either of the following commands:
+
+```bash
+# Using the Python runner:
+uv run crates/ty_python_semantic/mdtest.py -e external/
+
+# Using `cargo`:
+MDTEST_EXTERNAL=1 MDTEST_UPGRADE_LOCKFILES=1 cargo test -p ty_python_semantic --test mdtest mdtest__external
+```
+
+After regenerating, commit the updated lockfiles to the repository.
+
 ### Specifying a custom typeshed
 
 Some tests will need to override the default typeshed with custom files. The `[environment]`
diff --git a/crates/ty_test/src/external_dependencies.rs b/crates/ty_test/src/external_dependencies.rs
index 38a14d78c9..a9031af5f0 100644
--- a/crates/ty_test/src/external_dependencies.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_test/src/external_dependencies.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::db::Db;
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result, anyhow, bail};
+use camino::Utf8Path;
 use ruff_db::system::{DbWithWritableSystem as _, OsSystem, SystemPath};
 use ruff_python_ast::PythonVersion;
 use ty_python_semantic::{PythonEnvironment, PythonPlatform, SysPrefixPathOrigin};
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ pub(crate) fn setup_venv(
     python_version: PythonVersion,
     python_platform: &PythonPlatform,
     dest_venv_path: &SystemPath,
+    lockfile_path: &Utf8Path,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     // Create a temporary directory for the project
     let temp_dir = tempfile::Builder::new()
@@ -70,15 +72,53 @@ dependencies = [
         }
     };
 
+    let upgrade_lockfile = std::env::var("MDTEST_UPGRADE_LOCKFILES").is_ok_and(|v| v == "1");
+    let use_locked = if upgrade_lockfile {
+        // In upgrade mode, we'll generate a new lockfile
+        false
+    } else if lockfile_path.exists() {
+        // Copy existing lockfile to temp directory
+        let temp_lockfile = temp_path.join("uv.lock");
+        std::fs::copy(lockfile_path, temp_lockfile.as_std_path())
+            .with_context(|| format!("Failed to copy lockfile from '{lockfile_path}'"))?;
+        true
+    } else {
+        // No existing lockfile - error in normal mode
+        bail!(
+            "Lockfile not found at '{lockfile_path}'. Run with `MDTEST_UPGRADE_LOCKFILES=1` to generate it.",
+        );
+    };
+
     // Run `uv sync` to install dependencies
-    let uv_sync_output = std::process::Command::new("uv")
+    let mut uv_sync = std::process::Command::new("uv");
+    uv_sync
         .args(["sync", "--python-platform", uv_platform])
-        .current_dir(temp_path.as_std_path())
+        .current_dir(temp_path.as_std_path());
+    if use_locked {
+        uv_sync.arg("--locked");
+    }
+
+    let uv_sync_output = uv_sync
         .output()
         .context("Failed to run `uv sync`. Is `uv` installed?")?;
 
     if !uv_sync_output.status.success() {
         let stderr = String::from_utf8_lossy(&uv_sync_output.stderr);
+
+        if use_locked
+            && stderr.contains("`uv.lock` needs to be updated, but `--locked` was provided.")
+        {
+            bail!(
+                "Lockfile is out of date. Use one of these commands to regenerate it:\n\
+                 \n\
+                 uv run crates/ty_python_semantic/mdtest.py -e external/\n\
+                 \n\
+                 Or using cargo:\n\
+                 \n\
+                 MDTEST_EXTERNAL=1 MDTEST_UPGRADE_LOCKFILES=1 cargo test -p ty_python_semantic --test mdtest mdtest__external"
+            );
+        }
+
         bail!(
             "`uv sync` failed with exit code {:?}:\n{}",
             uv_sync_output.status.code(),
@@ -86,6 +126,21 @@ dependencies = [
         );
     }
 
+    // In upgrade mode, copy the generated lockfile back to the source location
+    if upgrade_lockfile {
+        let temp_lockfile = temp_path.join("uv.lock");
+        let temp_lockfile = temp_lockfile.as_std_path();
+        if temp_lockfile.exists() {
+            std::fs::copy(temp_lockfile, lockfile_path)
+                .with_context(|| format!("Failed to write lockfile to '{lockfile_path}'"))?;
+        } else {
+            bail!(
+                "Expected uv to create a lockfile at '{}'",
+                temp_lockfile.display()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     let venv_path = temp_path.join(".venv");
 
     copy_site_packages_to_db(db, &venv_path, dest_venv_path, python_version)
diff --git a/crates/ty_test/src/lib.rs b/crates/ty_test/src/lib.rs
index 6a705af946..a25ea1d8f3 100644
--- a/crates/ty_test/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_test/src/lib.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,13 @@ pub fn run(
             Log::Filter(filter) => setup_logging_with_filter(filter),
         });
 
-        let result = run_test(&mut db, relative_fixture_path, snapshot_path, &test);
+        let result = run_test(
+            &mut db,
+            absolute_fixture_path,
+            relative_fixture_path,
+            snapshot_path,
+            &test,
+        );
         let inconsistencies = if result.as_ref().is_ok_and(|t| t.has_been_skipped()) {
             Ok(())
         } else {
@@ -231,6 +237,7 @@ impl TestOutcome {
 
 fn run_test(
     db: &mut db::Db,
+    absolute_fixture_path: &Utf8Path,
     relative_fixture_path: &Utf8Path,
     snapshot_path: &Utf8Path,
     test: &parser::MarkdownTest,
@@ -276,12 +283,15 @@ fn run_test(
             "Tests with external dependencies must specify `python-platform` in the configuration",
         );
 
+        let lockfile_path = absolute_fixture_path.with_extension("lock");
+
         external_dependencies::setup_venv(
             db,
             dependencies,
             python_version,
             &python_platform,
             &venv_for_external_dependencies,
+            &lockfile_path,
         )
         .expect("Failed to setup in-memory virtual environment with dependencies");
     }
diff --git a/crates/ty_test/src/parser.rs b/crates/ty_test/src/parser.rs
index ceba7285be..30f0d8b248 100644
--- a/crates/ty_test/src/parser.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_test/src/parser.rs
@@ -445,6 +445,10 @@ struct Parser<'s> {
 
     /// Whether or not the current section has a config block.
     current_section_has_config: bool,
+
+    /// Whether or not any section in the file has external dependencies.
+    /// Only one section per file is allowed to have dependencies (for lockfile support).
+    file_has_dependencies: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'s> Parser<'s> {
@@ -467,6 +471,7 @@ impl<'s> Parser<'s> {
             stack: SectionStack::new(root_section_id),
             current_section_files: FxHashMap::default(),
             current_section_has_config: false,
+            file_has_dependencies: false,
         }
     }
 
@@ -836,8 +841,20 @@ impl<'s> Parser<'s> {
             bail!("Multiple TOML configuration blocks in the same section are not allowed.");
         }
 
+        let config = MarkdownTestConfig::from_str(code)?;
+
+        if config.dependencies().is_some() {
+            if self.file_has_dependencies {
+                bail!(
+                    "Multiple sections with `[project]` dependencies in the same file are not allowed. \
+                     External dependencies must be specified in a single top-level configuration block."
+                );
+            }
+            self.file_has_dependencies = true;
+        }
+
         let current_section = &mut self.sections[self.stack.top()];
-        current_section.config = MarkdownTestConfig::from_str(code)?;
+        current_section.config = config;
 
         self.current_section_has_config = true;
 
@@ -2061,4 +2078,39 @@ mod tests {
         let parse_result = super::parse("file.md", &source);
         assert!(parse_result.is_ok(), "{parse_result:?}");
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multiple_sections_with_dependencies_not_allowed() {
+        let source = dedent(
+            r#"
+            # First section
+
+            ```toml
+            [project]
+            dependencies = ["pydantic==2.12.2"]
+            ```
+
+            ```py
+            x = 1
+            ```
+
+            # Second section
+
+            ```toml
+            [project]
+            dependencies = ["numpy==2.0.0"]
+            ```
+
+            ```py
+            y = 2
+            ```
+            "#,
+        );
+        let err = super::parse("file.md", &source).expect_err("Should fail to parse");
+        assert_eq!(
+            err.to_string(),
+            "Multiple sections with `[project]` dependencies in the same file are not allowed. \
+             External dependencies must be specified in a single top-level configuration block."
+        );
+    }
 }