Update CLI to respect fix applicability (#7769)

Rebase of https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/5119 authored by
@evanrittenhouse with additional refinements.

## Changes

- Adds `--unsafe-fixes` / `--no-unsafe-fixes` flags to `ruff check`
- Violations with unsafe fixes are not shown as fixable unless opted-in
- Fix applicability is respected now
    - `Applicability::Never` fixes are no longer applied
    - `Applicability::Sometimes` fixes require opt-in
    - `Applicability::Always` fixes are unchanged
- Hints for availability of `--unsafe-fixes` added to `ruff check`
output

## Examples

Check hints at hidden unsafe fixes
```
❯ ruff check example.py --no-cache --select F601,W292
example.py:1:14: F601 Dictionary key literal `'a'` repeated
example.py:2:15: W292 [*] No newline at end of file
Found 2 errors.
[*] 1 fixable with the `--fix` option (1 hidden fix can be enabled with the `--unsafe-fixes` option).
```

We could add an indicator for which violations have hidden fixes in the
future.

Check treats unsafe fixes as applicable with opt-in
```
❯ ruff check example.py --no-cache --select F601,W292 --unsafe-fixes
example.py:1:14: F601 [*] Dictionary key literal `'a'` repeated
example.py:2:15: W292 [*] No newline at end of file
Found 2 errors.
[*] 2 fixable with the --fix option.
```

Also can be enabled in the config file

```
❯ cat ruff.toml
unsafe-fixes = true
```

And opted-out per invocation

```
❯ ruff check example.py --no-cache --select F601,W292 --no-unsafe-fixes
example.py:1:14: F601 Dictionary key literal `'a'` repeated
example.py:2:15: W292 [*] No newline at end of file
Found 2 errors.
[*] 1 fixable with the `--fix` option (1 hidden fix can be enabled with the `--unsafe-fixes` option).
```

Diff does not include unsafe fixes
```
❯ ruff check example.py --no-cache --select F601,W292 --diff
--- example.py
+++ example.py
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 x = {'a': 1, 'a': 1}
-print(('foo'))
+print(('foo'))
\ No newline at end of file

Would fix 1 error.
```

Unless there is opt-in
```
❯ ruff check example.py --no-cache --select F601,W292 --diff --unsafe-fixes
--- example.py
+++ example.py
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-x = {'a': 1}
-print(('foo'))
+x = {'a': 1, 'a': 1}
+print(('foo'))
\ No newline at end of file

Would fix 2 errors.
```

https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/7790 will improve the diff
messages following this pull request

Similarly, `--fix` and `--fix-only` require the `--unsafe-fixes` flag to
apply unsafe fixes.

## Related

Replaces #5119
Closes https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/4185
Closes https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/7214
Closes https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/4845
Closes https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/3863
Addresses https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/6835
Addresses https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/7019
Needs follow-up https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/6962
Needs follow-up https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/4845
Needs follow-up https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/7436
Needs follow-up https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/7025
Needs follow-up https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/6434
Follow-up #7790 
Follow-up https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/7792

---------

Co-authored-by: Evan Rittenhouse <evanrittenhouse@gmail.com>

crates/ruff_linter/src/linter.rs

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ use crate::message::Message;
 use crate::noqa::add_noqa;
 use crate::registry::{AsRule, Rule};
 use crate::rules::pycodestyle;
+use crate::settings::types::UnsafeFixes;
 use crate::settings::{flags, LinterSettings};
 use crate::source_kind::SourceKind;
 use crate::{directives, fs};
@@ -415,10 +416,12 @@ fn diagnostics_to_messages(
 
 /// Generate `Diagnostic`s from source code content, iteratively fixing
 /// until stable.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub fn lint_fix<'a>(
     path: &Path,
     package: Option<&Path>,
     noqa: flags::Noqa,
+    unsafe_fixes: UnsafeFixes,
     settings: &LinterSettings,
     source_kind: &'a SourceKind,
     source_type: PySourceType,
@@ -494,7 +497,7 @@ pub fn lint_fix<'a>(
             code: fixed_contents,
             fixes: applied,
             source_map,
-        }) = fix_file(&result.data.0, &locator)
+        }) = fix_file(&result.data.0, &locator, unsafe_fixes)
         {
             if iterations < MAX_ITERATIONS {
                 // Count the number of fixed errors.