Formatter: Add test cases for comments after opening parentheses (#6420)

**Summary** I collected all examples of end-of-line comments after
opening parentheses that i could think of so we get a comprehensive view
at the state of their formatting (#6390).

This PR intentionally only adds tests cases without any changes in
formatting. We need to decide which exact formatting we want, ideally in
terms of these test files, and implement this in follow-up PRs.

~~One stability check is still deactivated pending
https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/6386.~~

crates/ruff_python_formatter/resources/test/fixtures/ruff/parentheses/nested.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+a1 = f(  # 1
+    g(  # 2
+    )
+)
+a2 = f(  # 1
+    g(  # 2
+        x
+    )
+)
+a3 = f(
+    (
+        #
+        ()
+    )
+)
+
+
+call(
+  a,
+  b,
+  [  # Empty because of
+  ]
+)
+
+a = a + b + c + d + ( # Hello
+    e + f + g
+)
+
+a = int(  # type: ignore
+    int(  # type: ignore
+        int(  # type: ignore
+            6
+        )
+    )
+)
+
+# Stability and correctness checks
+b1 = () - (  #
+)
+() - (  #
+)
+b2 = () - f(  #
+)
+() - f(  #
+)
+b3 = (
+    #
+    ()
+)
+(
+    #
+    ()
+)

crates/ruff_python_formatter/resources/test/fixtures/ruff/parentheses/opening_parentheses_comment_empty.py

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# Opening parentheses end-of-line comment without a value in the parentheses
+
+(  # a 1
+)
+a2 = (  # a 2
+)
+a3 = f(  # a 3
+)
+a4 = (  # a 4
+) = a4
+a5: List(  # a 5
+) = 5
+
+raise (  # b 1a
+)
+raise b1b from (  # b 1b
+)
+raise (  # b 1c
+) from b1c
+del (  # b 2
+)
+assert (  # b 3
+), (  #b 4
+)
+
+def g():
+    """Statements that are only allowed in function bodies"""
+    return (  # c 1
+    )
+    yield (  # c 2
+    )
+async def h():
+    """Statements that are only allowed in async function bodies"""
+    await (  # c 3
+    )
+
+with (  # d 1
+): pass
+match (  # d 2
+):
+    case d2:
+        pass
+match d3:
+    case (  # d 3
+    ):
+        pass
+while (  # d 4
+):
+    pass
+if (  # d 5
+):
+    pass
+elif (  # d 6
+):
+    pass
+for (  # d 7
+) in (  # d 8
+):
+    pass
+try:
+    pass
+except (  # d 9
+):
+    pass
+
+
+def e1(  # e 1
+): pass
+
+
+def e2() -> (  # e 2
+): pass
+
+
+class E3(  # e 3
+): pass
+
+
+f1 = [  # f 1
+]
+[  # f 2
+]
+f3 = {  # f3
+}
+{  # f 4
+}

crates/ruff_python_formatter/resources/test/fixtures/ruff/parentheses/opening_parentheses_comment_value.py

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# Opening parentheses end-of-line comment with value in the parentheses
+
+(  # a 1
+x)
+a2 = (  # a 2
+x)
+a3 = f(  # a 3
+x)
+a4 = (  # a 4
+x) = a4
+a5: List(  # a 5
+x) = 5
+
+raise (  # b 1a
+x)
+raise b1b from (  # b 1b
+x)
+raise (  # b 1c
+x) from b1c
+del (  # b 2
+x)
+assert (  # b 3
+x), (  #b 4
+x)
+
+def g():
+    """Statements that are only allowed in function bodies"""
+    return (  # c 1
+    x)
+    yield (  # c 2
+    x)
+async def h():
+    """Statements that are only allowed in async function bodies"""
+    await (  # c 3
+    x)
+
+with (  # d 1
+x): pass
+match (  # d 2
+x):
+    case d2:
+        pass
+match d3:
+    case (  # d 3
+    x):
+        pass
+while (  # d 4
+x):
+    pass
+if (  # d 5
+x):
+    pass
+elif (  # d 6
+y):
+    pass
+for (  # d 7
+x) in (  # d 8
+y):
+    pass
+try:
+    pass
+except (  # d 9
+    x
+):
+    pass
+
+
+def e1(  # e 1
+x): pass
+
+
+def e2() -> (  # e 2
+x): pass
+
+
+class E3(  # e 3
+x): pass
+
+
+f1 = [  # f 1
+x]
+[  # f 2
+x]
+f3 = {  # f3
+x}
+{  # f 4
+x}
+
+
+
+# Non-empty parentheses: These are not allowed without a value
+def f1[  # f1
+    T
+](): pass
+f2 = (  # f2
+    i for i in range(10)
+)
+f3 = [  # f3
+    i for i in range(10)
+]
+f4 = {  # f4
+    i for i in range(10)
+}
+f5 = {  # f5
+    i: i**2 for i in range(10)
+}
+
+