[red-knot] Type inference for comparisons involving intersection types (#14138)

## Summary

This adds type inference for comparison expressions involving
intersection types.

For example:
```py
x = get_random_int()

if x != 42:
    reveal_type(x == 42)  # revealed: Literal[False]
    reveal_type(x == 43)  # bool
```

closes #13854

## Test Plan

New Markdown-based tests.

---------

Co-authored-by: Carl Meyer <carl@astral.sh>

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/comparison/intersections.md

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# Comparison: Intersections
+
+## Positive contributions
+
+If we have an intersection type `A & B` and we get a definitive true/false answer for one of the
+types, we can infer that the result for the intersection type is also true/false:
+
+```py
+class Base: ...
+
+class Child1(Base):
+    def __eq__(self, other) -> Literal[True]:
+        return True
+
+class Child2(Base): ...
+
+def get_base() -> Base: ...
+
+x = get_base()
+c1 = Child1()
+
+# Create an intersection type through narrowing:
+if isinstance(x, Child1):
+    if isinstance(x, Child2):
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Child1 & Child2
+
+        reveal_type(x == 1)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+
+        # Other comparison operators fall back to the base type:
+        reveal_type(x > 1)  # revealed: bool
+        reveal_type(x is c1)  # revealed: bool
+```
+
+## Negative contributions
+
+Negative contributions to the intersection type only allow simplifications in a few special cases
+(equality and identity comparisons).
+
+### Equality comparisons
+
+#### Literal strings
+
+```py
+x = "x" * 1_000_000_000
+y = "y" * 1_000_000_000
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: LiteralString
+
+if x != "abc":
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: LiteralString & ~Literal["abc"]
+
+    reveal_type(x == "abc")  # revealed: Literal[False]
+    reveal_type("abc" == x)  # revealed: Literal[False]
+    reveal_type(x == "something else")  # revealed: bool
+    reveal_type("something else" == x)  # revealed: bool
+
+    reveal_type(x != "abc")  # revealed: Literal[True]
+    reveal_type("abc" != x)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+    reveal_type(x != "something else")  # revealed: bool
+    reveal_type("something else" != x)  # revealed: bool
+
+    reveal_type(x == y)  # revealed: bool
+    reveal_type(y == x)  # revealed: bool
+    reveal_type(x != y)  # revealed: bool
+    reveal_type(y != x)  # revealed: bool
+
+    reveal_type(x >= "abc")  # revealed: bool
+    reveal_type("abc" >= x)  # revealed: bool
+
+    reveal_type(x in "abc")  # revealed: bool
+    reveal_type("abc" in x)  # revealed: bool
+```
+
+#### Integers
+
+```py
+def get_int() -> int: ...
+
+x = get_int()
+
+if x != 1:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int & ~Literal[1]
+
+    reveal_type(x != 1)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+    reveal_type(x != 2)  # revealed: bool
+
+    reveal_type(x == 1)  # revealed: Literal[False]
+    reveal_type(x == 2)  # revealed: bool
+```
+
+### Identity comparisons
+
+```py
+class A: ...
+
+def get_object() -> object: ...
+
+o = object()
+
+a = A()
+n = None
+
+if o is not None:
+    reveal_type(o)  # revealed: object & ~None
+
+    reveal_type(o is n)  # revealed: Literal[False]
+    reveal_type(o is not n)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+```
+
+## Diagnostics
+
+### Unsupported operators for positive contributions
+
+Raise an error if any of the positive contributions to the intersection type are unsupported for the
+given operator:
+
+```py
+class Container:
+    def __contains__(self, x) -> bool: ...
+
+class NonContainer: ...
+
+def get_object() -> object: ...
+
+x = get_object()
+
+if isinstance(x, Container):
+    if isinstance(x, NonContainer):
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Container & NonContainer
+
+        # error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `in` is not supported for types `int` and `NonContainer`"
+        reveal_type(2 in x)  # revealed: bool
+```
+
+### Unsupported operators for negative contributions
+
+Do *not* raise an error if any of the negative contributions to the intersection type are
+unsupported for the given operator:
+
+```py
+class Container:
+    def __contains__(self, x) -> bool: ...
+
+class NonContainer: ...
+
+def get_object() -> object: ...
+
+x = get_object()
+
+if isinstance(x, Container):
+    if not isinstance(x, NonContainer):
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Container & ~NonContainer
+
+        # No error here!
+        reveal_type(2 in x)  # revealed: bool
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/types/infer.rs

@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ use crate::types::unpacker::{UnpackResult, Unpacker};
 use crate::types::{
     bindings_ty, builtins_symbol, declarations_ty, global_symbol, symbol, typing_extensions_symbol,
     Boundness, BytesLiteralType, Class, ClassLiteralType, FunctionType, InstanceType,
-    IterationOutcome, KnownClass, KnownFunction, KnownInstance, MetaclassErrorKind,
+    IntersectionBuilder, IntersectionType, IterationOutcome, KnownClass, KnownFunction,
-    SliceLiteralType, StringLiteralType, Symbol, Truthiness, TupleType, Type, TypeArrayDisplay,
+    KnownInstance, MetaclassErrorKind, SliceLiteralType, StringLiteralType, Symbol, Truthiness,
-    UnionBuilder, UnionType,
+    TupleType, Type, TypeArrayDisplay, UnionBuilder, UnionType,
 };
 use crate::unpack::Unpack;
 use crate::util::subscript::{PyIndex, PySlice};
@@ -266,6 +266,13 @@ impl<'db> TypeInference<'db> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Whether the intersection type is on the left or right side of the comparison.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum IntersectionOn {
+    Left,
+    Right,
+}
+
 /// Builder to infer all types in a region.
 ///
 /// A builder is used by creating it with [`new()`](TypeInferenceBuilder::new), and then calling
@@ -3086,7 +3093,7 @@ impl<'db> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db> {
 
         // https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#comparisons
         // > Formally, if `a, b, c, …, y, z` are expressions and `op1, op2, …, opN` are comparison
-        // > operators, then `a op1 b op2 c ... y opN z` is equivalent to a `op1 b and b op2 c and
+        // > operators, then `a op1 b op2 c ... y opN z` is equivalent to `a op1 b and b op2 c and
         // ... > y opN z`, except that each expression is evaluated at most once.
         //
         // As some operators (==, !=, <, <=, >, >=) *can* return an arbitrary type, the logic below
@@ -3140,6 +3147,87 @@ impl<'db> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db> {
         )
     }
 
+    fn infer_binary_intersection_type_comparison(
+        &mut self,
+        intersection: IntersectionType<'db>,
+        op: ast::CmpOp,
+        other: Type<'db>,
+        intersection_on: IntersectionOn,
+    ) -> Result<Type<'db>, CompareUnsupportedError<'db>> {
+        // If a comparison yields a definitive true/false answer on a (positive) part
+        // of an intersection type, it will also yield a definitive answer on the full
+        // intersection type, which is even more specific.
+        for pos in intersection.positive(self.db) {
+            let result = match intersection_on {
+                IntersectionOn::Left => self.infer_binary_type_comparison(*pos, op, other)?,
+                IntersectionOn::Right => self.infer_binary_type_comparison(other, op, *pos)?,
+            };
+            if let Type::BooleanLiteral(b) = result {
+                return Ok(Type::BooleanLiteral(b));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // For negative contributions to the intersection type, there are only a few
+        // special cases that allow us to narrow down the result type of the comparison.
+        for neg in intersection.negative(self.db) {
+            let result = match intersection_on {
+                IntersectionOn::Left => self.infer_binary_type_comparison(*neg, op, other).ok(),
+                IntersectionOn::Right => self.infer_binary_type_comparison(other, op, *neg).ok(),
+            };
+
+            match (op, result) {
+                (ast::CmpOp::Eq, Some(Type::BooleanLiteral(true))) => {
+                    return Ok(Type::BooleanLiteral(false));
+                }
+                (ast::CmpOp::NotEq, Some(Type::BooleanLiteral(false))) => {
+                    return Ok(Type::BooleanLiteral(true));
+                }
+                (ast::CmpOp::Is, Some(Type::BooleanLiteral(true))) => {
+                    return Ok(Type::BooleanLiteral(false));
+                }
+                (ast::CmpOp::IsNot, Some(Type::BooleanLiteral(false))) => {
+                    return Ok(Type::BooleanLiteral(true));
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If none of the simplifications above apply, we still need to return *some*
+        // result type for the comparison 'T_inter `op` T_other' (or reversed), where
+        //
+        //    T_inter = P1 & P2 & ... & Pn & ~N1 & ~N2 & ... & ~Nm
+        //
+        // is the intersection type. If f(T) is the function that computes the result
+        // type of a `op`-comparison with `T_other`, we are interested in f(T_inter).
+        // Since we can't compute it exactly, we return the following approximation:
+        //
+        //   f(T_inter) = f(P1) & f(P2) & ... & f(Pn)
+        //
+        // The reason for this is the following: In general, for any function 'f', the
+        // set f(A) & f(B) can be *larger than* the set f(A & B). This means that we
+        // will return a type that is too wide, which is not necessarily problematic.
+        //
+        // However, we do have to leave out the negative contributions. If we were to
+        // add a contribution like ~f(N1), we would potentially infer result types
+        // that are too narrow, since ~f(A) can be larger than f(~A).
+        //
+        // As an example for this, consider the intersection type `int & ~Literal[1]`.
+        // If 'f' would be the `==`-comparison with 2, we obviously can't tell if that
+        // answer would be true or false, so we need to return `bool`. However, if we
+        // compute f(int) & ~f(Literal[1]), we get `bool & ~Literal[False]`, which can
+        // be simplified to `Literal[True]` -- a type that is too narrow.
+        let mut builder = IntersectionBuilder::new(self.db);
+        for pos in intersection.positive(self.db) {
+            let result = match intersection_on {
+                IntersectionOn::Left => self.infer_binary_type_comparison(*pos, op, other)?,
+                IntersectionOn::Right => self.infer_binary_type_comparison(other, op, *pos)?,
+            };
+            builder = builder.add_positive(result);
+        }
+
+        Ok(builder.build())
+    }
+
     /// Infers the type of a binary comparison (e.g. 'left == right'). See
     /// `infer_compare_expression` for the higher level logic dealing with multi-comparison
     /// expressions.
@@ -3172,6 +3260,21 @@ impl<'db> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db> {
                 Ok(builder.build())
             }
 
+            (Type::Intersection(intersection), right) => self
+                .infer_binary_intersection_type_comparison(
+                    intersection,
+                    op,
+                    right,
+                    IntersectionOn::Left,
+                ),
+            (left, Type::Intersection(intersection)) => self
+                .infer_binary_intersection_type_comparison(
+                    intersection,
+                    op,
+                    left,
+                    IntersectionOn::Right,
+                ),
+
             (Type::IntLiteral(n), Type::IntLiteral(m)) => match op {
                 ast::CmpOp::Eq => Ok(Type::BooleanLiteral(n == m)),
                 ast::CmpOp::NotEq => Ok(Type::BooleanLiteral(n != m)),