Fix a number of formatter errors from the cpython repository (#5089)

## Summary

This fixes a number of problems in the formatter that showed up with
various files in the [cpython](https://github.com/python/cpython)
repository. These problems surfaced as unstable formatting and invalid
code. This is not the entirety of problems discovered through cpython,
but a big enough chunk to separate it. Individual fixes are generally
individual commits. They were discovered with #5055, which i update as i
work through the output

## Test Plan

I added regression tests with links to cpython for each entry, except
for the two stubs that also got comment stubs since they'll be
implemented properly later.

crates/ruff_python_formatter/resources/test/fixtures/ruff/expression/list.py

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Dangling comment placement in empty lists
+# Regression test for https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/03160630319ca26dcbbad65225da4248e54c45ec/Tools/c-analyzer/c_analyzer/datafiles.py#L14-L16
+a1 = [  # a
+]
+a2 = [  # a
+    # b
+]
+a3 = [
+    # b
+]

crates/ruff_python_formatter/resources/test/fixtures/ruff/statement/function.py

@@ -68,3 +68,25 @@ def test(): ...
 
 # Comment
 def with_leading_comment(): ...
+
+# Comment that could be mistaken for a trailing comment of the function declaration when
+# looking from the position of the if
+# Regression test for https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/ad56340b665c5d8ac1f318964f71697bba41acb7/Lib/logging/__init__.py#L253-L260
+if True:
+    def f1():
+        pass  # a
+else:
+    pass
+
+# Here it's actually a trailing comment
+if True:
+    def f2():
+        pass
+        # a
+else:
+    pass
+
+# Make sure the star is printed
+# Regression test for https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/7199584ac8632eab57612f595a7162ab8d2ebbc0/Lib/warnings.py#L513
+def f(arg1=1, *, kwonlyarg1, kwonlyarg2=2):
+    pass