Start detecting version-related syntax errors in the parser (#16090)

## Summary

This PR builds on the changes in #16220 to pass a target Python version
to the parser. It also adds the `Parser::unsupported_syntax_errors` field, which
collects version-related syntax errors while parsing. These syntax
errors are then turned into `Message`s in ruff (in preview mode).

This PR only detects one syntax error (`match` statement before Python
3.10), but it has been pretty quick to extend to several other simple
errors (see #16308 for example).

## Test Plan

The current tests are CLI tests in the linter crate, but these could be
supplemented with inline parser tests after #16357.

I also tested the display of these syntax errors in VS Code:


![image](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/062b4441-740e-46c3-887c-a954049ef26e)

![image](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/101f55b8-146c-4d59-b6b0-922f19bcd0fa)

---------

Co-authored-by: Alex Waygood <alex.waygood@gmail.com>

crates/ruff_python_parser/src/parser/mod.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use bitflags::bitflags;
 use ruff_python_ast::{Mod, ModExpression, ModModule};
 use ruff_text_size::{Ranged, TextRange, TextSize};
 
+use crate::error::UnsupportedSyntaxError;
 use crate::parser::expression::ExpressionContext;
 use crate::parser::progress::{ParserProgress, TokenId};
 use crate::token::TokenValue;
@@ -35,6 +36,9 @@ pub(crate) struct Parser<'src> {
     /// Stores all the syntax errors found during the parsing.
     errors: Vec<ParseError>,
 
+    /// Stores non-fatal syntax errors found during parsing, such as version-related errors.
+    unsupported_syntax_errors: Vec<UnsupportedSyntaxError>,
+
     /// Options for how the code will be parsed.
     options: ParseOptions,
 
@@ -70,6 +74,7 @@ impl<'src> Parser<'src> {
             options,
             source,
             errors: Vec::new(),
+            unsupported_syntax_errors: Vec::new(),
             tokens,
             recovery_context: RecoveryContext::empty(),
             prev_token_end: TextSize::new(0),
@@ -166,6 +171,7 @@ impl<'src> Parser<'src> {
                 syntax,
                 tokens: Tokens::new(tokens),
                 errors: parse_errors,
+                unsupported_syntax_errors: self.unsupported_syntax_errors,
             };
         }
 
@@ -197,6 +203,7 @@ impl<'src> Parser<'src> {
             syntax,
             tokens: Tokens::new(tokens),
             errors: merged,
+            unsupported_syntax_errors: self.unsupported_syntax_errors,
         }
     }
 
@@ -658,6 +665,7 @@ impl<'src> Parser<'src> {
         ParserCheckpoint {
             tokens: self.tokens.checkpoint(),
             errors_position: self.errors.len(),
+            unsupported_syntax_errors_position: self.unsupported_syntax_errors.len(),
             current_token_id: self.current_token_id,
             prev_token_end: self.prev_token_end,
             recovery_context: self.recovery_context,
@@ -669,6 +677,7 @@ impl<'src> Parser<'src> {
         let ParserCheckpoint {
             tokens,
             errors_position,
+            unsupported_syntax_errors_position,
             current_token_id,
             prev_token_end,
             recovery_context,
@@ -676,6 +685,8 @@ impl<'src> Parser<'src> {
 
         self.tokens.rewind(tokens);
         self.errors.truncate(errors_position);
+        self.unsupported_syntax_errors
+            .truncate(unsupported_syntax_errors_position);
         self.current_token_id = current_token_id;
         self.prev_token_end = prev_token_end;
         self.recovery_context = recovery_context;
@@ -685,6 +696,7 @@ impl<'src> Parser<'src> {
 struct ParserCheckpoint {
     tokens: TokenSourceCheckpoint,
     errors_position: usize,
+    unsupported_syntax_errors_position: usize,
     current_token_id: TokenId,
     prev_token_end: TextSize,
     recovery_context: RecoveryContext,

crates/ruff_python_parser/src/parser/options.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use ruff_python_ast::PySourceType;
+use ruff_python_ast::{PySourceType, PythonVersion};
 
 use crate::{AsMode, Mode};
 
@@ -20,15 +20,28 @@ use crate::{AsMode, Mode};
 ///
 /// let options = ParseOptions::from(PySourceType::Python);
 /// ```
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct ParseOptions {
     /// Specify the mode in which the code will be parsed.
     pub(crate) mode: Mode,
+    /// Target version for detecting version-related syntax errors.
+    pub(crate) target_version: PythonVersion,
+}
+
+impl ParseOptions {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn with_target_version(mut self, target_version: PythonVersion) -> Self {
+        self.target_version = target_version;
+        self
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<Mode> for ParseOptions {
     fn from(mode: Mode) -> Self {
-        Self { mode }
+        Self {
+            mode,
+            target_version: PythonVersion::default(),
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -36,6 +49,7 @@ impl From<PySourceType> for ParseOptions {
     fn from(source_type: PySourceType) -> Self {
         Self {
             mode: source_type.as_mode(),
+            target_version: PythonVersion::default(),
         }
     }
 }

crates/ruff_python_parser/src/parser/statement.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ use rustc_hash::{FxBuildHasher, FxHashSet};
 
 use ruff_python_ast::name::Name;
 use ruff_python_ast::{
-    self as ast, ExceptHandler, Expr, ExprContext, IpyEscapeKind, Operator, Stmt, WithItem,
+    self as ast, ExceptHandler, Expr, ExprContext, IpyEscapeKind, Operator, PythonVersion, Stmt,
+    WithItem,
 };
 use ruff_text_size::{Ranged, TextSize};
 
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ use crate::parser::{
 };
 use crate::token::{TokenKind, TokenValue};
 use crate::token_set::TokenSet;
-use crate::{Mode, ParseErrorType};
+use crate::{Mode, ParseErrorType, UnsupportedSyntaxError, UnsupportedSyntaxErrorKind};
 
 use super::expression::ExpressionContext;
 use super::Parenthesized;
@@ -2257,11 +2258,21 @@ impl<'src> Parser<'src> {
         let start = self.node_start();
         self.bump(TokenKind::Match);
 
+        let match_range = self.node_range(start);
+
         let subject = self.parse_match_subject_expression();
         self.expect(TokenKind::Colon);
 
         let cases = self.parse_match_body();
 
+        if self.options.target_version < PythonVersion::PY310 {
+            self.unsupported_syntax_errors.push(UnsupportedSyntaxError {
+                kind: UnsupportedSyntaxErrorKind::MatchBeforePy310,
+                range: match_range,
+                target_version: self.options.target_version,
+            });
+        }
+
         ast::StmtMatch {
             subject: Box::new(subject),
             cases,