Pass ParserOptions to the parser (#16220)

## Summary

This is part of the preparation for detecting syntax errors in the
parser from https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/16090/. As suggested
in [this
comment](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/16090/#discussion_r1953084509),
I started working on a `ParseOptions` struct that could be stored in the
parser. For this initial refactor, I only made it hold the existing
`Mode` option, but for syntax errors, we will also need it to have a
`PythonVersion`. For that use case, I'm picturing something like a
`ParseOptions::with_python_version` method, so you can extend the
current calls to something like

```rust
ParseOptions::from(mode).with_python_version(settings.target_version)
```

But I thought it was worth adding `ParseOptions` alone without changing
any other behavior first.

Most of the diff is just updating call sites taking `Mode` to take
`ParseOptions::from(Mode)` or those taking `PySourceType`s to take
`ParseOptions::from(PySourceType)`. The interesting changes are in the
new `parser/options.rs` file and smaller parts of `parser/mod.rs` and
`ruff_python_parser/src/lib.rs`.

## Test Plan

Existing tests, this should not change any behavior.

crates/ruff_graph/src/lib.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use anyhow::Result;
 
 use ruff_db::system::{SystemPath, SystemPathBuf};
 use ruff_python_ast::helpers::to_module_path;
-use ruff_python_parser::{parse, Mode};
+use ruff_python_parser::{parse, Mode, ParseOptions};
 
 use crate::collector::Collector;
 pub use crate::db::ModuleDb;
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ impl ModuleImports {
     ) -> Result<Self> {
         // Read and parse the source code.
         let source = std::fs::read_to_string(path)?;
-        let parsed = parse(&source, Mode::Module)?;
+        let parsed = parse(&source, ParseOptions::from(Mode::Module))?;
 
         let module_path =
             package.and_then(|package| to_module_path(package.as_std_path(), path.as_std_path()));