Pass ParserOptions to the parser (#16220)

## Summary

This is part of the preparation for detecting syntax errors in the
parser from https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/16090/. As suggested
in [this
comment](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/16090/#discussion_r1953084509),
I started working on a `ParseOptions` struct that could be stored in the
parser. For this initial refactor, I only made it hold the existing
`Mode` option, but for syntax errors, we will also need it to have a
`PythonVersion`. For that use case, I'm picturing something like a
`ParseOptions::with_python_version` method, so you can extend the
current calls to something like

```rust
ParseOptions::from(mode).with_python_version(settings.target_version)
```

But I thought it was worth adding `ParseOptions` alone without changing
any other behavior first.

Most of the diff is just updating call sites taking `Mode` to take
`ParseOptions::from(Mode)` or those taking `PySourceType`s to take
`ParseOptions::from(PySourceType)`. The interesting changes are in the
new `parser/options.rs` file and smaller parts of `parser/mod.rs` and
`ruff_python_parser/src/lib.rs`.

## Test Plan

Existing tests, this should not change any behavior.

crates/ruff_python_formatter/src/cli.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use clap::{command, Parser, ValueEnum};
 
 use ruff_formatter::SourceCode;
 use ruff_python_ast::PySourceType;
-use ruff_python_parser::{parse, AsMode};
+use ruff_python_parser::{parse, ParseOptions};
 use ruff_python_trivia::CommentRanges;
 use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub fn format_and_debug_print(source: &str, cli: &Cli, source_path: &Path) -> Re
     let source_type = PySourceType::from(source_path);
 
     // Parse the AST.
-    let parsed = parse(source, source_type.as_mode()).context("Syntax error in input")?;
+    let parsed = parse(source, ParseOptions::from(source_type)).context("Syntax error in input")?;
 
     let options = PyFormatOptions::from_extension(source_path)
         .with_preview(if cli.preview {