Add per-file-target-version option (#16257)

## Summary

This PR is another step in preparing to detect syntax errors in the
parser. It introduces the new `per-file-target-version` top-level
configuration option, which holds a mapping of compiled glob patterns to
Python versions. I intend to use the
`LinterSettings::resolve_target_version` method here to pass to the
parser:


f50849aeef/crates/ruff_linter/src/linter.rs (L491-L493)

## Test Plan

I added two new CLI tests to show that the `per-file-target-version` is
respected in both the formatter and the linter.

crates/ruff_linter/src/linter.rs

@@ -104,6 +104,8 @@ pub fn check_path(
         ));
     }
 
+    let target_version = settings.resolve_target_version(path);
+
     // Run the filesystem-based rules.
     if settings
         .rules
@@ -116,6 +118,7 @@ pub fn check_path(
             locator,
             comment_ranges,
             settings,
+            target_version,
         ));
     }
 
@@ -158,6 +161,7 @@ pub fn check_path(
                     source_type,
                     cell_offsets,
                     notebook_index,
+                    target_version,
                 ));
             }
             if use_imports {
@@ -171,6 +175,7 @@ pub fn check_path(
                     package,
                     source_type,
                     cell_offsets,
+                    target_version,
                 );
 
                 diagnostics.extend(import_diagnostics);