Move refurb/helpers utils to ruff_python_semantic for broader use (#6990)

## Summary

The utils added for `refurb` in its `helpers.rs` file could be useful
for many other plugins. (Such as the PERF4XX codes, see e.g.
https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/6132 ).

This PR moves them to `ruff_python_semantic::analyzers::typing` as
suggested in
https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/6132#issuecomment-1697910093

## Test Plan

Confirmed `refurb` and all other tests still work

crates/ruff_python_semantic/src/analyze/typing.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,21 @@
 //! Analysis rules for the `typing` module.
 
 use num_traits::identities::Zero;
-use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, Constant, Expr, Operator};
+use ruff_python_ast::{
+    self as ast, Constant, Expr, Operator, ParameterWithDefault, Parameters, Stmt,
+};
 
+use crate::analyze::type_inference::{PythonType, ResolvedPythonType};
+use crate::{Binding, BindingKind};
 use ruff_python_ast::call_path::{from_qualified_name, from_unqualified_name, CallPath};
-use ruff_python_ast::helpers::is_const_false;
+use ruff_python_ast::helpers::{is_const_false, map_subscript};
 use ruff_python_stdlib::typing::{
     as_pep_585_generic, has_pep_585_generic, is_immutable_generic_type,
     is_immutable_non_generic_type, is_immutable_return_type, is_literal_member,
     is_mutable_return_type, is_pep_593_generic_member, is_pep_593_generic_type,
     is_standard_library_generic, is_standard_library_generic_member, is_standard_library_literal,
 };
+use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
 
 use crate::model::SemanticModel;
 
@@ -312,3 +317,190 @@ pub fn is_type_checking_block(stmt: &ast::StmtIf, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> b
 
     false
 }
+
+/// Abstraction for a type checker, conservatively checks for the intended type(s).
+trait TypeChecker {
+    /// Check annotation expression to match the intended type(s).
+    fn match_annotation(annotation: &Expr, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool;
+    /// Check initializer expression to match the intended type(s).
+    fn match_initializer(initializer: &Expr, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool;
+}
+
+/// Check if the type checker accepts the given binding with the given name.
+///
+/// NOTE: this function doesn't perform more serious type inference, so it won't be able
+///       to understand if the value gets initialized from a call to a function always returning
+///       lists. This also implies no interfile analysis.
+fn check_type<T: TypeChecker>(binding: &Binding, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
+    match binding.kind {
+        BindingKind::Assignment => match binding.statement(semantic) {
+            // ```python
+            // x = init_expr
+            // ```
+            //
+            // The type checker might know how to infer the type based on `init_expr`.
+            Some(Stmt::Assign(ast::StmtAssign { value, .. })) => {
+                T::match_initializer(value.as_ref(), semantic)
+            }
+
+            // ```python
+            // x: annotation = some_expr
+            // ```
+            //
+            // In this situation, we check only the annotation.
+            Some(Stmt::AnnAssign(ast::StmtAnnAssign { annotation, .. })) => {
+                T::match_annotation(annotation.as_ref(), semantic)
+            }
+            _ => false,
+        },
+
+        BindingKind::Argument => match binding.statement(semantic) {
+            // ```python
+            // def foo(x: annotation):
+            //   ...
+            // ```
+            //
+            // We trust the annotation and see if the type checker matches the annotation.
+            Some(Stmt::FunctionDef(ast::StmtFunctionDef { parameters, .. })) => {
+                let Some(parameter) = find_parameter(parameters.as_ref(), binding) else {
+                    return false;
+                };
+                let Some(ref annotation) = parameter.parameter.annotation else {
+                    return false;
+                };
+                T::match_annotation(annotation.as_ref(), semantic)
+            }
+            _ => false,
+        },
+
+        BindingKind::Annotation => match binding.statement(semantic) {
+            // ```python
+            // x: annotation
+            // ```
+            //
+            // It's a typed declaration, type annotation is the only source of information.
+            Some(Stmt::AnnAssign(ast::StmtAnnAssign { annotation, .. })) => {
+                T::match_annotation(annotation.as_ref(), semantic)
+            }
+            _ => false,
+        },
+
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Type checker for builtin types.
+trait BuiltinTypeChecker {
+    /// Builtin type name.
+    const BUILTIN_TYPE_NAME: &'static str;
+    /// Type name as found in the `Typing` module.
+    const TYPING_NAME: &'static str;
+    /// [`PythonType`] associated with the intended type.
+    const EXPR_TYPE: PythonType;
+
+    /// Check annotation expression to match the intended type.
+    fn match_annotation(annotation: &Expr, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
+        let value = map_subscript(annotation);
+        Self::match_builtin_type(value, semantic)
+            || semantic.match_typing_expr(value, Self::TYPING_NAME)
+    }
+
+    /// Check initializer expression to match the intended type.
+    fn match_initializer(initializer: &Expr, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
+        Self::match_expr_type(initializer) || Self::match_builtin_constructor(initializer, semantic)
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the type can be inferred from the given expression.
+    fn match_expr_type(initializer: &Expr) -> bool {
+        let init_type: ResolvedPythonType = initializer.into();
+        match init_type {
+            ResolvedPythonType::Atom(atom) => atom == Self::EXPR_TYPE,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the given expression corresponds to a constructor call of the builtin type.
+    fn match_builtin_constructor(initializer: &Expr, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
+        let Expr::Call(ast::ExprCall { func, .. }) = initializer else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        Self::match_builtin_type(func.as_ref(), semantic)
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the given expression names the builtin type.
+    fn match_builtin_type(type_expr: &Expr, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
+        let Expr::Name(ast::ExprName { id, .. }) = type_expr else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        id == Self::BUILTIN_TYPE_NAME && semantic.is_builtin(Self::BUILTIN_TYPE_NAME)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: BuiltinTypeChecker> TypeChecker for T {
+    fn match_annotation(annotation: &Expr, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
+        <Self as BuiltinTypeChecker>::match_annotation(annotation, semantic)
+    }
+
+    fn match_initializer(initializer: &Expr, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
+        <Self as BuiltinTypeChecker>::match_initializer(initializer, semantic)
+    }
+}
+
+struct ListChecker;
+
+impl BuiltinTypeChecker for ListChecker {
+    const BUILTIN_TYPE_NAME: &'static str = "list";
+    const TYPING_NAME: &'static str = "List";
+    const EXPR_TYPE: PythonType = PythonType::List;
+}
+
+struct DictChecker;
+
+impl BuiltinTypeChecker for DictChecker {
+    const BUILTIN_TYPE_NAME: &'static str = "dict";
+    const TYPING_NAME: &'static str = "Dict";
+    const EXPR_TYPE: PythonType = PythonType::Dict;
+}
+
+struct SetChecker;
+
+impl BuiltinTypeChecker for SetChecker {
+    const BUILTIN_TYPE_NAME: &'static str = "set";
+    const TYPING_NAME: &'static str = "Set";
+    const EXPR_TYPE: PythonType = PythonType::Set;
+}
+
+/// Test whether the given binding (and the given name) can be considered a list.
+/// For this, we check what value might be associated with it through it's initialization and
+/// what annotation it has (we consider `list` and `typing.List`).
+pub fn is_list(binding: &Binding, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
+    check_type::<ListChecker>(binding, semantic)
+}
+
+/// Test whether the given binding (and the given name) can be considered a dictionary.
+/// For this, we check what value might be associated with it through it's initialization and
+/// what annotation it has (we consider `dict` and `typing.Dict`).
+pub fn is_dict(binding: &Binding, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
+    check_type::<DictChecker>(binding, semantic)
+}
+
+/// Test whether the given binding (and the given name) can be considered a set.
+/// For this, we check what value might be associated with it through it's initialization and
+/// what annotation it has (we consider `set` and `typing.Set`).
+pub fn is_set(binding: &Binding, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
+    check_type::<SetChecker>(binding, semantic)
+}
+
+/// Find the [`ParameterWithDefault`] corresponding to the given [`Binding`].
+#[inline]
+fn find_parameter<'a>(
+    parameters: &'a Parameters,
+    binding: &Binding,
+) -> Option<&'a ParameterWithDefault> {
+    parameters
+        .args
+        .iter()
+        .chain(parameters.posonlyargs.iter())
+        .chain(parameters.kwonlyargs.iter())
+        .find(|arg| arg.parameter.name.range() == binding.range())
+}