[ty] use __getattribute__ to lookup unknown members on a type (#18280)

## Summary

`Type::member_lookup_with_policy` now falls back to calling
`__getattribute__` when a member cannot be found as a second fallback
after `__getattr__`.


closes https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues/441

## Test Plan

Added markdown tests.

---------

Co-authored-by: Alex Waygood <Alex.Waygood@Gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: David Peter <mail@david-peter.de>

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/attributes.md

@@ -1527,6 +1527,65 @@ def _(ns: argparse.Namespace):
     reveal_type(ns.whatever)  # revealed: Any
 ```
 
+## Classes with custom `__getattribute__` methods
+
+If a type provides a custom `__getattribute__`, we use its return type as the type for unknown
+attributes. Note that this behavior differs from runtime, where `__getattribute__` is called
+unconditionally, even for known attributes. The rationale for doing this is that it allows users to
+specify more precise types for specific attributes, such as `x: str` in the example below. This
+behavior matches other type checkers such as mypy and pyright.
+
+```py
+from typing import Any
+
+class Foo:
+    x: str
+    def __getattribute__(self, attr: str) -> Any:
+        return 42
+
+reveal_type(Foo().x)  # revealed: str
+reveal_type(Foo().y)  # revealed: Any
+```
+
+A standard library example for a class with a custom `__getattribute__` method is `SimpleNamespace`:
+
+```py
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+sn = SimpleNamespace(a="a")
+
+reveal_type(sn.a)  # revealed: Any
+```
+
+`__getattribute__` takes precedence over `__getattr__`:
+
+```py
+class C:
+    def __getattribute__(self, name: str) -> int:
+        return 1
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> str:
+        return "a"
+
+c = C()
+
+reveal_type(c.x)  # revealed: int
+```
+
+Like all dunder methods, `__getattribute__` is not looked up on instances:
+
+```py
+def external_getattribute(name) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+class ThisFails:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.__getattribute__ = external_getattribute
+
+# error: [unresolved-attribute]
+ThisFails().x
+```
+
 ## Classes with custom `__setattr__` methods
 
 ### Basic

crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types.rs

@@ -3200,6 +3200,29 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
                     .into()
                 };
 
+                let custom_getattribute_result = || {
+                    // Avoid cycles when looking up `__getattribute__`
+                    if "__getattribute__" == name.as_str() {
+                        return Symbol::Unbound.into();
+                    }
+
+                    // Typeshed has a `__getattribute__` method defined on `builtins.object` so we
+                    // explicitly hide it here using `MemberLookupPolicy::MRO_NO_OBJECT_FALLBACK`.
+                    self.try_call_dunder_with_policy(
+                        db,
+                        "__getattribute__",
+                        &mut CallArgumentTypes::positional([Type::StringLiteral(
+                            StringLiteralType::new(db, Box::from(name.as_str())),
+                        )]),
+                        MemberLookupPolicy::MRO_NO_OBJECT_FALLBACK
+                            | MemberLookupPolicy::NO_INSTANCE_FALLBACK,
+                    )
+                    .map(|outcome| Symbol::bound(outcome.return_type(db)))
+                    // TODO: Handle call errors here.
+                    .unwrap_or(Symbol::Unbound)
+                    .into()
+                };
+
                 match result {
                     member @ SymbolAndQualifiers {
                         symbol: Symbol::Type(_, Boundness::Bound),
@@ -3208,11 +3231,13 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
                     member @ SymbolAndQualifiers {
                         symbol: Symbol::Type(_, Boundness::PossiblyUnbound),
                         qualifiers: _,
-                    } => member.or_fall_back_to(db, custom_getattr_result),
+                    } => member
+                        .or_fall_back_to(db, custom_getattribute_result)
+                        .or_fall_back_to(db, custom_getattr_result),
                     SymbolAndQualifiers {
                         symbol: Symbol::Unbound,
                         qualifiers: _,
-                    } => custom_getattr_result(),
+                    } => custom_getattribute_result().or_fall_back_to(db, custom_getattr_result),
                 }
             }