diff --git a/.editorconfig b/.editorconfig
index c4f3c65d..9f02a19e 100644
--- a/.editorconfig
+++ b/.editorconfig
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 root = true
 
 [*.{py,pyi,rs,toml,md}]
-charset = "utf-8"
+charset = utf-8
 end_of_line = lf
 indent_size = 4
 indent_style = space
diff --git a/.flake8 b/.flake8
index cf63afc5..eb0260b0 100644
--- a/.flake8
+++ b/.flake8
@@ -1,69 +1,126 @@
 [flake8]
 
 ignore =
-  C407,  # unnecessary list comprehension; A generator only better than a list
-         # comprehension if we don't always need to iterate through all items in
-         # the generator (based on the use case).
-
+  # unnecessary list comprehension; A generator only better than a list
+  # comprehension if we don't always need to iterate through all items in
+  # the generator (based on the use case).
+  C407,
   # The following codes belong to pycodestyle, and overlap with black:
-  E101,  # indentation contains mixed spaces and tabs
-  E111,  # indentation is not a multiple of four
-  E112,  # expected an indented block
-  E113,  # unexpected indentation
-  E114,  # indentation is not a multiple of four (comment)
-  E115,  # expected an indented block (comment)
-  E116,  # unexpected indentation (comment)
-  E121,  # continuation line under-indented for hanging indent
-  E122,  # continuation line missing indentation or outdented
-  E123,  # closing bracket does not match indentation of opening bracket’s line
-  E124,  # closing bracket does not match visual indentation
-  E125,  # continuation line with same indent as next logical line
-  E126,  # continuation line over-indented for hanging indent
-  E127,  # continuation line over-indented for visual indent; is harmless
-         # (over-indent is visually unambiguous) and currently generates too
-         # many warnings for existing code.
-  E128,  # continuation line under-indented for visual indent
-  E129,  # visually indented line with same indent as next logical line
-  E131,  # continuation line unaligned for hanging indent
-  E133,  # closing bracket is missing indentation
-  E201,  # whitespace after ‘(‘
-  E202,  # whitespace before ‘)’
-  E203,  # whitespace before ‘:’; this warning is invalid for slices
-  E211,  # whitespace before ‘(‘
-  E221,  # multiple spaces before operator
-  E222,  # multiple spaces after operator
-  E223,  # tab before operator
-  E224,  # tab after operator
-  E225,  # missing whitespace around operator
-  E226,  # missing whitespace around arithmetic operator
-  E227,  # missing whitespace around bitwise or shift operator
-  E228,  # missing whitespace around modulo operator
-  E231,  # missing whitespace after ‘,’, ‘;’, or ‘:’
-  E241,  # multiple spaces after ‘,’
-  E242,  # tab after ‘,’
-  E251,  # unexpected spaces around keyword / parameter equals
-  E261,  # at least two spaces before inline comment
-  E262,  # inline comment should start with ‘# ‘
-  E265,  # block comment should start with ‘# ‘
-  E266,  # too many leading ‘#’ for block comment
-  E271,  # multiple spaces after keyword
-  E272,  # multiple spaces before keyword
-  E273,  # tab after keyword
-  E274,  # tab before keyword
-  E275,  # missing whitespace after keyword
-  E301,  # expected 1 blank line, found 0
-  E302,  # expected 2 blank lines, found 0
-  E303,  # too many blank lines (3)
-  E304,  # blank lines found after function decorator
-  E305,  # expected 2 blank lines after end of function or class
-  E306,  # expected 1 blank line before a nested definition
-  E401,  # multiple imports on one line
-  E501,  # line too long (> 79 characters)
-  E502,  # the backslash is redundant between brackets
-  E701,  # multiple statements on one line (colon)
-  E702,  # multiple statements on one line (semicolon)
-  E703,  # statement ends with a semicolon
-  E704,  # multiple statements on one line (def)
+  # indentation contains mixed spaces and tabs
+  E101,
+  # indentation is not a multiple of four
+  E111,
+  # expected an indented block
+  E112,
+  # unexpected indentation
+  E113,
+  # indentation is not a multiple of four (comment)
+  E114,
+  # expected an indented block (comment)
+  E115,
+  # unexpected indentation (comment)
+  E116,
+  # continuation line under-indented for hanging indent
+  E121,
+  # continuation line missing indentation or outdented
+  E122,
+  # closing bracket does not match indentation of opening bracket’s line
+  E123,
+  # closing bracket does not match visual indentation
+  E124,
+  # continuation line with same indent as next logical line
+  E125,
+  # continuation line over-indented for hanging indent
+  E126,
+  # continuation line over-indented for visual indent; is harmless
+  # (over-indent is visually unambiguous) and currently generates too
+  # many warnings for existing code.
+  E127,
+         
+  # continuation line under-indented for visual indent
+  E128,
+  # visually indented line with same indent as next logical line
+  E129,
+  # continuation line unaligned for hanging indent
+  E131,
+  # closing bracket is missing indentation
+  E133,
+  # whitespace after ‘(‘
+  E201,
+  # whitespace before ‘)’
+  E202,
+  # whitespace before ‘:’; this warning is invalid for slices
+  E203,
+  # whitespace before ‘(‘
+  E211,
+  # multiple spaces before operator
+  E221,
+  # multiple spaces after operator
+  E222,
+  # tab before operator
+  E223,
+  # tab after operator
+  E224,
+  # missing whitespace around operator
+  E225,
+  # missing whitespace around arithmetic operator
+  E226,
+  # missing whitespace around bitwise or shift operator
+  E227,
+  # missing whitespace around modulo operator
+  E228,
+  # missing whitespace after ‘,’, ‘;’, or ‘:’
+  E231,
+  # multiple spaces after ‘,’
+  E241,
+  # tab after ‘,’
+  E242,
+  # unexpected spaces around keyword / parameter equals
+  E251,
+  # at least two spaces before inline comment
+  E261,
+  # inline comment should start with ‘# ‘
+  E262,
+  # block comment should start with ‘# ‘
+  E265,
+  # too many leading ‘#’ for block comment
+  E266,
+  # multiple spaces after keyword
+  E271,
+  # multiple spaces before keyword
+  E272,
+  # tab after keyword
+  E273,
+  # tab before keyword
+  E274,
+  # missing whitespace after keyword
+  E275,
+  # expected 1 blank line, found 0
+  E301,
+  # expected 2 blank lines, found 0
+  E302,
+  # too many blank lines (3)
+  E303,
+  # blank lines found after function decorator
+  E304,
+  # expected 2 blank lines after end of function or class
+  E305,
+  # expected 1 blank line before a nested definition
+  E306,
+  # multiple imports on one line
+  E401,
+  # line too long (> 79 characters)
+  E501,
+  # the backslash is redundant between brackets
+  E502,
+  # multiple statements on one line (colon)
+  E701,
+  # multiple statements on one line (semicolon)
+  E702,
+  # statement ends with a semicolon
+  E703,
+  # multiple statements on one line (def)
+  E704,
   # These are pycodestyle lints that black doesn't catch:
   # E711,  # comparison to None should be ‘if cond is None:’
   # E712,  # comparison to True should be ‘if cond is True:’ or ‘if cond:’
@@ -78,16 +135,25 @@ ignore =
   # I think these are internal to pycodestyle?
   # E901,  # SyntaxError or IndentationError
   # E902,  # IOError
-  F811,  # isn't aware of type-only imports, results in false-positives
-  W191,  # indentation contains tabs
-  W291,  # trailing whitespace
-  W292,  # no newline at end of file
-  W293,  # blank line contains whitespace
-  W391,  # blank line at end of file
-  W503,  # line break before binary operator; binary operator in a new line is
-         # the standard
-  W504,  # line break after binary operator
-  W505,  # not part of PEP8; doc line too long (> 79 characters)
+  # isn't aware of type-only imports, results in false-positives
+  F811,
+  # indentation contains tabs
+  W191,
+  # trailing whitespace
+  W291,
+  # no newline at end of file
+  W292,
+  # blank line contains whitespace
+  W293,
+  # blank line at end of file
+  W391,
+  # line break before binary operator; binary operator in a new line is
+  # the standard
+  W503,
+  # line break after binary operator
+  W504,
+  # not part of PEP8; doc line too long (> 79 characters)
+  W505,
   # These are pycodestyle lints that black doesn't catch:
   # W601,  # .has_key() is deprecated, use ‘in’
   # W602,  # deprecated form of raising exception
diff --git a/.github/build-matrix.json b/.github/build-matrix.json
index 5a611b04..3a1db7b3 100644
--- a/.github/build-matrix.json
+++ b/.github/build-matrix.json
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
     },
     {
         "vers": "arm64",
-        "os": "macos-10.15"
+        "os": "macos-latest"
     },
     {
         "vers": "auto64",
-        "os": "macos-10.15"
+        "os": "macos-latest"
     },
     {
         "vers": "auto64",
diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40738c8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/dependabot-version-updates/configuration-options-for-the-dependabot.yml-file
+
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: pip
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: weekly
+
+  - package-ecosystem: cargo
+    directory: "/native"
+    schedule:
+      interval: weekly
+      
+  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: weekly
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml
index d4167652..0df65636 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -1,308 +1,45 @@
-name: Python CI
-
+name: build
 on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - main
-  pull_request:
+  workflow_call:
 
 jobs:
-# Run unittests
-  test:
+  # Build python wheels
+  build:
+    name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
-        python-version: [3.7, 3.8, 3.9, "3.10"]
-        parser: [pure, native]
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-      with:
-        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-    - uses: actions/cache@v2
-      id: cache
-      with:
-        path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
-        key: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements.txt', 'requirements-dev.txt', 'setup.py') }}
-    - name: Install Dependencies
-      if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      run: |
-        pip install --upgrade --upgrade-strategy eager build -r requirements.txt -r requirements-dev.txt
-    - if: ${{ matrix.parser == 'native' }}
-      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-      with:
-        toolchain: stable
-    - if: ${{ matrix.parser == 'native' }}
-      name: Rust Cache
-      uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1.3.0
-      with:
-        working-directory: native
-    - run: >-
-        echo LIBCST_PARSER_TYPE=${{ matrix.parser }} >> $GITHUB_ENV
-    - name: Run Tests
-      run: python setup.py test
-
-# Run linters
-  lint:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-      with:
-        python-version: "3.10"
-    - uses: actions/cache@v2
-      id: cache
-      with:
-        path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
-        key: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements.txt', 'requirements-dev.txt', 'setup.py') }}
-    - name: Install Dependencies
-      if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      run: |
-        pip install --upgrade --upgrade-strategy eager build -r requirements.txt -r requirements-dev.txt
-    - run: flake8
-    - run: ufmt check .
-    - run: python3 -m fixit.cli.run_rules
-    - run: python -m slotscheck libcst
-    - run: ./check_copyright.sh
-
-# Run pyre typechecker
-  typecheck:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-      with:
-        python-version: "3.10"
-    - uses: actions/cache@v2
-      id: cache
-      with:
-        path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
-        key: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements.txt', 'requirements-dev.txt', 'setup.py') }}
-    - name: Install Dependencies
-      if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      run: |
-        pip install --upgrade --upgrade-strategy eager build -r requirements.txt -r requirements-dev.txt
-    - name: Make sure Pyre uses the working copy
-      run: pip install -e .
-    - run: pyre --version
-    - run: pyre -n check
-    - run: python libcst/tests/test_pyre_integration.py
-    - run: git diff --exit-code
-
-# Upload test coverage
-  coverage:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-      with:
-        python-version: "3.10"
-    - uses: actions/cache@v2
-      id: cache
-      with:
-        path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
-        key: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements.txt', 'requirements-dev.txt', 'setup.py') }}
-    - name: Install Dependencies
-      if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      run: |
-        pip install --upgrade --upgrade-strategy eager build -r requirements.txt -r requirements-dev.txt
-    - name: Generate Coverage
-      run: |
-        coverage run setup.py test
-        coverage xml -i
-    - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v2
-      with:
-        files: coverage.xml
-        fail_ci_if_error: true
-        verbose: true
-    - name: Archive Coverage
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-      with:
-        name: coverage
-        path: coverage.xml
-
-# Build the docs
-  docs:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-      with:
-        python-version: "3.10"
-    - uses: actions/cache@v2
-      id: cache
-      with:
-        path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
-        key: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements.txt', 'requirements-dev.txt', 'setup.py') }}
-    - name: Install Dependencies
-      if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      run: |
-        pip install --upgrade --upgrade-strategy eager build -r requirements.txt -r requirements-dev.txt
-    - uses: ts-graphviz/setup-graphviz@v1
-    - run: sphinx-build docs/source/ docs/build/
-    - name: Archive Docs
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-      with:
-        name: sphinx-docs
-        path: docs/build
-
-# Build python wheels
-  build_matrix:
-    name: Prepare job matrix for build job
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    outputs:
-      matrix: ${{ steps.set-matrix.outputs.matrix }}
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-      - id: set-matrix
-        # match github.ref to the on_ref_regex field in the json
-        # to skip running linux/aarch64 builds on PRs
-        run: |
-          matrix=$(jq --arg ref "${{ github.ref }}" \
-            'map(select(.on_ref_regex as $pat | $pat == null or ($ref | test($pat))) | del(.on_ref_regex))' \
-            .github/build-matrix.json)
-          echo ::set-output name=matrix::{\"include\":$(echo $matrix)}\"
-
-  build:
-    name: Build wheels on ${{ join(matrix.os, '/') }}/${{ matrix.vers }}
-    needs: build_matrix
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix: ${{fromJson(needs.build_matrix.outputs.matrix)}}
+        os:
+          [
+            macos-latest,
+            ubuntu-latest,
+            ubuntu-24.04-arm,
+            windows-latest,
+            windows-11-arm,
+          ]
     env:
       SCCACHE_VERSION: 0.2.13
-      CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX: "curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | env -u CARGO_HOME sh -s -- --default-toolchain stable --profile minimal -y"
-      CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX: "rm -rf native/target; ln -s /host/${{github.workspace}}/native/target native/target; [ -d /host/${{github.workspace}}/native/target ] ||  mkdir /host/${{github.workspace}}/native/target"
-      CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX: 'PATH="$PATH:$HOME/.cargo/bin" LIBCST_NO_LOCAL_SCHEME=$LIBCST_NO_LOCAL_SCHEME CARGO_HOME=/host/home/runner/.cargo'
-      CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS: "rustup target add aarch64-apple-darwin x86_64-apple-darwin"
-      CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS: "rustup target add x86_64-pc-windows-msvc i686-pc-windows-msvc"
-      CIBW_ENVIRONMENT: 'PATH="$PATH:$HOME/.cargo/bin" LIBCST_NO_LOCAL_SCHEME=$LIBCST_NO_LOCAL_SCHEME'
-      CIBW_SKIP: "cp27-* cp34-* cp35-* pp* *-win32 *-win_arm64 *-musllinux_*"
-      CIBW_ARCHS: ${{ matrix.vers }}
-      CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY: 1
+      GITHUB_WORKSPACE: "${{github.workspace}}"
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-      if: ${{ !contains(matrix.os, 'self-hosted') }}
-      with:
-        python-version: "3.10"
-    - uses: actions/cache@v2
-      id: cache
-      if: ${{ !contains(matrix.os, 'self-hosted') }}
-      with:
-        path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
-        key: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements.txt', 'requirements-dev.txt', 'setup.py') }}
-    - name: Rust Cache
-      if: ${{ !contains(matrix.os, 'self-hosted') }}
-      uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1.3.0
-      with:
-        working-directory: native
-    - name: Disable scmtools local scheme
-      if: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
-      run: >-
-        echo LIBCST_NO_LOCAL_SCHEME=1 >> $GITHUB_ENV
-    - name: Build wheels
-      uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.3.1
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-      with:
-        path: wheelhouse/*.whl
-        name: wheels
-
-  pypi:
-    if: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
-    name: Upload wheels to pypi
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs: build
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-      - name: Download binary wheels
-        id: download
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
-          name: wheels
-          path: wheelhouse
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
-          python-version: "3.10"
-      - uses: actions/cache@v2
-        id: cache
-        with:
-          path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
-          key: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements.txt', 'requirements-dev.txt', 'setup.py') }}
-      - name: Install Dependencies
-        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: |
-          pip install --upgrade --upgrade-strategy eager build -r requirements.txt -r requirements-dev.txt
+          python-version: "3.12"
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
       - name: Disable scmtools local scheme
+        if: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
         run: >-
           echo LIBCST_NO_LOCAL_SCHEME=1 >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - name: Build a source tarball
-        run: >-
-          python -m
-          build
-          --sdist
-          --outdir ${{ steps.download.outputs.download-path }}
-      - name: Publish distribution 📦 to Test PyPI
-        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+      - name: Enable building wheels for pre-release CPython versions
+        if: github.event_name != 'release'
+        run: echo CIBW_ENABLE=cpython-prerelease >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: Build wheels
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.2.1
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          user: __token__
-          password: ${{ secrets.TEST_PYPI_API_TOKEN }}
-          repository_url: https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
-          packages_dir: ${{ steps.download.outputs.download-path }}
-
-# Test rust parts
-  native:
-    name: Rust unit tests
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          toolchain: stable
-          components: rustfmt, clippy
-      - name: Rust Cache
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1.3.0
-        with:
-          working-directory: native
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-        with:
-          python-version: "3.10"
-      - name: test
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: test
-          args: --manifest-path=native/Cargo.toml --release
-      - name: test without python
-        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: test
-          args: --manifest-path=native/Cargo.toml --release --no-default-features
-      - name: clippy
-        uses: actions-rs/clippy-check@v1
-        with:
-          token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          args: --manifest-path=native/Cargo.toml --all-features
-
-  rustfmt:
-    name: Rustfmt
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          profile: minimal
-          toolchain: stable
-          override: true
-      - run: rustup component add rustfmt
-      - uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: fmt
-          args: --all --manifest-path=native/Cargo.toml -- --check
+          path: wheelhouse/*.whl
+          name: wheels-${{matrix.os}}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd3665ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+name: CI
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+  pull_request:
+
+permissions: {}
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: [macos-latest, ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
+        python-version:
+          - "3.9"
+          - "3.10"
+          - "3.11"
+          - "3.12"
+          - "3.13"
+          - "3.13t"
+          - "3.14"
+          - "3.14t"
+    steps:
+      - name: Install uv
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
+        with:
+          version: "0.7.13"
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+      - name: Build LibCST
+        run: uv sync --locked --dev
+      - name: Native Parser Tests
+        run: uv run poe test
+      - name: Coverage
+        run: uv run coverage report
+
+  # Run linters
+  lint:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Install uv
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
+        with:
+          version: "0.7.13"
+          python-version: "3.10"
+      - run: uv run poe lint
+      - run: uv run poe fixtures
+
+  # Run pyre typechecker
+  typecheck:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Install uv
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
+        with:
+          version: "0.7.13"
+          python-version: "3.10"
+      - run: uv run poe typecheck
+
+  # Build the docs
+  docs:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Install uv
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
+        with:
+          version: "0.7.13"
+          python-version: "3.10"
+      - uses: ts-graphviz/setup-graphviz@v2
+      - run: uv run --group docs poe docs
+      - name: Archive Docs
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: sphinx-docs
+          path: docs/build
+
+  # Test rust parts
+  native:
+    name: Rust unit tests
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.13t"]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          components: rustfmt, clippy
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+        with:
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      - name: test
+        run: cargo test --manifest-path=native/Cargo.toml --release
+      - name: test without python
+        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
+        run: cargo test --manifest-path=native/Cargo.toml --release --no-default-features
+      - name: clippy
+        run: cargo clippy --manifest-path=native/Cargo.toml --all-targets --all-features
+      - name: compile-benchmarks
+        run: cargo bench --manifest-path=native/Cargo.toml --no-run
+
+  rustfmt:
+    name: Rustfmt
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          components: rustfmt
+      - run: rustup component add rustfmt
+      - name: format
+        run: cargo fmt --all --manifest-path=native/Cargo.toml -- --check
+  build:
+    # only trigger here for pull requests - regular pushes are handled in pypi_upload
+    if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+    uses: Instagram/LibCST/.github/workflows/build.yml@main
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pypi_upload.yml b/.github/workflows/pypi_upload.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04434a24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/pypi_upload.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+name: pypi_upload
+
+on:
+  release:
+    types: [published]
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    uses: Instagram/LibCST/.github/workflows/build.yml@main
+  upload_release:
+    name: Upload wheels to pypi
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: build
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Download binary wheels
+        id: download
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
+        with:
+          pattern: wheels-*
+          path: wheelhouse
+          merge-multiple: true
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.10"
+      - name: Install uv
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
+        with:
+          version: "0.7.13"
+          enable-cache: false
+      - name: Build a source tarball
+        env:
+          LIBCST_NO_LOCAL_SCHEME: 1
+          OUTDIR: ${{ steps.download.outputs.download-path }}
+        run: >-
+          uv run python -m
+          build
+          --sdist
+          --outdir "$OUTDIR"
+      - name: Publish distribution 📦 to Test PyPI
+        if: github.event_name == 'push'
+        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+        with:
+          repository-url: https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
+          packages-dir: ${{ steps.download.outputs.download-path }}
+      - name: Publish distribution 📦 to PyPI
+        if: github.event_name == 'release'
+        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+        with:
+          packages-dir: ${{ steps.download.outputs.download-path }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/zizmor.yml b/.github/workflows/zizmor.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47fdfe00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/zizmor.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+name: GitHub Actions Security Analysis with zizmor 🌈
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: ["main"]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: ["**"]
+
+jobs:
+  zizmor:
+    name: zizmor latest via PyPI
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      security-events: write
+      contents: read
+      actions: read
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Install the latest version of uv
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
+
+      - name: Run zizmor 🌈
+        run: uvx zizmor --format sarif . > results.sarif 
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} 
+
+      - name: Upload SARIF file
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v4
+        with:
+          sarif_file: results.sarif
+          category: zizmor
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 9bb9370a..004ebb4c 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 *.swp
 *.swo
 *.pyc
+*.pyd
 *.pyo
 *.so
 *.egg-info/
@@ -17,3 +18,6 @@ libcst/_version.py
 .hypothesis/
 .python-version
 target/
+venv/
+.venv/
+.idea/
diff --git a/.pyre_configuration b/.pyre_configuration
index ae37b031..cf108076 100644
--- a/.pyre_configuration
+++ b/.pyre_configuration
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
     "exclude": [
         ".*\/native\/.*"
     ],
+    "ignore_all_errors": [
+        ".venv"
+    ],
     "source_directories": [
         "."
     ],
diff --git a/.readthedocs.yml b/.readthedocs.yml
index bf9cfe15..bb6eb608 100644
--- a/.readthedocs.yml
+++ b/.readthedocs.yml
@@ -9,12 +9,14 @@ build:
   os: ubuntu-20.04
   tools:
     python: "3"
-    rust: "1.55"
+    rust: "1.70"
+  apt_packages:
+    - graphviz
 
 python:
    install:
-      - requirements: requirements.txt
-      - requirements: requirements-dev.txt
       - method: pip
         path: .
+        extra_requirements:
+          - dev
 
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8cf7863e..f72d53f0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,73 +1,490 @@
+# 1.8.6 - 2025-11-03
+
+## What's Changed
+* Update pyproject.toml for 3.14t by @itamaro in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1417
+* Update PyO3 to 0.26 by @cjwatson in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1413
+* Make CodemodCommand's supported_transforms order deterministic by @frvnkliu in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1424
+
+## New Contributors
+* @cjwatson made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1413
+* @frvnkliu made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1424
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v1.8.5...v1.8.6
+
+# 1.8.5 - 2025-09-25
+
+## What's Changed
+* fixed: circular import error by @drinkmorewaterr in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1406
+
+
+# 1.8.4 - 2025-09-09
+
+## What's Changed
+* fixed: generate Attribute nodes when applying type annotations by @tungol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1396
+* added: Support parsing of t-strings #1374  by @drinkmorewaterr in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1398
+* added: add support for PEP758 by @drinkmorewaterr in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1401
+
+## New Contributors
+* @tungol made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1396
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v1.8.2...v1.8.4
+
+# 1.8.3 - 2025-08-29
+## What's Changed
+* removed: remove entry points to pure parser by @drinkmorewaterr in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1375
+* fixed: fixes match statements to work with PositionProvider by @imsut in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1389
+
+
+## New Contributors
+* @hunterhogan made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1378
+* @thomas-serre-sonarsource made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1379
+* @imsut made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1389
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v1.8.2...v1.8.3
+
+# 1.8.2 - 2025-06-13
+
+# Fixed
+* fix(dependency): add back typing-extensions for 3.9 by @Lee-W in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1358
+
+## New Contributors
+* @Lee-W made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1358
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v1.8.1...v1.8.2
+
+# 1.8.1 - 2025-06-10
+
+## Added
+* add helper to convert nodes to matchers by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1351
+
+## Updated
+* Avoid raising bare Exception by @zaicruvoir1rominet in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1168
+* Upgrade PyYAML-ft version and use new module name by @lysnikolaou in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1353
+
+## New Contributors
+* @lysnikolaou made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1353
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v1.8.0...v1.8.1
+
+# 1.8.0 - 2025-05-27
+
+## Added
+* Allow configuring empty formatter lists in codemod CLI by @ngoldbaum in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1319
+* Publish several new binary wheels
+  * macos intel by @hadialqattan in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1316
+  * windows arm64 by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1304
+  * 3.13 CPython free-threaded by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1333
+  * (only on [test.pypi.org](https://test.pypi.org/project/libcst/#history)) 3.14 and 3.14 CPython free-threaded by @amyreese and @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1345 and https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1331
+* Enable support for free-threaded CPython by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1295 and https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1335
+
+## Updated
+* update pyo3 to 0.25 by @ngoldbaum in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1324
+* Replace multiprocessing with ProcessPoolExecutor by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1294
+* Support pipe syntax for Union types in codegen by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1336
+
+## New Contributors
+* @hadialqattan made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1316
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v1.7.0...v1.8.0
+
+# 1.7.0 - 2025-03-13
+
+## Added
+* add free-threaded CI by @ngoldbaum in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1312
+
+## Updated
+* Remove dependency on `chic` and upgrade `annotate-snippets` by @zanieb in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1293
+* Update for Pyo3 0.23 by @ngoldbaum in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1289
+* Bump PyO3 to 0.23.5 by @mgorny in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1311
+
+## New Contributors
+* @zanieb made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1293
+* @ngoldbaum made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1289
+* @mgorny made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1311
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v1.6.0...v1.7.0
+
+# 1.6.0 - 2025-01-09
+
+## Fixed
+
+* rename: store state in scratch by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1250
+* rename: handle imports via a parent module by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1251
+* rename: Fix imports with aliases by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1252
+* rename: don't leave trailing commas by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1254
+* rename: don't eat commas unnecessarily by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1256
+* rename: fix renaming toplevel names by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1260
+* bump 3.12 to 3.13 in readme by @khameeteman in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1228
+
+## Added
+
+* Add codemod to convert `typing.Union` to `|` by @yangdanny97 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1270
+* Add codemod to fix variadic callable annotations by @yangdanny97 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1269
+* Add codemod to rename typing aliases of builtins by @yangdanny97 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1267
+* Add typing classifier to pyproject.toml and badge to README by @yangdanny97 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1272
+* Expose TypeAlias and TypeVar related structs in rust library by @Crozzers in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1274
+
+## Updated
+* Upgrade pyo3 to 0.22 by @jelmer in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1180
+
+## New Contributors
+* @yangdanny97 made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1270
+* @Crozzers made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1274
+* @jelmer made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1180
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v1.5.1...v1.6.0
+
+# 1.5.1 - 2024-11-18
+
+## Added
+
+* build wheels for musllinux by @MrMino in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1243
+
+## New Contributors
+* @MrMino made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1243
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v1.5.0...v1.5.1
+
+# 1.5.0 - 2024-10-10
+
+## Added
+* FullyQualifiedNameProvider: Optionally consider pyproject.toml files when determining a file's module name and package by @camillol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1148
+* Add validation for If node by @kiri11 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1177
+* include python 3.13 in build by @khameeteman in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1203
+
+## Fixed
+* fix various Match statement visitation errors by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1161
+* Mention codemod -x flag in docs by @kiri11 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1169
+* Clear warnings for each file in codemod cli by @kiri11 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1184
+* Typo fix in codemods_tutorial.rst (trivial) by @wimglenn in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1208
+* fix certain matchers breaking under multiprocessing by initializing them late by @kiri11 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1204
+
+## Updated
+* make libcst_native::tokenizer public by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1182
+* Use `license` instead of `license-file` by @michel-slm in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1189
+* Drop codecov from CI and readme by @amyreese in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1192
+
+
+## New Contributors
+* @kiri11 made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1169
+* @grievejia made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1174
+* @michel-slm made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1189
+* @wimglenn made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1208
+* @khameeteman made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1203
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v1.4.0...v1.5.0
+
+# 1.4.0 - 2024-05-22
+
+## Fixed
+* Fix Literal parse error in RemoveImportsVisitor by @camillol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1130
+* Don't reset context.scratch between files by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1151
+* Various documentation fixes
+  * Typo fix FullRepoManager by @kit1980 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1138
+  * ✏️ Fix tiny typo in `docs/source/metadata.rst` by @tiangolo in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1134
+  * ✏️ Fix typo in `docs/source/scope_tutorial.ipynb` by @tiangolo in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1135
+  * Update CONTRIBUTING.md by @zaicruvoir1rominet in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1142
+
+## Added
+
+* Add helper functions for common ways of filtering nodes by @zaicruvoir1rominet in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1137
+* Dump CST to .dot (graphviz) files by @zaicruvoir1rominet in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1147
+* Implement PEP-696 by @thereversiblewheel in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1141
+
+## New Contributors
+* @tiangolo made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1134
+* @camillol made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1130
+* @zaicruvoir1rominet made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1142
+* @thereversiblewheel made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1141
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v1.3.1...v1.4.0
+
+# 1.3.1 - 2024-04-03
+
+## Fixed
+* ImportError due to missing `mypy_extensions` dependency by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1128
+
+# 1.3.0 - 2024-04-03
+
+## Updated
+* Removed dependencies on `typing_extensions` and `typing_inspect` by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1126
+
+# 1.2.0 - 2024-02-19
+
+## Updated
+* Support running LibCST on Python 3.12 and drop support for running it on 3.8
+  * remove 3.8 support by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1073
+  * Remove reference to distutils by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1099
+  * Update pyproject.toml for Python 3.12 support by @itamaro in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1038
+
+## Added
+* Allow `Element::codegen` to be used by external users by @Wilfred in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1071
+
+## Fixed
+* Fix parsing list matchers without explicit brackets by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1097
+* installing rustc/cargo for mybinder demo by @aleivag in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1083
+* fix filepathprovider generic type by @kinto0 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1036
+
+## New Contributors
+* @itamaro made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1039
+* @kinto0 made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1036
+* @dtolnay made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1063
+* @anonymousdouble made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1082
+* @aleivag made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1083
+* @Wilfred made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1071
+* @diliop made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/1106
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v1.1.0...v1.2.0
+
+# 1.1.0 - 2023-10-05
+
+## Added
+* PEP 695 support
+  * parser: PEP 695 - Type Parameter Syntax #1004
+  * Scope provider: support for type annotations #1014
+* PEP 701 support
+  * parser: support arbitrarily nested f-strings #1026
+  * parser: Parse multiline expressions in f-strings #1027
+* parser: Support files with mixed newlines #1007
+* [libcst](https://crates.io/crates/libcst) is now published to crates.io
+
+## Fixed
+* codemod/ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor: Do not annotate the same variable multiple times #956
+* parser: Don't swallow trailing whitespace #976
+* codemod/rename: Avoid duplicating import statements when the module name doesn't change #981
+
+## Updated
+* cli: Don't gather dirs ending .py #994
+* drop support for Python 3.7 #997
+* A few parser performance improvements:
+  * Switch to using thread_local regular expressions to stop mutext contention #996
+  * Remove need for regex in TextPosition::matches #1002
+  * Remove Regexes from whitespace parser #1008
+
+# 1.0.1 - 2023-06-07
+
+## Fixed
+* Fix type of `evaluated_value` on string to allow bytes by @ljodal in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/721
+* Fix Sentinal typo by @kit1980 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/948
+* Allow no whitespace after lambda body in certain cases by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/939
+* Fix whitespace, fstring, walrus related parse errors (#939, #938, #937,
+#936, #935, #934, #933, #932, #931) by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/940
+* Codemod CLI: Print diff only when there is a change by @kit1980 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/945
+
+## New Contributors
+* @ljodal made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/721
+* @kit1980 made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/948
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v1.0.0...v1.0.1
+
+# 1.0.0 - 2023-05-25
+
+The first major release of LibCST is essentially the same as 0.4.10, but using the
+newer, Rust-based parser implementation by default. The old, pure Python parser is
+scheduled for removal in the next (non-patch) release. Until then, it is available with
+the `LIBCST_PARSER_TYPE` environment variable set to `pure`.
+
+## Updated
+
+* Switch the default parser implementation to native by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/929
+
+# 0.4.10 - 2023-05-23
+
+## New Contributors
+* @and-semakin made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/816
+* @carljm made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/828
+* @sagarbadiyani made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/841
+* @podtserkovskiy made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/894
+* @rchen152 made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/903
+* @Kludex made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/913
+* @jakkdl made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/921
+
+## Added
+* Add py3.11 classifier by @and-semakin in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/816
+* Script to regenerate test fixtures, upgrade to Pyre 0.9.10 by @amyreese in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/872
+* Allow FullyQualifiedNameProvider to work with absolute paths by @amyreese in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/867
+* Allow running codemods without configuring in YAML by @akx in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/879
+* Support PEP 604 in ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor by @hauntsaninja in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/868
+
+## Fixed
+* fix PEP 604 union annotations in decorators by @carljm in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/828
+* [AddImportsVisitor] Docstring Check Only for the Top Element of the Body by @sagarbadiyani in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/841
+* Fix [#855](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/issues/855) - fail to parse with statement by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/861
+* Add setuptools-rust to build requirements in setup.py by @amyreese in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/873
+* Relative imports from '' package are not allowed by @podtserkovskiy in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/894
+* Use subprocess.DEVNULL instead of opening os.devnull by hand by @akx in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/897
+* Ensure current Python interpreter is used for subprocesses by @akx in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/898
+* Fix ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor behavior on attribute assignments. by @rchen152 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/903
+* Fix spelling and grammar in some comments by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/908
+* skip escaped backslash in rf-string by @jakkdl in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/921
+* relax validation rules on decorators by @jakkdl in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/926
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v0.4.9...v0.4.10
+
+# 0.4.9 - 2022-11-10
+
+## Updated
+* Bump setuptools-rust version by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/809
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v0.4.8...v0.4.9
+
+# 0.4.8 - 2022-11-10
+
+## New Contributors
+* @dhruvmanila made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/728
+* @vfazio made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/801
+* @matthewshaer made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/807
+
+
+## Fixed
+* Fix parse error message for number parsing by @zzl0 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/724
+* Fix problematic doc build, due to the new builder image provided by readthedocs doesn't has the `graphviz-dev` package pre-installed any more by @MapleCCC in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/751
+* Fix docstring of `FullRepoManager` by @MapleCCC in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/750
+* Fix bug when `TypeOf` is one of options in `OneOf` / `AllOf` by @MapleCCC in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/756
+* Tighten the metadata type of `ExpressionContextProvider` by @MapleCCC in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/760
+* Fix the bug that the use of formatter in codemods has undetermined target Python version, resulting in hard-to-reason-with behavior by @MapleCCC in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/771
+
+
+## Added
+* Python 3.11 rutime support
+  * test using python 3.11 beta versions by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/723
+  * Python 3.11 wheels by @vfazio in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/801
+* Raise informative exception when metadata is unresolved in a metadata-based match by @MapleCCC in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/757
+* Add AccessorProvider by @matthewshaer in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/807
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/compare/v0.4.7...v0.4.8
+
+# 0.4.7 - 2022-07-12
+
+## New Contributors
+* @Chenguang-Zhu made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/720
+
+## Fixed
+* Fix get_qualified_names_for matching on prefixes of the given name by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/719
+
+## Added
+* Implement lazy loading mechanism for expensive metadata providers by @Chenguang-Zhu in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/720
+
+# 0.4.6 - 2022-07-04
+
+## New Contributors
+- @superbobry made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/702
+
+## Fixed
+- convert_type_comments now preserves comments following type comments by @superbobry in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/702
+- QualifiedNameProvider optimizations
+  - Cache the scope name prefix to prevent scope traversal in a tight loop by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/708
+  - Faster qualified name formatting by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/710
+  - Prevent unnecessary work in Scope.get_qualified_names_for_ by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/709
+- Fix parsing of parenthesized empty tuples by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/712
+- Support whitespace after ParamSlash by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/713
+- [parser] bail on deeply nested expressions by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/718
+
+# 0.4.5 - 2022-06-17
+
+## New Contributors
+
+-   @zzl0 made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/704
+
+## Fixed
+
+-   Only skip supported escaped characters in f-strings by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/700
+-   Escaping quote characters in raw string literals causes a tokenizer error by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/issues/668
+-   Corrected a code example in the documentation by @zzl0 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/703
+-   Handle multiline strings that start with quotes by @zzl0 in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/704
+-   Fixed a performance regression in libcst.metadata.ScopeProvider by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/698
+
+# 0.4.4 - 2022-06-13
+
+## New Contributors
+
+-   @adamchainz made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/688
+
+## Added
+
+-   Add package links to PyPI by @adamchainz in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/688
+-   native: add overall benchmark by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/692
+-   Add support for PEP-646 by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/696
+
+## Updated
+
+-   parser: use references instead of smart pointers for Tokens by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/691
+
 # 0.4.3 - 2022-05-11
 
 ## Fixed
-* Restore the 0.4.1 behavior for libcst.helpers.get_absolute_module by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/684
 
+-   Restore the 0.4.1 behavior for libcst.helpers.get_absolute_module by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/684
 
 # 0.4.2 - 2022-05-04
 
 ## New Contributors
-* @stanislavlevin made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/650
-* @dmitryvinn made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/655
-* @wiyr made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/669
-* @toofar made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/675
+
+-   @stanislavlevin made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/650
+-   @dmitryvinn made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/655
+-   @wiyr made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/669
+-   @toofar made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/675
 
 ## Fixed
-* native: Avoid crashing by making IntoPy conversion fallible by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/639
-* native: make sure ParserError's line is zero-indexed by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/681
-* Fix space validation for AsName and Await by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/641
-* Qualified Name Provider: Fix returned qname for symbols that are prefixes of each other by @wiyr in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/669
-* Rename Codemod: Correct last renamed import from by @toofar in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/675
-* Many changes to the Apply Type Comments codemod:
-  * Allow for skipping quotes when applying type comments by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/644
-  * Port pyre fixes by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/651
-  * Preserve as-imports when merging type annotations. by @martindemello in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/664
-  * Qualify imported symbols when the dequalified form would cause a conflict by @martindemello in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/674
-  * Add an argument to always qualify imported type annotations. by @martindemello in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/676
+
+-   native: Avoid crashing by making IntoPy conversion fallible by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/639
+-   native: make sure ParserError's line is zero-indexed by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/681
+-   Fix space validation for AsName and Await by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/641
+-   Qualified Name Provider: Fix returned qname for symbols that are prefixes of each other by @wiyr in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/669
+-   Rename Codemod: Correct last renamed import from by @toofar in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/675
+-   Many changes to the Apply Type Comments codemod:
+    -   Allow for skipping quotes when applying type comments by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/644
+    -   Port pyre fixes by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/651
+    -   Preserve as-imports when merging type annotations. by @martindemello in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/664
+    -   Qualify imported symbols when the dequalified form would cause a conflict by @martindemello in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/674
+    -   Add an argument to always qualify imported type annotations. by @martindemello in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/676
 
 ## Added
 
-* Create an AddTrailingCommas codemod by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/643
-* Define gather global names visitor by @shannonzhu in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/657
+-   Create an AddTrailingCommas codemod by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/643
+-   Define gather global names visitor by @shannonzhu in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/657
 
 ## Updated
 
-* Support module and package names in the codemod context by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/662
-* Drop support for running libcst using a python 3.6 interpreter by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/663
-* Update relative import logic to match cpython by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/660
-* Scope Provider: Consider access information when computing qualified names for nodes by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/682
-
+-   Support module and package names in the codemod context by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/662
+-   Drop support for running libcst using a python 3.6 interpreter by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/663
+-   Update relative import logic to match cpython by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/660
+-   Scope Provider: Consider access information when computing qualified names for nodes by @lpetre in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/682
 
 # 0.4.1 - 2022-01-28
 
 ## New Contributors
-* @ariebovenberg made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/605
-* @sehz made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/598
+
+-   @ariebovenberg made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/605
+-   @sehz made their first contribution in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/598
 
 ## Added
-* Add docs about the native parts by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/601
-* Specify minimum rust toolchain version by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/614
-* build wheels on main branch for linux/arm64 by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/630
+
+-   Add docs about the native parts by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/601
+-   Specify minimum rust toolchain version by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/614
+-   build wheels on main branch for linux/arm64 by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/630
 
 ## Updated
-* ApplyTypeAnnotationVisitor changes
-  * Add support for methods with func type comment excluding self/cls by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/622
-  * Merge in TypeVars and Generic base classes in ApplyTypeAnnotationVisitor by @martindemello in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/596
-  * Full handling for applying type comments to Assign by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/599
-  * Add support for For and With by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/607
-  * Support FunctionDef transformations by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/610
-* change pyo3 as optional dependency in native Python Parser by @sehz in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/598
-* add slots to base classes, @add_slots takes bases into account by @ariebovenberg in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/605
-* [native] Box most enums by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/632
-* [native] Return tuples instead of lists in CST nodes by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/631
+
+-   ApplyTypeAnnotationVisitor changes
+    -   Add support for methods with func type comment excluding self/cls by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/622
+    -   Merge in TypeVars and Generic base classes in ApplyTypeAnnotationVisitor by @martindemello in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/596
+    -   Full handling for applying type comments to Assign by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/599
+    -   Add support for For and With by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/607
+    -   Support FunctionDef transformations by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/610
+-   change pyo3 as optional dependency in native Python Parser by @sehz in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/598
+-   add slots to base classes, @add_slots takes bases into account by @ariebovenberg in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/605
+-   [native] Box most enums by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/632
+-   [native] Return tuples instead of lists in CST nodes by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/631
 
 ## Fixed
-* Allow trailing whitespace without newline at EOF by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/611
-* Handle ast.parse failures when converting function type comments by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/616
-* [native] Don't redundantly nest StarredElement inside another Element by @isidentical in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/624
-* [native] Allow unparenthesized tuples inside f-strings by @isidentical in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/621
-* Don't require whitespace right after match by @isidentical in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/628
-* Proxy both parentheses in some pattern matching nodes by @isidentical in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/626
+
+-   Allow trailing whitespace without newline at EOF by @zsol in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/611
+-   Handle ast.parse failures when converting function type comments by @stroxler in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/616
+-   [native] Don't redundantly nest StarredElement inside another Element by @isidentical in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/624
+-   [native] Allow unparenthesized tuples inside f-strings by @isidentical in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/621
+-   Don't require whitespace right after match by @isidentical in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/628
+-   Proxy both parentheses in some pattern matching nodes by @isidentical in https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/626
 
 # 0.4.0 - 2022-01-12
 
@@ -80,522 +497,575 @@ Note: the new parser is built as a native extension, so LibCST will ship with bi
 wheels from now on.
 
 ## Added
-* Implement a Python PEG parser in Rust by @zsol in [#566](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/566)
-* implement PEP-654: except* by @zsol in [#571](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/571)
-* Implement PEP-634 - Match statement by @zsol in [#568](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/568)
-* Add instructions to codegen test failures by @stroxler in [#582](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/582)
-* Support Parenthesized With Statements by @stroxler in [#584](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/584)
-* Support relative imports in AddImportsVisitor by @martindemello in [#585](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/585)
-* Codemod for PEP 484 Assign w / type comments -> PEP 526 AnnAssign by @stroxler in [#594](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/594)
+
+-   Implement a Python PEG parser in Rust by @zsol in [#566](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/566)
+-   implement PEP-654: except\* by @zsol in [#571](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/571)
+-   Implement PEP-634 - Match statement by @zsol in [#568](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/568)
+-   Add instructions to codegen test failures by @stroxler in [#582](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/582)
+-   Support Parenthesized With Statements by @stroxler in [#584](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/584)
+-   Support relative imports in AddImportsVisitor by @martindemello in [#585](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/585)
+-   Codemod for PEP 484 Assign w / type comments -> PEP 526 AnnAssign by @stroxler in [#594](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/594)
 
 ## Updated
-* Update license headers by @zsol in [#560](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/560)
-* Use precise signature matching when inserting function type annotations by @martindemello in [#591](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/591)
+
+-   Update license headers by @zsol in [#560](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/560)
+-   Use precise signature matching when inserting function type annotations by @martindemello in [#591](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/591)
 
 # 0.3.23 - 2021-11-23
 
 ## Fixed
-- Fix missing string annotation references [#561](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/561)
+
+-   Fix missing string annotation references [#561](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/561)
 
 # 0.3.22 - 2021-11-22
 
 ## Added
-- Add --indent-string option to `libcst.tool print` [#525](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/525)
-- Publish pre-release packages to test.pypi.org [#550](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/550)
-- Add ImportAssignment class extending Assignment to record assignments for import statements [#554](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/554)
+
+-   Add --indent-string option to `libcst.tool print` [#525](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/525)
+-   Publish pre-release packages to test.pypi.org [#550](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/550)
+-   Add ImportAssignment class extending Assignment to record assignments for import statements [#554](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/554)
 
 ## Fixed
-- Various documentation fixes [#527](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/527), [#529](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/529)
-- Do not add imports if we added no type info in ApplyTypeAnnotationVisitor [(commit)](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/commit/87625d02b6cb321c9c29ba1c67d81ce954a1a396)
-- Support relative imports in ApplyTypeAnnotationVisitor qualifier handling [#538](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/538)
-- Don't gather metadata if the wrapper already contains it [#545](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/545)
-- Swallow parsing errors in string annotations [#548](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/548)
-- Stop parsing string annotations when no longer in a typing call [#546](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/546)
+
+-   Various documentation fixes [#527](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/527), [#529](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/529)
+-   Do not add imports if we added no type info in ApplyTypeAnnotationVisitor [(commit)](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/commit/87625d02b6cb321c9c29ba1c67d81ce954a1a396)
+-   Support relative imports in ApplyTypeAnnotationVisitor qualifier handling [#538](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/538)
+-   Don't gather metadata if the wrapper already contains it [#545](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/545)
+-   Swallow parsing errors in string annotations [#548](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/548)
+-   Stop parsing string annotations when no longer in a typing call [#546](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/546)
 
 ## Updated
-- Move find_qualified_names_for in the Assignment class [#557](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/557)
+
+-   Move find_qualified_names_for in the Assignment class [#557](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/557)
 
 # 0.3.21 - 2021-09-21
 
 ## Fixed
-- Fix pyre command for type inference provider [#523](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/523)
+
+-   Fix pyre command for type inference provider [#523](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/523)
 
 ## Updated
-- Change codegen to treat typing.Union[Foo, NoneType] and typing.Optional[Foo] as the same [#508]((https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/508)
-- Rewrite the MatchIfTrue type to be generic on _MatchIfTrueT [#512](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/512)
-- Add python3.9 to the CI [#506](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/506)
-- Various CI changes [#471](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/471) [#510](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/510) [#505](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/505) [#515](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/515) [#516](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/516)
+
+-   Change codegen to treat typing.Union[Foo, NoneType] and typing.Optional[Foo] as the same [#508]((https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/508)
+-   Rewrite the MatchIfTrue type to be generic on \_MatchIfTrueT [#512](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/512)
+-   Add python3.9 to the CI [#506](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/506)
+-   Various CI changes [#471](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/471) [#510](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/510) [#505](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/505) [#515](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/515) [#516](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/516)
 
 # 0.3.20 - 2021-08-09
 
 ## Fixed
-- Don't reset subprocess environment to fix codemodding on windows [#495](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/495)
-- TypeAnnotationsVisitor: don't truncate function return type [#499](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/499)
-- Docs: Fix typo [#492](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/492)
+
+-   Don't reset subprocess environment to fix codemodding on windows [#495](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/495)
+-   TypeAnnotationsVisitor: don't truncate function return type [#499](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/499)
+-   Docs: Fix typo [#492](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/492)
 
 # 0.3.19 - 2021-05-12
 
 # Updated
-- Return more specific QNames for assignments [#477](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/477)
-- Tie accesses from string annotation to the string node [#483](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/483) 
+
+-   Return more specific QNames for assignments [#477](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/477)
+-   Tie accesses from string annotation to the string node [#483](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/483)
+
 ## Fixed
-- Fix leaking processes from TypeInferenceProvider [#474](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/474)
-- Fix TypeInferenceProvider breakage with empty cache [#476](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/476)
-- Fix formatting for link to QualifiedName class in docs [#480](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/480) 
+
+-   Fix leaking processes from TypeInferenceProvider [#474](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/474)
+-   Fix TypeInferenceProvider breakage with empty cache [#476](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/476)
+-   Fix formatting for link to QualifiedName class in docs [#480](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/480)
 
 # 0.3.18 - 2021-03-29
 
 ## Added
-- Add FlattenSentinel to support replacing a statement with multiple statements [#455](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/455)
-- Add BuiltinScope [#469](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/469)
-- Add FullyQualifiedNameProvider [#465](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/465)
+
+-   Add FlattenSentinel to support replacing a statement with multiple statements [#455](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/455)
+-   Add BuiltinScope [#469](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/469)
+-   Add FullyQualifiedNameProvider [#465](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/465)
 
 ## Updated
-- Split QualifiedNameProvider out from libcst.metadata.scope_provider [#464](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/464)
+
+-   Split QualifiedNameProvider out from libcst.metadata.scope_provider [#464](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/464)
 
 ## Fixed
-- Exception while parsing escape character in raw f-strings [#462](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/issues/462)
+
+-   Exception while parsing escape character in raw f-strings [#462](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/issues/462)
+
 # 0.3.17 - 2021-02-08
 
 ## Updated
-- Optimization: reduce the number of unused parallel processes [#440](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/440)
+
+-   Optimization: reduce the number of unused parallel processes [#440](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/440)
 
 ## Fixed
-- Walrus operator's left hand side now has STORE expression context [#443](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/433)
-- ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor applies parameter annotations even if no return type is declared [#445](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/445)
-- Work around Windows problem by using dummy pool for `jobs=1` [#436](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/436)
-- Remove extra unused imports added in other files [#453](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/453)
+
+-   Walrus operator's left hand side now has STORE expression context [#443](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/433)
+-   ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor applies parameter annotations even if no return type is declared [#445](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/445)
+-   Work around Windows problem by using dummy pool for `jobs=1` [#436](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/436)
+-   Remove extra unused imports added in other files [#453](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/453)
 
 # 0.3.16 - 2020-12-16
 
 ## Added
-- Support PEP-604 style unions in decorator annotations [#429](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/429)
-- Gathering exports in augmented assignment statements [#426](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/426)
+
+-   Support PEP-604 style unions in decorator annotations [#429](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/429)
+-   Gathering exports in augmented assignment statements [#426](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/426)
 
 ## Fixed
-- Don't allow out of order accesses in the global scope [#431](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/431)
-- Handle scope ordering in For statements [#430](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/430)
-- Fix for not parsing subscripts such as `cast()["from"]` [#428](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/428)
-- Walrus operator's left hand side now has STORE expression context [#433](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/433)
+
+-   Don't allow out of order accesses in the global scope [#431](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/431)
+-   Handle scope ordering in For statements [#430](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/430)
+-   Fix for not parsing subscripts such as `cast()["from"]` [#428](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/428)
+-   Walrus operator's left hand side now has STORE expression context [#433](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/433)
 
 # 0.3.15 - 2020-12-01
 
 ## Added
-- Support Named Unicode Characters and yield in f-strings [#424](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/424)
+
+-   Support Named Unicode Characters and yield in f-strings [#424](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/424)
 
 ## Fixed
-- Assignment/access ordering in comprehensions [#423](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/423)
-- Referencing of remaining objects in cast() [#422](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/422)
+
+-   Assignment/access ordering in comprehensions [#423](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/423)
+-   Referencing of remaining objects in cast() [#422](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/422)
 
 # 0.3.14 - 2020-11-18
 
 ## Fixed
-- Fix is_annotation for types used in classdef base and assign value [#406](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/406)
-- Visit concatenated f-strings during scope analysis [#411](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/411)
-- Correct handling of walrus operator in function args [#417](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/417)
-- Allow generator expressions in f-strings [#419](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/419)
-- Keep track of assignment/access ordering during scope analysis [#413](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/413)
-- Handle string type references in cast() during scope analysis [#418](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/418)
+
+-   Fix is_annotation for types used in classdef base and assign value [#406](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/406)
+-   Visit concatenated f-strings during scope analysis [#411](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/411)
+-   Correct handling of walrus operator in function args [#417](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/417)
+-   Allow generator expressions in f-strings [#419](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/419)
+-   Keep track of assignment/access ordering during scope analysis [#413](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/413)
+-   Handle string type references in cast() during scope analysis [#418](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/418)
 
 # 0.3.13 - 2020-10-12
 
 ## Fixed
-- Use correct type for AugAssign and AnnAssign target [#396](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/396)
-- Support string annotations for type aliases [#401](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/401)
+
+-   Use correct type for AugAssign and AnnAssign target [#396](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/396)
+-   Support string annotations for type aliases [#401](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/401)
 
 # 0.3.12 - 2020-10-01
 
 ## Fixed
-- fix RemoveImportsVisitor crash when ImportAlias is inserted without comma [#397](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/397)
-- Provide STORE for {Class,Function}Def.name in ExpressionContextProvider [#394](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/394)
+
+-   fix RemoveImportsVisitor crash when ImportAlias is inserted without comma [#397](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/397)
+-   Provide STORE for {Class,Function}Def.name in ExpressionContextProvider [#394](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/394)
 
 # 0.3.11 - 2020-09-29
 
 ## Added
-- Implement TypeOf matcher [#384](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/384)
+
+-   Implement TypeOf matcher [#384](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/384)
 
 ## Updated
-- Update return type of ParentNodeProvider to be CSTNode [#377](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/377)
-- Add source code links to each class/function [#378](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/378)
+
+-   Update return type of ParentNodeProvider to be CSTNode [#377](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/377)
+-   Add source code links to each class/function [#378](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/378)
 
 ## Fixed
-- Removing an import alias with a trailing standalone comment should preserve the comment [#392](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/392)
+
+-   Removing an import alias with a trailing standalone comment should preserve the comment [#392](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/392)
 
 # 0.3.10 - 2020-09-17
 
 ## Added
-- Handle string annotations in ScopeProvider [#373](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/373)
-- Add is_annotation subtype for Access inreferences. [#372](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/372)
+
+-   Handle string annotations in ScopeProvider [#373](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/373)
+-   Add is_annotation subtype for Access inreferences. [#372](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/372)
 
 ## Updated
-- Call pyre query with noninteractive logging [#371](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/371)
-- Replace matchers with explicit visitation in gatherers [#366](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/366)
-- Include missing test data in install [#365](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/365)
+
+-   Call pyre query with noninteractive logging [#371](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/371)
+-   Replace matchers with explicit visitation in gatherers [#366](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/366)
+-   Include missing test data in install [#365](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/365)
 
 ## Fixed
-- Spaces around walrus operator are not required [#368](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/368)
-- SaveMachedNode now matches with trailing empty wildcards [#356](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/356)
-- Correctly extract wildcard matchers [#355](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/355)
+
+-   Spaces around walrus operator are not required [#368](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/368)
+-   SaveMachedNode now matches with trailing empty wildcards [#356](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/356)
+-   Correctly extract wildcard matchers [#355](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/355)
 
 # 0.3.9 - 2020-09-07
 
 ## Added
- - Support string type annotations in RemoveUnusedImports [#353](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/353)
- - Add scope to ImportAlias [#350](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/350)
- - Add scope to ClassDef [#349](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/349)
+
+-   Support string type annotations in RemoveUnusedImports [#353](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/353)
+-   Add scope to ImportAlias [#350](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/350)
+-   Add scope to ClassDef [#349](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/349)
 
 ## Fixed
- - Fixed all pyre related errors [#360](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/360)
- - Fixed enclosing attribute for attributes in call arguments [#362](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/362)
+
+-   Fixed all pyre related errors [#360](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/360)
+-   Fixed enclosing attribute for attributes in call arguments [#362](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/362)
 
 # 0.3.8 - 2020-07-22
 
 ## Added
- - Handle type subscripts when applying annotations. [#335](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/335)
- - Added FullRepoManager `cache` property [#330](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/330)
- - Added optional args for tox commands [#327](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/327)
+
+-   Handle type subscripts when applying annotations. [#335](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/335)
+-   Added FullRepoManager `cache` property [#330](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/330)
+-   Added optional args for tox commands [#327](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/327)
 
 ## Updated
- - Only remove trailing comma if the last alias is removed [#334](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/334)
+
+-   Only remove trailing comma if the last alias is removed [#334](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/334)
 
 ## Fixed
- - Fixed inserting imports after module docstring [#343](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/343)
- - Fixed ParenthesizedWhitespace before params in FuncDef [#342](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/342)
- - Fixed validation for ImportAlias and Try statements [#340](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/340)
- - Fixed NotEqual position issue [#325](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/325)
- - Fixed minor typo in scope_provider.py [#324](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/324)
+
+-   Fixed inserting imports after module docstring [#343](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/343)
+-   Fixed ParenthesizedWhitespace before params in FuncDef [#342](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/342)
+-   Fixed validation for ImportAlias and Try statements [#340](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/340)
+-   Fixed NotEqual position issue [#325](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/325)
+-   Fixed minor typo in scope_provider.py [#324](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/324)
 
 # 0.3.7 - 2020-06-24
 
 ## Added
- - Added `RenameCommand` to rename all instances of a local or imported object to a specified new name. [#308](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/308)
+
+-   Added `RenameCommand` to rename all instances of a local or imported object to a specified new name. [#308](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/308)
 
 ## Updated
- - Upgraded Codecov dev dependency to 2.1.4. [#311](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/311)
- - Enabled Pyre `strict` mode by default. [#313](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/313)
+
+-   Upgraded Codecov dev dependency to 2.1.4. [#311](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/311)
+-   Enabled Pyre `strict` mode by default. [#313](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/313)
 
 ## Fixed
- - Fixed `ImportError` under Python 3.9. [#306](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/306)
- - Fixed `stdout` being plugged into successfully codemod-ed files. [#309](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/309)
- - Fixed `QualifiedName` retrieval for names with repeated substrings. [#312](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/312)
- - Fixed default values of keyword-only and positional-only arguments in `ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor`. [#314](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/314)
- - Fixed `ExpressionContextProvider` by giving subscript values a `LOAD`context. [#319](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/319)
+
+-   Fixed `ImportError` under Python 3.9. [#306](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/306)
+-   Fixed `stdout` being plugged into successfully codemod-ed files. [#309](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/309)
+-   Fixed `QualifiedName` retrieval for names with repeated substrings. [#312](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/312)
+-   Fixed default values of keyword-only and positional-only arguments in `ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor`. [#314](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/314)
+-   Fixed `ExpressionContextProvider` by giving subscript values a `LOAD`context. [#319](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/319)
 
 # 0.3.6 - 2020-05-27
 
 ## Added
- - Added `ConvertNamedTupleToDataclassCommand` to convert `NamedTuple` class declarations to Python 3.7 `dataclasses` using the `@dataclass(frozen=True)` decorator. [#299](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/299)
+
+-   Added `ConvertNamedTupleToDataclassCommand` to convert `NamedTuple` class declarations to Python 3.7 `dataclasses` using the `@dataclass(frozen=True)` decorator. [#299](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/299)
 
 ## Fixed
- - Fixed typo in file name `libcst/codemod/commands/convert_percent_format_to_fstring.py`. [#301](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/301)
- - Fixed `StopIteration` exception during scope analysis matching on import names. [#302](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/302)
+
+-   Fixed typo in file name `libcst/codemod/commands/convert_percent_format_to_fstring.py`. [#301](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/301)
+-   Fixed `StopIteration` exception during scope analysis matching on import names. [#302](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/302)
 
 # 0.3.5 - 2020-05-12
 
 ## Updated
- - Expose more granular `Assignments` and `Accesses` for dotted imports in `ScopeProvider`. [#284](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/284)
- - `get_qualified_names_for` returns the most appropriate qualified name. [#290](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/290)
- - Surface `SyntaxError` raised by formatter in codemod run. [#288](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/288) [#289](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/289)
- - Rename `ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor.add_stub_to_context` as `ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor.store_stub_in_context` and add `overwrite_existing_annotations` to allow overwrite existing type annotations. [#289](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/291)
+
+-   Expose more granular `Assignments` and `Accesses` for dotted imports in `ScopeProvider`. [#284](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/284)
+-   `get_qualified_names_for` returns the most appropriate qualified name. [#290](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/290)
+-   Surface `SyntaxError` raised by formatter in codemod run. [#288](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/288) [#289](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/289)
+-   Rename `ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor.add_stub_to_context` as `ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor.store_stub_in_context` and add `overwrite_existing_annotations` to allow overwrite existing type annotations. [#289](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/291)
 
 ## Fixed
- - Close opened file handles on finishing codemod to avoid `Too many open files` on OSX. [#283](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/283)
+
+-   Close opened file handles on finishing codemod to avoid `Too many open files` on OSX. [#283](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/283)
 
 ## Deprecated
- - `ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor.add_stub_to_context` is renamed as `ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor.store_stub_in_context`.
+
+-   `ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor.add_stub_to_context` is renamed as `ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor.store_stub_in_context`.
 
 # 0.3.4 - 2020-03-27
 
 ## Added
- - Supported CST parsing for Python 3.0, 3.1 and 3.3. [#261](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/261)
- - Added `RemoveUnusedImportsCommand` for removing unused import codemod. [#266](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/266)
- - Added `ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor.add_stub_to_context` for apply type annotations from stub modules. [#265](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/265)
+
+-   Supported CST parsing for Python 3.0, 3.1 and 3.3. [#261](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/261)
+-   Added `RemoveUnusedImportsCommand` for removing unused import codemod. [#266](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/266)
+-   Added `ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor.add_stub_to_context` for apply type annotations from stub modules. [#265](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/265)
 
 ## Updated
- - Improved exception message of `get_metadata` when MetadataWrapper is not used. [#257](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/257)
- - New steps for Pyre type check in README.rst which analyzes installed Python sources for better type checking. [#262](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/262)
+
+-   Improved exception message of `get_metadata` when MetadataWrapper is not used. [#257](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/257)
+-   New steps for Pyre type check in README.rst which analyzes installed Python sources for better type checking. [#262](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/262)
 
 ## Fixed
- - Parsed `except(Exception):` correctly while there is no space after except syntax. [#256](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/256)
- - Fixed `RemoveImportsVisitor` to not remove imports when references still exist. [#264](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/264)
- - Fixed missing type annotations. [#271](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/271)
- - `AddImportsVisitor` generates deterministic order for added imports. [#274](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/274)
+
+-   Parsed `except(Exception):` correctly while there is no space after except syntax. [#256](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/256)
+-   Fixed `RemoveImportsVisitor` to not remove imports when references still exist. [#264](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/264)
+-   Fixed missing type annotations. [#271](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/271)
+-   `AddImportsVisitor` generates deterministic order for added imports. [#274](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/pull/274)
 
 # 0.3.3 - 2020-03-05
 
 ## Added
- - `ByteSpanPositionProvider` provides start offset and length of CSTNode as metadata.
- - `get_docstring` helper provides docstring from `Module`, `ClassDef` and `FunctionDef` node types.
+
+-   `ByteSpanPositionProvider` provides start offset and length of CSTNode as metadata.
+-   `get_docstring` helper provides docstring from `Module`, `ClassDef` and `FunctionDef` node types.
 
 ## Updated
- - Optimized `ScopeProvider` performance to run faster and use less memory:
-   - remove unnecessary `Assignment` of keyword `Arg`.
-   - don't provide scope object for formatting information nodes.
-   - batch set union updates in `infer_accesses` step.
+
+-   Optimized `ScopeProvider` performance to run faster and use less memory:
+    -   remove unnecessary `Assignment` of keyword `Arg`.
+    -   don't provide scope object for formatting information nodes.
+    -   batch set union updates in `infer_accesses` step.
 
 ## Fixed
- - Fixed `_assignments` mutation when calling read-only `Scope.get_qualified_names_for` and `__contains__`.
+
+-   Fixed `_assignments` mutation when calling read-only `Scope.get_qualified_names_for` and `__contains__`.
 
 # 0.3.2 - 2020-02-24
 
 ## Added
- - Added `RemoveImportsVisitor` to remove an import if it's not used in a module.
- - Added `GatherExportsVisitor` to gather exports specified in `__all__`.
- - Added property helpers `evaluated_name` and `evaluated_name` in `ImportAlias`.
- - Added helper to get full module name: `get_absolute_module_for_import` and `get_absolute_module_for_import_or_raise`.
- - Added `CodemodContext.full_module_name` for full dotted module name.
- - Added format specifiers f-string conversion support to `ConvertFormatStringCommand`.
+
+-   Added `RemoveImportsVisitor` to remove an import if it's not used in a module.
+-   Added `GatherExportsVisitor` to gather exports specified in `__all__`.
+-   Added property helpers `evaluated_name` and `evaluated_name` in `ImportAlias`.
+-   Added helper to get full module name: `get_absolute_module_for_import` and `get_absolute_module_for_import_or_raise`.
+-   Added `CodemodContext.full_module_name` for full dotted module name.
+-   Added format specifiers f-string conversion support to `ConvertFormatStringCommand`.
 
 ## Updated
- - Moved LibCST version to `_version.py` and can print it by `python -m libcst.tool --version`.
- - Improved `EnsureImportPresentCommand` with `--alias` option.
- - Improved `ConvertFormatStringCommand` with `--allow-strip-comments` and `--allow-await` options.
+
+-   Moved LibCST version to `_version.py` and can print it by `python -m libcst.tool --version`.
+-   Improved `EnsureImportPresentCommand` with `--alias` option.
+-   Improved `ConvertFormatStringCommand` with `--allow-strip-comments` and `--allow-await` options.
 
 # 0.3.1 - 2020-02-06
 
 ## Added
 
- - Added helpers to get both the raw and evaluated value of a SimpleString.
- - Added helpers to get the quoting and prefix of SimpleString and FormattedString.
- - Added a helper to get the evaluated value of number types.
- - Added templated parsers for statement/expression/module to make constructing updated nodes in transforms easier.
- - FullRepoManager is now integrated into codemods, so metadata requiring full repo analysis can now be used.
- - Added `get_full_name_for_node_or_raise` helper to remove boilerplate of checking against `None`.
+-   Added helpers to get both the raw and evaluated value of a SimpleString.
+-   Added helpers to get the quoting and prefix of SimpleString and FormattedString.
+-   Added a helper to get the evaluated value of number types.
+-   Added templated parsers for statement/expression/module to make constructing updated nodes in transforms easier.
+-   FullRepoManager is now integrated into codemods, so metadata requiring full repo analysis can now be used.
+-   Added `get_full_name_for_node_or_raise` helper to remove boilerplate of checking against `None`.
 
 ## Updated
 
- - Upgraded Pyre dependency to 0.0.41.
- - Added additional status to `libcst codemod` command.
- - `get_full_name_for_node` now supports decorators.
+-   Upgraded Pyre dependency to 0.0.41.
+-   Added additional status to `libcst codemod` command.
+-   `get_full_name_for_node` now supports decorators.
 
 ## Fixed
 
- - Clarified documentation around f-strings, fixed indentation.
- - Fixed `libcst list` crashing if a codemod does unsafe work on import.
- - Fixed deploy-time dependencies so pyyaml won't have to be manually installed to execute codemods.
- - QualifiedNameProvider no longer erroneously claims names inside attributes are built-ins.
+-   Clarified documentation around f-strings, fixed indentation.
+-   Fixed `libcst list` crashing if a codemod does unsafe work on import.
+-   Fixed deploy-time dependencies so pyyaml won't have to be manually installed to execute codemods.
+-   QualifiedNameProvider no longer erroneously claims names inside attributes are built-ins.
 
 # 0.3.0 - 2020-01-16
 
 ## Added
 
- - Added support for parsing and rendering Python 3.8 source code.
- - Added more documentation for codemods.
- - Added `get_full_name_for_expression` helper method.
- - Added `has_name` helper to `QualifiedNameProvider`.
- - Added a `--python-version` flag to `libcst.tool print` utility.
+-   Added support for parsing and rendering Python 3.8 source code.
+-   Added more documentation for codemods.
+-   Added `get_full_name_for_expression` helper method.
+-   Added `has_name` helper to `QualifiedNameProvider`.
+-   Added a `--python-version` flag to `libcst.tool print` utility.
 
 ## Updated
 
- - Codemod command can now discover codemods in subdirectories of configured modules.
- - Updgraded Pyre dependency to 0.0.39.
+-   Codemod command can now discover codemods in subdirectories of configured modules.
+-   Updgraded Pyre dependency to 0.0.39.
 
 ## Fixed
 
- - Cleaned up some typos and formatting issues in comments and documentation.
- - Cleaned up a few redundant typevars.
- - Fixed callable typing in matchers implementation.
- - Fixed incorrect base class references in matcher decorator attribute visitors.
- - Fixed codemod test assertion failing for some whitespace edge cases.
- - Fixed scope analysis to track variable usage on `del` statements.
+-   Cleaned up some typos and formatting issues in comments and documentation.
+-   Cleaned up a few redundant typevars.
+-   Fixed callable typing in matchers implementation.
+-   Fixed incorrect base class references in matcher decorator attribute visitors.
+-   Fixed codemod test assertion failing for some whitespace edge cases.
+-   Fixed scope analysis to track variable usage on `del` statements.
 
 ## Deprecated
 
- - Deprecated exporting `ensure_type` from `libcst` in favor of `libcst.helpers`.
+-   Deprecated exporting `ensure_type` from `libcst` in favor of `libcst.helpers`.
 
 ## Removed
 
- - Removed `ExtSlice` and helper code in favor of `SubscriptElement`.
- - Removed `default_params` attribute on `Parameters`.
- - Removed `SyntacticPositionProvider` and `BasicPositionProvider`.
- - Removed `CodePosition` and `CodeRange` exports on `libcst` in favor of `libcst.metadata`.
+-   Removed `ExtSlice` and helper code in favor of `SubscriptElement`.
+-   Removed `default_params` attribute on `Parameters`.
+-   Removed `SyntacticPositionProvider` and `BasicPositionProvider`.
+-   Removed `CodePosition` and `CodeRange` exports on `libcst` in favor of `libcst.metadata`.
 
 # 0.2.7 - 2020-01-07
 
 ## Updated
 
- - Command-line interface now shows rough estimate of time remaining while executing a codemod.
- - Add needed import now supports import aliases.
+-   Command-line interface now shows rough estimate of time remaining while executing a codemod.
+-   Add needed import now supports import aliases.
 
 # 0.2.6 - 2020-01-01
 
 ## Added
 
- - Added Codemod framework for running code transform over a codebase in parallel.
-   - Codemod for code transform logic.
-   - CodemodContext for preserving states across transforms.
-   - CodemodCommand for CLI interface.
-   - CodemodTest for testing codemod easily.
-   - yaml codemod config.
-   - Pre-build commands in codemod/commands/.
- - Added TypeInferenceProvider for inferred type info from Pyre. A regression test suite was included.
- - Added FullRepoManager for metadata inter-process cache handing.
+-   Added Codemod framework for running code transform over a codebase in parallel.
+    -   Codemod for code transform logic.
+    -   CodemodContext for preserving states across transforms.
+    -   CodemodCommand for CLI interface.
+    -   CodemodTest for testing codemod easily.
+    -   yaml codemod config.
+    -   Pre-build commands in codemod/commands/.
+-   Added TypeInferenceProvider for inferred type info from Pyre. A regression test suite was included.
+-   Added FullRepoManager for metadata inter-process cache handing.
 
 ## Fixed
 
- - Fixed usage link in README.
- - Fixed type annotation for Mypy compatibility.
+-   Fixed usage link in README.
+-   Fixed type annotation for Mypy compatibility.
 
 ## Updated
 
- - Upgraded Pyre to 0.0.38
+-   Upgraded Pyre to 0.0.38
 
 # 0.2.5 - 2019-12-05
 
 ## Added
 
- - Added `extract`, `extractall` and `replace` functions to Matchers API.
+-   Added `extract`, `extractall` and `replace` functions to Matchers API.
 
 ## Fixed
 
- - Fixed length restrictions for `AllOf` and `OneOf` so that they can be used with sequence expansion operators.
- - Fixed batchable visitors not calling attribute visit functions.
- - Fixed typos in docstrings.
- - Fixed matcher type exception not being pickleable.
+-   Fixed length restrictions for `AllOf` and `OneOf` so that they can be used with sequence expansion operators.
+-   Fixed batchable visitors not calling attribute visit functions.
+-   Fixed typos in docstrings.
+-   Fixed matcher type exception not being pickleable.
 
 ## Deprecated
 
- - Deprecated parsing function parameters with defaults into `default_params` attribute. They can be found in the `params` attribute instead.
+-   Deprecated parsing function parameters with defaults into `default_params` attribute. They can be found in the `params` attribute instead.
 
 # 0.2.4 - 2019-11-13
 
 ## Fixed
 
- - Fixed broken types for sequence matchers.
+-   Fixed broken types for sequence matchers.
 
 # 0.2.3 - 2019-11-11
 
 ## Added
 
- - Preliminary support for 3.8 walrus operator.
- - CI config and fuzz tests for 3.8.
- - Experimental re-entrant codegen API.
- - Added `unsafe_skip_copy` optimization to `MetadataWrapper`.
- - Matchers API now includes a `findall` function.
- - Matchers now have a `MatchMetadataIfTrue` special matcher.
+-   Preliminary support for 3.8 walrus operator.
+-   CI config and fuzz tests for 3.8.
+-   Experimental re-entrant codegen API.
+-   Added `unsafe_skip_copy` optimization to `MetadataWrapper`.
+-   Matchers API now includes a `findall` function.
+-   Matchers now have a `MatchMetadataIfTrue` special matcher.
 
 ## Updated
 
- - Updated to latest Black release.
- - Better type documentation for generated matchers.
+-   Updated to latest Black release.
+-   Better type documentation for generated matchers.
 
 ## Fixed
 
- - Clarified matchers documentation in several confusing areas.
- - Drastically sped up codegen and tests.
- - `QualifiedName` now supports imported attributtes.
- - `ExpressionContext` properly marks loop variables as `STORE`.
- - Various typos in documentation are fixed.
+-   Clarified matchers documentation in several confusing areas.
+-   Drastically sped up codegen and tests.
+-   `QualifiedName` now supports imported attributtes.
+-   `ExpressionContext` properly marks loop variables as `STORE`.
+-   Various typos in documentation are fixed.
 
 ## Deprecated
 
- - Deprecated `BasicPositionProvider` and `SyntacticPositionProvider` in favor of `WhitespaceInclusivePositionProvider` and `PositionProvider`.
+-   Deprecated `BasicPositionProvider` and `SyntacticPositionProvider` in favor of `WhitespaceInclusivePositionProvider` and `PositionProvider`.
 
 # 0.2.2 - 2019-10-24
 
 ## Added
 
- - Added `deep_with_changes` helper method on CSTNode.
- - Added metadata support to matchers.
- - Added ability to get the defining node from a `LocalScope` (`FunctionScope`, `ClassScope` or `ComprehensionScope`).
+-   Added `deep_with_changes` helper method on CSTNode.
+-   Added metadata support to matchers.
+-   Added ability to get the defining node from a `LocalScope` (`FunctionScope`, `ClassScope` or `ComprehensionScope`).
 
 ## Updated
 
- - Many changes to LibCST documentation including a new best practices page and updated scope tutorial.
- - Exported `CodePosition` and `CodeRange` from `libcst.metadata` instead of `libcst`.
+-   Many changes to LibCST documentation including a new best practices page and updated scope tutorial.
+-   Exported `CodePosition` and `CodeRange` from `libcst.metadata` instead of `libcst`.
 
 ## Fixed
 
- - Disallowed decorating a concrete visit or leave method with `@visit` or `@leave` decorators.
- - Renamed position provider classes to be more self-explanatory.
- - Fixed trailing newline detection when the last character in a file was from a continuation.
- - Fixed `deep_clone` potentially blowing the stack with large LibCST trees.
+-   Disallowed decorating a concrete visit or leave method with `@visit` or `@leave` decorators.
+-   Renamed position provider classes to be more self-explanatory.
+-   Fixed trailing newline detection when the last character in a file was from a continuation.
+-   Fixed `deep_clone` potentially blowing the stack with large LibCST trees.
 
 ## Deprecated
 
- - Deprecated `ExtSlice` in favor of `SubscriptElement`.
- - Deprecated parsing `Subscript` slices directly into `Index` or `Slice` nodes.
+-   Deprecated `ExtSlice` in favor of `SubscriptElement`.
+-   Deprecated parsing `Subscript` slices directly into `Index` or `Slice` nodes.
 
 # 0.2.1 - 2019-10-14
 
 ## Added
 
- - `Scope.assignments` and `Scope.accesses` APIs to access all references in a scope.
- - Scope analysis tutorial.
+-   `Scope.assignments` and `Scope.accesses` APIs to access all references in a scope.
+-   Scope analysis tutorial.
 
 ## Updated
 
- - Supported `<comprehension>` in `Scope.get_qualified_names_for` and `QualifiedName`.
- - Enforced identity equality for matchers and immutability of non-dataclass matchers.
- - Generalize codegen cleanup steps for all codegen.
+-   Supported `<comprehension>` in `Scope.get_qualified_names_for` and `QualifiedName`.
+-   Enforced identity equality for matchers and immutability of non-dataclass matchers.
+-   Generalize codegen cleanup steps for all codegen.
 
 ## Fixed
- - Made `BatchableMetadataProvider` typing covariant over its typevar.
- - Fixed LICENSE header on generated matcher file.
- - Cleanup unused internal noqa and on-call specification.
+
+-   Made `BatchableMetadataProvider` typing covariant over its typevar.
+-   Fixed LICENSE header on generated matcher file.
+-   Cleanup unused internal noqa and on-call specification.
 
 # 0.2.0 - 2019-10-04
 
 ## Added
 
- - Added matchers which allow comparing LibCST trees against arbitrary patterns.
- - Improved tree manipulation with `deep_remove` and `deep_replace` helper methods on CSTNode.
- - Added new metadata providers: parent node and qualified name.
+-   Added matchers which allow comparing LibCST trees against arbitrary patterns.
+-   Improved tree manipulation with `deep_remove` and `deep_replace` helper methods on CSTNode.
+-   Added new metadata providers: parent node and qualified name.
 
 ## Updated
 
- - Updated Pyre to latest release.
- - Updated scope metadata to provide additional helpers.
- - Updated preferred method of removing a node from its parent in a visitor.
+-   Updated Pyre to latest release.
+-   Updated scope metadata to provide additional helpers.
+-   Updated preferred method of removing a node from its parent in a visitor.
 
 ## Fixed
 
- - Metadata classes and methods are now exported from "libcst.metadata" instead of several submodules.
- - Fixed LICENSE file to explicitly reference individual files in the repo with different licenses.
- - Fixed `deep_clone` to correctly clone leaf nodes.
- - Fixed all parse entrypoints to always return a tree with no duplicated leaf nodes.
+-   Metadata classes and methods are now exported from "libcst.metadata" instead of several submodules.
+-   Fixed LICENSE file to explicitly reference individual files in the repo with different licenses.
+-   Fixed `deep_clone` to correctly clone leaf nodes.
+-   Fixed all parse entrypoints to always return a tree with no duplicated leaf nodes.
 
 # 0.1.3 - 2019-09-18
 
 ## Added
 
- - Added preliminary support for parsing Python 3.5 and Python 3.6 source.
- - Added scope analysis metadata provider.
- - Added mypy type support for built package.
+-   Added preliminary support for parsing Python 3.5 and Python 3.6 source.
+-   Added scope analysis metadata provider.
+-   Added mypy type support for built package.
 
 ## Fixed
 
- - Several typos in documentation are fixed.
+-   Several typos in documentation are fixed.
 
 # 0.1.2 - 2019-08-29
 
 ## Added
 
- - Added attribute visitor hooks.
- - Added base visit/leave methods which can be subclassed.
- - Hypothesis fuzz testing suite, courtesy of Zac Hatfield-Dodds.
+-   Added attribute visitor hooks.
+-   Added base visit/leave methods which can be subclassed.
+-   Hypothesis fuzz testing suite, courtesy of Zac Hatfield-Dodds.
 
 ## Fixed
 
- - Metadata documentation is much more complete.
- - Fixed several whitespace validation issues caught by Hypothesis.
- - Parser syntax errors are now used inside parser.
+-   Metadata documentation is much more complete.
+-   Fixed several whitespace validation issues caught by Hypothesis.
+-   Parser syntax errors are now used inside parser.
 
 # 0.1.1 - 2019-08-20
 
 ## Added
 
-- Metadata interface is now exported.
+-   Metadata interface is now exported.
 
 ## Fixed
 
-- Dependencies are now specified with minimum revisions.
-- Lots of documentation fixes.
+-   Dependencies are now specified with minimum revisions.
+-   Lots of documentation fixes.
 
 # 0.1 - 2019-07-23
 
 ## Added
 
- - First public release of LibCST.
- - Complete, fully typed syntax tree for Python 3.6.
- - Full suite of tests for each defined node type.
+-   First public release of LibCST.
+-   Complete, fully typed syntax tree for Python 3.6.
+-   Full suite of tests for each defined node type.
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 9af09650..2e35431d 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -9,12 +9,32 @@ pull requests.
 ## Pull Requests
 We actively welcome your pull requests.
 
-1. Fork the repo and create your branch from `main`.
-2. If you've added code that should be tested, add tests.
-3. If you've changed APIs, update the documentation.
-4. Ensure the test suite passes by `python -m unittest`.
-5. Make sure your code lints.
-6. If you haven't already, complete the Contributor License Agreement ("CLA").
+### Setup Your Environment
+
+1. Install a [Rust toolchain](https://rustup.rs) and [uv](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/)
+2. Fork the repo on your side
+3. Clone the repo
+   > git clone [your fork.git] libcst  
+   > cd libcst
+4. Sync with the main libcst version package
+   > git fetch --tags https://github.com/instagram/libcst
+5. Setup the env
+   > uv sync
+
+You are now ready to create your own branch from main, and contribute.
+Please provide tests (using unittest), and update the documentation (both docstrings
+and sphinx doc), if applicable.
+
+### Before Submitting Your Pull Request
+
+1. Format your code
+   > uv run poe format
+2. Run the type checker
+   > uv run poe typecheck
+3. Test your changes
+   > uv run poe test
+4. Check linters
+   > uv run poe lint
 
 ## Contributor License Agreement ("CLA")
 In order to accept your pull request, we need you to submit a CLA. You only need
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
index ad52f20b..5594616f 100644
--- a/LICENSE
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ PSF). These files are:
 - libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_fstring.py
 - libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_tokenize.py
 - libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_utils.py
-- libcst_native/src/tokenize/core/mod.rs
-- libcst_native/src/tokenize/core/string_types.rs
+- native/libcst/src/tokenizer/core/mod.rs
+- native/libcst/src/tokenizer/core/string_types.rs
 
 Some Python files have been taken from dataclasses and are therefore Apache
 licensed. Modifications on these files are licensed under Apache 2.0 license.
diff --git a/MAINTAINERS.md b/MAINTAINERS.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7d79006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MAINTAINERS.md
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# How to make a new release
+
+1. Add a new entry to `CHANGELOG.md` (I normally use the [new release page](https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/releases/new) to generate a changelog, then manually group)
+    1. Follow the existing format: `Fixed`, `Added`, `Updated`, `Deprecated`, `Removed`, `New Contributors` sections, and the full changelog link at the bottom.
+    1. Mention only user-visible changes - improvements to CI, tests, or development workflow aren't noteworthy enough
+    1. Version bumps are generally not worth mentioning with some notable exceptions (like pyo3)
+    1. Group related PRs into one bullet point if it makes sense
+2. manually bump versions in `Cargo.toml` files in the repo
+3. run `cargo update -p libcst`
+4. make a new PR with the above changes, get it reviewed and landed
+5. make a new release on Github, create a new tag on publish, and copy the contents of the changelog entry in there
+6. after publishing, check out the repo at the new tag, and run `cd native; cargo +nightly publish -Z package-workspace -p libcst_derive -p libcst`
diff --git a/MANIFEST.in b/MANIFEST.in
index 0f3912c6..8fd03bd0 100644
--- a/MANIFEST.in
+++ b/MANIFEST.in
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-include README.rst LICENSE CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md CONTRIBUTING.md requirements.txt requirements-dev.txt docs/source/*.rst libcst/py.typed
+include README.rst LICENSE CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md CONTRIBUTING.md docs/source/*.rst libcst/py.typed
 
 include native/Cargo.toml
 recursive-include native *
+recursive-exclude native/target *
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst
index 710e2223..aaff5f41 100644
--- a/README.rst
+++ b/README.rst
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 
 A Concrete Syntax Tree (CST) parser and serializer library for Python
 
-|support-ukraine| |readthedocs-badge| |ci-badge| |codecov-badge| |pypi-badge| |pypi-download| |notebook-badge|
+|support-ukraine| |readthedocs-badge| |ci-badge| |pypi-badge| |pypi-download| |notebook-badge| |types-badge|
 
 .. |support-ukraine| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Support-Ukraine-FFD500?style=flat&labelColor=005BBB
    :alt: Support Ukraine - Help Provide Humanitarian Aid to Ukraine.
    :target: https://opensource.fb.com/support-ukraine
-   
-.. |readthedocs-badge| image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/pip/badge/?version=latest&style=flat
+
+.. |readthedocs-badge| image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/libcst/badge/?version=latest&style=flat
    :target: https://libcst.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
    :alt: Documentation
 
@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@ A Concrete Syntax Tree (CST) parser and serializer library for Python
    :target: https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain
    :alt: Github Actions
 
-.. |codecov-badge| image:: https://codecov.io/gh/Instagram/LibCST/branch/main/graph/badge.svg
-   :target: https://codecov.io/gh/Instagram/LibCST/branch/main
-   :alt: CodeCov
-
 .. |pypi-badge| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/libcst.svg
    :target: https://pypi.org/project/libcst
    :alt: PYPI
@@ -35,9 +31,13 @@ A Concrete Syntax Tree (CST) parser and serializer library for Python
    :target: https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/Instagram/LibCST/main?filepath=docs%2Fsource%2Ftutorial.ipynb
    :alt: Notebook
 
+.. |types-badge| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/types/libcst
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/libcst
+   :alt: PYPI - Types
+
 .. intro-start
 
-LibCST parses Python 3.0 -> 3.11 source code as a CST tree that keeps
+LibCST parses Python 3.0 -> 3.14 source code as a CST tree that keeps
 all formatting details (comments, whitespaces, parentheses, etc). It's useful for
 building automated refactoring (codemod) applications and linters.
 
@@ -62,7 +62,9 @@ Example expression::
 
     1 + 2
 
-CST representation::
+CST representation:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     BinaryOperation(
         left=Integer(
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ For a more detailed usage example, `see our documentation
 Installation
 ------------
 
-LibCST requires Python 3.7+ and can be easily installed using most common Python
+LibCST requires Python 3.9+ and can be easily installed using most common Python
 packaging tools. We recommend installing the latest stable release from
 `PyPI <https://pypi.org/project/libcst/>`_ with pip:
 
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ packaging tools. We recommend installing the latest stable release from
 
 For parsing, LibCST ships with a native extension, so releases are distributed as binary
 wheels as well as the source code. If a binary wheel is not available for your system
-(Linux/Windows x86/x64 and Mac x64/arm are covered), you'll need a recent 
+(Linux/Windows x86/x64 and Mac x64/arm are covered), you'll need a recent
 `Rust toolchain <https://rustup.rs>`_ for installing.
 
 Further Reading
@@ -146,51 +148,8 @@ Further Reading
 Development
 -----------
 
-You'll need a recent `Rust toolchain <https://rustup.rs>`_ for developing.
+See `CONTRIBUTING.md <CONTRIBUTING.md>`_ for more details.
 
-Then, start by setting up and activating a virtualenv:
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    git clone git@github.com:Instagram/LibCST.git libcst
-    cd libcst
-    python3 -m venv ../libcst-env/  # just an example, put this wherever you want
-    source ../libcst-env/bin/activate
-    pip install --upgrade pip  # optional, if you have an old system version of pip
-    pip install -r requirements.txt -r requirements-dev.txt
-    # If you're done with the virtualenv, you can leave it by running:
-    deactivate
-
-We use `ufmt <https://ufmt.omnilib.dev/en/stable/>`_ to format code. To format
-changes to be conformant, run the following in the root:
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    ufmt format && python -m fixit.cli.apply_fix
-
-We use `slotscheck <https://slotscheck.rtfd.io>`_ to check the correctness
-of class ``__slots__``. To check that slots are defined properly, run:
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    python -m slotscheck libcst
-
-To run all tests, you'll need to do the following in the root:
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    python -m unittest
-
-You can also run individual tests by using unittest and specifying a module like
-this:
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    python -m unittest libcst.tests.test_batched_visitor
-
-See the `unittest documentation <https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html>`_
-for more examples of how to run tests.
-    
 Building
 ~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -207,13 +166,11 @@ directory:
 
     cargo build
 
-To build the ``libcst.native`` module and install ``libcst``, run this
-from the root:
+The ``libcst.native`` module should be rebuilt automatically, but to force it:
 
 .. code-block:: shell
 
-    pip uninstall -y libcst
-    pip install -e .
+    uv sync --reinstall-package libcst
 
 Type Checking
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -224,10 +181,7 @@ To verify types for the library, do the following in the root:
 
 .. code-block:: shell
 
-    pyre check
-
-*Note:* You may need to run the ``pip install -e .`` command prior
-to type checking, see the section above on building.
+    uv run poe typecheck
 
 Generating Documents
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -236,7 +190,7 @@ To generate documents, do the following in the root:
 
 .. code-block:: shell
 
-    sphinx-build docs/source/ docs/build/
+    uv run --group docs poe docs
 
 Future
 ======
diff --git a/apt.txt b/apt.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3e85e90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apt.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+rustc
+cargo
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/check_copyright.sh b/check_copyright.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 3f4eab75..00000000
--- a/check_copyright.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
-#
-# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
-# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
-
-set -eu
-EXITCODE=0
-error() { echo "$1"; EXITCODE=1; }
-
-EXCEPTION_PATTERNS=(
-    "^native/libcst/tests/fixtures/"
-    "^libcst/_add_slots\.py$"
-    "^libcst/tests/test_\(e2e\|fuzz\)\.py$"
-    "^libcst/_parser/base_parser\.py$"
-    "^libcst/_parser/parso/utils\.py$"
-    "^libcst/_parser/parso/pgen2/\(generator\|grammar_parser\)\.py$"
-    "^libcst/_parser/parso/python/\(py_token\|tokenize\)\.py$"
-    "^libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_\(fstring\|tokenize\|utils\)\.py$"
-)
-
-
-while read filename; do \
-    if ! head -n 16 "$filename" | grep -q "Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates."; then
-        error "Missing copyright in $filename"
-    fi
-done < <( git ls-tree -r --name-only HEAD | grep "\(.py\|\.sh\|\.rs\)$" | \
-            grep -v "${EXCEPTION_PATTERNS[@]/#/-e}" )
-exit $EXITCODE
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/codecov.yml b/codecov.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 32f5ee69..00000000
--- a/codecov.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-coverage:
-  status:
-    project: no
-    patch: yes
diff --git a/docs/source/codemods_tutorial.rst b/docs/source/codemods_tutorial.rst
index 78365ca9..6f657fbc 100644
--- a/docs/source/codemods_tutorial.rst
+++ b/docs/source/codemods_tutorial.rst
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ then edit the produced ``.libcst.codemod.yaml`` file::
     python3 -m libcst.tool initialize .
 
 The file includes provisions for customizing any generated code marker, calling an
-external code formatter such as `black <https://pypi.org/project/black/>`_, blackisting
+external code formatter such as `black <https://pypi.org/project/black/>`_, blacklisting
 patterns of files you never wish to touch and a list of modules that contain valid
 codemods that can be executed. If you want to write and run codemods specific to your
 repository or organization, you can add an in-repo module location to the list of
@@ -135,16 +135,18 @@ replaces any string which matches our string command-line argument with a consta
 It also takes care of adding the import required for the constant to be defined properly.
 
 Cool! Let's look at the command-line help for this codemod. Let's assume you saved it
-as ``constant_folding.py`` inside ``libcst.codemod.commands``. You can get help for the
+as ``constant_folding.py``. You can get help for the
 codemod by running the following command::
 
-    python3 -m libcst.tool codemod constant_folding.ConvertConstantCommand --help
+    python3 -m libcst.tool codemod -x constant_folding.ConvertConstantCommand --help
 
 Notice that along with the default arguments, the ``--string`` and ``--constant``
 arguments are present in the help, and the command-line description has been updated
 with the codemod's description string. You'll notice that the codemod also shows up
 on ``libcst.tool list``.
 
+And ``-x`` flag allows to load any module as a codemod in addition to the standard ones.
+
 ----------------
 Testing Codemods
 ----------------
diff --git a/docs/source/conf.py b/docs/source/conf.py
index 2f20dcab..d3311e90 100644
--- a/docs/source/conf.py
+++ b/docs/source/conf.py
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ master_doc = "index"
 #
 # This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs.
 # Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases.
-language = None
+language = "en"
 
 # List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
@@ -196,6 +196,7 @@ intersphinx_mapping = {"python": ("https://docs.python.org/3", None)}
 # If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
 todo_include_todos = True
 
+
 # -- autodoc customization
 def strip_class_signature(app, what, name, obj, options, signature, return_annotation):
     if what == "class":
@@ -218,7 +219,7 @@ def setup(app):
 
 
 nbsphinx_prolog = r"""
-{% set docname = 'docs/source/' + env.doc2path(env.docname, base=None) %}
+{% set docname = 'docs/source/' + env.doc2path(env.docname, base=None)|string%}
 
 .. only:: html
 
diff --git a/docs/source/helpers.rst b/docs/source/helpers.rst
index e4b94d2b..3cf5abfb 100644
--- a/docs/source/helpers.rst
+++ b/docs/source/helpers.rst
@@ -32,3 +32,18 @@ Functions that assist in traversing an existing LibCST tree.
 .. autofunction:: libcst.helpers.get_full_name_for_node
 .. autofunction:: libcst.helpers.get_full_name_for_node_or_raise
 .. autofunction:: libcst.helpers.ensure_type
+
+Node fields filtering Helpers
+-----------------------------
+
+Function that assist when handling CST nodes' fields.
+
+.. autofunction:: libcst.helpers.filter_node_fields
+
+And lower level functions:
+
+.. autofunction:: libcst.helpers.get_node_fields
+.. autofunction:: libcst.helpers.is_whitespace_node_field
+.. autofunction:: libcst.helpers.is_syntax_node_field
+.. autofunction:: libcst.helpers.is_default_node_field
+.. autofunction:: libcst.helpers.get_field_default_value
diff --git a/docs/source/metadata.rst b/docs/source/metadata.rst
index bdda7a21..9e450c97 100644
--- a/docs/source/metadata.rst
+++ b/docs/source/metadata.rst
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ numbers of nodes through the :class:`~libcst.metadata.PositionProvider`:
 .. code-block:: python
 
     class NamePrinter(cst.CSTVisitor):
-        METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (cst.PositionProvider,)
+        METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (cst.metadata.PositionProvider,)
 
         def visit_Name(self, node: cst.Name) -> None:
-            pos = self.get_metadata(cst.PositionProvider, node).start
+            pos = self.get_metadata(cst.metadata.PositionProvider, node).start
             print(f"{node.value} found at line {pos.line}, column {pos.column}")
 
     wrapper = cst.metadata.MetadataWrapper(cst.parse_module("x = 1"))
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ declaring one of :class:`~libcst.metadata.PositionProvider` or
 most cases, :class:`~libcst.metadata.PositionProvider` is what you probably
 want.
 
-Node positions are is represented with :class:`~libcst.metadata.CodeRange`
+Node positions are represented with :class:`~libcst.metadata.CodeRange`
 objects. See :ref:`the above example<libcst-metadata-position-example>`.
 
 .. autoclass:: libcst.metadata.PositionProvider
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ New scopes are created for classes, functions, and comprehensions. Other block
 constructs like conditional statements, loops, and try…except don't create their
 own scope.
 
-There are five different type of scope in Python:
+There are five different types of scopes in Python:
 :class:`~libcst.metadata.BuiltinScope`,
 :class:`~libcst.metadata.GlobalScope`,
 :class:`~libcst.metadata.ClassScope`,
@@ -226,6 +226,14 @@ We provide :class:`~libcst.metadata.ParentNodeProvider` for those use cases.
 .. autoclass:: libcst.metadata.ParentNodeProvider
    :no-undoc-members:
 
+File Path Metadata
+------------------
+This provides the absolute file path on disk for any module being visited.
+Requires an active :class:`~libcst.metadata.FullRepoManager` when using this provider.
+
+.. autoclass:: libcst.metadata.FilePathProvider
+   :no-undoc-members:
+
 Type Inference Metadata
 -----------------------
 `Type inference <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_inference>`__ is to automatically infer
@@ -234,8 +242,8 @@ In Python, type checkers like `Mypy <https://github.com/python/mypy>`_ or
 `Pyre <https://pyre-check.org/>`__ analyze `type annotations <https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html>`__
 and infer types for expressions.
 :class:`~libcst.metadata.TypeInferenceProvider` is provided by `Pyre Query API <https://pyre-check.org/docs/querying-pyre.html>`__
-which requires `setup watchman <https://pyre-check.org/docs/watchman-integration.html>`_ for incremental typechecking.
-:class:`~libcst.metadata.FullRepoManger` is built for manage the inter process communication to Pyre.
+which requires `setup watchman <https://pyre-check.org/docs/getting-started/>`_ for incremental typechecking.
+:class:`~libcst.metadata.FullRepoManager` is built for manage the inter process communication to Pyre.
 
 .. autoclass:: libcst.metadata.TypeInferenceProvider
    :no-undoc-members:
diff --git a/docs/source/scope_tutorial.ipynb b/docs/source/scope_tutorial.ipynb
index e4d4393d..179e2ed7 100644
--- a/docs/source/scope_tutorial.ipynb
+++ b/docs/source/scope_tutorial.ipynb
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
    "source": [
     "Warn on unused imports and undefined references\n",
     "===============================================\n",
-    "To find all unused imports, we iterate through :attr:`~libcst.metadata.Scope.assignments` and an assignment is unused when its :attr:`~libcst.metadata.BaseAssignment.references` is empty. To find all undefined references, we iterate through :attr:`~libcst.metadata.Scope.accesses` (we focus on :class:`~libcst.Import`/:class:`~libcst.ImportFrom` assignments) and an access is undefined reference when its :attr:`~libcst.metadata.Access.referents` is empty. When reporting the warning to developer, we'll want to report the line number and column offset along with the suggestion to make it more clear. We can get position information from :class:`~libcst.metadata.PositionProvider` and print the warnings as follows.\n"
+    "To find all unused imports, we iterate through :attr:`~libcst.metadata.Scope.assignments` and an assignment is unused when its :attr:`~libcst.metadata.BaseAssignment.references` is empty. To find all undefined references, we iterate through :attr:`~libcst.metadata.Scope.accesses` (we focus on :class:`~libcst.Import`/:class:`~libcst.ImportFrom` assignments) and an access is undefined reference when its :attr:`~libcst.metadata.Access.referents` is empty. When reporting the warning to the developer, we'll want to report the line number and column offset along with the suggestion to make it more clear. We can get position information from :class:`~libcst.metadata.PositionProvider` and print the warnings as follows.\n"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -136,13 +136,13 @@
     "Automatically Remove Unused Import\n",
     "==================================\n",
     "Unused import is a commmon code suggestion provided by lint tool like `flake8 F401 <https://lintlyci.github.io/Flake8Rules/rules/F401.html>`_ ``imported but unused``.\n",
-    "Even though reporting unused import is already useful, with LibCST we can provide automatic fix to remove unused import. That can make the suggestion more actionable and save developer's time.\n",
+    "Even though reporting unused imports is already useful, with LibCST we can provide an automatic fix to remove unused imports. That can make the suggestion more actionable and save developer's time.\n",
     "\n",
     "An import statement may import multiple names, we want to remove those unused names from the import statement. If all the names in the import statement are not used, we remove the entire import.\n",
     "To remove the unused name, we implement ``RemoveUnusedImportTransformer`` by subclassing :class:`~libcst.CSTTransformer`. We overwrite ``leave_Import`` and ``leave_ImportFrom`` to modify the import statements.\n",
-    "When we find the import node in lookup table, we iterate through all ``names`` and keep used names in ``names_to_keep``.\n",
+    "When we find the import node in the lookup table, we iterate through all ``names`` and keep used names in ``names_to_keep``.\n",
     "If ``names_to_keep`` is empty, all names are unused and we remove the entire import node.\n",
-    "Otherwise, we update the import node and just removing partial names."
+    "Otherwise, we update the import node and just remove partial names."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@
     "raw_mimetype": "text/restructuredtext"
    },
    "source": [
-    "After the transform, we use ``.code`` to generate fixed code and all unused names are fixed as expected! The difflib is used to show only changed part and only import lines are updated as expected."
+    "After the transform, we use ``.code`` to generate the fixed code and all unused names are fixed as expected! The difflib is used to show only the changed part and only imported lines are updated as expected."
    ]
   },
   {
diff --git a/docs/source/tutorial.ipynb b/docs/source/tutorial.ipynb
index a7c3cd6b..1b1ad00d 100644
--- a/docs/source/tutorial.ipynb
+++ b/docs/source/tutorial.ipynb
@@ -1,24 +1,25 @@
 {
  "cells": [
   {
-   "cell_type": "raw",
    "metadata": {
     "raw_mimetype": "text/restructuredtext"
    },
+   "cell_type": "raw",
    "source": [
     "====================\n",
     "Parsing and Visiting\n",
     "====================\n",
     "\n",
-    "LibCST provides helpers to parse source code string as concrete syntax tree. In order to perform static analysis to identify patterns in the tree or modify the tree programmatically, we can use visitor pattern to traverse the tree. In this tutorial, we demonstrate a common three-step-workflow to build an automated refactoring (codemod) application:\n",
+    "LibCST provides helpers to parse source code string as a concrete syntax tree. In order to perform static analysis to identify patterns in the tree or modify the tree programmatically, we can use the visitor pattern to traverse the tree. In this tutorial, we demonstrate a common four-step-workflow to build an automated refactoring (codemod) application:\n",
     "\n",
     "1. `Parse Source Code <#Parse-Source-Code>`_\n",
-    "2. `Build Visitor or Transformer <#Build-Visitor-or-Transformer>`_\n",
-    "3. `Generate Source Code <#Generate-Source-Code>`_\n",
+    "2. `Display The Source Code CST <#Display-Source-Code-CST>`_\n",
+    "3. `Build Visitor or Transformer <#Build-Visitor-or-Transformer>`_\n",
+    "4. `Generate Source Code <#Generate-Source-Code>`_\n",
     "\n",
     "Parse Source Code\n",
     "=================\n",
-    "LibCST provides various helpers to parse source code as concrete syntax tree: :func:`~libcst.parse_module`, :func:`~libcst.parse_expression` and :func:`~libcst.parse_statement` (see :doc:`Parsing <parser>` for more detail). The default :class:`~libcst.CSTNode` repr provides pretty print formatting for reading the tree easily."
+    "LibCST provides various helpers to parse source code as a concrete syntax tree: :func:`~libcst.parse_module`, :func:`~libcst.parse_expression` and :func:`~libcst.parse_statement` (see :doc:`Parsing <parser>` for more detail)."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -41,7 +42,42 @@
    "source": [
     "import libcst as cst\n",
     "\n",
-    "cst.parse_expression(\"1 + 2\")"
+    "source_tree = cst.parse_expression(\"1 + 2\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "metadata": {
+    "raw_mimetype": "text/restructuredtext"
+   },
+   "cell_type": "raw",
+   "source": [
+    "|\n",
+    "Display Source Code CST\n",
+    "=======================\n",
+    "The default :class:`~libcst.CSTNode` repr provides pretty print formatting for displaying the entire CST tree."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "metadata": {},
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "source": "print(source_tree)"
+  },
+  {
+   "metadata": {},
+   "cell_type": "raw",
+   "source": "The entire CST tree may be overwhelming at times. To only focus on essential elements of the CST tree, LibCST provides the ``dump`` helper."
+  },
+  {
+   "metadata": {},
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "outputs": [],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "source": [
+    "from libcst.display import dump\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(dump(source_tree))"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -50,9 +86,11 @@
     "raw_mimetype": "text/restructuredtext"
    },
    "source": [
+    "  \n",
+    "|\n",
     "Example: add typing annotation from pyi stub file to Python source\n",
     "------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
-    "Python `typing annotation <https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cheat_sheet_py3.html>`_ was added in Python 3.5. Some Python applications add typing annotations in separate ``pyi`` stub files in order to support old Python versions. When applications decide to stop supporting old Python versions, they'll want to automatically copy the type annotation from a pyi file to a source file. Here we demonstrate how to do that easliy using LibCST. The first step is to parse the pyi stub and source files as trees."
+    "Python `typing annotation <https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cheat_sheet_py3.html>`_ was added in Python 3.5. Some Python applications add typing annotations in separate ``pyi`` stub files in order to support old Python versions. When applications decide to stop supporting old Python versions, they'll want to automatically copy the type annotation from a pyi file to a source file. Here we demonstrate how to do that easily using LibCST. The first step is to parse the pyi stub and source files as trees."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -68,7 +106,7 @@
     "                self._replace(type=self.type.name))\n",
     "\n",
     "def tokenize(code, version_info, start_pos=(1, 0)):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Generate tokens from a the source code (string).\"\"\"\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Generate tokens from the source code (string).\"\"\"\n",
     "    lines = split_lines(code, keepends=True)\n",
     "    return tokenize_lines(lines, version_info, start_pos=start_pos)\n",
     "'''\n",
@@ -92,10 +130,11 @@
     "raw_mimetype": "text/restructuredtext"
    },
    "source": [
+    "|\n",
     "Build Visitor or Transformer\n",
     "============================\n",
     "For traversing and modifying the tree, LibCST provides Visitor and Transformer classes similar to the `ast module <https://docs.python.org/3/library/ast.html#ast.NodeVisitor>`_. To implement a visitor (read only) or transformer (read/write), simply implement a subclass of :class:`~libcst.CSTVisitor` or :class:`~libcst.CSTTransformer` (see :doc:`Visitors <visitors>` for more detail).\n",
-    "In the typing example, we need to implement a visitor to collect typing annotation from the stub tree and a transformer to copy the annotation to the function signature. In the visitor, we implement ``visit_FunctionDef`` to collect annotations. Later in the transformer, we implement ``leave_FunctionDef`` to add the collected annotations."
+    "In the typing example, we need to implement a visitor to collect typing annotations from the stub tree and a transformer to copy the annotation to the function signature. In the visitor, we implement ``visit_FunctionDef`` to collect annotations. Later in the transformer, we implement ``leave_FunctionDef`` to add the collected annotations."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -184,9 +223,10 @@
     "raw_mimetype": "text/restructuredtext"
    },
    "source": [
+    "|\n",
     "Generate Source Code\n",
     "====================\n",
-    "Generating the source code from a cst tree is as easy as accessing the :attr:`~libcst.Module.code` attribute on :class:`~libcst.Module`. After the code generation, we often use `ufmt <https://ufmt.omnilib.dev/en/stable/>`_ to reformate the code to keep a consistent coding style."
+    "Generating the source code from a cst tree is as easy as accessing the :attr:`~libcst.Module.code` attribute on :class:`~libcst.Module`. After the code generation, we often use `ufmt <https://ufmt.omnilib.dev/en/stable/>`_ to reformat the code to keep a consistent coding style."
    ]
   },
   {
diff --git a/libcst/__init__.py b/libcst/__init__.py
index ff63033d..0cd54d62 100644
--- a/libcst/__init__.py
+++ b/libcst/__init__.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
 from libcst._batched_visitor import BatchableCSTVisitor, visit_batched
-from libcst._exceptions import MetadataException, ParserSyntaxError
+from libcst._exceptions import CSTLogicError, MetadataException, ParserSyntaxError
 from libcst._flatten_sentinel import FlattenSentinel
 from libcst._maybe_sentinel import MaybeSentinel
 from libcst._metadata_dependent import MetadataDependent
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ from libcst._nodes.expression import (
     BaseSimpleComp,
     BaseSlice,
     BaseString,
+    BaseTemplatedStringContent,
     BinaryOperation,
     BooleanOperation,
     Call,
@@ -75,6 +76,9 @@ from libcst._nodes.expression import (
     StarredElement,
     Subscript,
     SubscriptElement,
+    TemplatedString,
+    TemplatedStringExpression,
+    TemplatedStringText,
     Tuple,
     UnaryOperation,
     Yield,
@@ -183,6 +187,7 @@ from libcst._nodes.statement import (
     MatchValue,
     NameItem,
     Nonlocal,
+    ParamSpec,
     Pass,
     Raise,
     Return,
@@ -190,6 +195,11 @@ from libcst._nodes.statement import (
     SimpleStatementSuite,
     Try,
     TryStar,
+    TypeAlias,
+    TypeParam,
+    TypeParameters,
+    TypeVar,
+    TypeVarTuple,
     While,
     With,
     WithItem,
@@ -236,6 +246,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "CSTVisitorT",
     "FlattenSentinel",
     "MaybeSentinel",
+    "CSTLogicError",
     "MetadataException",
     "ParserSyntaxError",
     "PartialParserConfig",
@@ -261,6 +272,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "BaseElement",
     "BaseExpression",
     "BaseFormattedStringContent",
+    "BaseTemplatedStringContent",
     "BaseList",
     "BaseNumber",
     "BaseSet",
@@ -284,6 +296,9 @@ __all__ = [
     "FormattedString",
     "FormattedStringExpression",
     "FormattedStringText",
+    "TemplatedString",
+    "TemplatedStringText",
+    "TemplatedStringExpression",
     "From",
     "GeneratorExp",
     "IfExp",
@@ -438,4 +453,10 @@ __all__ = [
     "VisitorMetadataProvider",
     "MetadataDependent",
     "MetadataWrapper",
+    "TypeVar",
+    "TypeVarTuple",
+    "ParamSpec",
+    "TypeParam",
+    "TypeParameters",
+    "TypeAlias",
 ]
diff --git a/libcst/_add_slots.py b/libcst/_add_slots.py
index bbe2c634..7012ce1a 100644
--- a/libcst/_add_slots.py
+++ b/libcst/_add_slots.py
@@ -38,19 +38,10 @@ def add_slots(cls: Type[_T]) -> Type[_T]:
 
     # Create the class.
     qualname = getattr(cls, "__qualname__", None)
-    try:
-        # GenericMeta in py3.6 requires us to track __orig_bases__. This is fixed in py3.7
-        # by the removal of GenericMeta. We should just be able to use cls.__bases__ in the
-        # future.
-        bases = getattr(cls, "__orig_bases__", cls.__bases__)
-        # pyre-fixme[9]: cls has type `Type[Variable[_T]]`; used as `_T`.
-        # pyre-fixme[19]: Expected 0 positional arguments.
-        cls = type(cls)(cls.__name__, bases, cls_dict)
-    except TypeError:
-        # We're in py3.7 and should use cls.__bases__
-        # pyre-fixme[9]: cls has type `Type[Variable[_T]]`; used as `_T`.
-        # pyre-fixme[19]: Expected 0 positional arguments.
-        cls = type(cls)(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, cls_dict)
+
+    # pyre-fixme[9]: cls has type `Type[Variable[_T]]`; used as `_T`.
+    # pyre-fixme[19]: Expected 0 positional arguments.
+    cls = type(cls)(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, cls_dict)
     if qualname is not None:
         cls.__qualname__ = qualname
 
diff --git a/libcst/_exceptions.py b/libcst/_exceptions.py
index 0ba689c2..4d3dd386 100644
--- a/libcst/_exceptions.py
+++ b/libcst/_exceptions.py
@@ -4,18 +4,11 @@
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
 from enum import auto, Enum
-from typing import Any, Callable, Iterable, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, final, Optional, Sequence, Tuple
 
-from typing_extensions import final
-
-from libcst._parser.parso.pgen2.generator import ReservedString
-from libcst._parser.parso.python.token import PythonTokenTypes, TokenType
-from libcst._parser.types.token import Token
 from libcst._tabs import expand_tabs
 
-_EOF_STR: str = "end of file (EOF)"
-_INDENT_STR: str = "an indent"
-_DEDENT_STR: str = "a dedent"
+
 _NEWLINE_CHARS: str = "\r\n"
 
 
@@ -23,42 +16,10 @@ class EOFSentinel(Enum):
     EOF = auto()
 
 
-def get_expected_str(
-    encountered: Union[Token, EOFSentinel],
-    expected: Union[Iterable[Union[TokenType, ReservedString]], EOFSentinel],
-) -> str:
-    if (
-        isinstance(encountered, EOFSentinel)
-        or encountered.type is PythonTokenTypes.ENDMARKER
-    ):
-        encountered_str = _EOF_STR
-    elif encountered.type is PythonTokenTypes.INDENT:
-        encountered_str = _INDENT_STR
-    elif encountered.type is PythonTokenTypes.DEDENT:
-        encountered_str = _DEDENT_STR
-    else:
-        encountered_str = repr(encountered.string)
+class CSTLogicError(Exception):
+    """General purpose internal error within LibCST itself."""
 
-    if isinstance(expected, EOFSentinel):
-        expected_names = [_EOF_STR]
-    else:
-        expected_names = sorted(
-            [
-                repr(el.name) if isinstance(el, TokenType) else repr(el.value)
-                for el in expected
-            ]
-        )
-
-    if len(expected_names) > 10:
-        # There's too many possibilities, so it's probably not useful to list them.
-        # Instead, let's just abbreviate the message.
-        return f"Unexpectedly encountered {encountered_str}."
-    else:
-        if len(expected_names) == 1:
-            expected_str = expected_names[0]
-        else:
-            expected_str = f"{', '.join(expected_names[:-1])}, or {expected_names[-1]}"
-        return f"Encountered {encountered_str}, but expected {expected_str}."
+    pass
 
 
 # pyre-fixme[2]: 'Any' type isn't pyre-strict.
diff --git a/libcst/_metadata_dependent.py b/libcst/_metadata_dependent.py
index 6a768270..4faf7472 100644
--- a/libcst/_metadata_dependent.py
+++ b/libcst/_metadata_dependent.py
@@ -7,14 +7,17 @@ import inspect
 from abc import ABC
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from typing import (
+    Callable,
     cast,
     ClassVar,
     Collection,
+    Generic,
     Iterator,
     Mapping,
     Type,
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     TypeVar,
+    Union,
 )
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -29,7 +32,28 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 _T = TypeVar("_T")
 
-_UNDEFINED_DEFAULT = object()
+
+class _UNDEFINED_DEFAULT:
+    pass
+
+
+class LazyValue(Generic[_T]):
+    """
+    The class for implementing a lazy metadata loading mechanism that improves the
+    performance when retriving expensive metadata (e.g., qualified names). Providers
+    including :class:`~libcst.metadata.QualifiedNameProvider` use this class to load
+    the metadata of a certain node lazily when calling
+    :func:`~libcst.MetadataDependent.get_metadata`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, callable: Callable[[], _T]) -> None:
+        self.callable = callable
+        self.return_value: Union[_T, Type[_UNDEFINED_DEFAULT]] = _UNDEFINED_DEFAULT
+
+    def __call__(self) -> _T:
+        if self.return_value is _UNDEFINED_DEFAULT:
+            self.return_value = self.callable()
+        return cast(_T, self.return_value)
 
 
 class MetadataDependent(ABC):
@@ -107,6 +131,9 @@ class MetadataDependent(ABC):
             )
 
         if default is not _UNDEFINED_DEFAULT:
-            return cast(_T, self.metadata[key].get(node, default))
+            value = self.metadata[key].get(node, default)
         else:
-            return cast(_T, self.metadata[key][node])
+            value = self.metadata[key][node]
+        if isinstance(value, LazyValue):
+            value = value()
+        return cast(_T, value)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/base.py b/libcst/_nodes/base.py
index 03597641..666fe311 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/base.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/base.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from copy import deepcopy
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field, fields, replace
 from typing import Any, cast, ClassVar, Dict, List, Mapping, Sequence, TypeVar, Union
 
+from libcst import CSTLogicError
 from libcst._flatten_sentinel import FlattenSentinel
 from libcst._nodes.internal import CodegenState
 from libcst._removal_sentinel import RemovalSentinel
@@ -109,7 +110,6 @@ def _clone(val: object) -> object:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class CSTNode(ABC):
-
     __slots__: ClassVar[Sequence[str]] = ()
 
     def __post_init__(self) -> None:
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class CSTNode(ABC):
 
         # validate return type of the user-defined `visitor.on_leave` method
         if not isinstance(leave_result, (CSTNode, RemovalSentinel, FlattenSentinel)):
-            raise Exception(
+            raise CSTValidationError(
                 "Expected a node of type CSTNode or a RemovalSentinel, "
                 + f"but got a return value of {type(leave_result).__name__}"
             )
@@ -293,8 +293,7 @@ class CSTNode(ABC):
         return False
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState) -> None:
-        ...
+    def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState) -> None: ...
 
     def _codegen(self, state: CodegenState, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         state.before_codegen(self)
@@ -384,7 +383,7 @@ class CSTNode(ABC):
         new_tree = self.visit(_ChildReplacementTransformer(old_node, new_node))
         if isinstance(new_tree, (FlattenSentinel, RemovalSentinel)):
             # The above transform never returns *Sentinel, so this isn't possible
-            raise Exception("Logic error, cannot get a *Sentinal here!")
+            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error, cannot get a *Sentinel here!")
         return new_tree
 
     def deep_remove(
@@ -401,7 +400,7 @@ class CSTNode(ABC):
 
         if isinstance(new_tree, FlattenSentinel):
             # The above transform never returns FlattenSentinel, so this isn't possible
-            raise Exception("Logic error, cannot get a FlattenSentinel here!")
+            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error, cannot get a FlattenSentinel here!")
 
         return new_tree
 
@@ -423,7 +422,7 @@ class CSTNode(ABC):
         new_tree = self.visit(_ChildWithChangesTransformer(old_node, changes))
         if isinstance(new_tree, (FlattenSentinel, RemovalSentinel)):
             # This is impossible with the above transform.
-            raise Exception("Logic error, cannot get a *Sentinel here!")
+            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error, cannot get a *Sentinel here!")
         return new_tree
 
     def __eq__(self: _CSTNodeSelfT, other: object) -> bool:
@@ -471,7 +470,6 @@ class CSTNode(ABC):
 
 
 class BaseLeaf(CSTNode, ABC):
-
     __slots__ = ()
 
     @property
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/expression.py b/libcst/_nodes/expression.py
index b65eb50c..eb95d9b3 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/expression.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/expression.py
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ from tokenize import (
     Imagnumber as IMAGNUMBER_RE,
     Intnumber as INTNUMBER_RE,
 )
-from typing import Callable, Generator, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Callable, Generator, Literal, Optional, Sequence, Union
 
-from typing_extensions import Literal
+from libcst import CSTLogicError
 
 from libcst._add_slots import add_slots
 from libcst._maybe_sentinel import MaybeSentinel
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ class Name(BaseAssignTargetExpression, BaseDelTargetExpression):
         if len(self.value) == 0:
             raise CSTValidationError("Cannot have empty name identifier.")
         if not self.value.isidentifier():
-            raise CSTValidationError("Name is not a valid identifier.")
+            raise CSTValidationError(f"Name {self.value!r} is not a valid identifier.")
 
     def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState) -> None:
         with self._parenthesize(state):
@@ -535,7 +535,6 @@ StringQuoteLiteral = Literal['"', "'", '"""', "'''"]
 
 
 class _BasePrefixedString(BaseString, ABC):
-
     __slots__ = ()
 
     @property
@@ -656,14 +655,20 @@ class SimpleString(_BasePrefixedString):
         if len(quote) == 2:
             # Let's assume this is an empty string.
             quote = quote[:1]
-        elif len(quote) == 6:
-            # Let's assume this is an empty triple-quoted string.
+        elif 3 < len(quote) <= 6:
+            # Let's assume this can be one of the following:
+            # >>> """"foo"""
+            # '"foo'
+            # >>> """""bar"""
+            # '""bar'
+            # >>> """"""
+            # ''
             quote = quote[:3]
 
         if len(quote) not in {1, 3}:
             # We shouldn't get here due to construction validation logic,
             # but handle the case anyway.
-            raise Exception("Invalid string {self.value}")
+            raise CSTLogicError(f"Invalid string {self.value}")
 
         # pyre-ignore We know via the above validation that we will only
         # ever return one of the four string literals.
@@ -694,7 +699,7 @@ class SimpleString(_BasePrefixedString):
             state.add_token(self.value)
 
     @property
-    def evaluated_value(self) -> str:
+    def evaluated_value(self) -> Union[str, bytes]:
         """
         Return an :func:`ast.literal_eval` evaluated str of :py:attr:`value`.
         """
@@ -953,6 +958,253 @@ class FormattedString(_BasePrefixedString):
             state.add_token(self.end)
 
 
+class BaseTemplatedStringContent(CSTNode, ABC):
+    """
+    The base type for :class:`TemplatedStringText` and
+    :class:`TemplatedStringExpression`. A :class:`TemplatedString` is composed of a
+    sequence of :class:`BaseTemplatedStringContent` parts.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+@add_slots
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TemplatedStringText(BaseTemplatedStringContent):
+    """
+    Part of a :class:`TemplatedString` that is not inside curly braces (``{`` or ``}``).
+    For example, in::
+
+        f"ab{cd}ef"
+
+    ``ab`` and ``ef`` are :class:`TemplatedStringText` nodes, but ``{cd}`` is a
+    :class:`TemplatedStringExpression`.
+    """
+
+    #: The raw string value, including any escape characters present in the source
+    #: code, not including any enclosing quotes.
+    value: str
+
+    def _visit_and_replace_children(
+        self, visitor: CSTVisitorT
+    ) -> "TemplatedStringText":
+        return TemplatedStringText(value=self.value)
+
+    def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState) -> None:
+        state.add_token(self.value)
+
+
+@add_slots
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TemplatedStringExpression(BaseTemplatedStringContent):
+    """
+    Part of a :class:`TemplatedString` that is inside curly braces (``{`` or ``}``),
+    including the surrounding curly braces. For example, in::
+
+        f"ab{cd}ef"
+
+    ``{cd}`` is a :class:`TemplatedStringExpression`, but ``ab`` and ``ef`` are
+    :class:`TemplatedStringText` nodes.
+
+    An t-string expression may contain ``conversion`` and ``format_spec`` suffixes that
+    control how the expression is converted to a string.
+    """
+
+    #: The expression we will evaluate and render when generating the string.
+    expression: BaseExpression
+
+    #: An optional conversion specifier, such as ``!s``, ``!r`` or ``!a``.
+    conversion: Optional[str] = None
+
+    #: An optional format specifier following the `format specification mini-language
+    #: <https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#formatspec>`_.
+    format_spec: Optional[Sequence[BaseTemplatedStringContent]] = None
+
+    #: Whitespace after the opening curly brace (``{``), but before the ``expression``.
+    whitespace_before_expression: BaseParenthesizableWhitespace = (
+        SimpleWhitespace.field("")
+    )
+
+    #: Whitespace after the ``expression``, but before the ``conversion``,
+    #: ``format_spec`` and the closing curly brace (``}``). Python does not
+    #: allow whitespace inside or after a ``conversion`` or ``format_spec``.
+    whitespace_after_expression: BaseParenthesizableWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field(
+        ""
+    )
+
+    #: Equal sign for Templated string expression uses self-documenting expressions,
+    #: such as ``f"{x=}"``. See the `Python 3.8 release notes
+    #: <https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.8.html#f-strings-support-for-self-documenting-expressions-and-debugging>`_.
+    equal: Optional[AssignEqual] = None
+
+    def _validate(self) -> None:
+        if self.conversion is not None and self.conversion not in ("s", "r", "a"):
+            raise CSTValidationError("Invalid t-string conversion.")
+
+    def _visit_and_replace_children(
+        self, visitor: CSTVisitorT
+    ) -> "TemplatedStringExpression":
+        format_spec = self.format_spec
+        return TemplatedStringExpression(
+            whitespace_before_expression=visit_required(
+                self,
+                "whitespace_before_expression",
+                self.whitespace_before_expression,
+                visitor,
+            ),
+            expression=visit_required(self, "expression", self.expression, visitor),
+            equal=visit_optional(self, "equal", self.equal, visitor),
+            whitespace_after_expression=visit_required(
+                self,
+                "whitespace_after_expression",
+                self.whitespace_after_expression,
+                visitor,
+            ),
+            conversion=self.conversion,
+            format_spec=(
+                visit_sequence(self, "format_spec", format_spec, visitor)
+                if format_spec is not None
+                else None
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState) -> None:
+        state.add_token("{")
+        self.whitespace_before_expression._codegen(state)
+        self.expression._codegen(state)
+        equal = self.equal
+        if equal is not None:
+            equal._codegen(state)
+        self.whitespace_after_expression._codegen(state)
+        conversion = self.conversion
+        if conversion is not None:
+            state.add_token("!")
+            state.add_token(conversion)
+        format_spec = self.format_spec
+        if format_spec is not None:
+            state.add_token(":")
+            for spec in format_spec:
+                spec._codegen(state)
+        state.add_token("}")
+
+
+@add_slots
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TemplatedString(_BasePrefixedString):
+    """
+    An "t-string". Template strings are a generalization of f-strings,
+    using a t in place of the f prefix. Instead of evaluating to str,
+    t-strings evaluate to a new type: Template
+
+    T-Strings are defined in 'PEP 750'
+
+    >>> import libcst as cst
+    >>> cst.parse_expression('t"ab{cd}ef"')
+    TemplatedString(
+        parts=[
+            TemplatedStringText(
+                value='ab',
+            ),
+            TemplatedStringExpression(
+                expression=Name(
+                    value='cd',
+                    lpar=[],
+                    rpar=[],
+                ),
+                conversion=None,
+                format_spec=None,
+                whitespace_before_expression=SimpleWhitespace(
+                    value='',
+                ),
+                whitespace_after_expression=SimpleWhitespace(
+                    value='',
+                ),
+                equal=None,
+            ),
+            TemplatedStringText(
+                value='ef',
+            ),
+        ],
+        start='t"',
+        end='"',
+        lpar=[],
+        rpar=[],
+    )
+    >>>
+    """
+
+    #: A templated string is composed as a series of :class:`TemplatedStringText` and
+    #: :class:`TemplatedStringExpression` parts.
+    parts: Sequence[BaseTemplatedStringContent]
+
+    #: The string prefix and the leading quote, such as ``t"``, ``T'``, ``tr"``, or
+    #: ``t"""``.
+    start: str = 't"'
+
+    #: The trailing quote. This must match the type of quote used in ``start``.
+    end: Literal['"', "'", '"""', "'''"] = '"'
+
+    lpar: Sequence[LeftParen] = ()
+    #: Sequence of parenthesis for precidence dictation.
+    rpar: Sequence[RightParen] = ()
+
+    def _validate(self) -> None:
+        super(_BasePrefixedString, self)._validate()
+
+        # Validate any prefix
+        prefix = self.prefix
+        if prefix not in ("t", "tr", "rt"):
+            raise CSTValidationError("Invalid t-string prefix.")
+
+        # Validate wrapping quotes
+        starttoken = self.start[len(prefix) :]
+        if starttoken != self.end:
+            raise CSTValidationError("t-string must have matching enclosing quotes.")
+
+        # Validate valid wrapping quote usage
+        if starttoken not in ('"', "'", '"""', "'''"):
+            raise CSTValidationError("Invalid t-string enclosing quotes.")
+
+    @property
+    def prefix(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Returns the string's prefix, if any exists. The prefix can be ``t``,
+        ``tr``, or ``rt``.
+        """
+
+        prefix = ""
+        for c in self.start:
+            if c in ['"', "'"]:
+                break
+            prefix += c
+        return prefix.lower()
+
+    @property
+    def quote(self) -> StringQuoteLiteral:
+        """
+        Returns the quotation used to denote the string. Can be either ``'``,
+        ``"``, ``'''`` or ``\"\"\"``.
+        """
+
+        return self.end
+
+    def _visit_and_replace_children(self, visitor: CSTVisitorT) -> "TemplatedString":
+        return TemplatedString(
+            lpar=visit_sequence(self, "lpar", self.lpar, visitor),
+            start=self.start,
+            parts=visit_sequence(self, "parts", self.parts, visitor),
+            end=self.end,
+            rpar=visit_sequence(self, "rpar", self.rpar, visitor),
+        )
+
+    def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState) -> None:
+        with self._parenthesize(state):
+            state.add_token(self.start)
+            for part in self.parts:
+                part._codegen(state)
+            state.add_token(self.end)
+
+
 @add_slots
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class ConcatenatedString(BaseString):
@@ -1007,7 +1259,7 @@ class ConcatenatedString(BaseString):
         elif isinstance(right, FormattedString):
             rightbytes = "b" in right.prefix
         else:
-            raise Exception("Logic error!")
+            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
         if leftbytes != rightbytes:
             raise CSTValidationError("Cannot concatenate string and bytes.")
 
@@ -1029,7 +1281,7 @@ class ConcatenatedString(BaseString):
             self.right._codegen(state)
 
     @property
-    def evaluated_value(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def evaluated_value(self) -> Union[str, bytes, None]:
         """
         Return an :func:`ast.literal_eval` evaluated str of recursively concatenated :py:attr:`left` and :py:attr:`right`
         if and only if both :py:attr:`left` and :py:attr:`right` are composed by :class:`SimpleString` or :class:`ConcatenatedString`
@@ -1043,7 +1295,11 @@ class ConcatenatedString(BaseString):
         right_val = right.evaluated_value
         if right_val is None:
             return None
-        return left_val + right_val
+        if isinstance(left_val, bytes) and isinstance(right_val, bytes):
+            return left_val + right_val
+        if isinstance(left_val, str) and isinstance(right_val, str):
+            return left_val + right_val
+        return None
 
 
 @add_slots
@@ -1438,10 +1694,29 @@ class Index(BaseSlice):
     #: The index value itself.
     value: BaseExpression
 
+    #: An optional string with an asterisk appearing before the name. This is
+    #: expanded into variable number of positional arguments. See PEP-646
+    star: Optional[Literal["*"]] = None
+
+    #: Whitespace after the ``star`` (if it exists), but before the ``value``.
+    whitespace_after_star: Optional[BaseParenthesizableWhitespace] = None
+
     def _visit_and_replace_children(self, visitor: CSTVisitorT) -> "Index":
-        return Index(value=visit_required(self, "value", self.value, visitor))
+        return Index(
+            star=self.star,
+            whitespace_after_star=visit_optional(
+                self, "whitespace_after_star", self.whitespace_after_star, visitor
+            ),
+            value=visit_required(self, "value", self.value, visitor),
+        )
 
     def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState) -> None:
+        star = self.star
+        if star is not None:
+            state.add_token(star)
+        ws = self.whitespace_after_star
+        if ws is not None:
+            ws._codegen(state)
         self.value._codegen(state)
 
 
@@ -1621,9 +1896,9 @@ class Annotation(CSTNode):
     #: colon or arrow.
     annotation: BaseExpression
 
-    whitespace_before_indicator: Union[
-        BaseParenthesizableWhitespace, MaybeSentinel
-    ] = MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    whitespace_before_indicator: Union[BaseParenthesizableWhitespace, MaybeSentinel] = (
+        MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    )
     whitespace_after_indicator: BaseParenthesizableWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field(
         " "
     )
@@ -1662,7 +1937,7 @@ class Annotation(CSTNode):
             if default_indicator == "->":
                 state.add_token(" ")
         else:
-            raise Exception("Logic error!")
+            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
 
         # Now, output the indicator and the rest of the annotation
         state.add_token(default_indicator)
@@ -1707,15 +1982,26 @@ class ParamSlash(CSTNode):
     .. _PEP 570: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0570/#specification
     """
 
-    # Optional comma that comes after the slash.
+    #: Optional comma that comes after the slash. This comma doesn't own the whitespace
+    #: between ``/`` and ``,``.
     comma: Union[Comma, MaybeSentinel] = MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
 
+    #: Whitespace after the ``/`` character. This is captured here in case there is a
+    #: comma.
+    whitespace_after: BaseParenthesizableWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field("")
+
     def _visit_and_replace_children(self, visitor: CSTVisitorT) -> "ParamSlash":
-        return ParamSlash(comma=visit_sentinel(self, "comma", self.comma, visitor))
+        return ParamSlash(
+            comma=visit_sentinel(self, "comma", self.comma, visitor),
+            whitespace_after=visit_required(
+                self, "whitespace_after", self.whitespace_after, visitor
+            ),
+        )
 
     def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState, default_comma: bool = False) -> None:
         state.add_token("/")
 
+        self.whitespace_after._codegen(state)
         comma = self.comma
         if comma is MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT and default_comma:
             state.add_token(", ")
@@ -1944,6 +2230,25 @@ class Parameters(CSTNode):
             star_kwarg=visit_optional(self, "star_kwarg", self.star_kwarg, visitor),
         )
 
+    def _safe_to_join_with_lambda(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Determine if Parameters need a space after the `lambda` keyword. Returns True
+        iff it's safe to omit the space between `lambda` and these Parameters.
+
+        See also `BaseExpression._safe_to_use_with_word_operator`.
+
+        For example: `lambda*_: pass`
+        """
+        if len(self.posonly_params) != 0:
+            return False
+
+        # posonly_ind can't appear if above condition is false
+
+        if len(self.params) > 0 and self.params[0].star not in {"*", "**"}:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
     def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState) -> None:  # noqa: C901
         # Compute the star existence first so we can ask about whether
         # each element is the last in the list or not.
@@ -2045,9 +2350,16 @@ class Lambda(BaseExpression):
     rpar: Sequence[RightParen] = ()
 
     #: Whitespace after the lambda keyword, but before any argument or the colon.
-    whitespace_after_lambda: Union[
-        BaseParenthesizableWhitespace, MaybeSentinel
-    ] = MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    whitespace_after_lambda: Union[BaseParenthesizableWhitespace, MaybeSentinel] = (
+        MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    )
+
+    def _safe_to_use_with_word_operator(self, position: ExpressionPosition) -> bool:
+        if position == ExpressionPosition.LEFT:
+            return len(self.rpar) > 0 or self.body._safe_to_use_with_word_operator(
+                position
+            )
+        return super()._safe_to_use_with_word_operator(position)
 
     def _validate(self) -> None:
         # Validate parents
@@ -2076,6 +2388,7 @@ class Lambda(BaseExpression):
             if (
                 isinstance(whitespace_after_lambda, BaseParenthesizableWhitespace)
                 and whitespace_after_lambda.empty
+                and not self.params._safe_to_join_with_lambda()
             ):
                 raise CSTValidationError(
                     "Must have at least one space after lambda when specifying params"
@@ -2453,6 +2766,12 @@ class IfExp(BaseExpression):
     #: Whitespace after the ``else`` keyword, but before the ``orelse`` expression.
     whitespace_after_else: BaseParenthesizableWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field(" ")
 
+    def _safe_to_use_with_word_operator(self, position: ExpressionPosition) -> bool:
+        if position == ExpressionPosition.RIGHT:
+            return self.body._safe_to_use_with_word_operator(position)
+        else:
+            return self.orelse._safe_to_use_with_word_operator(position)
+
     def _validate(self) -> None:
         # Paren validation and such
         super(IfExp, self)._validate()
@@ -2531,9 +2850,9 @@ class From(CSTNode):
     item: BaseExpression
 
     #: The whitespace at the very start of this node.
-    whitespace_before_from: Union[
-        BaseParenthesizableWhitespace, MaybeSentinel
-    ] = MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    whitespace_before_from: Union[BaseParenthesizableWhitespace, MaybeSentinel] = (
+        MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    )
 
     #: The whitespace after the ``from`` keyword, but before the ``item``.
     whitespace_after_from: BaseParenthesizableWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field(" ")
@@ -2592,9 +2911,9 @@ class Yield(BaseExpression):
     rpar: Sequence[RightParen] = ()
 
     #: Whitespace after the ``yield`` keyword, but before the ``value``.
-    whitespace_after_yield: Union[
-        BaseParenthesizableWhitespace, MaybeSentinel
-    ] = MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    whitespace_after_yield: Union[BaseParenthesizableWhitespace, MaybeSentinel] = (
+        MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    )
 
     def _validate(self) -> None:
         # Paren rules and such
@@ -2678,8 +2997,7 @@ class _BaseElementImpl(CSTNode, ABC):
         state: CodegenState,
         default_comma: bool = False,
         default_comma_whitespace: bool = False,  # False for a single-item collection
-    ) -> None:
-        ...
+    ) -> None: ...
 
 
 class BaseElement(_BaseElementImpl, ABC):
@@ -2785,7 +3103,7 @@ class DictElement(BaseDictElement):
 
 @add_slots
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
-class StarredElement(BaseElement, _BaseParenthesizedNode):
+class StarredElement(BaseElement, BaseExpression, _BaseParenthesizedNode):
     """
     A starred ``*value`` element that expands to represent multiple values in a literal
     :class:`List`, :class:`Tuple`, or :class:`Set`.
@@ -3456,7 +3774,7 @@ class BaseSimpleComp(BaseComp, ABC):
     #: The expression evaluated during each iteration of the comprehension. This
     #: lexically comes before the ``for_in`` clause, but it is semantically the
     #: inner-most element, evaluated inside the ``for_in`` clause.
-    elt: BaseAssignTargetExpression
+    elt: BaseExpression
 
     #: The ``for ... in ... if ...`` clause that lexically comes after ``elt``. This may
     #: be a nested structure for nested comprehensions. See :class:`CompFor` for
@@ -3489,7 +3807,7 @@ class GeneratorExp(BaseSimpleComp):
     """
 
     #: The expression evaluated and yielded during each iteration of the generator.
-    elt: BaseAssignTargetExpression
+    elt: BaseExpression
 
     #: The ``for ... in ... if ...`` clause that comes after ``elt``. This may be a
     #: nested structure for nested comprehensions. See :class:`CompFor` for details.
@@ -3540,7 +3858,7 @@ class ListComp(BaseList, BaseSimpleComp):
     """
 
     #: The expression evaluated and stored during each iteration of the comprehension.
-    elt: BaseAssignTargetExpression
+    elt: BaseExpression
 
     #: The ``for ... in ... if ...`` clause that comes after ``elt``. This may be a
     #: nested structure for nested comprehensions. See :class:`CompFor` for details.
@@ -3582,7 +3900,7 @@ class SetComp(BaseSet, BaseSimpleComp):
     """
 
     #: The expression evaluated and stored during each iteration of the comprehension.
-    elt: BaseAssignTargetExpression
+    elt: BaseExpression
 
     #: The ``for ... in ... if ...`` clause that comes after ``elt``. This may be a
     #: nested structure for nested comprehensions. See :class:`CompFor` for details.
@@ -3624,10 +3942,10 @@ class DictComp(BaseDict, BaseComp):
     """
 
     #: The key inserted into the dictionary during each iteration of the comprehension.
-    key: BaseAssignTargetExpression
+    key: BaseExpression
     #: The value associated with the ``key`` inserted into the dictionary during each
     #: iteration of the comprehension.
-    value: BaseAssignTargetExpression
+    value: BaseExpression
 
     #: The ``for ... in ... if ...`` clause that lexically comes after ``key`` and
     #: ``value``. This may be a nested structure for nested comprehensions. See
@@ -3731,6 +4049,15 @@ class NamedExpr(BaseExpression):
             rpar=visit_sequence(self, "rpar", self.rpar, visitor),
         )
 
+    def _safe_to_use_with_word_operator(self, position: ExpressionPosition) -> bool:
+        if position == ExpressionPosition.LEFT:
+            return len(self.rpar) > 0 or self.value._safe_to_use_with_word_operator(
+                position
+            )
+        return len(self.lpar) > 0 or self.target._safe_to_use_with_word_operator(
+            position
+        )
+
     def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState) -> None:
         with self._parenthesize(state):
             self.target._codegen(state)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/module.py b/libcst/_nodes/module.py
index 149a4375..9ed45716 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/module.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/module.py
@@ -79,7 +79,6 @@ class Module(CSTNode):
             has_trailing_newline=self.has_trailing_newline,
         )
 
-    # pyre-fixme[14]: `visit` overrides method defined in `CSTNode` inconsistently.
     def visit(self: _ModuleSelfT, visitor: CSTVisitorT) -> _ModuleSelfT:
         """
         Returns the result of running a visitor over this module.
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/op.py b/libcst/_nodes/op.py
index e19d24d3..1765f536 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/op.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/op.py
@@ -43,8 +43,7 @@ class _BaseOneTokenOp(CSTNode, ABC):
         self.whitespace_after._codegen(state)
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def _get_token(self) -> str:
-        ...
+    def _get_token(self) -> str: ...
 
 
 class _BaseTwoTokenOp(CSTNode, ABC):
@@ -88,8 +87,7 @@ class _BaseTwoTokenOp(CSTNode, ABC):
         self.whitespace_after._codegen(state)
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def _get_tokens(self) -> Tuple[str, str]:
-        ...
+    def _get_tokens(self) -> Tuple[str, str]: ...
 
 
 class BaseUnaryOp(CSTNode, ABC):
@@ -115,8 +113,7 @@ class BaseUnaryOp(CSTNode, ABC):
         self.whitespace_after._codegen(state)
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def _get_token(self) -> str:
-        ...
+    def _get_token(self) -> str: ...
 
 
 class BaseBooleanOp(_BaseOneTokenOp, ABC):
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/statement.py b/libcst/_nodes/statement.py
index ee440573..cdc49edc 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/statement.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/statement.py
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ import inspect
 import re
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Optional, Pattern, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Literal, Optional, Pattern, Sequence, Union
+
+from libcst import CSTLogicError
 
 from libcst._add_slots import add_slots
 from libcst._maybe_sentinel import MaybeSentinel
@@ -21,7 +23,6 @@ from libcst._nodes.expression import (
     BaseAssignTargetExpression,
     BaseDelTargetExpression,
     BaseExpression,
-    Call,
     ConcatenatedString,
     ExpressionPosition,
     From,
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ from libcst._nodes.op import (
     AssignEqual,
     BaseAugOp,
     BitOr,
+    Colon,
     Comma,
     Dot,
     ImportStar,
@@ -113,8 +115,7 @@ class BaseSmallStatement(CSTNode, ABC):
     @abstractmethod
     def _codegen_impl(
         self, state: CodegenState, default_semicolon: bool = False
-    ) -> None:
-        ...
+    ) -> None: ...
 
 
 @add_slots
@@ -273,9 +274,9 @@ class Return(BaseSmallStatement):
 
     #: Optional whitespace after the ``return`` keyword before the optional
     #: value expression.
-    whitespace_after_return: Union[
-        SimpleWhitespace, MaybeSentinel
-    ] = MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    whitespace_after_return: Union[SimpleWhitespace, MaybeSentinel] = (
+        MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    )
 
     #: Optional semicolon when this is used in a statement line. This semicolon
     #: owns the whitespace on both sides of it when it is used.
@@ -599,7 +600,12 @@ class If(BaseCompoundStatement):
     #: The whitespace appearing after the test expression but before the colon.
     whitespace_after_test: SimpleWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field("")
 
-    # TODO: _validate
+    def _validate(self) -> None:
+        if (
+            self.whitespace_before_test.empty
+            and not self.test._safe_to_use_with_word_operator(ExpressionPosition.RIGHT)
+        ):
+            raise CSTValidationError("Must have at least one space after 'if' keyword.")
 
     def _visit_and_replace_children(self, visitor: CSTVisitorT) -> "If":
         return If(
@@ -746,7 +752,10 @@ class AsName(CSTNode):
     whitespace_after_as: BaseParenthesizableWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field(" ")
 
     def _validate(self) -> None:
-        if self.whitespace_after_as.empty:
+        if (
+            self.whitespace_after_as.empty
+            and not self.name._safe_to_use_with_word_operator(ExpressionPosition.RIGHT)
+        ):
             raise CSTValidationError(
                 "There must be at least one space between 'as' and name."
             )
@@ -1158,12 +1167,10 @@ class ImportAlias(CSTNode):
                 )
         try:
             self.evaluated_name
-        except Exception as e:
-            if str(e) == "Logic error!":
-                raise CSTValidationError(
-                    "The imported name must be a valid qualified name."
-                )
-            raise e
+        except CSTLogicError as e:
+            raise CSTValidationError(
+                "The imported name must be a valid qualified name."
+            ) from e
 
     def _visit_and_replace_children(self, visitor: CSTVisitorT) -> "ImportAlias":
         return ImportAlias(
@@ -1192,7 +1199,7 @@ class ImportAlias(CSTNode):
         elif isinstance(node, Attribute):
             return f"{self._name(node.value)}.{node.attr.value}"
         else:
-            raise Exception("Logic error!")
+            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
 
     @property
     def evaluated_name(self) -> str:
@@ -1619,7 +1626,7 @@ class Decorator(CSTNode):
 
     #: The decorator that will return a new function wrapping the parent
     #: of this decorator.
-    decorator: Union[Name, Attribute, Call]
+    decorator: BaseExpression
 
     #: Line comments and empty lines before this decorator. The parent
     #: :class:`FunctionDef` or :class:`ClassDef` node owns leading lines before
@@ -1632,19 +1639,6 @@ class Decorator(CSTNode):
     #: Optional trailing comment and newline following the decorator before the next line.
     trailing_whitespace: TrailingWhitespace = TrailingWhitespace.field()
 
-    def _validate(self) -> None:
-        decorator = self.decorator
-        if len(decorator.lpar) > 0 or len(decorator.rpar) > 0:
-            raise CSTValidationError(
-                "Cannot have parens around decorator in a Decorator."
-            )
-        if isinstance(decorator, Call) and not isinstance(
-            decorator.func, (Name, Attribute)
-        ):
-            raise CSTValidationError(
-                "Decorator call function must be Name or Attribute node."
-            )
-
     def _visit_and_replace_children(self, visitor: CSTVisitorT) -> "Decorator":
         return Decorator(
             leading_lines=visit_sequence(
@@ -1700,6 +1694,8 @@ def get_docstring_impl(
         evaluated_value = val.evaluated_value
     else:
         return None
+    if isinstance(evaluated_value, bytes):
+        return None
 
     if evaluated_value is not None and clean:
         return inspect.cleandoc(evaluated_value)
@@ -1747,8 +1743,8 @@ class FunctionDef(BaseCompoundStatement):
     #: Whitespace after the ``def`` keyword and before the function name.
     whitespace_after_def: SimpleWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field(" ")
 
-    #: Whitespace after the function name and before the opening parenthesis for
-    #: the parameters.
+    #: Whitespace after the function name and before the type parameters or the opening
+    #: parenthesis for the parameters.
     whitespace_after_name: SimpleWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field("")
 
     #: Whitespace after the opening parenthesis for the parameters but before
@@ -1759,6 +1755,13 @@ class FunctionDef(BaseCompoundStatement):
     #: the colon.
     whitespace_before_colon: SimpleWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field("")
 
+    #: An optional declaration of type parameters.
+    type_parameters: Optional["TypeParameters"] = None
+
+    #: Whitespace between the type parameters and the opening parenthesis for the
+    #: (non-type) parameters.
+    whitespace_after_type_parameters: SimpleWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field("")
+
     def _validate(self) -> None:
         if len(self.name.lpar) > 0 or len(self.name.rpar) > 0:
             raise CSTValidationError("Cannot have parens around Name in a FunctionDef.")
@@ -1767,6 +1770,15 @@ class FunctionDef(BaseCompoundStatement):
                 "There must be at least one space between 'def' and name."
             )
 
+        if (
+            self.type_parameters is None
+            and not self.whitespace_after_type_parameters.empty
+        ):
+            raise CSTValidationError(
+                "whitespace_after_type_parameters must be empty if there are no type "
+                "parameters in FunctionDef"
+            )
+
     def _visit_and_replace_children(self, visitor: CSTVisitorT) -> "FunctionDef":
         return FunctionDef(
             leading_lines=visit_sequence(
@@ -1786,6 +1798,15 @@ class FunctionDef(BaseCompoundStatement):
             whitespace_after_name=visit_required(
                 self, "whitespace_after_name", self.whitespace_after_name, visitor
             ),
+            type_parameters=visit_optional(
+                self, "type_parameters", self.type_parameters, visitor
+            ),
+            whitespace_after_type_parameters=visit_required(
+                self,
+                "whitespace_after_type_parameters",
+                self.whitespace_after_type_parameters,
+                visitor,
+            ),
             whitespace_before_params=visit_required(
                 self, "whitespace_before_params", self.whitespace_before_params, visitor
             ),
@@ -1814,6 +1835,10 @@ class FunctionDef(BaseCompoundStatement):
             self.whitespace_after_def._codegen(state)
             self.name._codegen(state)
             self.whitespace_after_name._codegen(state)
+            type_params = self.type_parameters
+            if type_params is not None:
+                type_params._codegen(state)
+            self.whitespace_after_type_parameters._codegen(state)
             state.add_token("(")
             self.whitespace_before_params._codegen(state)
             self.params._codegen(state)
@@ -1875,19 +1900,34 @@ class ClassDef(BaseCompoundStatement):
     #: Whitespace after the ``class`` keyword and before the class name.
     whitespace_after_class: SimpleWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field(" ")
 
-    #: Whitespace after the class name and before the opening parenthesis for
-    #: the bases and keywords.
+    #: Whitespace after the class name and before the type parameters or the opening
+    #: parenthesis for the bases and keywords.
     whitespace_after_name: SimpleWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field("")
 
     #: Whitespace after the closing parenthesis or class name and before
     #: the colon.
     whitespace_before_colon: SimpleWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field("")
 
+    #: An optional declaration of type parameters.
+    type_parameters: Optional["TypeParameters"] = None
+
+    #: Whitespace between type parameters and opening parenthesis for the bases and
+    #: keywords.
+    whitespace_after_type_parameters: SimpleWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field("")
+
     def _validate_whitespace(self) -> None:
         if self.whitespace_after_class.empty:
             raise CSTValidationError(
                 "There must be at least one space between 'class' and name."
             )
+        if (
+            self.type_parameters is None
+            and not self.whitespace_after_type_parameters.empty
+        ):
+            raise CSTValidationError(
+                "whitespace_after_type_parameters must be empty if there are no type"
+                "parameters in a ClassDef"
+            )
 
     def _validate_parens(self) -> None:
         if len(self.name.lpar) > 0 or len(self.name.rpar) > 0:
@@ -1930,6 +1970,15 @@ class ClassDef(BaseCompoundStatement):
             whitespace_after_name=visit_required(
                 self, "whitespace_after_name", self.whitespace_after_name, visitor
             ),
+            type_parameters=visit_optional(
+                self, "type_parameters", self.type_parameters, visitor
+            ),
+            whitespace_after_type_parameters=visit_required(
+                self,
+                "whitespace_after_type_parameters",
+                self.whitespace_after_type_parameters,
+                visitor,
+            ),
             lpar=visit_sentinel(self, "lpar", self.lpar, visitor),
             bases=visit_sequence(self, "bases", self.bases, visitor),
             keywords=visit_sequence(self, "keywords", self.keywords, visitor),
@@ -1954,6 +2003,10 @@ class ClassDef(BaseCompoundStatement):
             self.whitespace_after_class._codegen(state)
             self.name._codegen(state)
             self.whitespace_after_name._codegen(state)
+            type_params = self.type_parameters
+            if type_params is not None:
+                type_params._codegen(state)
+            self.whitespace_after_type_parameters._codegen(state)
             lpar = self.lpar
             if isinstance(lpar, MaybeSentinel):
                 if self.bases or self.keywords:
@@ -2349,9 +2402,9 @@ class Raise(BaseSmallStatement):
     cause: Optional[From] = None
 
     #: Any whitespace appearing between the ``raise`` keyword and the exception.
-    whitespace_after_raise: Union[
-        SimpleWhitespace, MaybeSentinel
-    ] = MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    whitespace_after_raise: Union[SimpleWhitespace, MaybeSentinel] = (
+        MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    )
 
     #: Optional semicolon when this is used in a statement line. This semicolon
     #: owns the whitespace on both sides of it when it is used.
@@ -2805,17 +2858,16 @@ class MatchCase(CSTNode):
                 self, "whitespace_after_case", self.whitespace_after_case, visitor
             ),
             pattern=visit_required(self, "pattern", self.pattern, visitor),
-            # pyre-fixme[6]: Expected `SimpleWhitespace` for 4th param but got
-            #  `Optional[SimpleWhitespace]`.
-            whitespace_before_if=visit_optional(
+            whitespace_before_if=visit_required(
                 self, "whitespace_before_if", self.whitespace_before_if, visitor
             ),
-            # pyre-fixme[6]: Expected `SimpleWhitespace` for 5th param but got
-            #  `Optional[SimpleWhitespace]`.
-            whitespace_after_if=visit_optional(
+            whitespace_after_if=visit_required(
                 self, "whitespace_after_if", self.whitespace_after_if, visitor
             ),
             guard=visit_optional(self, "guard", self.guard, visitor),
+            whitespace_before_colon=visit_required(
+                self, "whitespace_before_colon", self.whitespace_before_colon, visitor
+            ),
             body=visit_required(self, "body", self.body, visitor),
         )
 
@@ -2834,6 +2886,9 @@ class MatchCase(CSTNode):
                 state.add_token("if")
                 self.whitespace_after_if._codegen(state)
                 guard._codegen(state)
+            else:
+                self.whitespace_before_if._codegen(state)
+                self.whitespace_after_if._codegen(state)
 
             self.whitespace_before_colon._codegen(state)
             state.add_token(":")
@@ -3022,10 +3077,10 @@ class MatchList(MatchSequence):
     patterns: Sequence[Union[MatchSequenceElement, MatchStar]]
 
     #: An optional left bracket. If missing, this is an open sequence pattern.
-    lbracket: Optional[LeftSquareBracket] = LeftSquareBracket.field()
+    lbracket: Optional[LeftSquareBracket] = None
 
     #: An optional left bracket. If missing, this is an open sequence pattern.
-    rbracket: Optional[RightSquareBracket] = RightSquareBracket.field()
+    rbracket: Optional[RightSquareBracket] = None
 
     #: Parenthesis at the beginning of the node
     lpar: Sequence[LeftParen] = ()
@@ -3333,6 +3388,7 @@ class MatchClass(MatchPattern):
             whitespace_after_kwds=visit_required(
                 self, "whitespace_after_kwds", self.whitespace_after_kwds, visitor
             ),
+            rpar=visit_sequence(self, "rpar", self.rpar, visitor),
         )
 
     def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState) -> None:
@@ -3369,15 +3425,15 @@ class MatchAs(MatchPattern):
 
     #: Whitespace between ``pattern`` and the ``as`` keyword (if ``pattern`` is not
     #: ``None``)
-    whitespace_before_as: Union[
-        BaseParenthesizableWhitespace, MaybeSentinel
-    ] = MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    whitespace_before_as: Union[BaseParenthesizableWhitespace, MaybeSentinel] = (
+        MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    )
 
     #: Whitespace between the ``as`` keyword and ``name`` (if ``pattern`` is not
     #: ``None``)
-    whitespace_after_as: Union[
-        BaseParenthesizableWhitespace, MaybeSentinel
-    ] = MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    whitespace_after_as: Union[BaseParenthesizableWhitespace, MaybeSentinel] = (
+        MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    )
 
     #: Parenthesis at the beginning of the node
     lpar: Sequence[LeftParen] = ()
@@ -3420,6 +3476,13 @@ class MatchAs(MatchPattern):
                     state.add_token(" ")
                 elif isinstance(ws_after, BaseParenthesizableWhitespace):
                     ws_after._codegen(state)
+            else:
+                ws_before = self.whitespace_before_as
+                if isinstance(ws_before, BaseParenthesizableWhitespace):
+                    ws_before._codegen(state)
+                ws_after = self.whitespace_after_as
+                if isinstance(ws_after, BaseParenthesizableWhitespace):
+                    ws_after._codegen(state)
             if name is None:
                 state.add_token("_")
             else:
@@ -3485,3 +3548,326 @@ class MatchOr(MatchPattern):
             pats = self.patterns
             for idx, pat in enumerate(pats):
                 pat._codegen(state, default_separator=idx + 1 < len(pats))
+
+
+@add_slots
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TypeVar(CSTNode):
+    """
+    A simple (non-variadic) type variable.
+
+    Note: this node represents type a variable when declared using PEP-695 syntax.
+    """
+
+    #: The name of the type variable.
+    name: Name
+
+    #: An optional bound on the type.
+    bound: Optional[BaseExpression] = None
+
+    #: The colon used to separate the name and bound. If not specified,
+    #: :class:`MaybeSentinel` will be replaced with a colon if there is a bound,
+    #: otherwise will be left empty.
+    colon: Union[Colon, MaybeSentinel] = MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+
+    def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState) -> None:
+        with state.record_syntactic_position(self):
+            self.name._codegen(state)
+            bound = self.bound
+            colon = self.colon
+            if not isinstance(colon, MaybeSentinel):
+                colon._codegen(state)
+            else:
+                if bound is not None:
+                    state.add_token(": ")
+
+            if bound is not None:
+                bound._codegen(state)
+
+    def _visit_and_replace_children(self, visitor: CSTVisitorT) -> "TypeVar":
+        return TypeVar(
+            name=visit_required(self, "name", self.name, visitor),
+            colon=visit_sentinel(self, "colon", self.colon, visitor),
+            bound=visit_optional(self, "bound", self.bound, visitor),
+        )
+
+
+@add_slots
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TypeVarTuple(CSTNode):
+    """
+    A variadic type variable.
+    """
+
+    #: The name of this type variable.
+    name: Name
+
+    #: The (optional) whitespace between the star declaring this type variable as
+    #: variadic, and the variable's name.
+    whitespace_after_star: SimpleWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field("")
+
+    def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState) -> None:
+        with state.record_syntactic_position(self):
+            state.add_token("*")
+            self.whitespace_after_star._codegen(state)
+            self.name._codegen(state)
+
+    def _visit_and_replace_children(self, visitor: CSTVisitorT) -> "TypeVarTuple":
+        return TypeVarTuple(
+            name=visit_required(self, "name", self.name, visitor),
+            whitespace_after_star=visit_required(
+                self, "whitespace_after_star", self.whitespace_after_star, visitor
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+@add_slots
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ParamSpec(CSTNode):
+    """
+    A parameter specification.
+
+    Note: this node represents a parameter specification when declared using PEP-695
+    syntax.
+    """
+
+    #: The name of this parameter specification.
+    name: Name
+
+    #: The (optional) whitespace between the double star declaring this type variable as
+    #: a parameter specification, and the name.
+    whitespace_after_star: SimpleWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field("")
+
+    def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState) -> None:
+        with state.record_syntactic_position(self):
+            state.add_token("**")
+            self.whitespace_after_star._codegen(state)
+            self.name._codegen(state)
+
+    def _visit_and_replace_children(self, visitor: CSTVisitorT) -> "ParamSpec":
+        return ParamSpec(
+            name=visit_required(self, "name", self.name, visitor),
+            whitespace_after_star=visit_required(
+                self, "whitespace_after_star", self.whitespace_after_star, visitor
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+@add_slots
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TypeParam(CSTNode):
+    """
+    A single type parameter that is contained in a :class:`TypeParameters` list.
+    """
+
+    #: The actual parameter.
+    param: Union[TypeVar, TypeVarTuple, ParamSpec]
+
+    #: A trailing comma. If one is not provided, :class:`MaybeSentinel` will be replaced
+    #: with a comma only if a comma is required.
+    comma: Union[Comma, MaybeSentinel] = MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+
+    #: The equal sign used to denote assignment if there is a default.
+    equal: Union[AssignEqual, MaybeSentinel] = MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+
+    #: The star used to denote a variadic default
+    star: Literal["", "*"] = ""
+
+    #: The whitespace between the star and the type.
+    whitespace_after_star: SimpleWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field("")
+
+    #: Any optional default value, used when the argument is not supplied.
+    default: Optional[BaseExpression] = None
+
+    def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState, default_comma: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.param._codegen(state)
+
+        equal = self.equal
+        if equal is MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT and self.default is not None:
+            state.add_token(" = ")
+        elif isinstance(equal, AssignEqual):
+            equal._codegen(state)
+
+        state.add_token(self.star)
+        self.whitespace_after_star._codegen(state)
+
+        default = self.default
+        if default is not None:
+            default._codegen(state)
+
+        comma = self.comma
+        if isinstance(comma, MaybeSentinel):
+            if default_comma:
+                state.add_token(", ")
+        else:
+            comma._codegen(state)
+
+    def _visit_and_replace_children(self, visitor: CSTVisitorT) -> "TypeParam":
+        ret = TypeParam(
+            param=visit_required(self, "param", self.param, visitor),
+            equal=visit_sentinel(self, "equal", self.equal, visitor),
+            star=self.star,
+            whitespace_after_star=visit_required(
+                self, "whitespace_after_star", self.whitespace_after_star, visitor
+            ),
+            default=visit_optional(self, "default", self.default, visitor),
+            comma=visit_sentinel(self, "comma", self.comma, visitor),
+        )
+        return ret
+
+    def _validate(self) -> None:
+        if self.default is None and isinstance(self.equal, AssignEqual):
+            raise CSTValidationError(
+                "Must have a default when specifying an AssignEqual."
+            )
+        if self.star and not (self.default or isinstance(self.equal, AssignEqual)):
+            raise CSTValidationError("Star can only be present if a default")
+        if isinstance(self.star, str) and self.star not in ("", "*"):
+            raise CSTValidationError("Must specify either '' or '*' for star.")
+
+
+@add_slots
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TypeParameters(CSTNode):
+    """
+    Type parameters when specified with PEP-695 syntax.
+
+    This node captures all specified parameters that are enclosed with square brackets.
+    """
+
+    #: The parameters within the square brackets.
+    params: Sequence[TypeParam] = ()
+
+    #: Opening square bracket that marks the start of these parameters.
+    lbracket: LeftSquareBracket = LeftSquareBracket.field()
+    #: Closing square bracket that marks the end of these parameters.
+    rbracket: RightSquareBracket = RightSquareBracket.field()
+
+    def _codegen_impl(self, state: CodegenState) -> None:
+        self.lbracket._codegen(state)
+        params_len = len(self.params)
+        for idx, param in enumerate(self.params):
+            param._codegen(state, default_comma=idx + 1 < params_len)
+        self.rbracket._codegen(state)
+
+    def _visit_and_replace_children(self, visitor: CSTVisitorT) -> "TypeParameters":
+        return TypeParameters(
+            lbracket=visit_required(self, "lbracket", self.lbracket, visitor),
+            params=visit_sequence(self, "params", self.params, visitor),
+            rbracket=visit_required(self, "rbracket", self.rbracket, visitor),
+        )
+
+
+@add_slots
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TypeAlias(BaseSmallStatement):
+    """
+    A type alias statement.
+
+    This node represents the ``type`` statement as specified initially by PEP-695.
+    Example: ``type ListOrSet[T] = list[T] | set[T]``.
+    """
+
+    #: The name being introduced in this statement.
+    name: Name
+
+    #: Everything on the right hand side of the ``=``.
+    value: BaseExpression
+
+    #: An optional list of type parameters, specified after the name.
+    type_parameters: Optional[TypeParameters] = None
+
+    #: Whitespace between the ``type`` soft keyword and the name.
+    whitespace_after_type: SimpleWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field(" ")
+
+    #: Whitespace between the name and the type parameters (if they exist) or the ``=``.
+    #: If not specified, :class:`MaybeSentinel` will be replaced with a single space if
+    #: there are no type parameters, otherwise no spaces.
+    whitespace_after_name: Union[SimpleWhitespace, MaybeSentinel] = (
+        MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    )
+
+    #: Whitespace between the type parameters and the ``=``. Always empty if there are
+    #: no type parameters. If not specified, :class:`MaybeSentinel` will be replaced
+    #: with a single space if there are type parameters.
+    whitespace_after_type_parameters: Union[SimpleWhitespace, MaybeSentinel] = (
+        MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+    )
+
+    #: Whitespace between the ``=`` and the value.
+    whitespace_after_equals: SimpleWhitespace = SimpleWhitespace.field(" ")
+
+    #: Optional semicolon when this is used in a statement line. This semicolon
+    #: owns the whitespace on both sides of it when it is used.
+    semicolon: Union[Semicolon, MaybeSentinel] = MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+
+    def _validate(self) -> None:
+        if (
+            self.type_parameters is None
+            and self.whitespace_after_type_parameters
+            not in {
+                SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT,
+            }
+        ):
+            raise CSTValidationError(
+                "whitespace_after_type_parameters must be empty when there are no type parameters in a TypeAlias"
+            )
+
+    def _visit_and_replace_children(self, visitor: CSTVisitorT) -> "TypeAlias":
+        return TypeAlias(
+            whitespace_after_type=visit_required(
+                self, "whitespace_after_type", self.whitespace_after_type, visitor
+            ),
+            name=visit_required(self, "name", self.name, visitor),
+            whitespace_after_name=visit_sentinel(
+                self, "whitespace_after_name", self.whitespace_after_name, visitor
+            ),
+            type_parameters=visit_optional(
+                self, "type_parameters", self.type_parameters, visitor
+            ),
+            whitespace_after_type_parameters=visit_sentinel(
+                self,
+                "whitespace_after_type_parameters",
+                self.whitespace_after_type_parameters,
+                visitor,
+            ),
+            whitespace_after_equals=visit_required(
+                self, "whitespace_after_equals", self.whitespace_after_equals, visitor
+            ),
+            value=visit_required(self, "value", self.value, visitor),
+            semicolon=visit_sentinel(self, "semicolon", self.semicolon, visitor),
+        )
+
+    def _codegen_impl(
+        self, state: CodegenState, default_semicolon: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        with state.record_syntactic_position(self):
+            state.add_token("type")
+            self.whitespace_after_type._codegen(state)
+            self.name._codegen(state)
+            ws_after_name = self.whitespace_after_name
+            if isinstance(ws_after_name, MaybeSentinel):
+                if self.type_parameters is None:
+                    state.add_token(" ")
+            else:
+                ws_after_name._codegen(state)
+
+            ws_after_type_params = self.whitespace_after_type_parameters
+            if self.type_parameters is not None:
+                self.type_parameters._codegen(state)
+                if isinstance(ws_after_type_params, MaybeSentinel):
+                    state.add_token(" ")
+                else:
+                    ws_after_type_params._codegen(state)
+
+            state.add_token("=")
+            self.whitespace_after_equals._codegen(state)
+            self.value._codegen(state)
+
+            semi = self.semicolon
+            if isinstance(semi, MaybeSentinel):
+                if default_semicolon:
+                    state.add_token("; ")
+            else:
+                semi._codegen(state)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/base.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/base.py
index 8245e301..65e7059d 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/base.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/base.py
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class CSTNodeTest(UnitTest):
     def assert_parses(
         self,
         code: str,
-        parser: Callable[[str], cst.BaseExpression],
+        parser: Callable[[str], cst.CSTNode],
         expect_success: bool,
     ) -> None:
         if not expect_success:
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_atom.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_atom.py
index 82f7ab99..a33732c2 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_atom.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_atom.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from typing import Any
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst import parse_expression
 from libcst._nodes.tests.base import CSTNodeTest, parse_expression_as
-from libcst._parser.entrypoints import is_native
 from libcst.metadata import CodeRange
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
 
@@ -1184,7 +1183,7 @@ class AtomTest(CSTNodeTest):
         )
     )
     def test_versions(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
-        if is_native() and not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
+        if not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
             self.skipTest("parse errors are disabled for native parser")
         self.assert_parses(**kwargs)
 
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_binary_op.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_binary_op.py
index b6ac8b09..f6b40daf 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_binary_op.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_binary_op.py
@@ -174,3 +174,18 @@ class BinaryOperationTest(CSTNodeTest):
     )
     def test_invalid(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         self.assert_invalid(**kwargs)
+
+    @data_provider(
+        (
+            {
+                "code": '"a"' * 6000,
+                "parser": parse_expression,
+            },
+            {
+                "code": "[_" + " for _ in _" * 6000 + "]",
+                "parser": parse_expression,
+            },
+        )
+    )
+    def test_parse_error(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self.assert_parses(**kwargs, expect_success=False)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_classdef.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_classdef.py
index db582dce..2e026a6c 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_classdef.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_classdef.py
@@ -112,6 +112,105 @@ class ClassDefCreationTest(CSTNodeTest):
     def test_valid(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         self.validate_node(**kwargs)
 
+    @data_provider(
+        (
+            {
+                "node": cst.ClassDef(
+                    cst.Name("Foo"),
+                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                    type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                        (
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                cst.TypeVar(
+                                    cst.Name("T"),
+                                    bound=cst.Name("int"),
+                                    colon=cst.Colon(
+                                        whitespace_after=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")
+                                    ),
+                                ),
+                                cst.Comma(whitespace_after=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")),
+                            ),
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                cst.TypeVarTuple(cst.Name("Ts")),
+                                cst.Comma(whitespace_after=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")),
+                            ),
+                            cst.TypeParam(cst.ParamSpec(cst.Name("KW"))),
+                        )
+                    ),
+                ),
+                "code": "class Foo[T: int, *Ts, **KW]: pass\n",
+            },
+            {
+                "node": cst.ClassDef(
+                    cst.Name("Foo"),
+                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                    type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                        params=(
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                param=cst.TypeVar(
+                                    cst.Name("T"),
+                                    bound=cst.Name("str"),
+                                    colon=cst.Colon(
+                                        whitespace_before=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                                        whitespace_after=cst.ParenthesizedWhitespace(
+                                            empty_lines=(cst.EmptyLine(),),
+                                            indent=True,
+                                        ),
+                                    ),
+                                ),
+                                comma=cst.Comma(cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")),
+                            ),
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                cst.ParamSpec(
+                                    cst.Name("PS"), cst.SimpleWhitespace("  ")
+                                ),
+                                cst.Comma(cst.SimpleWhitespace("  ")),
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    whitespace_after_type_parameters=cst.SimpleWhitespace("  "),
+                ),
+                "code": "class Foo[T :\n\nstr ,**  PS  ,]  : pass\n",
+            },
+            {
+                "node": cst.ClassDef(
+                    cst.Name("Foo"),
+                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                    type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                        params=(
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                param=cst.TypeVar(
+                                    cst.Name("T"),
+                                    bound=cst.Name("str"),
+                                    colon=cst.Colon(
+                                        whitespace_before=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                                        whitespace_after=cst.ParenthesizedWhitespace(
+                                            empty_lines=(cst.EmptyLine(),),
+                                            indent=True,
+                                        ),
+                                    ),
+                                ),
+                                comma=cst.Comma(cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")),
+                            ),
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                cst.ParamSpec(
+                                    cst.Name("PS"), cst.SimpleWhitespace("  ")
+                                ),
+                                cst.Comma(cst.SimpleWhitespace("  ")),
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    lpar=cst.LeftParen(),
+                    rpar=cst.RightParen(),
+                    whitespace_after_type_parameters=cst.SimpleWhitespace("  "),
+                ),
+                "code": "class Foo[T :\n\nstr ,**  PS  ,]  (): pass\n",
+            },
+        )
+    )
+    def test_valid_native(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self.validate_node(**kwargs)
+
     @data_provider(
         (
             # Basic parenthesis tests.
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_dict.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_dict.py
index 1ee33332..47cb0663 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_dict.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_dict.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from typing import Any
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst import parse_expression
 from libcst._nodes.tests.base import CSTNodeTest, parse_expression_as
-from libcst._parser.entrypoints import is_native
 from libcst.metadata import CodeRange
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
 
@@ -188,6 +187,6 @@ class DictTest(CSTNodeTest):
         )
     )
     def test_versions(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
-        if is_native() and not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
+        if not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
             self.skipTest("parse errors are disabled for native parser")
         self.assert_parses(**kwargs)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_dict_comp.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_dict_comp.py
index a9970f9d..a753375f 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_dict_comp.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_dict_comp.py
@@ -26,6 +26,17 @@ class DictCompTest(CSTNodeTest):
                 "parser": parse_expression,
                 "expected_position": CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 17)),
             },
+            # non-trivial keys & values in DictComp
+            {
+                "node": cst.DictComp(
+                    cst.BinaryOperation(cst.Name("k1"), cst.Add(), cst.Name("k2")),
+                    cst.BinaryOperation(cst.Name("v1"), cst.Add(), cst.Name("v2")),
+                    cst.CompFor(target=cst.Name("a"), iter=cst.Name("b")),
+                ),
+                "code": "{k1 + k2: v1 + v2 for a in b}",
+                "parser": parse_expression,
+                "expected_position": CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 29)),
+            },
             # custom whitespace around colon
             {
                 "node": cst.DictComp(
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_funcdef.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_funcdef.py
index 5d5a80ac..4ed7fcc3 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_funcdef.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_funcdef.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from typing import Any, Callable
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst import parse_statement
 from libcst._nodes.tests.base import CSTNodeTest, DummyIndentedBlock, parse_statement_as
-from libcst._parser.entrypoints import is_native
 from libcst.metadata import CodeRange
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
 
@@ -623,6 +622,46 @@ class FunctionDefCreationTest(CSTNodeTest):
                 "code": "@ bar (  )\n",
                 "expected_position": CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 10)),
             },
+            # Allow nested calls on decorator
+            {
+                "node": cst.FunctionDef(
+                    cst.Name("foo"),
+                    cst.Parameters(),
+                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                    (cst.Decorator(cst.Call(func=cst.Call(func=cst.Name("bar")))),),
+                ),
+                "code": "@bar()()\ndef foo(): pass\n",
+            },
+            # Allow any expression in decorator
+            {
+                "node": cst.FunctionDef(
+                    cst.Name("foo"),
+                    cst.Parameters(),
+                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                    (
+                        cst.Decorator(
+                            cst.BinaryOperation(cst.Name("a"), cst.Add(), cst.Name("b"))
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                "code": "@a + b\ndef foo(): pass\n",
+            },
+            # Allow parentheses around decorator
+            {
+                "node": cst.FunctionDef(
+                    cst.Name("foo"),
+                    cst.Parameters(),
+                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                    (
+                        cst.Decorator(
+                            cst.Name(
+                                "bar", lpar=(cst.LeftParen(),), rpar=(cst.RightParen(),)
+                            )
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                "code": "@(bar)\ndef foo(): pass\n",
+            },
             # Parameters
             {
                 "node": cst.Parameters(
@@ -701,6 +740,154 @@ class FunctionDefCreationTest(CSTNodeTest):
         )
     )
     def test_valid(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        if "native_only" in kwargs:
+            kwargs.pop("native_only")
+        self.validate_node(**kwargs)
+
+    @data_provider(
+        (
+            # PEP 646
+            {
+                "node": cst.FunctionDef(
+                    name=cst.Name(value="foo"),
+                    params=cst.Parameters(
+                        params=[],
+                        star_arg=cst.Param(
+                            star="*",
+                            name=cst.Name("a"),
+                            annotation=cst.Annotation(
+                                cst.StarredElement(value=cst.Name("b")),
+                                whitespace_before_indicator=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    body=cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                ),
+                "parser": parse_statement,
+                "code": "def foo(*a: *b): pass\n",
+            },
+            {
+                "node": cst.FunctionDef(
+                    name=cst.Name(value="foo"),
+                    params=cst.Parameters(
+                        params=[],
+                        star_arg=cst.Param(
+                            star="*",
+                            name=cst.Name("a"),
+                            annotation=cst.Annotation(
+                                cst.StarredElement(
+                                    value=cst.Subscript(
+                                        value=cst.Name("tuple"),
+                                        slice=[
+                                            cst.SubscriptElement(
+                                                cst.Index(cst.Name("int")),
+                                                comma=cst.Comma(),
+                                            ),
+                                            cst.SubscriptElement(
+                                                cst.Index(
+                                                    value=cst.Name("Ts"),
+                                                    star="*",
+                                                    whitespace_after_star=cst.SimpleWhitespace(
+                                                        ""
+                                                    ),
+                                                ),
+                                                comma=cst.Comma(),
+                                            ),
+                                            cst.SubscriptElement(
+                                                cst.Index(cst.Ellipsis())
+                                            ),
+                                        ],
+                                    )
+                                ),
+                                whitespace_before_indicator=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    body=cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                ),
+                "parser": parse_statement,
+                "code": "def foo(*a: *tuple[int,*Ts,...]): pass\n",
+            },
+            # Single type variable
+            {
+                "node": cst.FunctionDef(
+                    cst.Name("foo"),
+                    cst.Parameters(),
+                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                    type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                        (cst.TypeParam(cst.TypeVar(cst.Name("T"))),)
+                    ),
+                ),
+                "code": "def foo[T](): pass\n",
+                "parser": parse_statement,
+            },
+            # All the type parameters
+            {
+                "node": cst.FunctionDef(
+                    cst.Name("foo"),
+                    cst.Parameters(),
+                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                    type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                        (
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                cst.TypeVar(
+                                    cst.Name("T"),
+                                    bound=cst.Name("int"),
+                                    colon=cst.Colon(
+                                        whitespace_after=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")
+                                    ),
+                                ),
+                                cst.Comma(whitespace_after=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")),
+                            ),
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                cst.TypeVarTuple(cst.Name("Ts")),
+                                cst.Comma(whitespace_after=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")),
+                            ),
+                            cst.TypeParam(cst.ParamSpec(cst.Name("KW"))),
+                        )
+                    ),
+                ),
+                "code": "def foo[T: int, *Ts, **KW](): pass\n",
+                "parser": parse_statement,
+            },
+            # Type parameters with whitespace
+            {
+                "node": cst.FunctionDef(
+                    cst.Name("foo"),
+                    cst.Parameters(),
+                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                    type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                        params=(
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                param=cst.TypeVar(
+                                    cst.Name("T"),
+                                    bound=cst.Name("str"),
+                                    colon=cst.Colon(
+                                        whitespace_before=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                                        whitespace_after=cst.ParenthesizedWhitespace(
+                                            empty_lines=(cst.EmptyLine(),),
+                                            indent=True,
+                                        ),
+                                    ),
+                                ),
+                                comma=cst.Comma(cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")),
+                            ),
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                cst.ParamSpec(
+                                    cst.Name("PS"), cst.SimpleWhitespace("  ")
+                                ),
+                                cst.Comma(cst.SimpleWhitespace("  ")),
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    whitespace_after_type_parameters=cst.SimpleWhitespace("  "),
+                ),
+                "code": "def foo[T :\n\nstr ,**  PS  ,]  (): pass\n",
+                "parser": parse_statement,
+            },
+        )
+    )
+    def test_valid_native(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         self.validate_node(**kwargs)
 
     @data_provider(
@@ -847,22 +1034,6 @@ class FunctionDefCreationTest(CSTNodeTest):
                 ),
                 r"Expecting a star prefix of '\*\*'",
             ),
-            # Validate decorator name semantics
-            (
-                lambda: cst.FunctionDef(
-                    cst.Name("foo"),
-                    cst.Parameters(),
-                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
-                    (
-                        cst.Decorator(
-                            cst.Name(
-                                "bar", lpar=(cst.LeftParen(),), rpar=(cst.RightParen(),)
-                            )
-                        ),
-                    ),
-                ),
-                "Cannot have parens around decorator in a Decorator",
-            ),
         )
     )
     def test_invalid(
@@ -876,7 +1047,9 @@ def _parse_statement_force_38(code: str) -> cst.BaseCompoundStatement:
         code, config=cst.PartialParserConfig(python_version="3.8")
     )
     if not isinstance(statement, cst.BaseCompoundStatement):
-        raise Exception("This function is expecting to parse compound statements only!")
+        raise ValueError(
+            "This function is expecting to parse compound statements only!"
+        )
     return statement
 
 
@@ -1799,6 +1972,36 @@ class FunctionDefParserTest(CSTNodeTest):
                 ),
                 "code": "def foo(bar, baz, /): pass\n",
             },
+            # Positional only params with whitespace after but no comma
+            {
+                "node": cst.FunctionDef(
+                    cst.Name("foo"),
+                    cst.Parameters(
+                        posonly_params=(
+                            cst.Param(
+                                cst.Name("bar"),
+                                star="",
+                                comma=cst.Comma(
+                                    whitespace_after=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")
+                                ),
+                            ),
+                            cst.Param(
+                                cst.Name("baz"),
+                                star="",
+                                comma=cst.Comma(
+                                    whitespace_after=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")
+                                ),
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                        posonly_ind=cst.ParamSlash(
+                            whitespace_after=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                ),
+                "code": "def foo(bar, baz, / ): pass\n",
+                "native_only": True,
+            },
             # Typed positional only params
             {
                 "node": cst.FunctionDef(
@@ -2014,7 +2217,7 @@ class FunctionDefParserTest(CSTNodeTest):
             },
         )
     )
-    def test_valid_38(self, node: cst.CSTNode, code: str) -> None:
+    def test_valid_38(self, node: cst.CSTNode, code: str, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         self.validate_node(node, code, _parse_statement_force_38)
 
     @data_provider(
@@ -2042,6 +2245,23 @@ class FunctionDefParserTest(CSTNodeTest):
         )
     )
     def test_versions(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
-        if is_native() and not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
+        if not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
             self.skipTest("parse errors are disabled for native parser")
         self.assert_parses(**kwargs)
+
+    @data_provider(
+        (
+            {"code": "A[:*b]"},
+            {"code": "A[*b:]"},
+            {"code": "A[*b:*b]"},
+            {"code": "A[*(1:2)]"},
+            {"code": "A[*:]"},
+            {"code": "A[:*]"},
+            {"code": "A[**b]"},
+            {"code": "def f(x: *b): pass"},
+            {"code": "def f(**x: *b): pass"},
+            {"code": "x: *b"},
+        )
+    )
+    def test_parse_error(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self.assert_parses(**kwargs, expect_success=False, parser=parse_statement)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_if.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_if.py
index e6e4c5ae..7615614e 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_if.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_if.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
-from typing import Any
+from typing import Any, Callable
 
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst import parse_statement
@@ -129,3 +129,21 @@ class IfTest(CSTNodeTest):
     )
     def test_valid(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         self.validate_node(**kwargs)
+
+    @data_provider(
+        (
+            # Validate whitespace handling
+            (
+                lambda: cst.If(
+                    cst.Name("conditional"),
+                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                    whitespace_before_test=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                ),
+                "Must have at least one space after 'if' keyword.",
+            ),
+        )
+    )
+    def test_invalid(
+        self, get_node: Callable[[], cst.CSTNode], expected_re: str
+    ) -> None:
+        self.assert_invalid(get_node, expected_re)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_ifexp.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_ifexp.py
index e00924b1..dd260ef3 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_ifexp.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_ifexp.py
@@ -52,6 +52,41 @@ class IfExpTest(CSTNodeTest):
                 "(foo)if(bar)else(baz)",
                 CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 21)),
             ),
+            (
+                cst.IfExp(
+                    body=cst.Name("foo"),
+                    whitespace_before_if=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                    whitespace_after_if=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                    test=cst.Name("bar"),
+                    whitespace_before_else=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                    whitespace_after_else=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                    orelse=cst.IfExp(
+                        body=cst.SimpleString("''"),
+                        whitespace_before_if=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                        test=cst.Name("bar"),
+                        orelse=cst.Name("baz"),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                "foo if bar else''if bar else baz",
+                CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 32)),
+            ),
+            (
+                cst.GeneratorExp(
+                    elt=cst.IfExp(
+                        body=cst.Name("foo"),
+                        test=cst.Name("bar"),
+                        orelse=cst.SimpleString("''"),
+                        whitespace_after_else=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                    ),
+                    for_in=cst.CompFor(
+                        target=cst.Name("_"),
+                        iter=cst.Name("_"),
+                        whitespace_before=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                "(foo if bar else''for _ in _)",
+                CodeRange((1, 1), (1, 28)),
+            ),
             # Make sure that spacing works
             (
                 cst.IfExp(
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_lambda.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_lambda.py
index 82c1b675..64a561ed 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_lambda.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_lambda.py
@@ -30,6 +30,22 @@ class LambdaCreationTest(CSTNodeTest):
                 ),
                 "code": "lambda bar, baz, /: 5",
             },
+            # Test basic positional only params with extra trailing whitespace
+            {
+                "node": cst.Lambda(
+                    cst.Parameters(
+                        posonly_params=(
+                            cst.Param(cst.Name("bar")),
+                            cst.Param(cst.Name("baz")),
+                        ),
+                        posonly_ind=cst.ParamSlash(
+                            whitespace_after=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    cst.Integer("5"),
+                ),
+                "code": "lambda bar, baz, / : 5",
+            },
             # Test basic positional params
             (
                 cst.Lambda(
@@ -287,30 +303,6 @@ class LambdaCreationTest(CSTNodeTest):
                 ),
                 "at least one space after lambda",
             ),
-            (
-                lambda: cst.Lambda(
-                    cst.Parameters(star_arg=cst.Param(cst.Name("arg"))),
-                    cst.Integer("5"),
-                    whitespace_after_lambda=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
-                ),
-                "at least one space after lambda",
-            ),
-            (
-                lambda: cst.Lambda(
-                    cst.Parameters(kwonly_params=(cst.Param(cst.Name("arg")),)),
-                    cst.Integer("5"),
-                    whitespace_after_lambda=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
-                ),
-                "at least one space after lambda",
-            ),
-            (
-                lambda: cst.Lambda(
-                    cst.Parameters(star_kwarg=cst.Param(cst.Name("arg"))),
-                    cst.Integer("5"),
-                    whitespace_after_lambda=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
-                ),
-                "at least one space after lambda",
-            ),
             (
                 lambda: cst.Lambda(
                     cst.Parameters(
@@ -928,6 +920,53 @@ class LambdaParserTest(CSTNodeTest):
                 ),
                 "( lambda  : 5 )",
             ),
+            # No space between lambda and params
+            (
+                cst.Lambda(
+                    cst.Parameters(star_arg=cst.Param(cst.Name("args"), star="*")),
+                    cst.Integer("5"),
+                    whitespace_after_lambda=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                ),
+                "lambda*args: 5",
+            ),
+            (
+                cst.Lambda(
+                    cst.Parameters(star_kwarg=cst.Param(cst.Name("kwargs"), star="**")),
+                    cst.Integer("5"),
+                    whitespace_after_lambda=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                ),
+                "lambda**kwargs: 5",
+            ),
+            (
+                cst.Lambda(
+                    cst.Parameters(
+                        star_arg=cst.ParamStar(
+                            comma=cst.Comma(
+                                cst.SimpleWhitespace(""), cst.SimpleWhitespace("")
+                            )
+                        ),
+                        kwonly_params=[cst.Param(cst.Name("args"), star="")],
+                    ),
+                    cst.Integer("5"),
+                    whitespace_after_lambda=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                ),
+                "lambda*,args: 5",
+            ),
+            (
+                cst.ListComp(
+                    elt=cst.Lambda(
+                        params=cst.Parameters(),
+                        body=cst.Tuple(()),
+                        colon=cst.Colon(),
+                    ),
+                    for_in=cst.CompFor(
+                        target=cst.Name("_"),
+                        iter=cst.Name("_"),
+                        whitespace_before=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                "[lambda:()for _ in _]",
+            ),
         )
     )
     def test_valid(
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_list.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_list.py
index 9096ced6..2f96124c 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_list.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_list.py
@@ -8,13 +8,11 @@ from typing import Any, Callable
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst import parse_expression, parse_statement
 from libcst._nodes.tests.base import CSTNodeTest, parse_expression_as
-from libcst._parser.entrypoints import is_native
 from libcst.metadata import CodeRange
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
 
 
 class ListTest(CSTNodeTest):
-
     # A lot of Element/StarredElement tests are provided by the tests for Tuple, so we
     # we don't need to duplicate them here.
     @data_provider(
@@ -127,6 +125,6 @@ class ListTest(CSTNodeTest):
         )
     )
     def test_versions(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
-        if is_native() and not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
+        if not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
             self.skipTest("parse errors are disabled for native parser")
         self.assert_parses(**kwargs)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_match.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_match.py
index 2f1e4193..2335b7c3 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_match.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_match.py
@@ -3,17 +3,14 @@
 # This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
-from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
+from typing import Any, Callable
 
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst import parse_statement
 from libcst._nodes.tests.base import CSTNodeTest
-from libcst._parser.entrypoints import is_native
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
 
-parser: Optional[Callable[[str], cst.CSTNode]] = (
-    parse_statement if is_native() else None
-)
+parser: Callable[[str], cst.CSTNode] = parse_statement
 
 
 class MatchTest(CSTNodeTest):
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_matrix_multiply.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_matrix_multiply.py
index 5b4b8668..500b7aab 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_matrix_multiply.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_matrix_multiply.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from libcst._nodes.tests.base import (
     parse_expression_as,
     parse_statement_as,
 )
-from libcst._parser.entrypoints import is_native
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
 
 
@@ -70,6 +69,6 @@ class NamedExprTest(CSTNodeTest):
         )
     )
     def test_versions(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
-        if is_native() and not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
+        if not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
             self.skipTest("parse errors are disabled for native parser")
         self.assert_parses(**kwargs)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_module.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_module.py
index 5b33c6b7..40de8f8e 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_module.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_module.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from typing import cast, Tuple
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst import parse_module, parse_statement
 from libcst._nodes.tests.base import CSTNodeTest
-from libcst._parser.entrypoints import is_native
+
 from libcst.metadata import CodeRange, MetadataWrapper, PositionProvider
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
 
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class ModuleTest(CSTNodeTest):
     def test_parser(
         self, *, code: str, expected: cst.Module, enabled_for_native: bool = True
     ) -> None:
-        if is_native() and not enabled_for_native:
+        if not enabled_for_native:
             self.skipTest("Disabled for native parser")
         self.assertEqual(parse_module(code), expected)
 
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_namedexpr.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_namedexpr.py
index f24045ca..6ebcf978 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_namedexpr.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_namedexpr.py
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ def _parse_statement_force_38(code: str) -> cst.BaseCompoundStatement:
         code, config=cst.PartialParserConfig(python_version="3.8")
     )
     if not isinstance(statement, cst.BaseCompoundStatement):
-        raise Exception("This function is expecting to parse compound statements only!")
+        raise ValueError(
+            "This function is expecting to parse compound statements only!"
+        )
     return statement
 
 
@@ -166,6 +168,22 @@ class NamedExprTest(CSTNodeTest):
                 "parser": _parse_expression_force_38,
                 "expected_position": None,
             },
+            {
+                "node": cst.ListComp(
+                    elt=cst.NamedExpr(
+                        cst.Name("_"),
+                        cst.SimpleString("''"),
+                        whitespace_after_walrus=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                        whitespace_before_walrus=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                    ),
+                    for_in=cst.CompFor(
+                        target=cst.Name("_"),
+                        iter=cst.Name("_"),
+                        whitespace_before=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                "code": "[_:=''for _ in _]",
+            },
         )
     )
     def test_valid(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_removal_behavior.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_removal_behavior.py
index 9b1bf619..709b26f5 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_removal_behavior.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_removal_behavior.py
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class RemovalBehavior(CSTNodeTest):
         self, before: str, after: str, visitor: Type[CSTTransformer]
     ) -> None:
         if before.endswith("\n") or after.endswith("\n"):
-            raise Exception("Test cases should not be newline-terminated!")
+            raise ValueError("Test cases should not be newline-terminated!")
 
         # Test doesn't have newline termination case
         before_module = parse_module(before)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_set.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_set.py
index bdf84955..699b458a 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_set.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_set.py
@@ -8,12 +8,10 @@ from typing import Any, Callable
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst import parse_expression
 from libcst._nodes.tests.base import CSTNodeTest, parse_expression_as
-from libcst._parser.entrypoints import is_native
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
 
 
 class ListTest(CSTNodeTest):
-
     # A lot of Element/StarredElement tests are provided by the tests for Tuple, so we
     # we don't need to duplicate them here.
     @data_provider(
@@ -134,6 +132,6 @@ class ListTest(CSTNodeTest):
         )
     )
     def test_versions(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
-        if is_native() and not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
+        if not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
             self.skipTest("parse errors are disabled for native parser")
         self.assert_parses(**kwargs)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_simple_comp.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_simple_comp.py
index 4de0c0a9..33ba4164 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_simple_comp.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_simple_comp.py
@@ -41,6 +41,33 @@ class SimpleCompTest(CSTNodeTest):
                 "code": "{a for b in c}",
                 "parser": parse_expression,
             },
+            # non-trivial elt in GeneratorExp
+            {
+                "node": cst.GeneratorExp(
+                    cst.BinaryOperation(cst.Name("a1"), cst.Add(), cst.Name("a2")),
+                    cst.CompFor(target=cst.Name("b"), iter=cst.Name("c")),
+                ),
+                "code": "(a1 + a2 for b in c)",
+                "parser": parse_expression,
+            },
+            # non-trivial elt in ListComp
+            {
+                "node": cst.ListComp(
+                    cst.BinaryOperation(cst.Name("a1"), cst.Add(), cst.Name("a2")),
+                    cst.CompFor(target=cst.Name("b"), iter=cst.Name("c")),
+                ),
+                "code": "[a1 + a2 for b in c]",
+                "parser": parse_expression,
+            },
+            # non-trivial elt in SetComp
+            {
+                "node": cst.SetComp(
+                    cst.BinaryOperation(cst.Name("a1"), cst.Add(), cst.Name("a2")),
+                    cst.CompFor(target=cst.Name("b"), iter=cst.Name("c")),
+                ),
+                "code": "{a1 + a2 for b in c}",
+                "parser": parse_expression,
+            },
             # async GeneratorExp
             {
                 "node": cst.GeneratorExp(
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_simple_string.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_simple_string.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d9abec50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_simple_string.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+import unittest
+
+import libcst as cst
+
+
+class TestSimpleString(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_quote(self) -> None:
+        test_cases = [
+            ('"a"', '"'),
+            ("'b'", "'"),
+            ('""', '"'),
+            ("''", "'"),
+            ('"""c"""', '"""'),
+            ("'''d'''", "'''"),
+            ('""""e"""', '"""'),
+            ("''''f'''", "'''"),
+            ('"""""g"""', '"""'),
+            ("'''''h'''", "'''"),
+            ('""""""', '"""'),
+            ("''''''", "'''"),
+        ]
+
+        for s, expected_quote in test_cases:
+            simple_string = cst.SimpleString(s)
+            actual = simple_string.quote
+            self.assertEqual(expected_quote, actual)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_template_strings.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_template_strings.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e4c308a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_template_strings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+from typing import Callable, Optional
+
+import libcst as cst
+from libcst import parse_expression
+from libcst._nodes.tests.base import CSTNodeTest
+from libcst.metadata import CodeRange
+from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
+
+
+class TemplatedStringTest(CSTNodeTest):
+    @data_provider(
+        (
+            # Simple t-string with only text
+            (
+                cst.TemplatedString(
+                    parts=(cst.TemplatedStringText("hello world"),),
+                ),
+                't"hello world"',
+                True,
+            ),
+            # t-string with one expression
+            (
+                cst.TemplatedString(
+                    parts=(
+                        cst.TemplatedStringText("hello "),
+                        cst.TemplatedStringExpression(
+                            expression=cst.Name("name"),
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                't"hello {name}"',
+                True,
+            ),
+            # t-string with multiple expressions
+            (
+                cst.TemplatedString(
+                    parts=(
+                        cst.TemplatedStringText("a="),
+                        cst.TemplatedStringExpression(expression=cst.Name("a")),
+                        cst.TemplatedStringText(", b="),
+                        cst.TemplatedStringExpression(expression=cst.Name("b")),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                't"a={a}, b={b}"',
+                True,
+                CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 15)),
+            ),
+            # t-string with nested expression
+            (
+                cst.TemplatedString(
+                    parts=(
+                        cst.TemplatedStringText("sum="),
+                        cst.TemplatedStringExpression(
+                            expression=cst.BinaryOperation(
+                                left=cst.Name("a"),
+                                operator=cst.Add(),
+                                right=cst.Name("b"),
+                            )
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                't"sum={a + b}"',
+                True,
+            ),
+            # t-string with spacing in expression
+            (
+                cst.TemplatedString(
+                    parts=(
+                        cst.TemplatedStringText("x = "),
+                        cst.TemplatedStringExpression(
+                            whitespace_before_expression=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                            expression=cst.Name("x"),
+                            whitespace_after_expression=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                't"x = { x }"',
+                True,
+            ),
+            # t-string with escaped braces
+            (
+                cst.TemplatedString(
+                    parts=(cst.TemplatedStringText("{{foo}}"),),
+                ),
+                't"{{foo}}"',
+                True,
+            ),
+            # t-string with only an expression
+            (
+                cst.TemplatedString(
+                    parts=(
+                        cst.TemplatedStringExpression(expression=cst.Name("value")),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                't"{value}"',
+                True,
+            ),
+            # t-string with whitespace and newlines
+            (
+                cst.TemplatedString(
+                    parts=(
+                        cst.TemplatedStringText("line1\\n"),
+                        cst.TemplatedStringExpression(expression=cst.Name("x")),
+                        cst.TemplatedStringText("\\nline2"),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                't"line1\\n{x}\\nline2"',
+                True,
+            ),
+            # t-string with parenthesis (not typical, but test node construction)
+            (
+                cst.TemplatedString(
+                    lpar=(cst.LeftParen(),),
+                    parts=(cst.TemplatedStringText("foo"),),
+                    rpar=(cst.RightParen(),),
+                ),
+                '(t"foo")',
+                True,
+            ),
+            # t-string with whitespace in delimiters
+            (
+                cst.TemplatedString(
+                    lpar=(cst.LeftParen(whitespace_after=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")),),
+                    parts=(cst.TemplatedStringText("foo"),),
+                    rpar=(cst.RightParen(whitespace_before=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")),),
+                ),
+                '( t"foo" )',
+                True,
+            ),
+            # Test TemplatedStringText and TemplatedStringExpression individually
+            (
+                cst.TemplatedStringText("abc"),
+                "abc",
+                False,
+                CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 3)),
+            ),
+            (
+                cst.TemplatedStringExpression(expression=cst.Name("foo")),
+                "{foo}",
+                False,
+                CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 5)),
+            ),
+        )
+    )
+    def test_valid(
+        self,
+        node: cst.CSTNode,
+        code: str,
+        check_parsing: bool,
+        position: Optional[CodeRange] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if check_parsing:
+            self.validate_node(node, code, parse_expression, expected_position=position)
+        else:
+            self.validate_node(node, code, expected_position=position)
+
+    @data_provider(
+        (
+            (
+                lambda: cst.TemplatedString(
+                    parts=(cst.TemplatedStringText("foo"),),
+                    lpar=(cst.LeftParen(),),
+                ),
+                "left paren without right paren",
+            ),
+            (
+                lambda: cst.TemplatedString(
+                    parts=(cst.TemplatedStringText("foo"),),
+                    rpar=(cst.RightParen(),),
+                ),
+                "right paren without left paren",
+            ),
+        )
+    )
+    def test_invalid(
+        self, get_node: Callable[[], cst.CSTNode], expected_re: str
+    ) -> None:
+        self.assert_invalid(get_node, expected_re)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_try.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_try.py
index a2e8a433..c5ae2462 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_try.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_try.py
@@ -3,18 +3,15 @@
 # This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
-from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
+from typing import Any, Callable
 
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst import parse_statement
 from libcst._nodes.tests.base import CSTNodeTest, DummyIndentedBlock
-from libcst._parser.entrypoints import is_native
 from libcst.metadata import CodeRange
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
 
-native_parse_statement: Optional[Callable[[str], cst.CSTNode]] = (
-    parse_statement if is_native() else None
-)
+native_parse_statement: Callable[[str], cst.CSTNode] = parse_statement
 
 
 class TryTest(CSTNodeTest):
@@ -347,6 +344,34 @@ class TryTest(CSTNodeTest):
                 ),
                 "code": "try: pass\nexcept foo()as bar: pass\n",
             },
+            # PEP758 - Multiple exceptions with no parentheses
+            {
+                "node": cst.Try(
+                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                    handlers=[
+                        cst.ExceptHandler(
+                            cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                            type=cst.Tuple(
+                                elements=[
+                                    cst.Element(
+                                        value=cst.Name(
+                                            value="ValueError",
+                                        ),
+                                    ),
+                                    cst.Element(
+                                        value=cst.Name(
+                                            value="RuntimeError",
+                                        ),
+                                    ),
+                                ],
+                                lpar=[],
+                                rpar=[],
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    ],
+                ),
+                "code": "try: pass\nexcept ValueError, RuntimeError: pass\n",
+            },
         )
     )
     def test_valid(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
@@ -579,6 +604,38 @@ class TryStarTest(CSTNodeTest):
                 "parser": native_parse_statement,
                 "expected_position": CodeRange((1, 0), (5, 13)),
             },
+            # PEP758 - Multiple exceptions with no parentheses
+            {
+                "node": cst.TryStar(
+                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                    handlers=[
+                        cst.ExceptStarHandler(
+                            cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                            type=cst.Tuple(
+                                elements=[
+                                    cst.Element(
+                                        value=cst.Name(
+                                            value="ValueError",
+                                        ),
+                                        comma=cst.Comma(
+                                            whitespace_after=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")
+                                        ),
+                                    ),
+                                    cst.Element(
+                                        value=cst.Name(
+                                            value="RuntimeError",
+                                        ),
+                                    ),
+                                ],
+                                lpar=[],
+                                rpar=[],
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    ],
+                ),
+                "code": "try: pass\nexcept* ValueError, RuntimeError: pass\n",
+                "parser": native_parse_statement,
+            },
         )
     )
     def test_valid(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_tuple.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_tuple.py
index 0055055c..aa3d68bb 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_tuple.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_tuple.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from typing import Any, Callable
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst import parse_expression, parse_statement
 from libcst._nodes.tests.base import CSTNodeTest, parse_expression_as
-from libcst._parser.entrypoints import is_native
 from libcst.metadata import CodeRange
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
 
@@ -286,6 +285,6 @@ class TupleTest(CSTNodeTest):
         )
     )
     def test_versions(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
-        if is_native() and not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
+        if not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
             self.skipTest("parse errors are disabled for native parser")
         self.assert_parses(**kwargs)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_type_alias.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_type_alias.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..865135c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_type_alias.py
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+from typing import Any
+
+import libcst as cst
+from libcst import parse_statement
+from libcst._nodes.tests.base import CSTNodeTest
+from libcst.metadata import CodeRange
+from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
+
+
+class TypeAliasCreationTest(CSTNodeTest):
+    @data_provider(
+        (
+            {
+                "node": cst.TypeAlias(
+                    cst.Name("foo"),
+                    cst.Name("bar"),
+                ),
+                "code": "type foo = bar",
+                "expected_position": CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 14)),
+            },
+            {
+                "node": cst.TypeAlias(
+                    cst.Name("foo"),
+                    type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                        [cst.TypeParam(cst.TypeVar(cst.Name("T")))]
+                    ),
+                    value=cst.BinaryOperation(
+                        cst.Name("bar"), cst.BitOr(), cst.Name("baz")
+                    ),
+                ),
+                "code": "type foo[T] = bar | baz",
+                "expected_position": CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 23)),
+            },
+            {
+                "node": cst.TypeAlias(
+                    cst.Name("foo"),
+                    type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                        [
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                cst.TypeVar(cst.Name("T"), bound=cst.Name("str"))
+                            ),
+                            cst.TypeParam(cst.TypeVarTuple(cst.Name("Ts"))),
+                            cst.TypeParam(cst.ParamSpec(cst.Name("KW"))),
+                        ]
+                    ),
+                    value=cst.BinaryOperation(
+                        cst.Name("bar"), cst.BitOr(), cst.Name("baz")
+                    ),
+                ),
+                "code": "type foo[T: str, *Ts, **KW] = bar | baz",
+                "expected_position": CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 39)),
+            },
+            {
+                "node": cst.TypeAlias(
+                    cst.Name("foo"),
+                    type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                        [
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                cst.TypeVar(cst.Name("T")), default=cst.Name("str")
+                            ),
+                        ]
+                    ),
+                    value=cst.Name("bar"),
+                ),
+                "code": "type foo[T = str] = bar",
+                "expected_position": CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 23)),
+            },
+            {
+                "node": cst.TypeAlias(
+                    cst.Name("foo"),
+                    type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                        [
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                cst.ParamSpec(cst.Name("P")),
+                                default=cst.List(
+                                    elements=[
+                                        cst.Element(cst.Name("int")),
+                                        cst.Element(cst.Name("str")),
+                                    ]
+                                ),
+                            ),
+                        ]
+                    ),
+                    value=cst.Name("bar"),
+                ),
+                "code": "type foo[**P = [int, str]] = bar",
+                "expected_position": CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 32)),
+            },
+            {
+                "node": cst.TypeAlias(
+                    cst.Name("foo"),
+                    type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                        [
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                cst.TypeVarTuple(cst.Name("T")),
+                                equal=cst.AssignEqual(),
+                                default=cst.Name("default"),
+                                star="*",
+                            ),
+                        ]
+                    ),
+                    value=cst.Name("bar"),
+                ),
+                "code": "type foo[*T = *default] = bar",
+                "expected_position": CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 29)),
+            },
+            {
+                "node": cst.TypeAlias(
+                    cst.Name("foo"),
+                    type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                        [
+                            cst.TypeParam(
+                                cst.TypeVarTuple(cst.Name("T")),
+                                equal=cst.AssignEqual(),
+                                default=cst.Name("default"),
+                                star="*",
+                                whitespace_after_star=cst.SimpleWhitespace("  "),
+                            ),
+                        ]
+                    ),
+                    value=cst.Name("bar"),
+                ),
+                "code": "type foo[*T = *  default] = bar",
+                "expected_position": CodeRange((1, 0), (1, 31)),
+            },
+        )
+    )
+    def test_valid(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self.validate_node(**kwargs)
+
+
+class TypeAliasParserTest(CSTNodeTest):
+    @data_provider(
+        (
+            {
+                "node": cst.SimpleStatementLine(
+                    [
+                        cst.TypeAlias(
+                            cst.Name("foo"),
+                            cst.Name("bar"),
+                            whitespace_after_name=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                        )
+                    ]
+                ),
+                "code": "type foo = bar\n",
+                "parser": parse_statement,
+            },
+            {
+                "node": cst.SimpleStatementLine(
+                    [
+                        cst.TypeAlias(
+                            cst.Name("foo"),
+                            cst.Name("bar"),
+                            type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                                params=[
+                                    cst.TypeParam(
+                                        cst.TypeVar(
+                                            cst.Name("T"), cst.Name("str"), cst.Colon()
+                                        ),
+                                        cst.Comma(),
+                                    ),
+                                    cst.TypeParam(
+                                        cst.ParamSpec(
+                                            cst.Name("KW"),
+                                            whitespace_after_star=cst.SimpleWhitespace(
+                                                "  "
+                                            ),
+                                        ),
+                                        cst.Comma(
+                                            whitespace_before=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                                            whitespace_after=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                                        ),
+                                    ),
+                                ],
+                                rbracket=cst.RightSquareBracket(
+                                    cst.SimpleWhitespace("")
+                                ),
+                            ),
+                            whitespace_after_name=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                            whitespace_after_type=cst.SimpleWhitespace("  "),
+                            whitespace_after_equals=cst.SimpleWhitespace("  "),
+                            whitespace_after_type_parameters=cst.SimpleWhitespace("  "),
+                            semicolon=cst.Semicolon(
+                                whitespace_before=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                                whitespace_after=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    ]
+                ),
+                "code": "type  foo [T:str,**  KW , ]  =  bar ; \n",
+                "parser": parse_statement,
+            },
+            {
+                "node": cst.SimpleStatementLine(
+                    [
+                        cst.TypeAlias(
+                            cst.Name("foo"),
+                            type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                                [
+                                    cst.TypeParam(
+                                        cst.TypeVarTuple(cst.Name("P")),
+                                        star="*",
+                                        equal=cst.AssignEqual(),
+                                        default=cst.Name("default"),
+                                    ),
+                                ]
+                            ),
+                            value=cst.Name("bar"),
+                            whitespace_after_name=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                            whitespace_after_type_parameters=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                        )
+                    ]
+                ),
+                "code": "type foo [*P = *default] = bar\n",
+                "parser": parse_statement,
+            },
+            {
+                "node": cst.SimpleStatementLine(
+                    [
+                        cst.TypeAlias(
+                            cst.Name("foo"),
+                            type_parameters=cst.TypeParameters(
+                                [
+                                    cst.TypeParam(
+                                        cst.TypeVarTuple(cst.Name("P")),
+                                        star="*",
+                                        whitespace_after_star=cst.SimpleWhitespace(
+                                            "   "
+                                        ),
+                                        equal=cst.AssignEqual(),
+                                        default=cst.Name("default"),
+                                    ),
+                                ]
+                            ),
+                            value=cst.Name("bar"),
+                            whitespace_after_name=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                            whitespace_after_type_parameters=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" "),
+                        )
+                    ]
+                ),
+                "code": "type foo [*P = *   default] = bar\n",
+                "parser": parse_statement,
+            },
+        )
+    )
+    def test_valid(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self.validate_node(**kwargs)
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_with.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_with.py
index 1310b3f8..0b396619 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_with.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_with.py
@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@ from typing import Any
 
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst import parse_statement, PartialParserConfig
-from libcst._maybe_sentinel import MaybeSentinel
 from libcst._nodes.tests.base import CSTNodeTest, DummyIndentedBlock, parse_statement_as
-from libcst._parser.entrypoints import is_native
 from libcst.metadata import CodeRange
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
 
@@ -102,6 +100,23 @@ class WithTest(CSTNodeTest):
                 "code": "with context_mgr() as ctx: pass\n",
                 "parser": parse_statement,
             },
+            {
+                "node": cst.With(
+                    (
+                        cst.WithItem(
+                            cst.Call(cst.Name("context_mgr")),
+                            cst.AsName(
+                                cst.Tuple(()),
+                                whitespace_after_as=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                                whitespace_before_as=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
+                ),
+                "code": "with context_mgr()as(): pass\n",
+                "parser": parse_statement,
+            },
             # indentation
             {
                 "node": DummyIndentedBlock(
@@ -170,14 +185,14 @@ class WithTest(CSTNodeTest):
                         cst.WithItem(
                             cst.Call(
                                 cst.Name("context_mgr"),
-                                lpar=() if is_native() else (cst.LeftParen(),),
-                                rpar=() if is_native() else (cst.RightParen(),),
+                                lpar=(),
+                                rpar=(),
                             )
                         ),
                     ),
                     cst.SimpleStatementSuite((cst.Pass(),)),
-                    lpar=(cst.LeftParen() if is_native() else MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT),
-                    rpar=(cst.RightParen() if is_native() else MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT),
+                    lpar=(cst.LeftParen()),
+                    rpar=(cst.RightParen()),
                     whitespace_after_with=cst.SimpleWhitespace(""),
                 ),
                 "code": "with(context_mgr()): pass\n",
@@ -216,7 +231,7 @@ class WithTest(CSTNodeTest):
                     rpar=cst.RightParen(whitespace_before=cst.SimpleWhitespace(" ")),
                 ),
                 "code": ("with ( foo(),\n" "       bar(), ): pass\n"),  # noqa
-                "parser": parse_statement if is_native() else None,
+                "parser": parse_statement,
                 "expected_position": CodeRange((1, 0), (2, 21)),
             },
         )
@@ -293,7 +308,7 @@ class WithTest(CSTNodeTest):
         )
     )
     def test_versions(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
-        if is_native() and not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
+        if not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
             self.skipTest("parse errors are disabled for native parser")
         self.assert_parses(**kwargs)
 
diff --git a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_yield.py b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_yield.py
index 22a18872..e5085b4d 100644
--- a/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_yield.py
+++ b/libcst/_nodes/tests/test_yield.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst import parse_statement
 from libcst._nodes.tests.base import CSTNodeTest, parse_statement_as
-from libcst._parser.entrypoints import is_native
 from libcst.helpers import ensure_type
 from libcst.metadata import CodeRange
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
@@ -241,6 +240,6 @@ class YieldParsingTest(CSTNodeTest):
         )
     )
     def test_versions(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
-        if is_native() and not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
+        if not kwargs.get("expect_success", True):
             self.skipTest("parse errors are disabled for native parser")
         self.assert_parses(**kwargs)
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/_parsing_check.py b/libcst/_parser/_parsing_check.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..03283c95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/_parser/_parsing_check.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+from typing import Iterable, Union
+
+from libcst._exceptions import EOFSentinel
+from libcst._parser.parso.pgen2.generator import ReservedString
+from libcst._parser.parso.python.token import PythonTokenTypes, TokenType
+from libcst._parser.types.token import Token
+
+_EOF_STR: str = "end of file (EOF)"
+_INDENT_STR: str = "an indent"
+_DEDENT_STR: str = "a dedent"
+
+
+def get_expected_str(
+    encountered: Union[Token, EOFSentinel],
+    expected: Union[Iterable[Union[TokenType, ReservedString]], EOFSentinel],
+) -> str:
+    if (
+        isinstance(encountered, EOFSentinel)
+        or encountered.type is PythonTokenTypes.ENDMARKER
+    ):
+        encountered_str = _EOF_STR
+    elif encountered.type is PythonTokenTypes.INDENT:
+        encountered_str = _INDENT_STR
+    elif encountered.type is PythonTokenTypes.DEDENT:
+        encountered_str = _DEDENT_STR
+    else:
+        encountered_str = repr(encountered.string)
+
+    if isinstance(expected, EOFSentinel):
+        expected_names = [_EOF_STR]
+    else:
+        expected_names = sorted(
+            [
+                repr(el.name) if isinstance(el, TokenType) else repr(el.value)
+                for el in expected
+            ]
+        )
+
+    if len(expected_names) > 10:
+        # There's too many possibilities, so it's probably not useful to list them.
+        # Instead, let's just abbreviate the message.
+        return f"Unexpectedly encountered {encountered_str}."
+    else:
+        if len(expected_names) == 1:
+            expected_str = expected_names[0]
+        else:
+            expected_str = f"{', '.join(expected_names[:-1])}, or {expected_names[-1]}"
+        return f"Encountered {encountered_str}, but expected {expected_str}."
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/base_parser.py b/libcst/_parser/base_parser.py
index ef9e1519..d349bb14 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/base_parser.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/base_parser.py
@@ -26,12 +26,8 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from typing import Generic, Iterable, List, Sequence, TypeVar, Union
 
-from libcst._exceptions import (
-    EOFSentinel,
-    get_expected_str,
-    ParserSyntaxError,
-    PartialParserSyntaxError,
-)
+from libcst._exceptions import EOFSentinel, ParserSyntaxError, PartialParserSyntaxError
+from libcst._parser._parsing_check import get_expected_str
 from libcst._parser.parso.pgen2.generator import DFAState, Grammar, ReservedString
 from libcst._parser.parso.python.token import TokenType
 from libcst._parser.types.token import Token
@@ -103,7 +99,7 @@ class BaseParser(Generic[_TokenT, _TokenTypeT, _NodeT]):
     def parse(self) -> _NodeT:
         # Ensure that we don't re-use parsers.
         if self.__was_parse_called:
-            raise Exception("Each parser object may only be used to parse once.")
+            raise ValueError("Each parser object may only be used to parse once.")
         self.__was_parse_called = True
 
         for token in self.tokens:
@@ -129,11 +125,9 @@ class BaseParser(Generic[_TokenT, _TokenTypeT, _NodeT]):
 
     def convert_nonterminal(
         self, nonterminal: str, children: Sequence[_NodeT]
-    ) -> _NodeT:
-        ...
+    ) -> _NodeT: ...
 
-    def convert_terminal(self, token: _TokenT) -> _NodeT:
-        ...
+    def convert_terminal(self, token: _TokenT) -> _NodeT: ...
 
     def _add_token(self, token: _TokenT) -> None:
         """
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/conversions/expression.py b/libcst/_parser/conversions/expression.py
index a3ba90ac..79d7ad78 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/conversions/expression.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/conversions/expression.py
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ from tokenize import (
     Intnumber as INTNUMBER_RE,
 )
 
-from libcst._exceptions import PartialParserSyntaxError
+from libcst import CSTLogicError
+from libcst._exceptions import ParserSyntaxError, PartialParserSyntaxError
 from libcst._maybe_sentinel import MaybeSentinel
 from libcst._nodes.expression import (
     Arg,
@@ -327,7 +328,12 @@ def convert_boolop(
     # Convert all of the operations that have no precedence in a loop
     for op, rightexpr in grouper(rightexprs, 2):
         if op.string not in BOOLOP_TOKEN_LUT:
-            raise Exception(f"Unexpected token '{op.string}'!")
+            raise ParserSyntaxError(
+                f"Unexpected token '{op.string}'!",
+                lines=config.lines,
+                raw_line=0,
+                raw_column=0,
+            )
         leftexpr = BooleanOperation(
             left=leftexpr,
             # pyre-ignore Pyre thinks that the type of the LUT is CSTNode.
@@ -420,7 +426,12 @@ def convert_comp_op(
             )
         else:
             # this should be unreachable
-            raise Exception(f"Unexpected token '{op.string}'!")
+            raise ParserSyntaxError(
+                f"Unexpected token '{op.string}'!",
+                lines=config.lines,
+                raw_line=0,
+                raw_column=0,
+            )
     else:
         # A two-token comparison
         leftcomp, rightcomp = children
@@ -451,7 +462,12 @@ def convert_comp_op(
             )
         else:
             # this should be unreachable
-            raise Exception(f"Unexpected token '{leftcomp.string} {rightcomp.string}'!")
+            raise ParserSyntaxError(
+                f"Unexpected token '{leftcomp.string} {rightcomp.string}'!",
+                lines=config.lines,
+                raw_line=0,
+                raw_column=0,
+            )
 
 
 @with_production("star_expr", "'*' expr")
@@ -493,7 +509,12 @@ def convert_binop(
     # Convert all of the operations that have no precedence in a loop
     for op, rightexpr in grouper(rightexprs, 2):
         if op.string not in BINOP_TOKEN_LUT:
-            raise Exception(f"Unexpected token '{op.string}'!")
+            raise ParserSyntaxError(
+                f"Unexpected token '{op.string}'!",
+                lines=config.lines,
+                raw_line=0,
+                raw_column=0,
+            )
         leftexpr = BinaryOperation(
             left=leftexpr,
             # pyre-ignore Pyre thinks that the type of the LUT is CSTNode.
@@ -540,7 +561,12 @@ def convert_factor(
             )
         )
     else:
-        raise Exception(f"Unexpected token '{op.string}'!")
+        raise ParserSyntaxError(
+            f"Unexpected token '{op.string}'!",
+            lines=config.lines,
+            raw_line=0,
+            raw_column=0,
+        )
 
     return WithLeadingWhitespace(
         UnaryOperation(operator=opnode, expression=factor.value), op.whitespace_before
@@ -651,7 +677,7 @@ def convert_atom_expr_trailer(
             )
         else:
             # This is an invalid trailer, so lets give up
-            raise Exception("Logic error!")
+            raise CSTLogicError()
     return WithLeadingWhitespace(atom, whitespace_before)
 
 
@@ -870,9 +896,19 @@ def convert_atom_basic(
                 Imaginary(child.string), child.whitespace_before
             )
         else:
-            raise Exception("Unparseable number {child.string}")
+            raise ParserSyntaxError(
+                f"Unparseable number {child.string}",
+                lines=config.lines,
+                raw_line=0,
+                raw_column=0,
+            )
     else:
-        raise Exception(f"Logic error, unexpected token {child.type.name}")
+        raise ParserSyntaxError(
+            f"Logic error, unexpected token {child.type.name}",
+            lines=config.lines,
+            raw_line=0,
+            raw_column=0,
+        )
 
 
 @with_production("atom_squarebrackets", "'[' [testlist_comp_list] ']'")
@@ -1447,7 +1483,7 @@ def convert_arg_assign_comp_for(
         if equal.string == ":=":
             val = convert_namedexpr_test(config, children)
             if not isinstance(val, WithLeadingWhitespace):
-                raise Exception(
+                raise TypeError(
                     f"convert_namedexpr_test returned {val!r}, not WithLeadingWhitespace"
                 )
             return Arg(value=val.value)
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/conversions/params.py b/libcst/_parser/conversions/params.py
index 9ac7f1d1..5b29f95d 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/conversions/params.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/conversions/params.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 from typing import Any, List, Optional, Sequence, Union
 
+from libcst import CSTLogicError
 from libcst._exceptions import PartialParserSyntaxError
 from libcst._maybe_sentinel import MaybeSentinel
 from libcst._nodes.expression import (
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ def convert_argslist(  # noqa: C901
                 # Example code:
                 #     def fn(*abc, *): ...
                 # This should be unreachable, the grammar already disallows it.
-                raise Exception(
+                raise ValueError(
                     "Cannot have multiple star ('*') markers in a single argument "
                     + "list."
                 )
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ def convert_argslist(  # noqa: C901
                 # Example code:
                 # def fn(foo, /, *, /, bar): ...
                 # This should be unreachable, the grammar already disallows it.
-                raise Exception(
+                raise ValueError(
                     "Cannot have multiple slash ('/') markers in a single argument "
                     + "list."
                 )
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ def convert_argslist(  # noqa: C901
                 # Example code:
                 #     def fn(**kwargs, trailing=None)
                 # This should be unreachable, the grammar already disallows it.
-                raise Exception("Cannot have any arguments after a kwargs expansion.")
+                raise ValueError("Cannot have any arguments after a kwargs expansion.")
         elif (
             isinstance(param.star, str) and param.star == "*" and param.default is None
         ):
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ def convert_argslist(  # noqa: C901
                 # Example code:
                 #     def fn(*first, *second): ...
                 # This should be unreachable, the grammar already disallows it.
-                raise Exception(
+                raise ValueError(
                     "Expected a keyword argument but found a starred positional "
                     + "argument expansion."
                 )
@@ -197,13 +198,13 @@ def convert_argslist(  # noqa: C901
                 # Example code:
                 #     def fn(**first, **second)
                 # This should be unreachable, the grammar already disallows it.
-                raise Exception(
+                raise ValueError(
                     "Multiple starred keyword argument expansions are not allowed in a "
                     + "single argument list"
                 )
         else:
             # The state machine should never end up here.
-            raise Exception("Logic error!")
+            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
 
         return current_param
 
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/conversions/statement.py b/libcst/_parser/conversions/statement.py
index 608f002f..f96c6ea2 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/conversions/statement.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/conversions/statement.py
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Type
 
-from libcst._exceptions import PartialParserSyntaxError
+from libcst import CSTLogicError
+from libcst._exceptions import ParserSyntaxError, PartialParserSyntaxError
 from libcst._maybe_sentinel import MaybeSentinel
 from libcst._nodes.expression import (
     Annotation,
@@ -283,7 +284,9 @@ def convert_annassign(config: ParserConfig, children: Sequence[Any]) -> Any:
             whitespace_after=parse_simple_whitespace(config, equal.whitespace_after),
         )
     else:
-        raise Exception("Invalid parser state!")
+        raise ParserSyntaxError(
+            "Invalid parser state!", lines=config.lines, raw_line=0, raw_column=0
+        )
 
     return AnnAssignPartial(
         annotation=Annotation(
@@ -319,7 +322,13 @@ def convert_annassign(config: ParserConfig, children: Sequence[Any]) -> Any:
 def convert_augassign(config: ParserConfig, children: Sequence[Any]) -> Any:
     op, expr = children
     if op.string not in AUGOP_TOKEN_LUT:
-        raise Exception(f"Unexpected token '{op.string}'!")
+        raise ParserSyntaxError(
+            f"Unexpected token '{op.string}'!",
+            lines=config.lines,
+            raw_line=0,
+            raw_column=0,
+        )
+
     return AugAssignPartial(
         # pyre-ignore Pyre seems to think that the value of this LUT is CSTNode
         operator=AUGOP_TOKEN_LUT[op.string](
@@ -447,7 +456,7 @@ def convert_import_relative(config: ParserConfig, children: Sequence[Any]) -> An
             # This should be the dotted name, and we can't get more than
             # one, but lets be sure anyway
             if dotted_name is not None:
-                raise Exception("Logic error!")
+                raise CSTLogicError()
             dotted_name = child
 
     return ImportRelativePartial(relative=tuple(dots), module=dotted_name)
@@ -644,7 +653,7 @@ def convert_raise_stmt(config: ParserConfig, children: Sequence[Any]) -> Any:
             item=source.value,
         )
     else:
-        raise Exception("Logic error!")
+        raise CSTLogicError()
 
     return WithLeadingWhitespace(
         Raise(whitespace_after_raise=whitespace_after_raise, exc=exc, cause=cause),
@@ -893,7 +902,7 @@ def convert_try_stmt(config: ParserConfig, children: Sequence[Any]) -> Any:
         if isinstance(clause, Token):
             if clause.string == "else":
                 if orelse is not None:
-                    raise Exception("Logic error!")
+                    raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
                 orelse = Else(
                     leading_lines=parse_empty_lines(config, clause.whitespace_before),
                     whitespace_before_colon=parse_simple_whitespace(
@@ -903,7 +912,7 @@ def convert_try_stmt(config: ParserConfig, children: Sequence[Any]) -> Any:
                 )
             elif clause.string == "finally":
                 if finalbody is not None:
-                    raise Exception("Logic error!")
+                    raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
                 finalbody = Finally(
                     leading_lines=parse_empty_lines(config, clause.whitespace_before),
                     whitespace_before_colon=parse_simple_whitespace(
@@ -912,7 +921,7 @@ def convert_try_stmt(config: ParserConfig, children: Sequence[Any]) -> Any:
                     body=suite,
                 )
             else:
-                raise Exception("Logic error!")
+                raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
         elif isinstance(clause, ExceptClausePartial):
             handlers.append(
                 ExceptHandler(
@@ -927,7 +936,7 @@ def convert_try_stmt(config: ParserConfig, children: Sequence[Any]) -> Any:
                 )
             )
         else:
-            raise Exception("Logic error!")
+            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
 
     return Try(
         leading_lines=parse_empty_lines(config, trytoken.whitespace_before),
@@ -1333,7 +1342,7 @@ def convert_asyncable_stmt(config: ParserConfig, children: Sequence[Any]) -> Any
             asynchronous=asyncnode, leading_lines=leading_lines
         )
     else:
-        raise Exception("Logic error!")
+        raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
 
 
 @with_production("suite", "simple_stmt_suite | indented_suite")
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/entrypoints.py b/libcst/_parser/entrypoints.py
index 461433bd..bab45ece 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/entrypoints.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/entrypoints.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ parser. A parser entrypoint should take the source code and some configuration
 information
 """
 
-import os
 from functools import partial
 from typing import Union
 
@@ -17,19 +16,12 @@ from libcst._nodes.base import CSTNode
 from libcst._nodes.expression import BaseExpression
 from libcst._nodes.module import Module
 from libcst._nodes.statement import BaseCompoundStatement, SimpleStatementLine
-from libcst._parser.detect_config import convert_to_utf8, detect_config
-from libcst._parser.grammar import get_grammar, validate_grammar
-from libcst._parser.python_parser import PythonCSTParser
+from libcst._parser.detect_config import convert_to_utf8
 from libcst._parser.types.config import PartialParserConfig
 
 _DEFAULT_PARTIAL_PARSER_CONFIG: PartialParserConfig = PartialParserConfig()
 
 
-def is_native() -> bool:
-    typ = os.environ.get("LIBCST_PARSER_TYPE", None)
-    return typ == "native"
-
-
 def _parse(
     entrypoint: str,
     source: Union[str, bytes],
@@ -38,57 +30,21 @@ def _parse(
     detect_trailing_newline: bool,
     detect_default_newline: bool,
 ) -> CSTNode:
-    if is_native():
-        from libcst.native import parse_expression, parse_module, parse_statement
 
-        encoding, source_str = convert_to_utf8(source, partial=config)
+    encoding, source_str = convert_to_utf8(source, partial=config)
 
-        if entrypoint == "file_input":
-            parse = partial(parse_module, encoding=encoding)
-        elif entrypoint == "stmt_input":
-            parse = parse_statement
-        elif entrypoint == "expression_input":
-            parse = parse_expression
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(f"Unknown parser entry point: {entrypoint}")
+    from libcst import native
 
-        return parse(source_str)
-    return _pure_python_parse(
-        entrypoint,
-        source,
-        config,
-        detect_trailing_newline=detect_trailing_newline,
-        detect_default_newline=detect_default_newline,
-    )
+    if entrypoint == "file_input":
+        parse = partial(native.parse_module, encoding=encoding)
+    elif entrypoint == "stmt_input":
+        parse = native.parse_statement
+    elif entrypoint == "expression_input":
+        parse = native.parse_expression
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown parser entry point: {entrypoint}")
 
-
-def _pure_python_parse(
-    entrypoint: str,
-    source: Union[str, bytes],
-    config: PartialParserConfig,
-    *,
-    detect_trailing_newline: bool,
-    detect_default_newline: bool,
-) -> CSTNode:
-    detection_result = detect_config(
-        source,
-        partial=config,
-        detect_trailing_newline=detect_trailing_newline,
-        detect_default_newline=detect_default_newline,
-    )
-    validate_grammar()
-    grammar = get_grammar(config.parsed_python_version, config.future_imports)
-
-    parser = PythonCSTParser(
-        tokens=detection_result.tokens,
-        config=detection_result.config,
-        pgen_grammar=grammar,
-        start_nonterminal=entrypoint,
-    )
-    # The parser has an Any return type, we can at least refine it to CSTNode here.
-    result = parser.parse()
-    assert isinstance(result, CSTNode)
-    return result
+    return parse(source_str)
 
 
 def parse_module(
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/grammar.py b/libcst/_parser/grammar.py
index 8e6ade59..ee65ef72 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/grammar.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/grammar.py
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ def validate_grammar() -> None:
             production_name = fn_productions[0].name
             expected_name = f"convert_{production_name}"
             if fn.__name__ != expected_name:
-                raise Exception(
+                raise ValueError(
                     f"The conversion function for '{production_name}' "
                     + f"must be called '{expected_name}', not '{fn.__name__}'."
                 )
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ def _get_version_comparison(version: str) -> Tuple[str, PythonVersionInfo]:
         return (version[:2], parse_version_string(version[2:].strip()))
     if version[:1] in (">", "<"):
         return (version[:1], parse_version_string(version[1:].strip()))
-    raise Exception(f"Invalid version comparison specifier '{version}'")
+    raise ValueError(f"Invalid version comparison specifier '{version}'")
 
 
 def _compare_versions(
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ def _compare_versions(
         return actual_version > requested_version
     if comparison == "<":
         return actual_version < requested_version
-    raise Exception(f"Invalid version comparison specifier '{comparison}'")
+    raise ValueError(f"Invalid version comparison specifier '{comparison}'")
 
 
 def _should_include(
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ def get_nonterminal_conversions(
             if not _should_include_future(fn_production.future, future_imports):
                 continue
             if fn_production.name in conversions:
-                raise Exception(
+                raise ValueError(
                     f"Found duplicate '{fn_production.name}' production in grammar"
                 )
             conversions[fn_production.name] = fn
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/parso/pgen2/generator.py b/libcst/_parser/parso/pgen2/generator.py
index 4e20e89d..5e83741b 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/parso/pgen2/generator.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/parso/pgen2/generator.py
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ class DFAState(Generic[_TokenTypeT]):
     def __init__(self, from_rule: str, nfa_set: Set[NFAState], final: NFAState) -> None:
         self.from_rule = from_rule
         self.nfa_set = nfa_set
-        self.arcs: Mapping[
-            str, DFAState
-        ] = {}  # map from terminals/nonterminals to DFAState
+        self.arcs: Mapping[str, DFAState] = (
+            {}
+        )  # map from terminals/nonterminals to DFAState
         # In an intermediary step we set these nonterminal arcs (which has the
         # same structure as arcs). These don't contain terminals anymore.
         self.nonterminal_arcs: Mapping[str, DFAState] = {}
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ def generate_grammar(bnf_grammar: str, token_namespace: Any) -> Grammar[Any]:
 
     _calculate_tree_traversal(rule_to_dfas)
     if start_nonterminal is None:
-        raise Exception("could not find starting nonterminal!")
+        raise ValueError("could not find starting nonterminal!")
     return Grammar(start_nonterminal, rule_to_dfas, reserved_strings)
 
 
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/parso/python/token.py b/libcst/_parser/parso/python/token.py
index 83731192..164262b9 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/parso/python/token.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/parso/python/token.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ try:
         ERROR_DEDENT: TokenType = native_token_type.ERROR_DEDENT
 
 except ImportError:
-    from libcst._parser.parso.python.py_token import (  # noqa F401
+    from libcst._parser.parso.python.py_token import (  # noqa: F401
         PythonTokenTypes,
         TokenType,
     )
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/parso/python/tokenize.py b/libcst/_parser/parso/python/tokenize.py
index bfd159dd..711a8785 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/parso/python/tokenize.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/parso/python/tokenize.py
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ from collections import namedtuple
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Dict, Generator, Iterable, Optional, Pattern, Set, Tuple
 
+from libcst import CSTLogicError
 from libcst._parser.parso.python.token import PythonTokenTypes
 from libcst._parser.parso.utils import PythonVersionInfo, split_lines
 
@@ -522,14 +523,14 @@ def _tokenize_lines_py36_or_below(  # noqa: C901
 
         if contstr:  # continued string
             if endprog is None:
-                raise Exception("Logic error!")
+                raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
             endmatch = endprog.match(line)
             if endmatch:
                 pos = endmatch.end(0)
                 if contstr_start is None:
-                    raise Exception("Logic error!")
+                    raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
                 if stashed is not None:
-                    raise Exception("Logic error!")
+                    raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
                 yield PythonToken(STRING, contstr + line[:pos], contstr_start, prefix)
                 contstr = ""
                 contline = None
@@ -547,7 +548,7 @@ def _tokenize_lines_py36_or_below(  # noqa: C901
                     )
                     if string:
                         if stashed is not None:
-                            raise Exception("Logic error!")
+                            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
                         yield PythonToken(
                             FSTRING_STRING,
                             string,
@@ -572,7 +573,7 @@ def _tokenize_lines_py36_or_below(  # noqa: C901
                 pos += quote_length
                 if fstring_end_token is not None:
                     if stashed is not None:
-                        raise Exception("Logic error!")
+                        raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
                     yield fstring_end_token
                     continue
 
@@ -885,12 +886,12 @@ def _tokenize_lines_py37_or_above(  # noqa: C901
 
         if contstr:  # continued string
             if endprog is None:
-                raise Exception("Logic error!")
+                raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
             endmatch = endprog.match(line)
             if endmatch:
                 pos = endmatch.end(0)
                 if contstr_start is None:
-                    raise Exception("Logic error!")
+                    raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
                 yield PythonToken(STRING, contstr + line[:pos], contstr_start, prefix)
                 contstr = ""
                 contline = None
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_utils.py b/libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_utils.py
index e033fe9d..1f548ef4 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class ParsoUtilsTest(UnitTest):
             # Invalid line breaks
             ("a\vb", ["a\vb"], False),
             ("a\vb", ["a\vb"], True),
-            ("\x1C", ["\x1C"], False),
-            ("\x1C", ["\x1C"], True),
+            ("\x1c", ["\x1c"], False),
+            ("\x1c", ["\x1c"], True),
         )
     )
     def test_split_lines(self, string, expected_result, keepends):
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/parso/utils.py b/libcst/_parser/parso/utils.py
index 7814876c..54517123 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/parso/utils.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/parso/utils.py
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ from typing import Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
 _NON_LINE_BREAKS = (
     "\v",  # Vertical Tabulation 0xB
     "\f",  # Form Feed 0xC
-    "\x1C",  # File Separator
-    "\x1D",  # Group Separator
-    "\x1E",  # Record Separator
+    "\x1c",  # File Separator
+    "\x1d",  # Group Separator
+    "\x1e",  # Record Separator
     "\x85",  # Next Line (NEL - Equivalent to CR+LF.
     # Used to mark end-of-line on some IBM mainframes.)
     "\u2028",  # Line Separator
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/production_decorator.py b/libcst/_parser/production_decorator.py
index 41a817f8..d5ba52de 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/production_decorator.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/production_decorator.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def with_production(
         # pyre-ignore: Pyre doesn't think that fn has a __name__ attribute
         fn_name = fn.__name__
         if not fn_name.startswith("convert_"):
-            raise Exception(
+            raise ValueError(
                 "A function with a production must be named 'convert_X', not "
                 + f"'{fn_name}'."
             )
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/py_whitespace_parser.py b/libcst/_parser/py_whitespace_parser.py
index b1fd9b5e..6b6573a6 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/py_whitespace_parser.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/py_whitespace_parser.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 from typing import List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
 
+from libcst import CSTLogicError, ParserSyntaxError
 from libcst._nodes.whitespace import (
     Comment,
     COMMENT_RE,
@@ -103,10 +104,13 @@ def parse_trailing_whitespace(
 ) -> TrailingWhitespace:
     trailing_whitespace = _parse_trailing_whitespace(config, state)
     if trailing_whitespace is None:
-        raise Exception(
+        raise ParserSyntaxError(
             "Internal Error: Failed to parse TrailingWhitespace. This should never "
             + "happen because a TrailingWhitespace is never optional in the grammar, "
-            + "so this error should've been caught by parso first."
+            + "so this error should've been caught by parso first.",
+            lines=config.lines,
+            raw_line=state.line,
+            raw_column=state.column,
         )
     return trailing_whitespace
 
@@ -177,7 +181,9 @@ def _parse_indent(
         if state.column == len(line_str) and state.line == len(config.lines):
             # We're at EOF, treat this as a failed speculative parse
             return False
-        raise Exception("Internal Error: Column should be 0 when parsing an indent.")
+        raise CSTLogicError(
+            "Internal Error: Column should be 0 when parsing an indent."
+        )
     if line_str.startswith(absolute_indent, state.column):
         state.column += len(absolute_indent)
         return True
@@ -206,7 +212,12 @@ def _parse_newline(
         newline_str = newline_match.group(0)
         state.column += len(newline_str)
         if state.column != len(line_str):
-            raise Exception("Internal Error: Found a newline, but it wasn't the EOL.")
+            raise ParserSyntaxError(
+                "Internal Error: Found a newline, but it wasn't the EOL.",
+                lines=config.lines,
+                raw_line=state.line,
+                raw_column=state.column,
+            )
         if state.line < len(config.lines):
             # this newline was the end of a line, and there's another line,
             # therefore we should move to the next line
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/tests/test_parse_errors.py b/libcst/_parser/tests/test_parse_errors.py
index b39ea20e..7697893d 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/tests/test_parse_errors.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/tests/test_parse_errors.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst._nodes.base import CSTValidationError
-from libcst._parser.entrypoints import is_native
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider, UnitTest
 
 
@@ -174,12 +173,9 @@ class ParseErrorsTest(UnitTest):
             parse_fn()
         # make sure str() doesn't blow up
         self.assertIn("Syntax Error", str(cm.exception))
-        if not is_native():
-            self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), expected)
 
     def test_native_fallible_into_py(self) -> None:
         with patch("libcst._nodes.expression.Name._validate") as await_validate:
             await_validate.side_effect = CSTValidationError("validate is broken")
-            with self.assertRaises(Exception) as e:
+            with self.assertRaises((SyntaxError, cst.ParserSyntaxError)):
                 cst.parse_module("foo")
-            self.assertIsInstance(e.exception, (SyntaxError, cst.ParserSyntaxError))
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/types/config.py b/libcst/_parser/types/config.py
index 1fc32371..289fd8ae 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/types/config.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/types/config.py
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ except ImportError:
 
 BaseWhitespaceParserConfig = config_mod.BaseWhitespaceParserConfig
 ParserConfig = config_mod.ParserConfig
-parser_config_asdict: Callable[
-    [ParserConfig], Mapping[str, Any]
-] = config_mod.parser_config_asdict
+parser_config_asdict: Callable[[ParserConfig], Mapping[str, Any]] = (
+    config_mod.parser_config_asdict
+)
 
 
 class AutoConfig(Enum):
diff --git a/libcst/_parser/types/token.py b/libcst/_parser/types/token.py
index 32c85ccf..54d904ef 100644
--- a/libcst/_parser/types/token.py
+++ b/libcst/_parser/types/token.py
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ try:
 
     Token = tokenize.Token
 except ImportError:
-    from libcst._parser.types.py_token import Token  # noqa F401
+    from libcst._parser.types.py_token import Token  # noqa: F401
diff --git a/libcst/_position.py b/libcst/_position.py
index d7ba0d07..e81e9ab4 100644
--- a/libcst/_position.py
+++ b/libcst/_position.py
@@ -40,12 +40,10 @@ class CodeRange:
     end: CodePosition
 
     @overload
-    def __init__(self, start: CodePosition, end: CodePosition) -> None:
-        ...
+    def __init__(self, start: CodePosition, end: CodePosition) -> None: ...
 
     @overload
-    def __init__(self, start: Tuple[int, int], end: Tuple[int, int]) -> None:
-        ...
+    def __init__(self, start: Tuple[int, int], end: Tuple[int, int]) -> None: ...
 
     def __init__(self, start: _CodePositionT, end: _CodePositionT) -> None:
         if isinstance(start, tuple) and isinstance(end, tuple):
diff --git a/libcst/_type_enforce.py b/libcst/_type_enforce.py
index b13c41de..dded4525 100644
--- a/libcst/_type_enforce.py
+++ b/libcst/_type_enforce.py
@@ -5,17 +5,20 @@
 
 from typing import (
     Any,
+    ClassVar,
     ForwardRef,
+    get_args,
+    get_origin,
     Iterable,
+    Literal,
     Mapping,
     MutableMapping,
     MutableSequence,
     Tuple,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
 )
 
-from typing_extensions import Literal
-from typing_inspect import get_args, get_origin, is_classvar, is_typevar, is_union_type
-
 
 def is_value_of_type(  # noqa: C901 "too complex"
     # pyre-fixme[2]: Parameter annotation cannot be `Any`.
@@ -48,11 +51,11 @@ def is_value_of_type(  # noqa: C901 "too complex"
     - Forward Refs -- use `typing.get_type_hints` to resolve these
     - Type[...]
     """
-    if is_classvar(expected_type):
+    if expected_type is ClassVar or get_origin(expected_type) is ClassVar:
         classvar_args = get_args(expected_type)
         expected_type = (classvar_args[0] or Any) if classvar_args else Any
 
-    if is_typevar(expected_type):
+    if type(expected_type) is TypeVar:
         # treat this the same as Any
         # TODO: evaluate bounds
         return True
@@ -62,13 +65,13 @@ def is_value_of_type(  # noqa: C901 "too complex"
     if expected_origin_type == Any:
         return True
 
-    elif is_union_type(expected_type):
+    elif expected_type is Union or get_origin(expected_type) is Union:
         return any(
             is_value_of_type(value, subtype) for subtype in expected_type.__args__
         )
 
     elif isinstance(expected_origin_type, type(Literal)):
-        literal_values = get_args(expected_type, evaluate=True)
+        literal_values = get_args(expected_type)
         return any(value == literal for literal in literal_values)
 
     elif isinstance(expected_origin_type, ForwardRef):
@@ -82,14 +85,11 @@ def is_value_of_type(  # noqa: C901 "too complex"
         if not isinstance(value, tuple):
             return False
 
-        type_args = get_args(expected_type, evaluate=True)
+        type_args = get_args(expected_type)
         if len(type_args) == 0:
             # `Tuple` (no subscript) is implicitly `Tuple[Any, ...]`
             return True
 
-        if type_args is None:
-            return True
-
         if len(value) != len(type_args):
             return False
         # TODO: Handle `Tuple[T, ...]` like `Iterable[T]`
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ def is_value_of_type(  # noqa: C901 "too complex"
         if not issubclass(type(value), expected_origin_type):
             return False
 
-        type_args = get_args(expected_type, evaluate=True)
+        type_args = get_args(expected_type)
         if len(type_args) == 0:
             # `Mapping` (no subscript) is implicitly `Mapping[Any, Any]`.
             return True
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ def is_value_of_type(  # noqa: C901 "too complex"
         if not issubclass(type(value), expected_origin_type):
             return False
 
-        type_args = get_args(expected_type, evaluate=True)
+        type_args = get_args(expected_type)
         if len(type_args) == 0:
             # `Iterable` (no subscript) is implicitly `Iterable[Any]`.
             return True
diff --git a/libcst/_typed_visitor.py b/libcst/_typed_visitor.py
index a880bee4..8816f619 100644
--- a/libcst/_typed_visitor.py
+++ b/libcst/_typed_visitor.py
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
         BaseExpression,
         BaseFormattedStringContent,
         BaseSlice,
+        BaseTemplatedStringContent,
         BinaryOperation,
         BooleanOperation,
         Call,
@@ -71,6 +72,9 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
         StarredElement,
         Subscript,
         SubscriptElement,
+        TemplatedString,
+        TemplatedStringExpression,
+        TemplatedStringText,
         Tuple,
         UnaryOperation,
         Yield,
@@ -178,6 +182,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
         MatchValue,
         NameItem,
         Nonlocal,
+        ParamSpec,
         Pass,
         Raise,
         Return,
@@ -185,6 +190,11 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
         SimpleStatementSuite,
         Try,
         TryStar,
+        TypeAlias,
+        TypeParam,
+        TypeParameters,
+        TypeVar,
+        TypeVarTuple,
         While,
         With,
         WithItem,
@@ -201,6 +211,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 
 class CSTTypedBaseFunctions:
+
     @mark_no_op
     def visit_Add(self, node: "Add") -> Optional[bool]:
         pass
@@ -1053,6 +1064,22 @@ class CSTTypedBaseFunctions:
     def leave_ClassDef_whitespace_before_colon(self, node: "ClassDef") -> None:
         pass
 
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_ClassDef_type_parameters(self, node: "ClassDef") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_ClassDef_type_parameters(self, node: "ClassDef") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_ClassDef_whitespace_after_type_parameters(self, node: "ClassDef") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_ClassDef_whitespace_after_type_parameters(self, node: "ClassDef") -> None:
+        pass
+
     @mark_no_op
     def visit_Colon(self, node: "Colon") -> Optional[bool]:
         pass
@@ -2339,6 +2366,26 @@ class CSTTypedBaseFunctions:
     def leave_FunctionDef_whitespace_before_colon(self, node: "FunctionDef") -> None:
         pass
 
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_FunctionDef_type_parameters(self, node: "FunctionDef") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_FunctionDef_type_parameters(self, node: "FunctionDef") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_FunctionDef_whitespace_after_type_parameters(
+        self, node: "FunctionDef"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_FunctionDef_whitespace_after_type_parameters(
+        self, node: "FunctionDef"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
     @mark_no_op
     def visit_GeneratorExp(self, node: "GeneratorExp") -> Optional[bool]:
         pass
@@ -2807,6 +2854,22 @@ class CSTTypedBaseFunctions:
     def leave_Index_value(self, node: "Index") -> None:
         pass
 
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_Index_star(self, node: "Index") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_Index_star(self, node: "Index") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_Index_whitespace_after_star(self, node: "Index") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_Index_whitespace_after_star(self, node: "Index") -> None:
+        pass
+
     @mark_no_op
     def visit_Integer(self, node: "Integer") -> Optional[bool]:
         pass
@@ -4291,6 +4354,34 @@ class CSTTypedBaseFunctions:
     def leave_ParamSlash_comma(self, node: "ParamSlash") -> None:
         pass
 
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_ParamSlash_whitespace_after(self, node: "ParamSlash") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_ParamSlash_whitespace_after(self, node: "ParamSlash") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_ParamSpec(self, node: "ParamSpec") -> Optional[bool]:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_ParamSpec_name(self, node: "ParamSpec") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_ParamSpec_name(self, node: "ParamSpec") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_ParamSpec_whitespace_after_star(self, node: "ParamSpec") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_ParamSpec_whitespace_after_star(self, node: "ParamSpec") -> None:
+        pass
+
     @mark_no_op
     def visit_ParamStar(self, node: "ParamStar") -> Optional[bool]:
         pass
@@ -5095,6 +5186,140 @@ class CSTTypedBaseFunctions:
     def leave_SubtractAssign_whitespace_after(self, node: "SubtractAssign") -> None:
         pass
 
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedString(self, node: "TemplatedString") -> Optional[bool]:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedString_parts(self, node: "TemplatedString") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedString_parts(self, node: "TemplatedString") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedString_start(self, node: "TemplatedString") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedString_start(self, node: "TemplatedString") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedString_end(self, node: "TemplatedString") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedString_end(self, node: "TemplatedString") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedString_lpar(self, node: "TemplatedString") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedString_lpar(self, node: "TemplatedString") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedString_rpar(self, node: "TemplatedString") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedString_rpar(self, node: "TemplatedString") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedStringExpression(
+        self, node: "TemplatedStringExpression"
+    ) -> Optional[bool]:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedStringExpression_expression(
+        self, node: "TemplatedStringExpression"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedStringExpression_expression(
+        self, node: "TemplatedStringExpression"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedStringExpression_conversion(
+        self, node: "TemplatedStringExpression"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedStringExpression_conversion(
+        self, node: "TemplatedStringExpression"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedStringExpression_format_spec(
+        self, node: "TemplatedStringExpression"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedStringExpression_format_spec(
+        self, node: "TemplatedStringExpression"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedStringExpression_whitespace_before_expression(
+        self, node: "TemplatedStringExpression"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedStringExpression_whitespace_before_expression(
+        self, node: "TemplatedStringExpression"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedStringExpression_whitespace_after_expression(
+        self, node: "TemplatedStringExpression"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedStringExpression_whitespace_after_expression(
+        self, node: "TemplatedStringExpression"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedStringExpression_equal(
+        self, node: "TemplatedStringExpression"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedStringExpression_equal(
+        self, node: "TemplatedStringExpression"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedStringText(self, node: "TemplatedStringText") -> Optional[bool]:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TemplatedStringText_value(self, node: "TemplatedStringText") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedStringText_value(self, node: "TemplatedStringText") -> None:
+        pass
+
     @mark_no_op
     def visit_TrailingWhitespace(self, node: "TrailingWhitespace") -> Optional[bool]:
         pass
@@ -5255,6 +5480,206 @@ class CSTTypedBaseFunctions:
     def leave_Tuple_rpar(self, node: "Tuple") -> None:
         pass
 
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeAlias(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> Optional[bool]:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeAlias_name(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeAlias_name(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeAlias_value(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeAlias_value(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeAlias_type_parameters(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeAlias_type_parameters(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeAlias_whitespace_after_type(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeAlias_whitespace_after_type(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeAlias_whitespace_after_name(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeAlias_whitespace_after_name(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeAlias_whitespace_after_type_parameters(
+        self, node: "TypeAlias"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeAlias_whitespace_after_type_parameters(
+        self, node: "TypeAlias"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeAlias_whitespace_after_equals(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeAlias_whitespace_after_equals(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeAlias_semicolon(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeAlias_semicolon(self, node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeParam(self, node: "TypeParam") -> Optional[bool]:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeParam_param(self, node: "TypeParam") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeParam_param(self, node: "TypeParam") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeParam_comma(self, node: "TypeParam") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeParam_comma(self, node: "TypeParam") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeParam_equal(self, node: "TypeParam") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeParam_equal(self, node: "TypeParam") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeParam_star(self, node: "TypeParam") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeParam_star(self, node: "TypeParam") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeParam_whitespace_after_star(self, node: "TypeParam") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeParam_whitespace_after_star(self, node: "TypeParam") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeParam_default(self, node: "TypeParam") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeParam_default(self, node: "TypeParam") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeParameters(self, node: "TypeParameters") -> Optional[bool]:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeParameters_params(self, node: "TypeParameters") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeParameters_params(self, node: "TypeParameters") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeParameters_lbracket(self, node: "TypeParameters") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeParameters_lbracket(self, node: "TypeParameters") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeParameters_rbracket(self, node: "TypeParameters") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeParameters_rbracket(self, node: "TypeParameters") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeVar(self, node: "TypeVar") -> Optional[bool]:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeVar_name(self, node: "TypeVar") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeVar_name(self, node: "TypeVar") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeVar_bound(self, node: "TypeVar") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeVar_bound(self, node: "TypeVar") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeVar_colon(self, node: "TypeVar") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeVar_colon(self, node: "TypeVar") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeVarTuple(self, node: "TypeVarTuple") -> Optional[bool]:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeVarTuple_name(self, node: "TypeVarTuple") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeVarTuple_name(self, node: "TypeVarTuple") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def visit_TypeVarTuple_whitespace_after_star(self, node: "TypeVarTuple") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeVarTuple_whitespace_after_star(self, node: "TypeVarTuple") -> None:
+        pass
+
     @mark_no_op
     def visit_UnaryOperation(self, node: "UnaryOperation") -> Optional[bool]:
         pass
@@ -5477,6 +5902,7 @@ class CSTTypedBaseFunctions:
 
 
 class CSTTypedVisitorFunctions(CSTTypedBaseFunctions):
+
     @mark_no_op
     def leave_Add(self, original_node: "Add") -> None:
         pass
@@ -5979,6 +6405,10 @@ class CSTTypedVisitorFunctions(CSTTypedBaseFunctions):
     def leave_ParamSlash(self, original_node: "ParamSlash") -> None:
         pass
 
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_ParamSpec(self, original_node: "ParamSpec") -> None:
+        pass
+
     @mark_no_op
     def leave_ParamStar(self, original_node: "ParamStar") -> None:
         pass
@@ -6093,6 +6523,20 @@ class CSTTypedVisitorFunctions(CSTTypedBaseFunctions):
     def leave_SubtractAssign(self, original_node: "SubtractAssign") -> None:
         pass
 
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedString(self, original_node: "TemplatedString") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedStringExpression(
+        self, original_node: "TemplatedStringExpression"
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedStringText(self, original_node: "TemplatedStringText") -> None:
+        pass
+
     @mark_no_op
     def leave_TrailingWhitespace(self, original_node: "TrailingWhitespace") -> None:
         pass
@@ -6109,6 +6553,26 @@ class CSTTypedVisitorFunctions(CSTTypedBaseFunctions):
     def leave_Tuple(self, original_node: "Tuple") -> None:
         pass
 
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeAlias(self, original_node: "TypeAlias") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeParam(self, original_node: "TypeParam") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeParameters(self, original_node: "TypeParameters") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeVar(self, original_node: "TypeVar") -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeVarTuple(self, original_node: "TypeVarTuple") -> None:
+        pass
+
     @mark_no_op
     def leave_UnaryOperation(self, original_node: "UnaryOperation") -> None:
         pass
@@ -6131,7 +6595,6 @@ class CSTTypedVisitorFunctions(CSTTypedBaseFunctions):
 
 
 class CSTTypedTransformerFunctions(CSTTypedBaseFunctions):
-    pass
 
     @mark_no_op
     def leave_Add(self, original_node: "Add", updated_node: "Add") -> "BaseBinaryOp":
@@ -6909,6 +7372,12 @@ class CSTTypedTransformerFunctions(CSTTypedBaseFunctions):
     ) -> Union["ParamSlash", MaybeSentinel]:
         return updated_node
 
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_ParamSpec(
+        self, original_node: "ParamSpec", updated_node: "ParamSpec"
+    ) -> "ParamSpec":
+        return updated_node
+
     @mark_no_op
     def leave_ParamStar(
         self, original_node: "ParamStar", updated_node: "ParamStar"
@@ -7056,7 +7525,7 @@ class CSTTypedTransformerFunctions(CSTTypedBaseFunctions):
     @mark_no_op
     def leave_StarredElement(
         self, original_node: "StarredElement", updated_node: "StarredElement"
-    ) -> Union["BaseElement", FlattenSentinel["BaseElement"], RemovalSentinel]:
+    ) -> "BaseExpression":
         return updated_node
 
     @mark_no_op
@@ -7085,6 +7554,34 @@ class CSTTypedTransformerFunctions(CSTTypedBaseFunctions):
     ) -> "BaseAugOp":
         return updated_node
 
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedString(
+        self, original_node: "TemplatedString", updated_node: "TemplatedString"
+    ) -> "BaseExpression":
+        return updated_node
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedStringExpression(
+        self,
+        original_node: "TemplatedStringExpression",
+        updated_node: "TemplatedStringExpression",
+    ) -> Union[
+        "BaseTemplatedStringContent",
+        FlattenSentinel["BaseTemplatedStringContent"],
+        RemovalSentinel,
+    ]:
+        return updated_node
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TemplatedStringText(
+        self, original_node: "TemplatedStringText", updated_node: "TemplatedStringText"
+    ) -> Union[
+        "BaseTemplatedStringContent",
+        FlattenSentinel["BaseTemplatedStringContent"],
+        RemovalSentinel,
+    ]:
+        return updated_node
+
     @mark_no_op
     def leave_TrailingWhitespace(
         self, original_node: "TrailingWhitespace", updated_node: "TrailingWhitespace"
@@ -7109,6 +7606,38 @@ class CSTTypedTransformerFunctions(CSTTypedBaseFunctions):
     ) -> "BaseExpression":
         return updated_node
 
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeAlias(
+        self, original_node: "TypeAlias", updated_node: "TypeAlias"
+    ) -> Union[
+        "BaseSmallStatement", FlattenSentinel["BaseSmallStatement"], RemovalSentinel
+    ]:
+        return updated_node
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeParam(
+        self, original_node: "TypeParam", updated_node: "TypeParam"
+    ) -> Union["TypeParam", FlattenSentinel["TypeParam"], RemovalSentinel]:
+        return updated_node
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeParameters(
+        self, original_node: "TypeParameters", updated_node: "TypeParameters"
+    ) -> "TypeParameters":
+        return updated_node
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeVar(
+        self, original_node: "TypeVar", updated_node: "TypeVar"
+    ) -> "TypeVar":
+        return updated_node
+
+    @mark_no_op
+    def leave_TypeVarTuple(
+        self, original_node: "TypeVarTuple", updated_node: "TypeVarTuple"
+    ) -> "TypeVarTuple":
+        return updated_node
+
     @mark_no_op
     def leave_UnaryOperation(
         self, original_node: "UnaryOperation", updated_node: "UnaryOperation"
diff --git a/libcst/_typed_visitor_base.py b/libcst/_typed_visitor_base.py
index 3b1bd2db..de751a15 100644
--- a/libcst/_typed_visitor_base.py
+++ b/libcst/_typed_visitor_base.py
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@
 # This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
-from typing import Any, Callable, cast, TYPE_CHECKING, TypeVar
+from typing import Any, Callable, cast, TypeVar
 
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from libcst._typed_visitor import CSTTypedBaseFunctions  # noqa: F401
 
 # pyre-fixme[24]: Generic type `Callable` expects 2 type parameters.
 F = TypeVar("F", bound=Callable)
diff --git a/libcst/_types.py b/libcst/_types.py
index 8df90ee5..24055a5c 100644
--- a/libcst/_types.py
+++ b/libcst/_types.py
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, TypeVar
+from pathlib import PurePath
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, TypeVar, Union
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from libcst._nodes.base import CSTNode  # noqa: F401
@@ -12,3 +13,4 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 CSTNodeT = TypeVar("CSTNodeT", bound="CSTNode")
 CSTNodeT_co = TypeVar("CSTNodeT_co", bound="CSTNode", covariant=True)
+StrPath = Union[str, PurePath]
diff --git a/libcst/codegen/gather.py b/libcst/codegen/gather.py
index 7d7fa8d6..5eeaa7d3 100644
--- a/libcst/codegen/gather.py
+++ b/libcst/codegen/gather.py
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ import inspect
 from collections import defaultdict
 from collections.abc import Sequence as ABCSequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass, fields, replace
-from typing import Dict, Generator, List, Mapping, Sequence, Set, Type, Union
+from typing import Dict, Iterator, List, Mapping, Sequence, Set, Type, Union
 
 import libcst as cst
 
 
-def _get_bases() -> Generator[Type[cst.CSTNode], None, None]:
+def _get_bases() -> Iterator[Type[cst.CSTNode]]:
     """
     Get all base classes that are subclasses of CSTNode but not an actual
     node itself. This allows us to keep our types sane by refering to the
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ def _get_bases() -> Generator[Type[cst.CSTNode], None, None]:
 
 
 typeclasses: Sequence[Type[cst.CSTNode]] = sorted(
-    list(_get_bases()), key=lambda base: base.__name__
+    _get_bases(), key=lambda base: base.__name__
 )
 
 
-def _get_nodes() -> Generator[Type[cst.CSTNode], None, None]:
+def _get_nodes() -> Iterator[Type[cst.CSTNode]]:
     """
     Grab all CSTNodes that are not a superclass. Basically, anything that a
     person might use to generate a tree.
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def _get_nodes() -> Generator[Type[cst.CSTNode], None, None]:
 
 
 all_libcst_nodes: Sequence[Type[cst.CSTNode]] = sorted(
-    list(_get_nodes()), key=lambda node: node.__name__
+    _get_nodes(), key=lambda node: node.__name__
 )
 node_to_bases: Dict[Type[cst.CSTNode], List[Type[cst.CSTNode]]] = {}
 for node in all_libcst_nodes:
diff --git a/libcst/codegen/gen_matcher_classes.py b/libcst/codegen/gen_matcher_classes.py
index c8453a5d..e6def68c 100644
--- a/libcst/codegen/gen_matcher_classes.py
+++ b/libcst/codegen/gen_matcher_classes.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass, fields
 from typing import Generator, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, Type, Union
 
 import libcst as cst
-from libcst import ensure_type, parse_expression
+from libcst import CSTLogicError, ensure_type, parse_expression
 from libcst.codegen.gather import all_libcst_nodes, typeclasses
 
 CST_DIR: Set[str] = set(dir(cst))
@@ -16,6 +16,109 @@ CLASS_RE = r"<class \'(.*?)\'>"
 OPTIONAL_RE = r"typing\.Union\[([^,]*?), NoneType]"
 
 
+class NormalizeUnions(cst.CSTTransformer):
+    """
+    Convert a binary operation with | operators into a Union type.
+    For example, converts `foo | bar | baz` into `typing.Union[foo, bar, baz]`.
+    Special case: converts `foo | None` or `None | foo` into `typing.Optional[foo]`.
+    Also flattens nested typing.Union types.
+    """
+
+    def leave_Subscript(
+        self, original_node: cst.Subscript, updated_node: cst.Subscript
+    ) -> cst.Subscript:
+        # Check if this is a typing.Union
+        if (
+            isinstance(updated_node.value, cst.Attribute)
+            and isinstance(updated_node.value.value, cst.Name)
+            and updated_node.value.attr.value == "Union"
+            and updated_node.value.value.value == "typing"
+        ):
+            # Collect all operands from any nested Unions
+            operands: List[cst.BaseExpression] = []
+            for slc in updated_node.slice:
+                if not isinstance(slc.slice, cst.Index):
+                    continue
+                value = slc.slice.value
+                # If this is a nested Union, add its elements
+                if (
+                    isinstance(value, cst.Subscript)
+                    and isinstance(value.value, cst.Attribute)
+                    and isinstance(value.value.value, cst.Name)
+                    and value.value.attr.value == "Union"
+                    and value.value.value.value == "typing"
+                ):
+                    operands.extend(
+                        nested_slc.slice.value
+                        for nested_slc in value.slice
+                        if isinstance(nested_slc.slice, cst.Index)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    operands.append(value)
+
+            # flatten operands into a Union type
+            return cst.Subscript(
+                cst.Attribute(cst.Name("typing"), cst.Name("Union")),
+                [cst.SubscriptElement(cst.Index(operand)) for operand in operands],
+            )
+        return updated_node
+
+    def leave_BinaryOperation(
+        self, original_node: cst.BinaryOperation, updated_node: cst.BinaryOperation
+    ) -> Union[cst.BinaryOperation, cst.Subscript]:
+        if not updated_node.operator.deep_equals(cst.BitOr()):
+            return updated_node
+
+        def flatten_binary_op(node: cst.BaseExpression) -> List[cst.BaseExpression]:
+            """Flatten a binary operation tree into a list of operands."""
+            if not isinstance(node, cst.BinaryOperation):
+                # If it's a Union type, extract its elements
+                if (
+                    isinstance(node, cst.Subscript)
+                    and isinstance(node.value, cst.Attribute)
+                    and isinstance(node.value.value, cst.Name)
+                    and node.value.attr.value == "Union"
+                    and node.value.value.value == "typing"
+                ):
+                    return [
+                        slc.slice.value
+                        for slc in node.slice
+                        if isinstance(slc.slice, cst.Index)
+                    ]
+                return [node]
+            if not node.operator.deep_equals(cst.BitOr()):
+                return [node]
+
+            left_operands = flatten_binary_op(node.left)
+            right_operands = flatten_binary_op(node.right)
+            return left_operands + right_operands
+
+        # Flatten the binary operation tree into a list of operands
+        operands = flatten_binary_op(updated_node)
+
+        # Check for Optional case (None in union)
+        none_count = sum(
+            1 for op in operands if isinstance(op, cst.Name) and op.value == "None"
+        )
+        if none_count == 1 and len(operands) == 2:
+            # This is an Optional case - find the non-None operand
+            non_none = next(
+                op
+                for op in operands
+                if not (isinstance(op, cst.Name) and op.value == "None")
+            )
+            return cst.Subscript(
+                cst.Attribute(cst.Name("typing"), cst.Name("Optional")),
+                [cst.SubscriptElement(cst.Index(non_none))],
+            )
+
+        # Regular Union case
+        return cst.Subscript(
+            cst.Attribute(cst.Name("typing"), cst.Name("Union")),
+            [cst.SubscriptElement(cst.Index(operand)) for operand in operands],
+        )
+
+
 class CleanseFullTypeNames(cst.CSTTransformer):
     def leave_Call(
         self, original_node: cst.Call, updated_node: cst.Call
@@ -180,9 +283,9 @@ class AddWildcardsToSequenceUnions(cst.CSTTransformer):
                 # type blocks, even for sequence types.
                 return
             if len(node.slice) != 1:
-                raise Exception(
+                raise ValueError(
                     "Unexpected number of sequence elements inside Sequence type "
-                    + "annotation!"
+                    "annotation!"
                 )
             nodeslice = node.slice[0].slice
             if isinstance(nodeslice, cst.Index):
@@ -265,7 +368,9 @@ def _get_raw_name(node: cst.CSTNode) -> Optional[str]:
     if isinstance(node, cst.Name):
         return node.value
     elif isinstance(node, cst.SimpleString):
-        return node.evaluated_value
+        evaluated_value = node.evaluated_value
+        if isinstance(evaluated_value, str):
+            return evaluated_value
     elif isinstance(node, cst.SubscriptElement):
         return _get_raw_name(node.slice)
     elif isinstance(node, cst.Index):
@@ -344,10 +449,14 @@ def _get_clean_type_from_subscript(
     if typecst.value.deep_equals(cst.Name("Sequence")):
         # Lets attempt to widen the sequence type and alias it.
         if len(typecst.slice) != 1:
-            raise Exception("Logic error, Sequence shouldn't have more than one param!")
+            raise CSTLogicError(
+                "Logic error, Sequence shouldn't have more than one param!"
+            )
         inner_type = typecst.slice[0].slice
         if not isinstance(inner_type, cst.Index):
-            raise Exception("Logic error, expecting Index for only Sequence element!")
+            raise CSTLogicError(
+                "Logic error, expecting Index for only Sequence element!"
+            )
         inner_type = inner_type.value
 
         if isinstance(inner_type, cst.Subscript):
@@ -355,7 +464,9 @@ def _get_clean_type_from_subscript(
         elif isinstance(inner_type, (cst.Name, cst.SimpleString)):
             clean_inner_type = _get_clean_type_from_expression(aliases, inner_type)
         else:
-            raise Exception("Logic error, unexpected type in Sequence!")
+            raise CSTLogicError(
+                f"Logic error, unexpected type in Sequence: {type(inner_type)}!"
+            )
 
         return _get_wrapped_union_type(
             typecst.deep_replace(inner_type, clean_inner_type),
@@ -384,9 +495,12 @@ def _get_clean_type_and_aliases(
     typestr = re.sub(OPTIONAL_RE, r"typing.Optional[\1]", typestr)
 
     # Now, parse the expression with LibCST.
-    cleanser = CleanseFullTypeNames()
+
     typecst = parse_expression(typestr)
-    typecst = typecst.visit(cleanser)
+    typecst = typecst.visit(NormalizeUnions())
+    assert isinstance(typecst, cst.BaseExpression)
+    typecst = typecst.visit(CleanseFullTypeNames())
+    assert isinstance(typecst, cst.BaseExpression)
     aliases: List[Alias] = []
 
     # Now, convert the type to allow for MetadataMatchType and MatchIfTrue values.
@@ -395,7 +509,7 @@ def _get_clean_type_and_aliases(
     elif isinstance(typecst, (cst.Name, cst.SimpleString)):
         clean_type = _get_clean_type_from_expression(aliases, typecst)
     else:
-        raise Exception("Logic error, unexpected top level type!")
+        raise CSTLogicError(f"Logic error, unexpected top level type: {type(typecst)}!")
 
     # Now, insert OneOf/AllOf and MatchIfTrue into unions so we can typecheck their usage.
     # This allows us to put OneOf[SomeType] or MatchIfTrue[cst.SomeType] into any
@@ -441,8 +555,7 @@ generated_code.append("")
 generated_code.append("")
 generated_code.append("# This file was generated by libcst.codegen.gen_matcher_classes")
 generated_code.append("from dataclasses import dataclass")
-generated_code.append("from typing import Optional, Sequence, Union")
-generated_code.append("from typing_extensions import Literal")
+generated_code.append("from typing import Literal, Optional, Sequence, Union")
 generated_code.append("import libcst as cst")
 generated_code.append("")
 generated_code.append(
@@ -547,7 +660,7 @@ for node in all_libcst_nodes:
 
 
 # Make sure to add an __all__ for flake8 and compatibility with "from libcst.matchers import *"
-generated_code.append(f"__all__ = {repr(sorted(list(all_exports)))}")
+generated_code.append(f"__all__ = {repr(sorted(all_exports))}")
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/libcst/codegen/gen_type_mapping.py b/libcst/codegen/gen_type_mapping.py
index a5af2bd9..cc31783d 100644
--- a/libcst/codegen/gen_type_mapping.py
+++ b/libcst/codegen/gen_type_mapping.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ generated_code.append("")
 generated_code.append("")
 for module, objects in imports.items():
     generated_code.append(f"from {module} import (")
-    generated_code.append(f"    {', '.join(sorted(list(objects)))}")
+    generated_code.append(f"    {', '.join(sorted(objects))}")
     generated_code.append(")")
 
 # Generate the base visit_ methods
diff --git a/libcst/codegen/gen_visitor_functions.py b/libcst/codegen/gen_visitor_functions.py
index ef369cfa..36d21a5e 100644
--- a/libcst/codegen/gen_visitor_functions.py
+++ b/libcst/codegen/gen_visitor_functions.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ generated_code.append("")
 generated_code.append("if TYPE_CHECKING:")
 for module, objects in imports.items():
     generated_code.append(f"    from {module} import (  # noqa: F401")
-    generated_code.append(f"        {', '.join(sorted(list(objects)))}")
+    generated_code.append(f"        {', '.join(sorted(objects))}")
     generated_code.append("    )")
 
 
@@ -87,7 +87,6 @@ for node in sorted(nodebases.keys(), key=lambda node: node.__name__):
 generated_code.append("")
 generated_code.append("")
 generated_code.append("class CSTTypedTransformerFunctions(CSTTypedBaseFunctions):")
-generated_code.append("    pass")
 for node in sorted(nodebases.keys(), key=lambda node: node.__name__):
     name = node.__name__
     if name.startswith("Base"):
@@ -111,6 +110,7 @@ for node in sorted(nodebases.keys(), key=lambda node: node.__name__):
     )
     generated_code.append("        return updated_node")
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     # Output the code
     print("\n".join(generated_code))
diff --git a/libcst/codegen/generate.py b/libcst/codegen/generate.py
index 74a418f5..92f13176 100644
--- a/libcst/codegen/generate.py
+++ b/libcst/codegen/generate.py
@@ -25,8 +25,11 @@ from libcst.codegen.transforms import (
 
 
 def format_file(fname: str) -> None:
-    with open(os.devnull, "w") as devnull:
-        subprocess.check_call(["ufmt", "format", fname], stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        ["ufmt", "format", fname],
+        stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+        stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+    )
 
 
 def clean_generated_code(code: str) -> str:
@@ -65,12 +68,11 @@ def codegen_visitors() -> None:
 
         # Now, see if the file we generated causes any import errors
         # by attempting to run codegen again in a new process.
-        with open(os.devnull, "w") as devnull:
-            subprocess.check_call(
-                ["python3", "-m", "libcst.codegen.gen_visitor_functions"],
-                cwd=base,
-                stdout=devnull,
-            )
+        subprocess.check_call(
+            [sys.executable, "-m", "libcst.codegen.gen_visitor_functions"],
+            cwd=base,
+            stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+        )
 
         # If it worked, lets format the file
         format_file(visitors_file)
diff --git a/libcst/codegen/tests/test_codegen_clean.py b/libcst/codegen/tests/test_codegen_clean.py
index 7b71ba36..5ee5903d 100644
--- a/libcst/codegen/tests/test_codegen_clean.py
+++ b/libcst/codegen/tests/test_codegen_clean.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 # This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
+import difflib
 import os
 import os.path
 
@@ -20,12 +21,20 @@ class TestCodegenClean(UnitTest):
         new_code: str,
         module_name: str,
     ) -> None:
-        self.assertTrue(
-            old_code == new_code,
-            f"{module_name} needs new codegen, see "
-            + "`python -m libcst.codegen.generate --help` "
-            + "for instructions, or run `python -m libcst.codegen.generate all`",
-        )
+        if old_code != new_code:
+            diff = difflib.unified_diff(
+                old_code.splitlines(keepends=True),
+                new_code.splitlines(keepends=True),
+                fromfile="old_code",
+                tofile="new_code",
+            )
+            diff_str = "".join(diff)
+            self.fail(
+                f"{module_name} needs new codegen, see "
+                + "`python -m libcst.codegen.generate --help` "
+                + "for instructions, or run `python -m libcst.codegen.generate all`. "
+                + f"Diff:\n{diff_str}"
+            )
 
     def test_codegen_clean_visitor_functions(self) -> None:
         """
@@ -123,3 +132,50 @@ class TestCodegenClean(UnitTest):
 
         # Now that we've done simple codegen, verify that it matches.
         self.assert_code_matches(old_code, new_code, "libcst.matchers._return_types")
+
+    def test_normalize_unions(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Verifies that NormalizeUnions correctly converts binary operations with |
+        into Union types, with special handling for Optional cases.
+        """
+        import libcst as cst
+        from libcst.codegen.gen_matcher_classes import NormalizeUnions
+
+        def assert_transforms_to(input_code: str, expected_code: str) -> None:
+            input_cst = cst.parse_expression(input_code)
+            expected_cst = cst.parse_expression(expected_code)
+
+            result = input_cst.visit(NormalizeUnions())
+            assert isinstance(
+                result, cst.BaseExpression
+            ), f"Expected BaseExpression, got {type(result)}"
+
+            result_code = cst.Module(body=()).code_for_node(result)
+            expected_code_str = cst.Module(body=()).code_for_node(expected_cst)
+
+            self.assertEqual(
+                result_code,
+                expected_code_str,
+                f"Expected {expected_code_str}, got {result_code}",
+            )
+
+        # Test regular union case
+        assert_transforms_to("foo | bar | baz", "typing.Union[foo, bar, baz]")
+
+        # Test Optional case (None on right)
+        assert_transforms_to("foo | None", "typing.Optional[foo]")
+
+        # Test Optional case (None on left)
+        assert_transforms_to("None | foo", "typing.Optional[foo]")
+
+        # Test case with more than 2 operands including None (should remain Union)
+        assert_transforms_to("foo | bar | None", "typing.Union[foo, bar, None]")
+
+        # Flatten existing Union types
+        assert_transforms_to(
+            "typing.Union[foo, typing.Union[bar, baz]]", "typing.Union[foo, bar, baz]"
+        )
+        # Merge two kinds of union types
+        assert_transforms_to(
+            "foo | typing.Union[bar, baz]", "typing.Union[foo, bar, baz]"
+        )
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/_cli.py b/libcst/codemod/_cli.py
index 7863ac39..d9c70d05 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/_cli.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/_cli.py
@@ -8,20 +8,25 @@ Provides helpers for CLI interaction.
 """
 
 import difflib
+import functools
 import os.path
 import re
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import time
 import traceback
-from dataclasses import dataclass, replace
-from multiprocessing import cpu_count, Pool
+from concurrent.futures import as_completed, Executor
+from copy import deepcopy
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from multiprocessing import cpu_count
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, AnyStr, cast, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from typing import AnyStr, Callable, cast, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Type, Union
+from warnings import warn
 
 from libcst import parse_module, PartialParserConfig
 from libcst.codemod._codemod import Codemod
-from libcst.codemod._dummy_pool import DummyPool
+from libcst.codemod._context import CodemodContext
+from libcst.codemod._dummy_pool import DummyExecutor
 from libcst.codemod._runner import (
     SkipFile,
     SkipReason,
@@ -46,7 +51,7 @@ def invoke_formatter(formatter_args: Sequence[str], code: AnyStr) -> AnyStr:
 
     # Make sure there is something to run
     if len(formatter_args) == 0:
-        raise Exception("No formatter configured but code formatting requested.")
+        raise ValueError("No formatter configured but code formatting requested.")
 
     # Invoke the formatter, giving it the code as stdin and assuming the formatted
     # code comes from stdout.
@@ -90,7 +95,10 @@ def gather_files(
             ret.extend(
                 str(p)
                 for p in Path(fd).rglob("*.py*")
-                if str(p).endswith("py") or (include_stubs and str(p).endswith("pyi"))
+                if Path.is_file(p)
+                and (
+                    str(p).endswith("py") or (include_stubs and str(p).endswith("pyi"))
+                )
             )
     return sorted(ret)
 
@@ -207,11 +215,52 @@ class ExecutionConfig:
     unified_diff: Optional[int] = None
 
 
-def _execute_transform(  # noqa: C901
-    transformer: Codemod,
+def _prepare_context(
+    repo_root: str,
     filename: str,
-    config: ExecutionConfig,
-) -> ExecutionResult:
+    scratch: Dict[str, object],
+    repo_manager: Optional[FullRepoManager],
+) -> CodemodContext:
+    # determine the module and package name for this file
+    try:
+        module_name_and_package = calculate_module_and_package(repo_root, filename)
+        mod_name = module_name_and_package.name
+        pkg_name = module_name_and_package.package
+    except ValueError as ex:
+        print(f"Failed to determine module name for {filename}: {ex}", file=sys.stderr)
+        mod_name = None
+        pkg_name = None
+    return CodemodContext(
+        scratch=scratch,
+        filename=filename,
+        full_module_name=mod_name,
+        full_package_name=pkg_name,
+        metadata_manager=repo_manager,
+    )
+
+
+def _instantiate_transformer(
+    transformer: Union[Codemod, Type[Codemod]],
+    repo_root: str,
+    filename: str,
+    original_scratch: Dict[str, object],
+    codemod_kwargs: Dict[str, object],
+    repo_manager: Optional[FullRepoManager],
+) -> Codemod:
+    if isinstance(transformer, type):
+        return transformer(  # type: ignore
+            context=_prepare_context(repo_root, filename, {}, repo_manager),
+            **codemod_kwargs,
+        )
+    transformer.context = _prepare_context(
+        repo_root, filename, deepcopy(original_scratch), repo_manager
+    )
+    return transformer
+
+
+def _check_for_skip(
+    filename: str, config: ExecutionConfig
+) -> Union[ExecutionResult, bytes]:
     for pattern in config.blacklist_patterns:
         if re.fullmatch(pattern, filename):
             return ExecutionResult(
@@ -223,48 +272,47 @@ def _execute_transform(  # noqa: C901
                 ),
             )
 
-    try:
-        with open(filename, "rb") as fp:
-            oldcode = fp.read()
+    with open(filename, "rb") as fp:
+        oldcode = fp.read()
 
-        # Skip generated files
-        if (
-            not config.include_generated
-            and config.generated_code_marker.encode("utf-8") in oldcode
-        ):
-            return ExecutionResult(
-                filename=filename,
-                changed=False,
-                transform_result=TransformSkip(
-                    skip_reason=SkipReason.GENERATED,
-                    skip_description="Generated file.",
-                ),
-            )
-
-        # Somewhat gross hack to provide the filename in the transform's context.
-        # We do this after the fork so that a context that was initialized with
-        # some defaults before calling parallel_exec_transform_with_prettyprint
-        # will be updated per-file.
-        transformer.context = replace(
-            transformer.context,
+    # Skip generated files
+    if (
+        not config.include_generated
+        and config.generated_code_marker.encode("utf-8") in oldcode
+    ):
+        return ExecutionResult(
             filename=filename,
-            scratch={},
+            changed=False,
+            transform_result=TransformSkip(
+                skip_reason=SkipReason.GENERATED,
+                skip_description="Generated file.",
+            ),
         )
+    return oldcode
 
-        # determine the module and package name for this file
-        try:
-            module_name_and_package = calculate_module_and_package(
-                config.repo_root or ".", filename
-            )
-            transformer.context = replace(
-                transformer.context,
-                full_module_name=module_name_and_package.name,
-                full_package_name=module_name_and_package.package,
-            )
-        except ValueError as ex:
-            print(
-                f"Failed to determine module name for {filename}: {ex}", file=sys.stderr
-            )
+
+def _execute_transform(
+    transformer: Union[Codemod, Type[Codemod]],
+    filename: str,
+    config: ExecutionConfig,
+    original_scratch: Dict[str, object],
+    codemod_args: Optional[Dict[str, object]],
+    repo_manager: Optional[FullRepoManager],
+) -> ExecutionResult:
+    warnings: list[str] = []
+    try:
+        oldcode = _check_for_skip(filename, config)
+        if isinstance(oldcode, ExecutionResult):
+            return oldcode
+
+        transformer_instance = _instantiate_transformer(
+            transformer,
+            config.repo_root or ".",
+            filename,
+            original_scratch,
+            codemod_args or {},
+            repo_manager,
+        )
 
         # Run the transform, bail if we failed or if we aren't formatting code
         try:
@@ -276,55 +324,26 @@ def _execute_transform(  # noqa: C901
                     else PartialParserConfig()
                 ),
             )
-            output_tree = transformer.transform_module(input_tree)
+            output_tree = transformer_instance.transform_module(input_tree)
             newcode = output_tree.bytes
             encoding = output_tree.encoding
-        except KeyboardInterrupt:
-            return ExecutionResult(
-                filename=filename, changed=False, transform_result=TransformExit()
-            )
+            warnings.extend(transformer_instance.context.warnings)
         except SkipFile as ex:
+            warnings.extend(transformer_instance.context.warnings)
             return ExecutionResult(
                 filename=filename,
                 changed=False,
                 transform_result=TransformSkip(
                     skip_reason=SkipReason.OTHER,
                     skip_description=str(ex),
-                    warning_messages=transformer.context.warnings,
-                ),
-            )
-        except Exception as ex:
-            return ExecutionResult(
-                filename=filename,
-                changed=False,
-                transform_result=TransformFailure(
-                    error=ex,
-                    traceback_str=traceback.format_exc(),
-                    warning_messages=transformer.context.warnings,
+                    warning_messages=warnings,
                 ),
             )
 
         # Call formatter if needed, but only if we actually changed something in this
         # file
         if config.format_code and newcode != oldcode:
-            try:
-                newcode = invoke_formatter(config.formatter_args, newcode)
-            except KeyboardInterrupt:
-                return ExecutionResult(
-                    filename=filename,
-                    changed=False,
-                    transform_result=TransformExit(),
-                )
-            except Exception as ex:
-                return ExecutionResult(
-                    filename=filename,
-                    changed=False,
-                    transform_result=TransformFailure(
-                        error=ex,
-                        traceback_str=traceback.format_exc(),
-                        warning_messages=transformer.context.warnings,
-                    ),
-                )
+            newcode = invoke_formatter(config.formatter_args, newcode)
 
         # Format as unified diff if needed, otherwise save it back
         changed = oldcode != newcode
@@ -347,13 +366,14 @@ def _execute_transform(  # noqa: C901
         return ExecutionResult(
             filename=filename,
             changed=changed,
-            transform_result=TransformSuccess(
-                warning_messages=transformer.context.warnings, code=newcode
-            ),
+            transform_result=TransformSuccess(warning_messages=warnings, code=newcode),
         )
+
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         return ExecutionResult(
-            filename=filename, changed=False, transform_result=TransformExit()
+            filename=filename,
+            changed=False,
+            transform_result=TransformExit(warning_messages=warnings),
         )
     except Exception as ex:
         return ExecutionResult(
@@ -362,7 +382,7 @@ def _execute_transform(  # noqa: C901
             transform_result=TransformFailure(
                 error=ex,
                 traceback_str=traceback.format_exc(),
-                warning_messages=transformer.context.warnings,
+                warning_messages=warnings,
             ),
         )
 
@@ -415,7 +435,7 @@ class Progress:
         operations still to do.
         """
 
-        if files_finished <= 0:
+        if files_finished <= 0 or elapsed_seconds == 0:
             # Technically infinite but calculating sounds better.
             return "[calculating]"
 
@@ -473,7 +493,7 @@ def _print_parallel_result(
             )
 
         # In unified diff mode, the code is a diff we must print.
-        if unified_diff:
+        if unified_diff and result.code:
             print(result.code)
 
 
@@ -499,15 +519,8 @@ class ParallelTransformResult:
     skips: int
 
 
-# Unfortunate wrapper required since there is no `istarmap_unordered`...
-def _execute_transform_wrap(
-    job: Dict[str, Any],
-) -> ExecutionResult:
-    return _execute_transform(**job)
-
-
 def parallel_exec_transform_with_prettyprint(  # noqa: C901
-    transform: Codemod,
+    transform: Union[Codemod, Type[Codemod]],
     files: Sequence[str],
     *,
     jobs: Optional[int] = None,
@@ -523,41 +536,52 @@ def parallel_exec_transform_with_prettyprint(  # noqa: C901
     blacklist_patterns: Sequence[str] = (),
     python_version: Optional[str] = None,
     repo_root: Optional[str] = None,
+    codemod_args: Optional[Dict[str, object]] = None,
 ) -> ParallelTransformResult:
     """
-    Given a list of files and an instantiated codemod we should apply to them,
-    fork and apply the codemod in parallel to all of the files, including any
-    configured formatter. The ``jobs`` parameter controls the maximum number of
-    in-flight transforms, and needs to be at least 1. If not included, the number
-    of jobs will automatically be set to the number of CPU cores. If ``unified_diff``
-    is set to a number, changes to files will be printed to stdout with
-    ``unified_diff`` lines of context. If it is set to ``None`` or left out, files
-    themselves will be updated with changes and formatting. If a
-    ``python_version`` is provided, then we will parse each source file using
-    this version. Otherwise, we will use the version of the currently executing python
+    Given a list of files and a codemod we should apply to them, fork and apply the
+    codemod in parallel to all of the files, including any configured formatter. The
+    ``jobs`` parameter controls the maximum number of in-flight transforms, and needs to
+    be at least 1. If not included, the number of jobs will automatically be set to the
+    number of CPU cores. If ``unified_diff`` is set to a number, changes to files will
+    be printed to stdout with ``unified_diff`` lines of context. If it is set to
+    ``None`` or left out, files themselves will be updated with changes and formatting.
+    If a ``python_version`` is provided, then we will parse each source file using this
+    version. Otherwise, we will use the version of the currently executing python
     binary.
 
-    A progress indicator as well as any generated warnings will be printed to stderr.
-    To supress the interactive progress indicator, set ``hide_progress`` to ``True``.
-    Files that include the generated code marker will be skipped unless the
-    ``include_generated`` parameter is set to ``True``. Similarly, files that match
-    a supplied blacklist of regex patterns will be skipped. Warnings for skipping
-    both blacklisted and generated files will be printed to stderr along with
-    warnings generated by the codemod unless ``hide_blacklisted`` and
-    ``hide_generated`` are set to ``True``. Files that were successfully codemodded
-    will not be printed to stderr unless ``show_successes`` is set to ``True``.
+    A progress indicator as well as any generated warnings will be printed to stderr. To
+    supress the interactive progress indicator, set ``hide_progress`` to ``True``. Files
+    that include the generated code marker will be skipped unless the
+    ``include_generated`` parameter is set to ``True``. Similarly, files that match a
+    supplied blacklist of regex patterns will be skipped. Warnings for skipping both
+    blacklisted and generated files will be printed to stderr along with warnings
+    generated by the codemod unless ``hide_blacklisted`` and ``hide_generated`` are set
+    to ``True``. Files that were successfully codemodded will not be printed to stderr
+    unless ``show_successes`` is set to ``True``.
 
-    To make this API possible, we take an instantiated transform. This is due to
-    the fact that lambdas are not pickleable and pickling functions is undefined.
-    This means we're implicitly relying on fork behavior on UNIX-like systems, and
-    this function will not work on Windows systems. To create a command-line utility
-    that runs on Windows, please instead see
-    :func:`~libcst.codemod.exec_transform_with_prettyprint`.
+    We take a :class:`~libcst.codemod._codemod.Codemod` class, or an instantiated
+    :class:`~libcst.codemod._codemod.Codemod`. In the former case, the codemod will be
+    instantiated for each file, with ``codemod_args`` passed in to the constructor.
+    Passing an already instantiated :class:`~libcst.codemod._codemod.Codemod` is
+    deprecated, because it leads to sharing of the
+    :class:`~libcst.codemod._codemod.Codemod` instance across files, which is a common
+    source of hard-to-track-down bugs when the :class:`~libcst.codemod._codemod.Codemod`
+    tracks its state on the instance.
     """
 
+    if isinstance(transform, Codemod):
+        warn(
+            "Passing transformer instances to `parallel_exec_transform_with_prettyprint` "
+            "is deprecated and will break in a future version. "
+            "Please pass the transformer class instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+
     # Ensure that we have no duplicates, otherwise we might get race conditions
     # on write.
-    files = sorted(list({os.path.abspath(f) for f in files}))
+    files = sorted({os.path.abspath(f) for f in files})
     total = len(files)
     progress = Progress(enabled=not hide_progress, total=total)
 
@@ -569,11 +593,12 @@ def parallel_exec_transform_with_prettyprint(  # noqa: C901
     )
 
     if jobs < 1:
-        raise Exception("Must have at least one job to process!")
+        raise ValueError("Must have at least one job to process!")
 
     if total == 0:
         return ParallelTransformResult(successes=0, failures=0, skips=0, warnings=0)
 
+    metadata_manager: Optional[FullRepoManager] = None
     if repo_root is not None:
         # Make sure if there is a root that we have the absolute path to it.
         repo_root = os.path.abspath(repo_root)
@@ -586,10 +611,7 @@ def parallel_exec_transform_with_prettyprint(  # noqa: C901
             transform.get_inherited_dependencies(),
         )
         metadata_manager.resolve_cache()
-        transform.context = replace(
-            transform.context,
-            metadata_manager=metadata_manager,
-        )
+
     print("Executing codemod...", file=sys.stderr)
 
     config = ExecutionConfig(
@@ -603,13 +625,16 @@ def parallel_exec_transform_with_prettyprint(  # noqa: C901
         python_version=python_version,
     )
 
+    pool_impl: Callable[[], Executor]
     if total == 1 or jobs == 1:
         # Simple case, we should not pay for process overhead.
-        # Let's just use a dummy synchronous pool.
+        # Let's just use a dummy synchronous executor.
         jobs = 1
-        pool_impl = DummyPool
-    else:
-        pool_impl = Pool
+        pool_impl = DummyExecutor
+    elif getattr(sys, "_is_gil_enabled", lambda: True)():  # pyre-ignore[16]
+        from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
+
+        pool_impl = functools.partial(ProcessPoolExecutor, max_workers=jobs)
         # Warm the parser, pre-fork.
         parse_module(
             "",
@@ -619,25 +644,35 @@ def parallel_exec_transform_with_prettyprint(  # noqa: C901
                 else PartialParserConfig()
             ),
         )
+    else:
+        from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+
+        pool_impl = functools.partial(ThreadPoolExecutor, max_workers=jobs)
 
     successes: int = 0
     failures: int = 0
     warnings: int = 0
     skips: int = 0
+    original_scratch = (
+        deepcopy(transform.context.scratch) if isinstance(transform, Codemod) else {}
+    )
 
-    with pool_impl(processes=jobs) as p:  # type: ignore
-        args = [
-            {
-                "transformer": transform,
-                "filename": filename,
-                "config": config,
-            }
-            for filename in files
-        ]
+    with pool_impl() as executor:  # type: ignore
         try:
-            for result in p.imap_unordered(
-                _execute_transform_wrap, args, chunksize=chunksize
-            ):
+            futures = [
+                executor.submit(
+                    _execute_transform,
+                    transformer=transform,
+                    filename=filename,
+                    config=config,
+                    original_scratch=original_scratch,
+                    codemod_args=codemod_args,
+                    repo_manager=metadata_manager,
+                )
+                for filename in files
+            ]
+            for future in as_completed(futures):
+                result = future.result()
                 # Print an execution result, keep track of failures
                 _print_parallel_result(
                     result,
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/_codemod.py b/libcst/codemod/_codemod.py
index c0c3b2c7..e267f154 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/_codemod.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/_codemod.py
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ class Codemod(MetadataDependent, ABC):
         """
         module = self.context.module
         if module is None:
-            raise Exception(
+            raise ValueError(
                 f"Attempted access of {self.__class__.__name__}.module outside of "
-                + "transform_module()."
+                "transform_module()."
             )
         return module
 
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/_command.py b/libcst/codemod/_command.py
index 55a57247..b7784d30 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/_command.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/_command.py
@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@
 # This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 #
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import inspect
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from typing import Dict, Generator, List, Type, TypeVar
+from typing import Dict, Generator, List, Tuple, Type, TypeVar
 
-from libcst import Module
+from libcst import CSTNode, Module
 from libcst.codemod._codemod import Codemod
 from libcst.codemod._context import CodemodContext
 from libcst.codemod._visitor import ContextAwareTransformer
@@ -65,6 +67,28 @@ class CodemodCommand(Codemod, ABC):
         """
         ...
 
+    # Lightweight wrappers for RemoveImportsVisitor static functions
+    def remove_unused_import(
+        self,
+        module: str,
+        obj: str | None = None,
+        asname: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        RemoveImportsVisitor.remove_unused_import(self.context, module, obj, asname)
+
+    def remove_unused_import_by_node(self, node: CSTNode) -> None:
+        RemoveImportsVisitor.remove_unused_import_by_node(self.context, node)
+
+    # Lightweight wrappers for AddImportsVisitor static functions
+    def add_needed_import(
+        self,
+        module: str,
+        obj: str | None = None,
+        asname: str | None = None,
+        relative: int = 0,
+    ) -> None:
+        AddImportsVisitor.add_needed_import(self.context, module, obj, asname, relative)
+
     def transform_module(self, tree: Module) -> Module:
         # Overrides (but then calls) Codemod's transform_module to provide
         # a spot where additional supported transforms can be attached and run.
@@ -75,13 +99,13 @@ class CodemodCommand(Codemod, ABC):
         # have a static method that other transforms can use which takes
         # a context and other optional args and modifies its own context key
         # accordingly. We import them here so that we don't have circular imports.
-        supported_transforms: Dict[str, Type[Codemod]] = {
-            AddImportsVisitor.CONTEXT_KEY: AddImportsVisitor,
-            RemoveImportsVisitor.CONTEXT_KEY: RemoveImportsVisitor,
-        }
+        supported_transforms: List[Tuple[str, Type[Codemod]]] = [
+            (AddImportsVisitor.CONTEXT_KEY, AddImportsVisitor),
+            (RemoveImportsVisitor.CONTEXT_KEY, RemoveImportsVisitor),
+        ]
 
         # For any visitors that we support auto-running, run them here if needed.
-        for key, transform in supported_transforms.items():
+        for key, transform in supported_transforms:
             if key in self.context.scratch:
                 # We have work to do, so lets run this.
                 tree = self._instantiate_and_run(transform, tree)
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/_dummy_pool.py b/libcst/codemod/_dummy_pool.py
index c4a24932..aa23a7d4 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/_dummy_pool.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/_dummy_pool.py
@@ -3,37 +3,47 @@
 # This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
+import sys
+from concurrent.futures import Executor, Future
 from types import TracebackType
-from typing import Callable, Generator, Iterable, Optional, Type, TypeVar
+from typing import Callable, Optional, Type, TypeVar
 
-RetT = TypeVar("RetT")
-ArgT = TypeVar("ArgT")
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    from typing import ParamSpec
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+
+Return = TypeVar("Return")
+Params = ParamSpec("Params")
 
 
-class DummyPool:
+class DummyExecutor(Executor):
     """
-    Synchronous dummy `multiprocessing.Pool` analogue.
+    Synchronous dummy `concurrent.futures.Executor` analogue.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, processes: Optional[int] = None) -> None:
-        pass
-
-    def imap_unordered(
+    def submit(
         self,
-        func: Callable[[ArgT], RetT],
-        iterable: Iterable[ArgT],
-        chunksize: Optional[int] = None,
-    ) -> Generator[RetT, None, None]:
-        for args in iterable:
-            yield func(args)
+        fn: Callable[Params, Return],
+        /,
+        *args: Params.args,
+        **kwargs: Params.kwargs,
+    ) -> Future[Return]:
+        future: Future[Return] = Future()
+        try:
+            result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+            future.set_result(result)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            future.set_exception(exc)
+        return future
 
-    def __enter__(self) -> "DummyPool":
+    def __enter__(self) -> "DummyExecutor":
         return self
 
     def __exit__(
         self,
-        exc_type: Optional[Type[Exception]],
-        exc: Optional[Exception],
-        tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
     ) -> None:
         pass
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/_visitor.py b/libcst/codemod/_visitor.py
index ab915c49..89248838 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/_visitor.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/_visitor.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 from typing import Mapping
 
 import libcst as cst
-from libcst import MetadataDependent
+from libcst import MetadataDependent, MetadataException
 from libcst.codemod._codemod import Codemod
 from libcst.codemod._context import CodemodContext
 from libcst.matchers import MatcherDecoratableTransformer, MatcherDecoratableVisitor
@@ -69,14 +69,14 @@ class ContextAwareVisitor(MatcherDecoratableVisitor, MetadataDependent):
         if dependencies:
             wrapper = self.context.wrapper
             if wrapper is None:
-                raise Exception(
+                raise MetadataException(
                     f"Attempting to instantiate {self.__class__.__name__} outside of "
                     + "an active transform. This means that metadata hasn't been "
                     + "calculated and we cannot successfully create this visitor."
                 )
             for dep in dependencies:
                 if dep not in wrapper._metadata:
-                    raise Exception(
+                    raise MetadataException(
                         f"Attempting to access metadata {dep.__name__} that was not a "
                         + "declared dependency of parent transform! This means it is "
                         + "not possible to compute this value. Please ensure that all "
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class ContextAwareVisitor(MatcherDecoratableVisitor, MetadataDependent):
         """
         module = self.context.module
         if module is None:
-            raise Exception(
+            raise ValueError(
                 f"Attempted access of {self.__class__.__name__}.module outside of "
                 + "transform_module()."
             )
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_format_to_fstring.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_format_to_fstring.py
index a74b5342..43d19bce 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_format_to_fstring.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_format_to_fstring.py
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ from typing import Generator, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple
 
 import libcst as cst
 import libcst.matchers as m
+from libcst import CSTLogicError
+from libcst._exceptions import ParserSyntaxError
 from libcst.codemod import (
     CodemodContext,
     ContextAwareTransformer,
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ def _get_lhs(field: cst.BaseExpression) -> cst.BaseExpression:
     elif isinstance(field, (cst.Attribute, cst.Subscript)):
         return _get_lhs(field.value)
     else:
-        raise Exception("Unsupported node type!")
+        raise TypeError("Unsupported node type!")
 
 
 def _find_expr_from_field_name(
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ def _find_expr_from_field_name(
     if isinstance(lhs, cst.Integer):
         index = int(lhs.value)
         if index < 0 or index >= len(args):
-            raise Exception(f"Logic error, arg sequence {index} out of bounds!")
+            raise CSTLogicError(f"Logic error, arg sequence {index} out of bounds!")
     elif isinstance(lhs, cst.Name):
         for i, arg in enumerate(args):
             kw = arg.keyword
@@ -58,10 +60,12 @@ def _find_expr_from_field_name(
                 index = i
                 break
         if index is None:
-            raise Exception(f"Logic error, arg name {lhs.value} out of bounds!")
+            raise CSTLogicError(f"Logic error, arg name {lhs.value} out of bounds!")
 
     if index is None:
-        raise Exception(f"Logic error, unsupported fieldname expression {fieldname}!")
+        raise CSTLogicError(
+            f"Logic error, unsupported fieldname expression {fieldname}!"
+        )
 
     # Format it!
     return field_expr.deep_replace(lhs, args[index].value)
@@ -141,7 +145,7 @@ def _get_tokens(  # noqa: C901
                 in_brackets -= 1
 
                 if in_brackets < 0:
-                    raise Exception("Stray } in format string!")
+                    raise ValueError("Stray } in format string!")
 
                 if in_brackets == 0:
                     field_name, format_spec, conversion = _get_field(format_accum)
@@ -158,9 +162,11 @@ def _get_tokens(  # noqa: C901
             format_accum += char
 
     if in_brackets > 0:
-        raise Exception("Stray { in format string!")
+        raise ParserSyntaxError(
+            "Stray { in format string!", lines=[string], raw_line=0, raw_column=0
+        )
     if format_accum:
-        raise Exception("Logic error!")
+        raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
 
     # Yield the last bit of information
     yield (prefix, None, None, None)
@@ -188,7 +194,7 @@ class SwitchStringQuotesTransformer(ContextAwareTransformer):
     def __init__(self, context: CodemodContext, avoid_quote: str) -> None:
         super().__init__(context)
         if avoid_quote not in {'"', "'"}:
-            raise Exception("Must specify either ' or \" single quote to avoid.")
+            raise ValueError("Must specify either ' or \" single quote to avoid.")
         self.avoid_quote: str = avoid_quote
         self.replace_quote: str = '"' if avoid_quote == "'" else "'"
 
@@ -219,7 +225,6 @@ class SwitchStringQuotesTransformer(ContextAwareTransformer):
 
 
 class ConvertFormatStringCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
-
     DESCRIPTION: str = "Converts instances of str.format() to f-string."
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -271,7 +276,7 @@ class ConvertFormatStringCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
             inserted_sequence: int = 0
             stringnode = cst.ensure_type(extraction["string"], cst.SimpleString)
             tokens = _get_tokens(stringnode.raw_value)
-            for (literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion) in tokens:
+            for literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion in tokens:
                 if literal_text:
                     fstring.append(cst.FormattedStringText(literal_text))
                 if field_name is None:
@@ -297,7 +302,7 @@ class ConvertFormatStringCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
                     ) in format_spec_tokens:
                         if spec_format_spec is not None:
                             # This shouldn't be possible, we don't allow it in the spec!
-                            raise Exception("Logic error!")
+                            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
                         if spec_literal_text:
                             format_spec_parts.append(
                                 cst.FormattedStringText(spec_literal_text)
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_namedtuple_to_dataclass.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_namedtuple_to_dataclass.py
index 91e78048..f1de5b0c 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_namedtuple_to_dataclass.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_namedtuple_to_dataclass.py
@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@ class ConvertNamedTupleToDataclassCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
     NamedTuple-specific attributes and methods.
     """
 
-    DESCRIPTION: str = "Convert NamedTuple class declarations to Python 3.7 dataclasses using the @dataclass decorator."
+    DESCRIPTION: str = (
+        "Convert NamedTuple class declarations to Python 3.7 dataclasses using the @dataclass decorator."
+    )
     METADATA_DEPENDENCIES: Sequence[ProviderT] = (QualifiedNameProvider,)
 
     # The 'NamedTuple' we are interested in
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_percent_format_to_fstring.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_percent_format_to_fstring.py
index 9908a5b6..d74624e4 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_percent_format_to_fstring.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_percent_format_to_fstring.py
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ class EscapeStringQuote(cst.CSTTransformer):
                         original_node.prefix + quo + original_node.raw_value + quo
                     )
                     if escaped_string.evaluated_value != original_node.evaluated_value:
-                        raise Exception(
+                        raise ValueError(
                             f"Failed to escape string:\n  original:{original_node.value}\n  escaped:{escaped_string.value}"
                         )
                     else:
                         return escaped_string
-            raise Exception(
+            raise ValueError(
                 f"Cannot find a good quote for escaping the SimpleString: {original_node.value}"
             )
         return original_node
@@ -97,9 +97,11 @@ class ConvertPercentFormatStringCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
                 parts.append(cst.FormattedStringText(value=token))
             expressions: List[cst.CSTNode] = list(
                 *itertools.chain(
-                    [elm.value for elm in expr.elements]
-                    if isinstance(expr, cst.Tuple)
-                    else [expr]
+                    (
+                        [elm.value for elm in expr.elements]
+                        if isinstance(expr, cst.Tuple)
+                        else [expr]
+                    )
                     for expr in exprs
                 )
             )
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_type_comments.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_type_comments.py
index bd7d902f..5863d94b 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_type_comments.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_type_comments.py
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ import functools
 import sys
 from typing import cast, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, Union
 
-from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
-
 import libcst as cst
 import libcst.matchers as m
 from libcst.codemod import CodemodContext, VisitorBasedCodemodCommand
@@ -52,7 +50,6 @@ def _parse_type_comment(
     if type_comment is None:
         return None
     try:
-        # pyre-ignore[16]: the ast module stubs do not have full details
         return ast.parse(type_comment, "<type_comment>", "eval").body
     except SyntaxError:
         return None
@@ -69,10 +66,7 @@ def _parse_func_type_comment(
 ) -> Optional["ast.FunctionType"]:
     if func_type_comment is None:
         return None
-    return cast(
-        ast.FunctionType,
-        ast.parse(func_type_comment, "<func_type_comment>", "func_type"),
-    )
+    return ast.parse(func_type_comment, "<func_type_comment>", "func_type")
 
 
 @functools.lru_cache()
@@ -126,6 +120,19 @@ def _is_type_comment(comment: Optional[cst.Comment]) -> bool:
     return True
 
 
+def _strip_type_comment(comment: Optional[cst.Comment]) -> Optional[cst.Comment]:
+    """
+    Remove the type comment while keeping any following comments.
+    """
+    if not _is_type_comment(comment):
+        return comment
+    assert comment is not None
+    idx = comment.value.find("#", 1)
+    if idx < 0:
+        return None
+    return comment.with_changes(value=comment.value[idx:])
+
+
 class _FailedToApplyAnnotation:
     pass
 
@@ -134,9 +141,9 @@ class _ArityError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-UnpackedBindings: TypeAlias = Union[cst.BaseExpression, List["UnpackedBindings"]]
-UnpackedAnnotations: TypeAlias = Union[str, List["UnpackedAnnotations"]]
-TargetAnnotationPair: TypeAlias = Tuple[cst.BaseExpression, str]
+UnpackedBindings = Union[cst.BaseExpression, List["UnpackedBindings"]]
+UnpackedAnnotations = Union[str, List["UnpackedAnnotations"]]
+TargetAnnotationPair = Tuple[cst.BaseExpression, str]
 
 
 class AnnotationSpreader:
@@ -504,6 +511,9 @@ class ConvertTypeComments(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
         self,
         node: cst.TrailingWhitespace,
     ) -> cst.TrailingWhitespace:
+        trailing_comment = _strip_type_comment(node.comment)
+        if trailing_comment is not None:
+            return node.with_changes(comment=trailing_comment)
         return node.with_changes(
             whitespace=cst.SimpleWhitespace(
                 ""
@@ -690,7 +700,7 @@ class ConvertTypeComments(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
     #     able to extract type information. This is done via mutable state and the
     #     usual visitor pattern.
     # (B) we also manually reach down to the first statement inside of the
-    #     funciton body and aggressively strip type comments from leading
+    #     function body and aggressively strip type comments from leading
     #     whitespaces
     #
     # PEP 484 underspecifies how to apply type comments to (non-static)
@@ -770,7 +780,7 @@ class ConvertTypeComments(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
         self,
         node: cst.FunctionDef,
     ) -> None:
-        "Turn off aggressive type comment removal when we've leaved the header."
+        "Turn off aggressive type comment removal when we've left the header."
         self.aggressively_strip_type_comments = False
 
     def leave_IndentedBlock(
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_union_to_or.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_union_to_or.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96a64314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/convert_union_to_or.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+#
+# pyre-strict
+
+import libcst as cst
+from libcst.codemod import VisitorBasedCodemodCommand
+from libcst.codemod.visitors import RemoveImportsVisitor
+from libcst.metadata import QualifiedName, QualifiedNameProvider, QualifiedNameSource
+
+
+class ConvertUnionToOrCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
+    DESCRIPTION: str = "Convert `Union[A, B]` to `A | B` in Python 3.10+"
+
+    METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (QualifiedNameProvider,)
+
+    def leave_Subscript(
+        self, original_node: cst.Subscript, updated_node: cst.Subscript
+    ) -> cst.BaseExpression:
+        """
+        Given a subscript, check if it's a Union - if so, either flatten the members
+        into a nested BitOr (if multiple members) or unwrap the type (if only one member).
+        """
+        if not QualifiedNameProvider.has_name(
+            self,
+            original_node,
+            QualifiedName(name="typing.Union", source=QualifiedNameSource.IMPORT),
+        ):
+            return updated_node
+        types = [
+            cst.ensure_type(
+                cst.ensure_type(s, cst.SubscriptElement).slice, cst.Index
+            ).value
+            for s in updated_node.slice
+        ]
+        if len(types) == 1:
+            return types[0]
+        else:
+            replacement = cst.BinaryOperation(
+                left=types[0], right=types[1], operator=cst.BitOr()
+            )
+            for type_ in types[2:]:
+                replacement = cst.BinaryOperation(
+                    left=replacement, right=type_, operator=cst.BitOr()
+                )
+            return replacement
+
+    def leave_Module(
+        self, original_node: cst.Module, updated_node: cst.Module
+    ) -> cst.Module:
+        RemoveImportsVisitor.remove_unused_import(
+            self.context, module="typing", obj="Union"
+        )
+        return updated_node
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/ensure_import_present.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/ensure_import_present.py
index a97fddfd..44dda822 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/ensure_import_present.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/ensure_import_present.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from libcst.codemod.visitors import AddImportsVisitor
 
 
 class EnsureImportPresentCommand(MagicArgsCodemodCommand):
-
     DESCRIPTION: str = (
         "Given a module and possibly an entity in that module, add an import "
         + "as long as one does not already exist."
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/fix_pyre_directives.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/fix_pyre_directives.py
index c3ab41b7..a9779d0f 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/fix_pyre_directives.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/fix_pyre_directives.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from typing import Dict, Sequence, Union
 
 import libcst
 import libcst.matchers as m
+from libcst import CSTLogicError
 from libcst.codemod import CodemodContext, VisitorBasedCodemodCommand
 from libcst.helpers import insert_header_comments
 
@@ -29,12 +30,12 @@ class FixPyreDirectivesCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
 
     def visit_Module_header(self, node: libcst.Module) -> None:
         if self.in_module_header:
-            raise Exception("Logic error!")
+            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
         self.in_module_header = True
 
     def leave_Module_header(self, node: libcst.Module) -> None:
         if not self.in_module_header:
-            raise Exception("Logic error!")
+            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
         self.in_module_header = False
 
     def leave_EmptyLine(
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/fix_variadic_callable.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/fix_variadic_callable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85cb0aa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/fix_variadic_callable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+#
+# pyre-strict
+
+import libcst as cst
+import libcst.matchers as m
+from libcst.codemod import VisitorBasedCodemodCommand
+from libcst.metadata import QualifiedName, QualifiedNameProvider, QualifiedNameSource
+
+
+class FixVariadicCallableCommmand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
+    DESCRIPTION: str = (
+        "Fix incorrect variadic callable type annotations from `Callable[[...], T]` to `Callable[..., T]``"
+    )
+
+    METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (QualifiedNameProvider,)
+
+    def leave_Subscript(
+        self, original_node: cst.Subscript, updated_node: cst.Subscript
+    ) -> cst.BaseExpression:
+        if QualifiedNameProvider.has_name(
+            self,
+            original_node,
+            QualifiedName(name="typing.Callable", source=QualifiedNameSource.IMPORT),
+        ):
+            node_matches = len(updated_node.slice) == 2 and m.matches(
+                updated_node.slice[0],
+                m.SubscriptElement(
+                    slice=m.Index(value=m.List(elements=[m.Element(m.Ellipsis())]))
+                ),
+            )
+
+            if node_matches:
+                slices = list(updated_node.slice)
+                slices[0] = cst.SubscriptElement(cst.Index(cst.Ellipsis()))
+                return updated_node.with_changes(slice=slices)
+        return updated_node
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/rename.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/rename.py
index 62809cc9..f3accdcd 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/rename.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/rename.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from libcst.metadata import QualifiedNameProvider
 
 
 def leave_import_decorator(
-    method: Callable[..., Union[cst.Import, cst.ImportFrom]]
+    method: Callable[..., Union[cst.Import, cst.ImportFrom]],
 ) -> Callable[..., Union[cst.Import, cst.ImportFrom]]:
     # We want to record any 'as name' that is relevant but only after we leave the corresponding Import/ImportFrom node since
     # we don't want the 'as name' to interfere with children 'Name' and 'Attribute' nodes.
@@ -92,14 +92,43 @@ class RenameCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
         self.old_module: str = old_module
         self.old_mod_or_obj: str = old_mod_or_obj
 
-        self.as_name: Optional[Tuple[str, str]] = None
+    @property
+    def as_name(self) -> Optional[Tuple[str, str]]:
+        if "as_name" not in self.context.scratch:
+            self.context.scratch["as_name"] = None
+        return self.context.scratch["as_name"]
 
-        # A set of nodes that have been renamed to help with the cleanup of now potentially unused
-        # imports, during import cleanup in `leave_Module`.
-        self.scheduled_removals: Set[cst.CSTNode] = set()
-        # If an import has been renamed while inside an `Import` or `ImportFrom` node, we want to flag
-        # this so that we do not end up with two of the same import.
-        self.bypass_import = False
+    @as_name.setter
+    def as_name(self, value: Optional[Tuple[str, str]]) -> None:
+        self.context.scratch["as_name"] = value
+
+    @property
+    def scheduled_removals(
+        self,
+    ) -> Set[Union[cst.CSTNode, Tuple[str, Optional[str], Optional[str]]]]:
+        """A set of nodes that have been renamed to help with the cleanup of now potentially unused
+        imports, during import cleanup in `leave_Module`. Can also contain tuples that can be passed
+        directly to RemoveImportsVisitor.remove_unused_import()."""
+        if "scheduled_removals" not in self.context.scratch:
+            self.context.scratch["scheduled_removals"] = set()
+        return self.context.scratch["scheduled_removals"]
+
+    @scheduled_removals.setter
+    def scheduled_removals(
+        self, value: Set[Union[cst.CSTNode, Tuple[str, Optional[str], Optional[str]]]]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.context.scratch["scheduled_removals"] = value
+
+    @property
+    def bypass_import(self) -> bool:
+        """A flag to indicate that an import has been renamed while inside an `Import` or `ImportFrom` node."""
+        if "bypass_import" not in self.context.scratch:
+            self.context.scratch["bypass_import"] = False
+        return self.context.scratch["bypass_import"]
+
+    @bypass_import.setter
+    def bypass_import(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self.context.scratch["bypass_import"] = value
 
     def visit_Import(self, node: cst.Import) -> None:
         for import_alias in node.names:
@@ -118,40 +147,42 @@ class RenameCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
     ) -> cst.Import:
         new_names = []
         for import_alias in updated_node.names:
+            # We keep the original import_alias here in case it's used by other symbols.
+            # It will be removed later in RemoveImportsVisitor if it's unused.
+            new_names.append(import_alias)
             import_alias_name = import_alias.name
             import_alias_full_name = get_full_name_for_node(import_alias_name)
             if import_alias_full_name is None:
-                raise Exception("Could not parse full name for ImportAlias.name node.")
+                raise ValueError("Could not parse full name for ImportAlias.name node.")
 
-            if isinstance(import_alias_name, cst.Name) and self.old_name.startswith(
-                import_alias_full_name + "."
+            if self.old_name.startswith(import_alias_full_name + "."):
+                replacement_module = self.gen_replacement_module(import_alias_full_name)
+                if not replacement_module:
+                    # here import_alias_full_name isn't an exact match for old_name
+                    # don't add an import here, it will be handled either in more
+                    # specific import aliases or at the very end
+                    continue
+                self.bypass_import = True
+                if replacement_module != import_alias_full_name:
+                    self.scheduled_removals.add(original_node)
+                    new_name_node: Union[cst.Attribute, cst.Name] = (
+                        self.gen_name_or_attr_node(replacement_module)
+                    )
+                    new_names.append(cst.ImportAlias(name=new_name_node))
+            elif (
+                import_alias_full_name == self.new_name
+                and import_alias.asname is not None
             ):
-                # Might, be in use elsewhere in the code, so schedule a potential removal, and add another alias.
-                new_names.append(import_alias)
-                self.scheduled_removals.add(original_node)
-                new_names.append(
-                    cst.ImportAlias(
-                        name=cst.Name(
-                            value=self.gen_replacement_module(import_alias_full_name)
-                        )
+                self.bypass_import = True
+                # Add removal tuple instead of calling directly
+                self.scheduled_removals.add(
+                    (
+                        import_alias.evaluated_name,
+                        None,
+                        import_alias.evaluated_alias,
                     )
                 )
-                self.bypass_import = True
-            elif isinstance(
-                import_alias_name, cst.Attribute
-            ) and self.old_name.startswith(import_alias_full_name + "."):
-                # Same idea as above.
-                new_names.append(import_alias)
-                self.scheduled_removals.add(original_node)
-                new_name_node: Union[
-                    cst.Attribute, cst.Name
-                ] = self.gen_name_or_attr_node(
-                    self.gen_replacement_module(import_alias_full_name)
-                )
-                new_names.append(cst.ImportAlias(name=new_name_node))
-                self.bypass_import = True
-            else:
-                new_names.append(import_alias)
+                new_names.append(import_alias.with_changes(asname=None))
 
         return updated_node.with_changes(names=new_names)
 
@@ -183,13 +214,12 @@ class RenameCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
             return updated_node
 
         else:
-            new_names = []
+            new_names: list[cst.ImportAlias] = []
             for import_alias in names:
                 alias_name = get_full_name_for_node(import_alias.name)
                 if alias_name is not None:
                     qual_name = f"{imported_module_name}.{alias_name}"
                     if self.old_name == qual_name:
-
                         replacement_module = self.gen_replacement_module(
                             imported_module_name
                         )
@@ -201,9 +231,9 @@ class RenameCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
                             self.scheduled_removals.add(original_node)
                             continue
 
-                        new_import_alias_name: Union[
-                            cst.Attribute, cst.Name
-                        ] = self.gen_name_or_attr_node(replacement_obj)
+                        new_import_alias_name: Union[cst.Attribute, cst.Name] = (
+                            self.gen_name_or_attr_node(replacement_obj)
+                        )
                         # Rename on the spot only if this is the only imported name under the module.
                         if len(names) == 1:
                             updated_node = updated_node.with_changes(
@@ -222,6 +252,10 @@ class RenameCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
                             # This import might be in use elsewhere in the code, so schedule a potential removal.
                             self.scheduled_removals.add(original_node)
                         new_names.append(import_alias)
+            if isinstance(new_names[-1].comma, cst.Comma) and updated_node.rpar is None:
+                new_names[-1] = new_names[-1].with_changes(
+                    comma=cst.MaybeSentinel.DEFAULT
+                )
 
             return updated_node.with_changes(names=new_names)
         return updated_node
@@ -252,7 +286,7 @@ class RenameCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
     ) -> Union[cst.Name, cst.Attribute]:
         full_name_for_node = get_full_name_for_node(original_node)
         if full_name_for_node is None:
-            raise Exception("Could not parse full name for Attribute node.")
+            raise ValueError("Could not parse full name for Attribute node.")
         full_replacement_name = self.gen_replacement(full_name_for_node)
 
         # If a node has no associated QualifiedName, we are still inside an import statement.
@@ -268,10 +302,14 @@ class RenameCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
             if not inside_import_statement:
                 self.scheduled_removals.add(original_node.value)
             if full_replacement_name == self.new_name:
-                return updated_node.with_changes(
-                    value=cst.parse_expression(new_value),
-                    attr=cst.Name(value=new_attr.rstrip(".")),
-                )
+                value = cst.parse_expression(new_value)
+                if new_attr:
+                    return updated_node.with_changes(
+                        value=value,
+                        attr=cst.Name(value=new_attr.rstrip(".")),
+                    )
+                assert isinstance(value, (cst.Name, cst.Attribute))
+                return value
 
             return self.gen_name_or_attr_node(new_attr)
 
@@ -280,14 +318,17 @@ class RenameCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
     def leave_Module(
         self, original_node: cst.Module, updated_node: cst.Module
     ) -> cst.Module:
-        for removal_node in self.scheduled_removals:
-            RemoveImportsVisitor.remove_unused_import_by_node(
-                self.context, removal_node
-            )
+        for removal in self.scheduled_removals:
+            if isinstance(removal, tuple):
+                RemoveImportsVisitor.remove_unused_import(
+                    self.context, removal[0], removal[1], removal[2]
+                )
+            else:
+                RemoveImportsVisitor.remove_unused_import_by_node(self.context, removal)
         # If bypass_import is False, we know that no import statements were directly renamed, and the fact
         # that we have any `self.scheduled_removals` tells us we encountered a matching `old_name` in the code.
         if not self.bypass_import and self.scheduled_removals:
-            if self.new_module:
+            if self.new_module and self.new_module != "builtins":
                 new_obj: Optional[str] = (
                     self.new_mod_or_obj.split(".")[0] if self.new_mod_or_obj else None
                 )
@@ -306,10 +347,14 @@ class RenameCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
                     module_as_name[0] + ".", module_as_name[1] + ".", 1
                 )
 
-        if original_name == self.old_mod_or_obj:
+        if self.old_module and original_name == self.old_mod_or_obj:
             return self.new_mod_or_obj
-        elif original_name == ".".join([self.old_module, self.old_mod_or_obj]):
-            return self.new_name
+        elif original_name == self.old_name:
+            return (
+                self.new_mod_or_obj
+                if (not self.bypass_import and self.new_mod_or_obj)
+                else self.new_name
+            )
         elif original_name.endswith("." + self.old_mod_or_obj):
             return self.new_mod_or_obj
         else:
@@ -323,7 +368,7 @@ class RenameCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
     ) -> Union[cst.Attribute, cst.Name]:
         name_or_attr_node: cst.BaseExpression = cst.parse_expression(dotted_expression)
         if not isinstance(name_or_attr_node, (cst.Name, cst.Attribute)):
-            raise Exception(
+            raise ValueError(
                 "`parse_expression()` on dotted path returned non-Attribute-or-Name."
             )
         return name_or_attr_node
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/rename_typing_generic_aliases.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/rename_typing_generic_aliases.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6906fe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/rename_typing_generic_aliases.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+#
+# pyre-strict
+from functools import partial
+from typing import cast, Generator
+
+from libcst.codemod import Codemod, MagicArgsCodemodCommand
+from libcst.codemod.commands.rename import RenameCommand
+
+
+class RenameTypingGenericAliases(MagicArgsCodemodCommand):
+    DESCRIPTION: str = (
+        "Rename typing module aliases of builtin generics in Python 3.9+, for example: `typing.List` -> `list`"
+    )
+
+    MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {
+        "typing.List": "builtins.list",
+        "typing.Tuple": "builtins.tuple",
+        "typing.Dict": "builtins.dict",
+        "typing.FrozenSet": "builtins.frozenset",
+        "typing.Set": "builtins.set",
+        "typing.Type": "builtins.type",
+    }
+
+    def get_transforms(self) -> Generator[type[Codemod], None, None]:
+        for from_type, to_type in self.MAPPING.items():
+            yield cast(
+                type[Codemod],
+                partial(
+                    RenameCommand,
+                    old_name=from_type,
+                    new_name=to_type,
+                ),
+            )
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/strip_strings_from_types.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/strip_strings_from_types.py
index 6564d041..3f0894cd 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/strip_strings_from_types.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/strip_strings_from_types.py
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ from libcst.metadata import QualifiedNameProvider
 
 
 class StripStringsCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
-
     DESCRIPTION: str = (
         "Converts string type annotations to 3.7-compatible forward references."
     )
@@ -44,8 +43,12 @@ class StripStringsCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
         self, original_node: libcst.SimpleString, updated_node: libcst.SimpleString
     ) -> Union[libcst.SimpleString, libcst.BaseExpression]:
         AddImportsVisitor.add_needed_import(self.context, "__future__", "annotations")
+        evaluated_value = updated_node.evaluated_value
         # Just use LibCST to evaluate the expression itself, and insert that as the
         # annotation.
-        return parse_expression(
-            updated_node.evaluated_value, config=self.module.config_for_parsing
-        )
+        if isinstance(evaluated_value, str):
+            return parse_expression(
+                evaluated_value, config=self.module.config_for_parsing
+            )
+        else:
+            return updated_node
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_add_pyre_directive.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_add_pyre_directive.py
index a8e7e45a..37e6f2f9 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_add_pyre_directive.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_add_pyre_directive.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from libcst.codemod.commands.add_pyre_directive import AddPyreUnsafeCommand
 
 
 class TestAddPyreUnsafeCommand(CodemodTest):
-
     TRANSFORM = AddPyreUnsafeCommand
 
     def test_add_to_file(self) -> None:
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_format_to_fstring.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_format_to_fstring.py
index b2209cdc..1a10303b 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_format_to_fstring.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_format_to_fstring.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from libcst.codemod.commands.convert_format_to_fstring import ConvertFormatStrin
 
 
 class ConvertFormatStringCommandTest(CodemodTest):
-
     TRANSFORM = ConvertFormatStringCommand
 
     def test_noop(self) -> None:
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_namedtuple_to_dataclass.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_namedtuple_to_dataclass.py
index 866f03c4..8e0b314d 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_namedtuple_to_dataclass.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_namedtuple_to_dataclass.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from libcst.codemod.commands.convert_namedtuple_to_dataclass import (
 
 
 class ConvertNamedTupleToDataclassCommandTest(CodemodTest):
-
     TRANSFORM = ConvertNamedTupleToDataclassCommand
 
     def test_no_change(self) -> None:
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_type_comments.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_type_comments.py
index 98eaa767..2c5917d1 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_type_comments.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_type_comments.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from libcst.codemod.commands.convert_type_comments import ConvertTypeComments
 
 
 class TestConvertTypeCommentsBase(CodemodTest):
-
     maxDiff = 1500
     TRANSFORM = ConvertTypeComments
 
@@ -28,6 +27,15 @@ class TestConvertTypeCommentsBase(CodemodTest):
 
 
 class TestConvertTypeComments_AssignForWith(TestConvertTypeCommentsBase):
+    def test_preserves_trailing_comment(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            y = 5  # type: int  # foo
+        """
+        after = """
+            y: int = 5  # foo
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod39Plus(before, after)
+
     def test_convert_assignments(self) -> None:
         before = """
             y = 5  # type: int
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_union_to_or.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_union_to_or.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ba557d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_convert_union_to_or.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+#
+# pyre-strict
+
+from libcst.codemod import CodemodTest
+from libcst.codemod.commands.convert_union_to_or import ConvertUnionToOrCommand
+
+
+class TestConvertUnionToOrCommand(CodemodTest):
+    TRANSFORM = ConvertUnionToOrCommand
+
+    def test_simple_union(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from typing import Union
+            x: Union[int, str]
+        """
+        after = """
+            x: int | str
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_nested_union(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from typing import Union
+            x: Union[int, Union[str, float]]
+        """
+        after = """
+            x: int | str | float
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_single_type_union(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from typing import Union
+            x: Union[int]
+        """
+        after = """
+            x: int
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_union_with_alias(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            import typing as t
+            x: t.Union[int, str]
+        """
+        after = """
+            import typing as t
+            x: int | str
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_union_with_unused_import(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from typing import Union, List
+            x: Union[int, str]
+        """
+        after = """
+            from typing import List
+            x: int | str
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_union_no_import(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            x: Union[int, str]
+        """
+        after = """
+            x: Union[int, str]
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_union_in_function(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from typing import Union
+            def foo(x: Union[int, str]) -> Union[float, None]:
+                ...
+        """
+        after = """
+            def foo(x: int | str) -> float | None:
+                ...
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_fix_pyre_directives.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_fix_pyre_directives.py
index 8871397a..4707073a 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_fix_pyre_directives.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_fix_pyre_directives.py
@@ -8,21 +8,15 @@ from libcst.codemod.commands.fix_pyre_directives import FixPyreDirectivesCommand
 
 
 class TestFixPyreDirectivesCommand(CodemodTest):
-
     TRANSFORM = FixPyreDirectivesCommand
 
     def test_no_need_to_fix_simple(self) -> None:
         """
         Tests that a pyre-strict inside the module header doesn't get touched.
         """
-        before = """
-            # pyre-strict
-            from typing import List
-
-            def baz() -> List[Foo]:
-                pass
-        """
-        after = """
+        after = (
+            before
+        ) = """
             # pyre-strict
             from typing import List
 
@@ -35,16 +29,9 @@ class TestFixPyreDirectivesCommand(CodemodTest):
         """
         Tests that a pyre-strict inside the module header doesn't get touched.
         """
-        before = """
-            # This is some header comment.
-            #
-            # pyre-strict
-            from typing import List
-
-            def baz() -> List[Foo]:
-                pass
-        """
-        after = """
+        after = (
+            before
+        ) = """
             # This is some header comment.
             #
             # pyre-strict
@@ -59,17 +46,9 @@ class TestFixPyreDirectivesCommand(CodemodTest):
         """
         Tests that a pyre-strict inside the module header doesn't get touched.
         """
-        before = """
-            # pyre-strict
-            #
-            # This is some header comment.
-
-            from typing import List
-
-            def baz() -> List[Foo]:
-                pass
-        """
-        after = """
+        after = (
+            before
+        ) = """
             # pyre-strict
             #
             # This is some header comment.
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_fix_variadic_callable.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_fix_variadic_callable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..848f0c98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_fix_variadic_callable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+#
+# pyre-strict
+
+from libcst.codemod import CodemodTest
+from libcst.codemod.commands.fix_variadic_callable import FixVariadicCallableCommmand
+
+
+class TestFixVariadicCallableCommmand(CodemodTest):
+    TRANSFORM = FixVariadicCallableCommmand
+
+    def test_callable_typing(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from typing import Callable
+            x: Callable[[...], int] = ...
+        """
+        after = """
+            from typing import Callable
+            x: Callable[..., int] = ...
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_callable_typing_alias(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            import typing as t
+            x: t.Callable[[...], int] = ...
+        """
+        after = """
+            import typing as t
+            x: t.Callable[..., int] = ...
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_callable_import_alias(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from typing import Callable as C
+            x: C[[...], int] = ...
+        """
+        after = """
+            from typing import Callable as C
+            x: C[..., int] = ...
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_callable_with_optional(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from typing import Callable
+            def foo(bar: Optional[Callable[[...], int]]) -> Callable[[...], int]:
+                ...
+        """
+        after = """
+            from typing import Callable
+            def foo(bar: Optional[Callable[..., int]]) -> Callable[..., int]:
+                ...
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_callable_with_arguments(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from typing import Callable
+            x: Callable[[int], int]
+        """
+        after = """
+            from typing import Callable
+            x: Callable[[int], int]
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_callable_with_variadic_arguments(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from typing import Callable
+            x: Callable[[int, int, ...], int]
+        """
+        after = """
+            from typing import Callable
+            x: Callable[[int, int, ...], int]
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_callable_no_arguments(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from typing import Callable
+            x: Callable
+        """
+        after = """
+            from typing import Callable
+            x: Callable
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_noop.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_noop.py
index 12995f5c..fa586a3d 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_noop.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_noop.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from libcst.codemod.commands.noop import NOOPCommand
 
 
 class TestNOOPCodemod(CodemodTest):
-
     TRANSFORM = NOOPCommand
 
     def test_noop(self) -> None:
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_remove_pyre_directive.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_remove_pyre_directive.py
index 74c1847c..c99f88ce 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_remove_pyre_directive.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_remove_pyre_directive.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from libcst.codemod.commands.remove_pyre_directive import (
 
 
 class TestRemovePyreStrictCommand(CodemodTest):
-
     TRANSFORM = RemovePyreStrictCommand
 
     def test_remove_from_file(self) -> None:
@@ -97,7 +96,6 @@ class TestRemovePyreStrictCommand(CodemodTest):
 
 
 class TestRemovePyreUnsafeCommand(CodemodTest):
-
     TRANSFORM = RemovePyreUnsafeCommand
 
     def test_remove_from_file(self) -> None:
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_rename.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_rename.py
index f97062b7..5b6e0128 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_rename.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_rename.py
@@ -10,11 +10,9 @@ from libcst.codemod.commands.rename import RenameCommand
 
 
 class TestRenameCommand(CodemodTest):
-
     TRANSFORM = RenameCommand
 
     def test_rename_name(self) -> None:
-
         before = """
             from foo import bar
 
@@ -30,8 +28,20 @@ class TestRenameCommand(CodemodTest):
 
         self.assertCodemod(before, after, old_name="foo.bar", new_name="baz.qux")
 
-    def test_rename_name_asname(self) -> None:
+    def test_rename_to_builtin(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from typing import List
+            x: List[int] = []
+        """
+        after = """
+            x: list[int] = []
+        """
 
+        self.assertCodemod(
+            before, after, old_name="typing.List", new_name="builtins.list"
+        )
+
+    def test_rename_name_asname(self) -> None:
         before = """
             from foo import bar as bla
 
@@ -73,7 +83,6 @@ class TestRenameCommand(CodemodTest):
         )
 
     def test_rename_attr(self) -> None:
-
         before = """
             import a.b
 
@@ -95,7 +104,6 @@ class TestRenameCommand(CodemodTest):
         )
 
     def test_rename_attr_asname(self) -> None:
-
         before = """
             import foo as bar
 
@@ -116,6 +124,27 @@ class TestRenameCommand(CodemodTest):
             new_name="baz.quux",
         )
 
+    def test_rename_attr_asname_2(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            import foo.qux as bar
+
+            def test() -> None:
+                bar.z(5)
+        """
+        after = """
+            import baz.quux
+
+            def test() -> None:
+                baz.quux.z(5)
+        """
+
+        self.assertCodemod(
+            before,
+            after,
+            old_name="foo.qux",
+            new_name="baz.quux",
+        )
+
     def test_rename_module_import(self) -> None:
         before = """
             import a.b
@@ -280,6 +309,38 @@ class TestRenameCommand(CodemodTest):
             new_name="a.b.module_3.Class_3",
         )
 
+    def test_import_same_module(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            import logging
+            logging.warn(1)
+        """
+        after = """
+            import logging
+            logging.warning(1)
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(
+            before,
+            after,
+            old_name="logging.warn",
+            new_name="logging.warning",
+        )
+
+    def test_import_same_dotted_module(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            import a.b
+            a.b.warn(1)
+        """
+        after = """
+            import a.b
+            a.b.warning(1)
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(
+            before,
+            after,
+            old_name="a.b.warn",
+            new_name="a.b.warning",
+        )
+
     def test_rename_local_variable(self) -> None:
         before = """
             x = 5
@@ -334,6 +395,28 @@ class TestRenameCommand(CodemodTest):
             new_name="d.z",
         )
 
+    def test_comma_import(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            import a, b, c
+
+            class Foo(a.z):
+                bar: b.bar
+                baz: c.baz
+        """
+        after = """
+            import a, b, d
+
+            class Foo(a.z):
+                bar: b.bar
+                baz: d.baz
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(
+            before,
+            after,
+            old_name="c.baz",
+            new_name="d.baz",
+        )
+
     def test_other_import_froms_untouched(self) -> None:
         before = """
             from a import b, c, d
@@ -357,6 +440,61 @@ class TestRenameCommand(CodemodTest):
             new_name="f.b",
         )
 
+    def test_comma_import_from(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from a import b, c, d
+
+            class Foo(b):
+                bar: c.bar
+                baz: d.baz
+        """
+        after = """
+            from a import b, c
+            from f import d
+
+            class Foo(b):
+                bar: c.bar
+                baz: d.baz
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(
+            before,
+            after,
+            old_name="a.d",
+            new_name="f.d",
+        )
+
+    def test_comma_import_from_parens(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from a import (
+                b,
+                c,
+                d,
+            )
+            from x import (y,)
+
+            class Foo(b):
+                bar: c.bar
+                baz: d.baz
+        """
+        after = """
+            from a import (
+                b,
+                c,
+                )
+            from x import (y,)
+            from f import d
+
+            class Foo(b):
+                bar: c.bar
+                baz: d.baz
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(
+            before,
+            after,
+            old_name="a.d",
+            new_name="f.d",
+        )
+
     def test_no_removal_of_import_in_use(self) -> None:
         before = """
             import a
@@ -678,3 +816,72 @@ class TestRenameCommand(CodemodTest):
             old_name="a.b.qux",
             new_name="a:b.qux",
         )
+
+    def test_import_parent_module(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            import a
+            a.b.c(a.b.c.d)
+        """
+        after = """
+            from z import c
+
+            c(c.d)
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after, old_name="a.b.c", new_name="z.c")
+
+    def test_import_parent_module_2(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            import a.b
+            a.b.c.d(a.b.c.d.x)
+        """
+        after = """
+            from z import c
+            
+            c(c.x)
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after, old_name="a.b.c.d", new_name="z.c")
+
+    def test_import_parent_module_3(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            import a
+            a.b.c(a.b.c.d)
+        """
+        after = """
+            import z.c
+
+            z.c(z.c.d)
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after, old_name="a.b.c", new_name="z.c:")
+
+    def test_import_parent_module_asname(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            import a.b as alias
+            alias.c(alias.c.d)
+        """
+        after = """
+            import z
+            z.c(z.c.d)
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after, old_name="a.b.c", new_name="z.c")
+
+    def test_push_down_toplevel_names(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            import foo
+            foo.baz()
+        """
+        after = """
+            import quux.foo
+            quux.foo.baz()
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after, old_name="foo", new_name="quux.foo")
+
+    def test_push_down_toplevel_names_with_asname(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            import foo as bar
+            bar.baz()
+        """
+        after = """
+            import quux.foo
+            quux.foo.baz()
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after, old_name="foo", new_name="quux.foo")
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_rename_typing_generic_aliases.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_rename_typing_generic_aliases.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a0a83c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_rename_typing_generic_aliases.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+#
+# pyre-strict
+
+from libcst.codemod import CodemodTest
+from libcst.codemod.commands.rename_typing_generic_aliases import (
+    RenameTypingGenericAliases,
+)
+
+
+class TestRenameCommand(CodemodTest):
+    TRANSFORM = RenameTypingGenericAliases
+
+    def test_rename_typing_generic_alias(self) -> None:
+        before = """
+            from typing import List, Set, Dict, FrozenSet, Tuple
+            x: List[int] = []
+            y: Set[int] = set()
+            z: Dict[str, int] = {}
+            a: FrozenSet[str] = frozenset()
+            b: Tuple[int, str] = (1, "hello")
+        """
+        after = """
+            x: list[int] = []
+            y: set[int] = set()
+            z: dict[str, int] = {}
+            a: frozenset[str] = frozenset()
+            b: tuple[int, str] = (1, "hello")
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_strip_strings_from_types.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_strip_strings_from_types.py
index 64a2fd10..3c3893b1 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_strip_strings_from_types.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/tests/test_strip_strings_from_types.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from libcst.codemod.commands.strip_strings_from_types import StripStringsCommand
 
 
 class TestStripStringsCodemod(CodemodTest):
-
     TRANSFORM = StripStringsCommand
 
     def test_noop(self) -> None:
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/commands/unnecessary_format_string.py b/libcst/codemod/commands/unnecessary_format_string.py
index d3bcd1c9..2320af17 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/commands/unnecessary_format_string.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/commands/unnecessary_format_string.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from libcst.codemod import VisitorBasedCodemodCommand
 
 
 class UnnecessaryFormatString(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
-
     DESCRIPTION: str = (
         "Converts f-strings which perform no formatting to regular strings."
     )
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/tests/test_codemod.py b/libcst/codemod/tests/test_codemod.py
index 754f35fe..ba68b94b 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/tests/test_codemod.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/tests/test_codemod.py
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ class SimpleCodemod(Codemod):
 
 
 class TestSkipDetection(CodemodTest):
-
     TRANSFORM = SimpleCodemod
 
     def test_detect_skip(self) -> None:
@@ -87,7 +86,6 @@ class IncrementCodemod(Codemod):
 
 
 class TestMultipass(CodemodTest):
-
     TRANSFORM = IncrementCodemod
 
     def test_multi_iterations(self) -> None:
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/tests/test_codemod_cli.py b/libcst/codemod/tests/test_codemod_cli.py
index 934ae667..9798b071 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/tests/test_codemod_cli.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/tests/test_codemod_cli.py
@@ -5,36 +5,115 @@
 #
 
 
+import platform
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import tempfile
 from pathlib import Path
+from unittest import skipIf
 
-from libcst._parser.entrypoints import is_native
+from libcst.codemod import CodemodTest
 from libcst.testing.utils import UnitTest
 
 
 class TestCodemodCLI(UnitTest):
+    # pyre-ignore - no idea why pyre is complaining about this
+    @skipIf(platform.system() == "Windows", "Windows")
     def test_codemod_formatter_error_input(self) -> None:
         rlt = subprocess.run(
             [
-                "python",
+                sys.executable,
                 "-m",
                 "libcst.tool",
                 "codemod",
                 "remove_unused_imports.RemoveUnusedImportsCommand",
+                # `ArgumentParser.parse_known_args()`'s behavior dictates that options
+                # need to go after instead of before the codemod command identifier.
+                "--python-version",
+                "3.6",
                 str(Path(__file__).parent / "codemod_formatter_error_input.py.txt"),
             ],
             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
             stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
         )
-        version = sys.version_info
-        if version[0] == 3 and version[1] == 6 and not is_native():
-            self.assertIn(
-                "ParserSyntaxError: Syntax Error @ 14:11.",
-                rlt.stderr.decode("utf-8"),
+        self.assertIn(
+            "error: cannot format -: Cannot parse for target version Python 3.6: 13:10:     async with AsyncExitStack() as stack:",
+            rlt.stderr.decode("utf-8"),
+        )
+
+    def test_codemod_external(self) -> None:
+        # Test running the NOOP command as an "external command"
+        # against this very file.
+        output = subprocess.check_output(
+            [
+                sys.executable,
+                "-m",
+                "libcst.tool",
+                "codemod",
+                "-x",  # external module
+                "libcst.codemod.commands.noop.NOOPCommand",
+                str(Path(__file__)),
+            ],
+            encoding="utf-8",
+            stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+        )
+        assert "Finished codemodding 1 files!" in output
+
+    def test_warning_messages_several_files(self) -> None:
+        code = """
+        def baz() -> str:
+            return "{}: {}".format(*baz)
+        """
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            p = Path(tmpdir)
+            (p / "mod1.py").write_text(CodemodTest.make_fixture_data(code))
+            (p / "mod2.py").write_text(CodemodTest.make_fixture_data(code))
+            (p / "mod3.py").write_text(CodemodTest.make_fixture_data(code))
+            output = subprocess.run(
+                [
+                    sys.executable,
+                    "-m",
+                    "libcst.tool",
+                    "codemod",
+                    "convert_format_to_fstring.ConvertFormatStringCommand",
+                    str(p),
+                ],
+                encoding="utf-8",
+                stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
             )
-        else:
+            # Each module will generate a warning, so we should get 3 warnings in total
             self.assertIn(
-                "error: cannot format -: Cannot parse: 13:10:     async with AsyncExitStack() as stack:",
-                rlt.stderr.decode("utf-8"),
+                "- 3 warnings were generated.",
+                output.stderr,
+            )
+
+    def test_matcher_decorators_multiprocessing(self) -> None:
+        file_count = 5
+        code = """
+        def baz(): # type: int
+            return 5
+        """
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            p = Path(tmpdir)
+            # Using more than chunksize=4 files to trigger multiprocessing
+            for i in range(file_count):
+                (p / f"mod{i}.py").write_text(CodemodTest.make_fixture_data(code))
+            output = subprocess.run(
+                [
+                    sys.executable,
+                    "-m",
+                    "libcst.tool",
+                    "codemod",
+                    # Good candidate since it uses matcher decorators
+                    "convert_type_comments.ConvertTypeComments",
+                    str(p),
+                    "--jobs",
+                    str(file_count),
+                ],
+                encoding="utf-8",
+                stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+            )
+            self.assertIn(
+                f"Transformed {file_count} files successfully.",
+                output.stderr,
             )
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/tests/test_command_helpers.py b/libcst/codemod/tests/test_command_helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15c461b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/codemod/tests/test_command_helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+#
+from typing import Union
+
+import libcst as cst
+from libcst.codemod import CodemodTest, VisitorBasedCodemodCommand
+
+
+class TestRemoveUnusedImportHelper(CodemodTest):
+    """Tests for the remove_unused_import helper method in CodemodCommand."""
+
+    def test_remove_unused_import_simple(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Test that remove_unused_import helper method works correctly.
+        """
+
+        class RemoveBarImport(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
+            def visit_Module(self, node: cst.Module) -> None:
+                # Use the helper method to schedule removal
+                self.remove_unused_import("bar")
+
+        before = """
+            import bar
+            import baz
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+        after = """
+            import baz
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+
+        self.TRANSFORM = RemoveBarImport
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_remove_unused_import_from_simple(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Test that remove_unused_import helper method works correctly with from imports.
+        """
+
+        class RemoveBarFromImport(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
+            def visit_Module(self, node: cst.Module) -> None:
+                # Use the helper method to schedule removal
+                self.remove_unused_import("a.b.c", "bar")
+
+        before = """
+            from a.b.c import bar, baz
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                baz()
+        """
+        after = """
+            from a.b.c import baz
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                baz()
+        """
+
+        self.TRANSFORM = RemoveBarFromImport
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_remove_unused_import_with_alias(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Test that remove_unused_import helper method works correctly with aliased imports.
+        """
+
+        class RemoveBarAsQuxImport(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
+            def visit_Module(self, node: cst.Module) -> None:
+                # Use the helper method to schedule removal
+                self.remove_unused_import("a.b.c", "bar", "qux")
+
+        before = """
+            from a.b.c import bar as qux, baz
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                baz()
+        """
+        after = """
+            from a.b.c import baz
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                baz()
+        """
+
+        self.TRANSFORM = RemoveBarAsQuxImport
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+
+class TestRemoveUnusedImportByNodeHelper(CodemodTest):
+    """Tests for the remove_unused_import_by_node helper method in CodemodCommand."""
+
+    def test_remove_unused_import_by_node_simple(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Test that remove_unused_import_by_node helper method works correctly.
+        """
+
+        class RemoveBarCallAndImport(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
+            METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (
+                cst.metadata.QualifiedNameProvider,
+                cst.metadata.ScopeProvider,
+            )
+
+            def leave_SimpleStatementLine(
+                self,
+                original_node: cst.SimpleStatementLine,
+                updated_node: cst.SimpleStatementLine,
+            ) -> Union[cst.RemovalSentinel, cst.SimpleStatementLine]:
+                # Remove any statement that calls bar()
+                if cst.matchers.matches(
+                    updated_node,
+                    cst.matchers.SimpleStatementLine(
+                        body=[cst.matchers.Expr(cst.matchers.Call())]
+                    ),
+                ):
+                    call = cst.ensure_type(updated_node.body[0], cst.Expr).value
+                    if cst.matchers.matches(
+                        call, cst.matchers.Call(func=cst.matchers.Name("bar"))
+                    ):
+                        # Use the helper method to remove imports referenced by this node
+                        self.remove_unused_import_by_node(original_node)
+                        return cst.RemoveFromParent()
+                return updated_node
+
+        before = """
+            from foo import bar, baz
+
+            def fun() -> None:
+                bar()
+                baz()
+        """
+        after = """
+            from foo import baz
+
+            def fun() -> None:
+                baz()
+        """
+
+        self.TRANSFORM = RemoveBarCallAndImport
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+
+class TestAddNeededImportHelper(CodemodTest):
+    """Tests for the add_needed_import helper method in CodemodCommand."""
+
+    def test_add_needed_import_simple(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Test that add_needed_import helper method works correctly.
+        """
+
+        class AddBarImport(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
+            def visit_Module(self, node: cst.Module) -> None:
+                # Use the helper method to schedule import addition
+                self.add_needed_import("bar")
+
+        before = """
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+        after = """
+            import bar
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+
+        self.TRANSFORM = AddBarImport
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_add_needed_import_from_simple(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Test that add_needed_import helper method works correctly with from imports.
+        """
+
+        class AddBarFromImport(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
+            def visit_Module(self, node: cst.Module) -> None:
+                # Use the helper method to schedule import addition
+                self.add_needed_import("a.b.c", "bar")
+
+        before = """
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+        after = """
+            from a.b.c import bar
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+
+        self.TRANSFORM = AddBarFromImport
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_add_needed_import_with_alias(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Test that add_needed_import helper method works correctly with aliased imports.
+        """
+
+        class AddBarAsQuxImport(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
+            def visit_Module(self, node: cst.Module) -> None:
+                # Use the helper method to schedule import addition
+                self.add_needed_import("a.b.c", "bar", "qux")
+
+        before = """
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+        after = """
+            from a.b.c import bar as qux
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+
+        self.TRANSFORM = AddBarAsQuxImport
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_add_needed_import_relative(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Test that add_needed_import helper method works correctly with relative imports.
+        """
+
+        class AddRelativeImport(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
+            def visit_Module(self, node: cst.Module) -> None:
+                # Use the helper method to schedule relative import addition
+                self.add_needed_import("c", "bar", relative=2)
+
+        before = """
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+        after = """
+            from ..c import bar
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+
+        self.TRANSFORM = AddRelativeImport
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+
+class TestCombinedHelpers(CodemodTest):
+    """Tests for combining add_needed_import and remove_unused_import helper methods."""
+
+    def test_add_and_remove_imports(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Test that both helper methods work correctly when used together.
+        """
+
+        class ReplaceBarWithBaz(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
+            def visit_Module(self, node: cst.Module) -> None:
+                # Add new import and remove old one
+                self.add_needed_import("new_module", "baz")
+                self.remove_unused_import("old_module", "bar")
+
+        before = """
+            from other_module import qux
+            from old_module import bar
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+        after = """
+            from other_module import qux
+            from new_module import baz
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+
+        self.TRANSFORM = ReplaceBarWithBaz
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
+
+    def test_add_and_remove_same_import(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Test that both helper methods work correctly when used together.
+        """
+
+        class AddAndRemoveBar(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
+            def visit_Module(self, node: cst.Module) -> None:
+                # Add new import and remove old one
+                self.add_needed_import("hello_module", "bar")
+                self.remove_unused_import("hello_module", "bar")
+
+        self.TRANSFORM = AddAndRemoveBar
+
+        before = """
+            from other_module import baz
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+        # Should remain unchanged
+        self.assertCodemod(before, before)
+
+        before = """
+            from other_module import baz
+            from hello_module import bar
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                bar.func()
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, before)
+
+        before = """
+            from other_module import baz
+            from hello_module import bar
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+
+        after = """
+            from other_module import baz
+
+            def foo() -> None:
+                pass
+        """
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after)
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/tests/test_metadata.py b/libcst/codemod/tests/test_metadata.py
index 1a99b3dd..eff3a228 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/tests/test_metadata.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/tests/test_metadata.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from libcst.testing.utils import UnitTest
 
 
 class TestingCollector(ContextAwareVisitor):
-
     METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (PositionProvider,)
 
     def visit_Pass(self, node: cst.Pass) -> None:
@@ -22,7 +21,6 @@ class TestingCollector(ContextAwareVisitor):
 
 
 class TestingTransform(ContextAwareTransformer):
-
     METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (PositionProvider,)
 
     def visit_FunctionDef(self, node: cst.FunctionDef) -> None:
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/visitors/_add_imports.py b/libcst/codemod/visitors/_add_imports.py
index a3ca32f9..eeab43ae 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/visitors/_add_imports.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/visitors/_add_imports.py
@@ -7,12 +7,52 @@ from collections import defaultdict
 from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 import libcst
-from libcst import matchers as m, parse_statement
+from libcst import CSTLogicError, matchers as m, parse_statement
+from libcst._nodes.statement import Import, ImportFrom, SimpleStatementLine
 from libcst.codemod._context import CodemodContext
 from libcst.codemod._visitor import ContextAwareTransformer
-from libcst.codemod.visitors._gather_imports import GatherImportsVisitor
+from libcst.codemod.visitors._gather_imports import _GatherImportsMixin
 from libcst.codemod.visitors._imports import ImportItem
 from libcst.helpers import get_absolute_module_from_package_for_import
+from libcst.helpers.common import ensure_type
+
+
+class _GatherTopImportsBeforeStatements(_GatherImportsMixin):
+    """
+    Works similarly to GatherImportsVisitor, but only considers imports
+    declared before any other statements of the module with the exception
+    of docstrings and __strict__ flag.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, context: CodemodContext) -> None:
+        super().__init__(context)
+        # Track all of the imports found in this transform
+        self.all_imports: List[Union[libcst.Import, libcst.ImportFrom]] = []
+
+    def leave_Module(self, original_node: libcst.Module) -> None:
+        start = 1 if _skip_first(original_node) else 0
+        for stmt in original_node.body[start:]:
+            if m.matches(
+                stmt,
+                m.SimpleStatementLine(body=[m.ImportFrom() | m.Import()]),
+            ):
+                stmt = ensure_type(stmt, SimpleStatementLine)
+                # Workaround for python 3.8 and 3.9, won't accept Union for isinstance
+                if m.matches(stmt.body[0], m.ImportFrom()):
+                    imp = ensure_type(stmt.body[0], ImportFrom)
+                    self.all_imports.append(imp)
+                if m.matches(stmt.body[0], m.Import()):
+                    imp = ensure_type(stmt.body[0], Import)
+                    self.all_imports.append(imp)
+            else:
+                break
+        for imp in self.all_imports:
+            if m.matches(imp, m.Import()):
+                imp = ensure_type(imp, Import)
+                self._handle_Import(imp)
+            else:
+                imp = ensure_type(imp, ImportFrom)
+                self._handle_ImportFrom(imp)
 
 
 class AddImportsVisitor(ContextAwareTransformer):
@@ -67,7 +107,7 @@ class AddImportsVisitor(ContextAwareTransformer):
     ) -> List[ImportItem]:
         imports = context.scratch.get(AddImportsVisitor.CONTEXT_KEY, [])
         if not isinstance(imports, list):
-            raise Exception("Logic error!")
+            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
         return imports
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -96,7 +136,7 @@ class AddImportsVisitor(ContextAwareTransformer):
         """
 
         if module == "__future__" and obj is None:
-            raise Exception("Cannot import __future__ directly!")
+            raise ValueError("Cannot import __future__ directly!")
         imports = AddImportsVisitor._get_imports_from_context(context)
         imports.append(ImportItem(module, obj, asname, relative))
         context.scratch[AddImportsVisitor.CONTEXT_KEY] = imports
@@ -117,9 +157,9 @@ class AddImportsVisitor(ContextAwareTransformer):
         # Verify that the imports are valid
         for imp in imps:
             if imp.module == "__future__" and imp.obj_name is None:
-                raise Exception("Cannot import __future__ directly!")
+                raise ValueError("Cannot import __future__ directly!")
             if imp.module == "__future__" and imp.alias is not None:
-                raise Exception("Cannot import __future__ objects with aliases!")
+                raise ValueError("Cannot import __future__ objects with aliases!")
 
         # Resolve relative imports if we have a module name
         imps = [imp.resolve_relative(self.context.full_package_name) for imp in imps]
@@ -169,12 +209,12 @@ class AddImportsVisitor(ContextAwareTransformer):
             for module in sorted(from_imports_aliases)
         }
 
-        # Track the list of imports found in the file
+        # Track the list of imports found at the top of the file
         self.all_imports: List[Union[libcst.Import, libcst.ImportFrom]] = []
 
     def visit_Module(self, node: libcst.Module) -> None:
-        # Do a preliminary pass to gather the imports we already have
-        gatherer = GatherImportsVisitor(self.context)
+        # Do a preliminary pass to gather the imports we already have at the top
+        gatherer = _GatherTopImportsBeforeStatements(self.context)
         node.visit(gatherer)
         self.all_imports = gatherer.all_imports
 
@@ -183,7 +223,7 @@ class AddImportsVisitor(ContextAwareTransformer):
             if module in self.module_aliases and self.module_aliases[module] == alias:
                 del self.module_aliases[module]
         for module, aliases in gatherer.alias_mapping.items():
-            for (obj, alias) in aliases:
+            for obj, alias in aliases:
                 if (
                     module in self.alias_mapping
                     and (obj, alias) in self.alias_mapping[module]
@@ -213,6 +253,10 @@ class AddImportsVisitor(ContextAwareTransformer):
             # There's nothing to do here!
             return updated_node
 
+        # Ensure this is one of the imports at the top
+        if original_node not in self.all_imports:
+            return updated_node
+
         # Get the module we're importing as a string, see if we have work to do.
         module = get_absolute_module_from_package_for_import(
             self.context.full_package_name, updated_node
@@ -260,39 +304,26 @@ class AddImportsVisitor(ContextAwareTransformer):
         statement_before_import_location = 0
         import_add_location = 0
 
-        # never insert an import before initial __strict__ flag
-        if m.matches(
-            orig_module,
-            m.Module(
-                body=[
-                    m.SimpleStatementLine(
-                        body=[
-                            m.Assign(
-                                targets=[m.AssignTarget(target=m.Name("__strict__"))]
-                            )
-                        ]
-                    ),
-                    m.ZeroOrMore(),
-                ]
-            ),
-        ):
-            statement_before_import_location = import_add_location = 1
-
         # This works under the principle that while we might modify node contents,
         # we have yet to modify the number of statements. So we can match on the
         # original tree but break up the statements of the modified tree. If we
         # change this assumption in this visitor, we will have to change this code.
-        for i, statement in enumerate(orig_module.body):
+
+        # Finds the location to add imports. It is the end of the first import block that occurs before any other statement (save for docstrings)
+
+        # Never insert an import before initial __strict__ flag or docstring
+        if _skip_first(orig_module):
+            statement_before_import_location = import_add_location = 1
+
+        for i, statement in enumerate(
+            orig_module.body[statement_before_import_location:]
+        ):
             if m.matches(
-                statement, m.SimpleStatementLine(body=[m.Expr(value=m.SimpleString())])
+                statement, m.SimpleStatementLine(body=[m.ImportFrom() | m.Import()])
             ):
-                statement_before_import_location = import_add_location = 1
-            elif isinstance(statement, libcst.SimpleStatementLine):
-                for possible_import in statement.body:
-                    for last_import in self.all_imports:
-                        if possible_import is last_import:
-                            import_add_location = i + 1
-                            break
+                import_add_location = i + statement_before_import_location + 1
+            else:
+                break
 
         return (
             list(updated_module.body[:statement_before_import_location]),
@@ -414,3 +445,28 @@ class AddImportsVisitor(ContextAwareTransformer):
                 *statements_after_imports,
             )
         )
+
+
+def _skip_first(orig_module: libcst.Module) -> bool:
+    # Is there a __strict__ flag or docstring at the top?
+    if m.matches(
+        orig_module,
+        m.Module(
+            body=[
+                m.SimpleStatementLine(
+                    body=[
+                        m.Assign(targets=[m.AssignTarget(target=m.Name("__strict__"))])
+                    ]
+                ),
+                m.ZeroOrMore(),
+            ]
+        )
+        | m.Module(
+            body=[
+                m.SimpleStatementLine(body=[m.Expr(value=m.SimpleString())]),
+                m.ZeroOrMore(),
+            ]
+        ),
+    ):
+        return True
+    return False
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/visitors/_apply_type_annotations.py b/libcst/codemod/visitors/_apply_type_annotations.py
index 7811aa63..59347420 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/visitors/_apply_type_annotations.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/visitors/_apply_type_annotations.py
@@ -255,35 +255,38 @@ class ImportedSymbolCollector(m.MatcherDecoratableVisitor):
         super().__init__()
         self.existing_imports: Set[str] = existing_imports
         self.imported_symbols: Dict[str, Set[ImportedSymbol]] = defaultdict(set)
+        self.in_annotation: bool = False
+
+    def visit_Annotation(self, node: cst.Annotation) -> None:
+        self.in_annotation = True
+
+    def leave_Annotation(self, original_node: cst.Annotation) -> None:
+        self.in_annotation = False
 
     def visit_ClassDef(self, node: cst.ClassDef) -> None:
         for base in node.bases:
             value = base.value
             if isinstance(value, NAME_OR_ATTRIBUTE):
                 self._handle_NameOrAttribute(value)
-            elif isinstance(value, cst.Subscript):
-                self._handle_Subscript(value)
 
-    def visit_FunctionDef(self, node: cst.FunctionDef) -> bool:
-        if node.returns is not None:
-            self._handle_Annotation(annotation=node.returns)
-        self._handle_Parameters(node.params)
+    def visit_Name(self, node: cst.Name) -> None:
+        if self.in_annotation:
+            self._handle_NameOrAttribute(node)
 
-        # pyi files don't support inner functions, return False to stop the traversal.
-        return False
+    def visit_Attribute(self, node: cst.Attribute) -> None:
+        if self.in_annotation:
+            self._handle_NameOrAttribute(node)
 
-    def visit_AnnAssign(self, node: cst.AnnAssign) -> None:
-        self._handle_Annotation(annotation=node.annotation)
-
-    # Handler functions.
-    #
-    # These ultimately all call _handle_NameOrAttribute, which adds the
-    # qualified name to the list of imported symbols
+    def visit_Subscript(self, node: cst.Subscript) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(node.value, NAME_OR_ATTRIBUTE):
+            return True
+        return _get_unique_qualified_name(self, node) not in ("Type", "typing.Type")
 
     def _handle_NameOrAttribute(
         self,
         node: NameOrAttribute,
     ) -> None:
+        # Adds the qualified name to the list of imported symbols
         obj = sym = None  # keep pyre happy
         if isinstance(node, cst.Name):
             obj = None
@@ -304,48 +307,6 @@ class ImportedSymbolCollector(m.MatcherDecoratableVisitor):
             )
             self.imported_symbols[sym].add(mod)
 
-    def _handle_Index(self, slice: cst.Index) -> None:
-        value = slice.value
-        if isinstance(value, cst.Subscript):
-            self._handle_Subscript(value)
-        elif isinstance(value, cst.Attribute):
-            self._handle_NameOrAttribute(value)
-
-    def _handle_Subscript(self, node: cst.Subscript) -> None:
-        value = node.value
-        if isinstance(value, NAME_OR_ATTRIBUTE):
-            self._handle_NameOrAttribute(value)
-        else:
-            raise ValueError("Expected any indexed type to have")
-        if _get_unique_qualified_name(self, node) in ("Type", "typing.Type"):
-            return
-        slice = node.slice
-        if isinstance(slice, tuple):
-            for item in slice:
-                if isinstance(item.slice.value, NAME_OR_ATTRIBUTE):
-                    self._handle_NameOrAttribute(item.slice.value)
-                else:
-                    if isinstance(item.slice, cst.Index):
-                        self._handle_Index(item.slice)
-        elif isinstance(slice, cst.Index):
-            self._handle_Index(slice)
-
-    def _handle_Annotation(self, annotation: cst.Annotation) -> None:
-        node = annotation.annotation
-        if isinstance(node, cst.Subscript):
-            self._handle_Subscript(node)
-        elif isinstance(node, NAME_OR_ATTRIBUTE):
-            self._handle_NameOrAttribute(node)
-        elif isinstance(node, cst.SimpleString):
-            pass
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(f"Unexpected annotation node: {node}")
-
-    def _handle_Parameters(self, parameters: cst.Parameters) -> None:
-        for parameter in list(parameters.params):
-            if parameter.annotation is not None:
-                self._handle_Annotation(annotation=parameter.annotation)
-
 
 class TypeCollector(m.MatcherDecoratableVisitor):
     """
@@ -392,9 +353,9 @@ class TypeCollector(m.MatcherDecoratableVisitor):
         for base in node.bases:
             value = base.value
             if isinstance(value, NAME_OR_ATTRIBUTE):
-                new_value = self._handle_NameOrAttribute(value)
+                new_value = value.visit(_TypeCollectorDequalifier(self))
             elif isinstance(value, cst.Subscript):
-                new_value = self._handle_Subscript(value)
+                new_value = value.visit(_TypeCollectorDequalifier(self))
             else:
                 start = self.get_metadata(PositionProvider, node).start
                 raise ValueError(
@@ -421,7 +382,12 @@ class TypeCollector(m.MatcherDecoratableVisitor):
         self.qualifier.append(node.name.value)
         returns = node.returns
         return_annotation = (
-            self._handle_Annotation(annotation=returns) if returns is not None else None
+            returns.visit(_TypeCollectorDequalifier(self))
+            if returns is not None
+            else None
+        )
+        assert return_annotation is None or isinstance(
+            return_annotation, cst.Annotation
         )
         parameter_annotations = self._handle_Parameters(node.params)
         name = ".".join(self.qualifier)
@@ -446,7 +412,8 @@ class TypeCollector(m.MatcherDecoratableVisitor):
         name = get_full_name_for_node(node.target)
         if name is not None:
             self.qualifier.append(name)
-        annotation_value = self._handle_Annotation(annotation=node.annotation)
+        annotation_value = node.annotation.visit(_TypeCollectorDequalifier(self))
+        assert isinstance(annotation_value, cst.Annotation)
         self.annotations.attributes[".".join(self.qualifier)] = annotation_value
         return True
 
@@ -541,97 +508,7 @@ class TypeCollector(m.MatcherDecoratableVisitor):
                 return False
         return False
 
-    # Handler functions.
-    #
-    # Each of these does one of two things, possibly recursively, over some
-    # valid CST node for a static type:
-    #  - process the qualified name and ensure we will add necessary imports
-    #  - dequalify the node
-
-    def _handle_NameOrAttribute(
-        self,
-        node: NameOrAttribute,
-    ) -> Union[cst.Name, cst.Attribute]:
-        qualified_name = _get_unique_qualified_name(self, node)
-        should_qualify = self._handle_qualification_and_should_qualify(
-            qualified_name, node
-        )
-        self.annotations.names.add(qualified_name)
-        if should_qualify:
-            qualified_node = (
-                cst.parse_module(qualified_name) if isinstance(node, cst.Name) else node
-            )
-            return qualified_node  # pyre-ignore[7]
-        else:
-            dequalified_node = node.attr if isinstance(node, cst.Attribute) else node
-            return dequalified_node
-
-    def _handle_Index(
-        self,
-        slice: cst.Index,
-    ) -> cst.Index:
-        value = slice.value
-        if isinstance(value, cst.Subscript):
-            return slice.with_changes(value=self._handle_Subscript(value))
-        elif isinstance(value, cst.Attribute):
-            return slice.with_changes(value=self._handle_NameOrAttribute(value))
-        else:
-            if isinstance(value, cst.SimpleString):
-                self.annotations.names.add(_get_string_value(value))
-            return slice
-
-    def _handle_Subscript(
-        self,
-        node: cst.Subscript,
-    ) -> cst.Subscript:
-        value = node.value
-        if isinstance(value, NAME_OR_ATTRIBUTE):
-            new_node = node.with_changes(value=self._handle_NameOrAttribute(value))
-        else:
-            raise ValueError("Expected any indexed type to have")
-        if _get_unique_qualified_name(self, node) in ("Type", "typing.Type"):
-            # Note: we are intentionally not handling qualification of
-            # anything inside `Type` because it's common to have nested
-            # classes, which we cannot currently distinguish from classes
-            # coming from other modules, appear here.
-            return new_node
-        slice = node.slice
-        if isinstance(slice, tuple):
-            new_slice = []
-            for item in slice:
-                value = item.slice.value
-                if isinstance(value, NAME_OR_ATTRIBUTE):
-                    name = self._handle_NameOrAttribute(item.slice.value)
-                    new_index = item.slice.with_changes(value=name)
-                    new_slice.append(item.with_changes(slice=new_index))
-                else:
-                    if isinstance(item.slice, cst.Index):
-                        new_index = item.slice.with_changes(
-                            value=self._handle_Index(item.slice)
-                        )
-                        item = item.with_changes(slice=new_index)
-                    new_slice.append(item)
-            return new_node.with_changes(slice=tuple(new_slice))
-        elif isinstance(slice, cst.Index):
-            new_slice = self._handle_Index(slice)
-            return new_node.with_changes(slice=new_slice)
-        else:
-            return new_node
-
-    def _handle_Annotation(
-        self,
-        annotation: cst.Annotation,
-    ) -> cst.Annotation:
-        node = annotation.annotation
-        if isinstance(node, cst.SimpleString):
-            self.annotations.names.add(_get_string_value(node))
-            return annotation
-        elif isinstance(node, cst.Subscript):
-            return cst.Annotation(annotation=self._handle_Subscript(node))
-        elif isinstance(node, NAME_OR_ATTRIBUTE):
-            return cst.Annotation(annotation=self._handle_NameOrAttribute(node))
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(f"Unexpected annotation node: {node}")
+    # Handler functions
 
     def _handle_Parameters(
         self,
@@ -645,7 +522,7 @@ class TypeCollector(m.MatcherDecoratableVisitor):
                 annotation = parameter.annotation
                 if annotation is not None:
                     parameter = parameter.with_changes(
-                        annotation=self._handle_Annotation(annotation=annotation)
+                        annotation=annotation.visit(_TypeCollectorDequalifier(self))
                     )
                 updated_parameters.append(parameter)
             return updated_parameters
@@ -653,6 +530,73 @@ class TypeCollector(m.MatcherDecoratableVisitor):
         return parameters.with_changes(params=update_annotations(parameters.params))
 
 
+class _TypeCollectorDequalifier(cst.CSTTransformer):
+    def __init__(self, type_collector: "TypeCollector") -> None:
+        self.type_collector = type_collector
+
+    def leave_Name(
+        self, original_node: cst.Name, updated_node: cst.Name
+    ) -> NameOrAttribute:
+        qualified_name = _get_unique_qualified_name(self.type_collector, original_node)
+        should_qualify = self.type_collector._handle_qualification_and_should_qualify(
+            qualified_name, original_node
+        )
+        self.type_collector.annotations.names.add(qualified_name)
+        if should_qualify:
+            parts = qualified_name.split(".")
+            qualified_node = cst.Name(parts[0])
+            for p in parts[1:]:
+                qualified_node = cst.Attribute(qualified_node, cst.Name(p))
+            return qualified_node
+        else:
+            return original_node
+
+    def visit_Attribute(self, node: cst.Attribute) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def leave_Attribute(
+        self, original_node: cst.Attribute, updated_node: cst.Attribute
+    ) -> cst.BaseExpression:
+        qualified_name = _get_unique_qualified_name(self.type_collector, original_node)
+        should_qualify = self.type_collector._handle_qualification_and_should_qualify(
+            qualified_name, original_node
+        )
+        self.type_collector.annotations.names.add(qualified_name)
+        if should_qualify:
+            return original_node
+        else:
+            return original_node.attr
+
+    def leave_Index(
+        self, original_node: cst.Index, updated_node: cst.Index
+    ) -> cst.Index:
+        if isinstance(original_node.value, cst.SimpleString):
+            self.type_collector.annotations.names.add(
+                _get_string_value(original_node.value)
+            )
+        return updated_node
+
+    def visit_Subscript(self, node: cst.Subscript) -> bool:
+        return _get_unique_qualified_name(self.type_collector, node) not in (
+            "Type",
+            "typing.Type",
+        )
+
+    def leave_Subscript(
+        self, original_node: cst.Subscript, updated_node: cst.Subscript
+    ) -> cst.Subscript:
+        if _get_unique_qualified_name(self.type_collector, original_node) in (
+            "Type",
+            "typing.Type",
+        ):
+            # Note: we are intentionally not handling qualification of
+            # anything inside `Type` because it's common to have nested
+            # classes, which we cannot currently distinguish from classes
+            # coming from other modules, appear here.
+            return original_node.with_changes(value=original_node.value.visit(self))
+        return updated_node
+
+
 @dataclass
 class AnnotationCounts:
     global_annotations: int = 0
@@ -755,6 +699,10 @@ class ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor(ContextAwareTransformer):
         # quotations to avoid undefined forward references in type annotations.
         self.global_names: Set[str] = set()
 
+        # We use this to avoid annotating multiple assignments to the same
+        # symbol in a given scope
+        self.already_annotated: Set[str] = set()
+
     @staticmethod
     def store_stub_in_context(
         context: CodemodContext,
@@ -1006,17 +954,19 @@ class ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor(ContextAwareTransformer):
             name = get_full_name_for_node(only_target)
             if name is not None:
                 self.qualifier.append(name)
-                if (
-                    self._qualifier_name() in self.annotations.attributes
-                    and not isinstance(only_target, cst.Subscript)
+                qualifier_name = self._qualifier_name()
+                if qualifier_name in self.annotations.attributes and not isinstance(
+                    only_target, (cst.Attribute, cst.Subscript)
                 ):
-                    annotation = self.annotations.attributes[self._qualifier_name()]
-                    self.qualifier.pop()
-                    return self._apply_annotation_to_attribute_or_global(
-                        name=name,
-                        annotation=annotation,
-                        value=node.value,
-                    )
+                    if qualifier_name not in self.already_annotated:
+                        self.already_annotated.add(qualifier_name)
+                        annotation = self.annotations.attributes[qualifier_name]
+                        self.qualifier.pop()
+                        return self._apply_annotation_to_attribute_or_global(
+                            name=name,
+                            annotation=annotation,
+                            value=node.value,
+                        )
                 else:
                     self.qualifier.pop()
         return updated_node
@@ -1301,7 +1251,6 @@ class ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor(ContextAwareTransformer):
         original_node: cst.Assign,
         updated_node: cst.Assign,
     ) -> Union[cst.Assign, cst.AnnAssign]:
-
         self.current_assign = None
 
         if len(original_node.targets) > 1:
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_exports.py b/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_exports.py
index a35b389a..bb1c8894 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_exports.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_exports.py
@@ -140,6 +140,6 @@ class GatherExportsVisitor(ContextAwareVisitor):
     ) -> None:
         if self._in_assigned_export:
             name = node.evaluated_value
-            if name is None:
+            if not isinstance(name, str):
                 return
             self.explicit_exported_objects.add(name)
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_imports.py b/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_imports.py
index 4847afc1..6b187c53 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_imports.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_imports.py
@@ -12,43 +12,9 @@ from libcst.codemod.visitors._imports import ImportItem
 from libcst.helpers import get_absolute_module_from_package_for_import
 
 
-class GatherImportsVisitor(ContextAwareVisitor):
+class _GatherImportsMixin(ContextAwareVisitor):
     """
-    Gathers all imports in a module and stores them as attributes on the instance.
-    Intended to be instantiated and passed to a :class:`~libcst.Module`
-    :meth:`~libcst.CSTNode.visit` method in order to gather up information about
-    imports on a module. Note that this is not a substitute for scope analysis or
-    qualified name support. Please see :ref:`libcst-scope-tutorial` for a more
-    robust way of determining the qualified name and definition for an arbitrary
-    node.
-
-    After visiting a module the following attributes will be populated:
-
-     module_imports
-      A sequence of strings representing modules that were imported directly, such as
-      in the case of ``import typing``. Each module directly imported but not aliased
-      will be included here.
-     object_mapping
-      A mapping of strings to sequences of strings representing modules where we
-      imported objects from, such as in the case of ``from typing import Optional``.
-      Each from import that was not aliased will be included here, where the keys of
-      the mapping are the module we are importing from, and the value is a
-      sequence of objects we are importing from the module.
-     module_aliases
-      A mapping of strings representing modules that were imported and aliased,
-      such as in the case of ``import typing as t``. Each module imported this
-      way will be represented as a key in this mapping, and the value will be
-      the local alias of the module.
-     alias_mapping
-      A mapping of strings to sequences of tuples representing modules where we
-      imported objects from and aliased using ``as`` syntax, such as in the case
-      of ``from typing import Optional as opt``. Each from import that was aliased
-      will be included here, where the keys of the mapping are the module we are
-      importing from, and the value is a tuple representing the original object
-      name and the alias.
-     all_imports
-      A collection of all :class:`~libcst.Import` and :class:`~libcst.ImportFrom`
-      statements that were encountered in the module.
+    A Mixin class for tracking visited imports.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, context: CodemodContext) -> None:
@@ -59,15 +25,10 @@ class GatherImportsVisitor(ContextAwareVisitor):
         # Track the aliased imports in this transform
         self.module_aliases: Dict[str, str] = {}
         self.alias_mapping: Dict[str, List[Tuple[str, str]]] = {}
-        # Track all of the imports found in this transform
-        self.all_imports: List[Union[libcst.Import, libcst.ImportFrom]] = []
         # Track the import for every symbol introduced into the module
         self.symbol_mapping: Dict[str, ImportItem] = {}
 
-    def visit_Import(self, node: libcst.Import) -> None:
-        # Track this import statement for later analysis.
-        self.all_imports.append(node)
-
+    def _handle_Import(self, node: libcst.Import) -> None:
         for name in node.names:
             alias = name.evaluated_alias
             imp = ImportItem(name.evaluated_name, alias=alias)
@@ -80,10 +41,7 @@ class GatherImportsVisitor(ContextAwareVisitor):
                 self.module_imports.add(name.evaluated_name)
                 self.symbol_mapping[name.evaluated_name] = imp
 
-    def visit_ImportFrom(self, node: libcst.ImportFrom) -> None:
-        # Track this import statement for later analysis.
-        self.all_imports.append(node)
-
+    def _handle_ImportFrom(self, node: libcst.ImportFrom) -> None:
         # Get the module we're importing as a string.
         module = get_absolute_module_from_package_for_import(
             self.context.full_package_name, node
@@ -128,3 +86,58 @@ class GatherImportsVisitor(ContextAwareVisitor):
                 )
                 key = ia.evaluated_alias or ia.evaluated_name
                 self.symbol_mapping[key] = imp
+
+
+class GatherImportsVisitor(_GatherImportsMixin):
+    """
+    Gathers all imports in a module and stores them as attributes on the instance.
+    Intended to be instantiated and passed to a :class:`~libcst.Module`
+    :meth:`~libcst.CSTNode.visit` method in order to gather up information about
+    imports on a module. Note that this is not a substitute for scope analysis or
+    qualified name support. Please see :ref:`libcst-scope-tutorial` for a more
+    robust way of determining the qualified name and definition for an arbitrary
+    node.
+
+    After visiting a module the following attributes will be populated:
+
+     module_imports
+      A sequence of strings representing modules that were imported directly, such as
+      in the case of ``import typing``. Each module directly imported but not aliased
+      will be included here.
+     object_mapping
+      A mapping of strings to sequences of strings representing modules where we
+      imported objects from, such as in the case of ``from typing import Optional``.
+      Each from import that was not aliased will be included here, where the keys of
+      the mapping are the module we are importing from, and the value is a
+      sequence of objects we are importing from the module.
+     module_aliases
+      A mapping of strings representing modules that were imported and aliased,
+      such as in the case of ``import typing as t``. Each module imported this
+      way will be represented as a key in this mapping, and the value will be
+      the local alias of the module.
+     alias_mapping
+      A mapping of strings to sequences of tuples representing modules where we
+      imported objects from and aliased using ``as`` syntax, such as in the case
+      of ``from typing import Optional as opt``. Each from import that was aliased
+      will be included here, where the keys of the mapping are the module we are
+      importing from, and the value is a tuple representing the original object
+      name and the alias.
+     all_imports
+      A collection of all :class:`~libcst.Import` and :class:`~libcst.ImportFrom`
+      statements that were encountered in the module.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, context: CodemodContext) -> None:
+        super().__init__(context)
+        # Track all of the imports found in this transform
+        self.all_imports: List[Union[libcst.Import, libcst.ImportFrom]] = []
+
+    def visit_Import(self, node: libcst.Import) -> None:
+        # Track this import statement for later analysis.
+        self.all_imports.append(node)
+        self._handle_Import(node)
+
+    def visit_ImportFrom(self, node: libcst.ImportFrom) -> None:
+        # Track this import statement for later analysis.
+        self.all_imports.append(node)
+        self._handle_ImportFrom(node)
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_string_annotation_names.py b/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_string_annotation_names.py
index 0f1b926b..b7268ffc 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_string_annotation_names.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_string_annotation_names.py
@@ -44,6 +44,11 @@ class GatherNamesFromStringAnnotationsVisitor(ContextAwareVisitor):
     def leave_Annotation(self, original_node: cst.Annotation) -> None:
         self._annotation_stack.pop()
 
+    def visit_Subscript(self, node: cst.Subscript) -> bool:
+        qnames = self.get_metadata(QualifiedNameProvider, node)
+        # A Literal["foo"] should not be interpreted as a use of the symbol "foo".
+        return not any(qn.name == "typing.Literal" for qn in qnames)
+
     def visit_Call(self, node: cst.Call) -> bool:
         qnames = self.get_metadata(QualifiedNameProvider, node)
         if any(qn.name in self._typing_functions for qn in qnames):
@@ -71,7 +76,11 @@ class GatherNamesFromStringAnnotationsVisitor(ContextAwareVisitor):
         value = node.evaluated_value
         if value is None:
             return
-        mod = cst.parse_module(value)
+        try:
+            mod = cst.parse_module(value)
+        except cst.ParserSyntaxError:
+            # Not all strings inside a type annotation are meant to be valid Python code.
+            return
         extracted_nodes = m.extractall(
             mod,
             m.Name(
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_unused_imports.py b/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_unused_imports.py
index d6211509..01243cae 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_unused_imports.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/visitors/_gather_unused_imports.py
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class GatherUnusedImportsVisitor(ContextAwareVisitor):
         Override this in a subclass for additional filtering.
         """
         unused_imports = set()
-        for (alias, parent) in candidates:
+        for alias, parent in candidates:
             scope = self.get_metadata(ScopeProvider, parent)
             if scope is None:
                 continue
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/visitors/_remove_imports.py b/libcst/codemod/visitors/_remove_imports.py
index 55940127..b625ee60 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/visitors/_remove_imports.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/visitors/_remove_imports.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 import libcst as cst
+from libcst import CSTLogicError
 from libcst.codemod._context import CodemodContext
 from libcst.codemod._visitor import ContextAwareTransformer, ContextAwareVisitor
 from libcst.codemod.visitors._gather_unused_imports import GatherUnusedImportsVisitor
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ class RemovedNodeVisitor(ContextAwareVisitor):
             self.context.full_package_name, import_node
         )
         if module_name is None:
-            raise Exception("Cannot look up absolute module from relative import!")
+            raise ValueError("Cannot look up absolute module from relative import!")
 
         # We know any local names will refer to this as an alias if
         # there is one, and as the original name if there is not one
@@ -72,7 +73,9 @@ class RemovedNodeVisitor(ContextAwareVisitor):
         # Look up the scope for this node, remove the import that caused it to exist.
         metadata_wrapper = self.context.wrapper
         if metadata_wrapper is None:
-            raise Exception("Cannot look up import, metadata is not computed for node!")
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot look up import, metadata is not computed for node!"
+            )
         scope_provider = metadata_wrapper.resolve(ScopeProvider)
         try:
             scope = scope_provider[node]
@@ -185,7 +188,7 @@ class RemoveImportsVisitor(ContextAwareTransformer):
     ) -> List[Tuple[str, Optional[str], Optional[str]]]:
         unused_imports = context.scratch.get(RemoveImportsVisitor.CONTEXT_KEY, [])
         if not isinstance(unused_imports, list):
-            raise Exception("Logic error!")
+            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
         return unused_imports
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -255,7 +258,7 @@ class RemoveImportsVisitor(ContextAwareTransformer):
                 context.full_package_name, node
             )
             if module_name is None:
-                raise Exception("Cannot look up absolute module from relative import!")
+                raise ValueError("Cannot look up absolute module from relative import!")
             for import_alias in names:
                 RemoveImportsVisitor.remove_unused_import(
                     context,
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_add_imports.py b/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_add_imports.py
index e7a191a9..613da907 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_add_imports.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_add_imports.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from libcst.codemod.visitors import AddImportsVisitor, ImportItem
 
 
 class TestAddImportsCodemod(CodemodTest):
-
     TRANSFORM = AddImportsVisitor
 
     def test_noop(self) -> None:
@@ -891,3 +890,139 @@ class TestAddImportsCodemod(CodemodTest):
                 full_module_name="a.b.foobar", full_package_name="a.b"
             ),
         )
+
+    def test_import_in_module_with_standalone_string_not_a_docstring(
+        self,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        The import should be added after the __future__ imports.
+        """
+        before = """
+            from __future__ import annotations
+            from __future__ import division
+
+            '''docstring.'''
+            def func():
+                pass
+        """
+        after = """
+            from __future__ import annotations
+            from __future__ import division
+            import typing
+
+            '''docstring.'''
+            def func():
+                pass
+        """
+
+        self.assertCodemod(
+            before,
+            after,
+            [ImportItem("typing", None, None)],
+            context_override=CodemodContext(
+                full_module_name="a.b.foobar", full_package_name="a.b"
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def test_add_at_first_block(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Should add the import only at the end of the first import block.
+        """
+
+        before = """
+            import a
+            import b
+
+            e()
+
+            import c
+            import d
+        """
+
+        after = """
+            import a
+            import b
+            import e
+
+            e()
+
+            import c
+            import d
+        """
+
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after, [ImportItem("e", None, None)])
+
+    def test_add_no_import_block_before_statement(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Should add the import before the call.
+        """
+
+        before = """
+            '''docstring'''
+            e()
+            import a
+            import b
+        """
+
+        after = """
+            '''docstring'''
+            import c
+
+            e()
+            import a
+            import b
+        """
+
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after, [ImportItem("c", None, None)])
+
+    def test_do_not_add_existing(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Should not add the new object import at existing import since it's not at the top
+        """
+
+        before = """
+            '''docstring'''
+            e()
+            import a
+            import b
+            from c import f
+        """
+
+        after = """
+            '''docstring'''
+            from c import e
+
+            e()
+            import a
+            import b
+            from c import f
+        """
+
+        self.assertCodemod(before, after, [ImportItem("c", "e", None)])
+
+    def test_add_existing_at_top(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Should add new import at exisitng from import at top
+        """
+
+        before = """
+            '''docstring'''
+            from c import d
+            e()
+            import a
+            import b
+            from c import f
+        """
+
+        after = """
+            '''docstring'''
+            from c import e, x, d
+            e()
+            import a
+            import b
+            from c import f
+        """
+
+        self.assertCodemod(
+            before, after, [ImportItem("c", "x", None), ImportItem("c", "e", None)]
+        )
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_apply_type_annotations.py b/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_apply_type_annotations.py
index aa05ab73..e7b25124 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_apply_type_annotations.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_apply_type_annotations.py
@@ -61,6 +61,28 @@ class TestApplyAnnotationsVisitor(CodemodTest):
         )
         self.assertCodemod(before, after, context_override=context)
 
+    def run_test_case_twice(
+        self,
+        stub: str,
+        before: str,
+        after: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        context = CodemodContext()
+        ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor.store_stub_in_context(
+            context, parse_module(textwrap.dedent(stub.rstrip()))
+        )
+        r1 = ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor(context).transform_module(
+            parse_module(textwrap.dedent(before.rstrip()))
+        )
+
+        context = CodemodContext()
+        ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor.store_stub_in_context(
+            context, parse_module(textwrap.dedent(stub.rstrip()))
+        )
+        r2 = ApplyTypeAnnotationsVisitor(context).transform_module(r1)
+        assert r1.code == textwrap.dedent(after.rstrip())
+        assert r2.code == textwrap.dedent(after.rstrip())
+
     @data_provider(
         {
             "simple": (
@@ -469,7 +491,7 @@ class TestApplyAnnotationsVisitor(CodemodTest):
             ),
             "deeply_nested_example_with_multiline_annotation": (
                 """
-                def foo(x: int)-> Union[
+                def foo(x: int) -> Union[
                     Coroutine[Any, Any, django.http.response.HttpResponse], str
                 ]:
                     ...
@@ -1119,6 +1141,83 @@ class TestApplyAnnotationsVisitor(CodemodTest):
             overwrite_existing_annotations=True,
         )
 
+    @data_provider(
+        {
+            "pep_604": (
+                """
+                def f(a: int | str, b: int | list[int | list[int | str]]) -> str: ...
+                """,
+                """
+                def f(a, b):
+                    return 'hello'
+                """,
+                """
+                def f(a: int | str, b: int | list[int | list[int | str]]) -> str:
+                    return 'hello'
+                """,
+            ),
+            "pep_604_import": (
+                """
+                from typing import Callable
+                from collections.abc import Sequence
+                def f(a: int | str, b: int | list[int | Callable[[str], Sequence]]) -> str: ...
+                """,
+                """
+                def f(a, b):
+                    return 'hello'
+                """,
+                """
+                from collections.abc import Sequence
+                from typing import Callable
+
+                def f(a: int | str, b: int | list[int | Callable[[str], Sequence]]) -> str:
+                    return 'hello'
+                """,
+            ),
+        }
+    )
+    def test_annotate_functions_pep_604(
+        self, stub: str, before: str, after: str
+    ) -> None:
+        self.run_test_case_with_flags(
+            stub=stub,
+            before=before,
+            after=after,
+            overwrite_existing_annotations=True,
+        )
+
+    @data_provider(
+        {
+            "import_inside_list": (
+                """
+                from typing import Callable
+                from collections.abc import Sequence
+                def f(a: Callable[[Sequence[int]], int], b: int) -> str: ...
+                """,
+                """
+                def f(a, b):
+                    return 'hello'
+                """,
+                """
+                from collections.abc import Sequence
+                from typing import Callable
+
+                def f(a: Callable[[Sequence[int]], int], b: int) -> str:
+                    return 'hello'
+                """,
+            ),
+        }
+    )
+    def test_annotate_function_nested_imports(
+        self, stub: str, before: str, after: str
+    ) -> None:
+        self.run_test_case_with_flags(
+            stub=stub,
+            before=before,
+            after=after,
+            overwrite_existing_annotations=True,
+        )
+
     @data_provider(
         {
             "return_self": (
@@ -1745,3 +1844,172 @@ class TestApplyAnnotationsVisitor(CodemodTest):
         self.run_test_case_with_flags(
             stub=stub, before=before, after=after, always_qualify_annotations=True
         )
+
+    @data_provider(
+        {
+            "attribute": (
+                """
+                class C:
+                    x: int
+                """,
+                """
+                class C:
+                    x = 0
+                C.x = 1
+                """,
+                """
+                class C:
+                    x: int = 0
+                C.x = 1
+                """,
+            ),
+            "subscript": (
+                """
+                d: dict[str, int]
+                """,
+                """
+                d = {}
+                d["k"] = 0
+                """,
+                """
+                d: dict[str, int] = {}
+                d["k"] = 0
+                """,
+            ),
+            "starred": (
+                """
+                a: int
+                b: list[int]
+                """,
+                """
+                a, *b = [1, 2, 3]
+                """,
+                """
+                a: int
+                b: list[int]
+
+                a, *b = [1, 2, 3]
+                """,
+            ),
+            "name": (
+                """
+                a: int
+                """,
+                """
+                a = 0
+                """,
+                """
+                a: int = 0
+                """,
+            ),
+            "list": (
+                """
+                a: int
+                """,
+                """
+                [a] = [0]
+                """,
+                """
+                a: int
+
+                [a] = [0]
+                """,
+            ),
+            "tuple": (
+                """
+                a: int
+                """,
+                """
+                (a,) = [0]
+                """,
+                """
+                a: int
+
+                (a,) = [0]
+                """,
+            ),
+        }
+    )
+    def test_valid_assign_expressions(self, stub: str, before: str, after: str) -> None:
+        self.run_simple_test_case(stub=stub, before=before, after=after)
+
+    @data_provider(
+        {
+            "toplevel": (
+                """
+                x: int
+                """,
+                """
+                x = 1
+                x = 2
+                """,
+                """
+                x: int = 1
+                x = 2
+                """,
+            ),
+            "class": (
+                """
+                class A:
+                    x: int
+                """,
+                """
+                class A:
+                    x = 1
+                    x = 2
+                """,
+                """
+                class A:
+                    x: int = 1
+                    x = 2
+                """,
+            ),
+            "mixed": (
+                """
+                x: int
+                class A:
+                    x: int
+                """,
+                """
+                x = 1
+                class A:
+                    x = 1
+                    x = 2
+                """,
+                """
+                x: int = 1
+                class A:
+                    x: int = 1
+                    x = 2
+                """,
+            ),
+        }
+    )
+    def test_no_duplicate_annotations(self, stub: str, before: str, after: str) -> None:
+        self.run_simple_test_case(stub=stub, before=before, after=after)
+
+    @data_provider(
+        {
+            "qualifier_jank": (
+                """
+                from module.submodule import B
+                M: B
+                class Foo: ...
+                """,
+                """
+                from module import B
+                M = B()
+                class Foo: pass
+                """,
+                """
+                from module import B
+                import module.submodule
+
+                M: module.submodule.B = B()
+                class Foo: pass
+                """,
+            ),
+        }
+    )
+    def test_idempotent(self, stub: str, before: str, after: str) -> None:
+        self.run_test_case_twice(stub=stub, before=before, after=after)
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_gather_string_annotation_names.py b/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_gather_string_annotation_names.py
index f8a11fcc..d3c622a3 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_gather_string_annotation_names.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_gather_string_annotation_names.py
@@ -80,3 +80,14 @@ class TestGatherNamesFromStringAnnotationsVisitor(UnitTest):
             visitor.names,
             {"api", "api.http_exceptions", "api.http_exceptions.HttpException"},
         )
+
+    def test_literals(self) -> None:
+        visitor = self.gather_names(
+            """
+            from typing import Literal
+            a: Literal["in"]
+            b: list[Literal["1x"]]
+            c: Literal["Any"]
+            """
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(visitor.names, set())
diff --git a/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_remove_imports.py b/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_remove_imports.py
index 11db2e9f..6e51c515 100644
--- a/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_remove_imports.py
+++ b/libcst/codemod/visitors/tests/test_remove_imports.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider
 
 
 class TestRemoveImportsCodemod(CodemodTest):
-
     TRANSFORM = RemoveImportsVisitor
 
     def test_noop(self) -> None:
@@ -757,7 +756,6 @@ class TestRemoveImportsCodemod(CodemodTest):
         """
 
         class RemoveBarTransformer(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
-
             METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (QualifiedNameProvider, ScopeProvider)
 
             @m.leave(
@@ -821,7 +819,6 @@ class TestRemoveImportsCodemod(CodemodTest):
         """
 
         class RemoveImportTransformer(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
-
             METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (QualifiedNameProvider, ScopeProvider)
 
             def visit_ImportFrom(self, node: cst.ImportFrom) -> None:
@@ -860,7 +857,6 @@ class TestRemoveImportsCodemod(CodemodTest):
         """
 
         class RemoveImportTransformer(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
-
             METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (QualifiedNameProvider, ScopeProvider)
 
             def visit_Import(self, node: cst.Import) -> None:
@@ -892,7 +888,6 @@ class TestRemoveImportsCodemod(CodemodTest):
         """
 
         class RemoveImportTransformer(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
-
             METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (QualifiedNameProvider, ScopeProvider)
 
             def visit_ImportFrom(self, node: cst.ImportFrom) -> None:
diff --git a/libcst/display/__init__.py b/libcst/display/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49365a58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/display/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+from libcst.display.graphviz import dump_graphviz
+from libcst.display.text import dump
+
+__all__ = [
+    "dump",
+    "dump_graphviz",
+]
diff --git a/libcst/display/graphviz.py b/libcst/display/graphviz.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6b5b748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/display/graphviz.py
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import textwrap
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+from libcst import CSTNode
+from libcst.helpers import filter_node_fields
+
+
+_syntax_style = ', color="#777777", fillcolor="#eeeeee"'
+_value_style = ', color="#3e99ed", fillcolor="#b8d9f8"'
+
+node_style: dict[str, str] = {
+    "__default__": "",
+    "EmptyLine": _syntax_style,
+    "IndentedBlock": _syntax_style,
+    "SimpleStatementLine": _syntax_style,
+    "SimpleWhitespace": _syntax_style,
+    "TrailingWhitespace": _syntax_style,
+    "Newline": _syntax_style,
+    "Comma": _syntax_style,
+    "LeftParen": _syntax_style,
+    "RightParen": _syntax_style,
+    "LeftSquareBracket": _syntax_style,
+    "RightSquareBracket": _syntax_style,
+    "LeftCurlyBrace": _syntax_style,
+    "RightCurlyBrace": _syntax_style,
+    "BaseSmallStatement": _syntax_style,
+    "BaseCompoundStatement": _syntax_style,
+    "SimpleStatementSuite": _syntax_style,
+    "Colon": _syntax_style,
+    "Dot": _syntax_style,
+    "Semicolon": _syntax_style,
+    "ParenthesizedWhitespace": _syntax_style,
+    "BaseParenthesizableWhitespace": _syntax_style,
+    "Comment": _syntax_style,
+    "Name": _value_style,
+    "Integer": _value_style,
+    "Float": _value_style,
+    "Imaginary": _value_style,
+    "SimpleString": _value_style,
+    "FormattedStringText": _value_style,
+}
+"""Graphviz style for specific CST nodes"""
+
+
+def _create_node_graphviz(node: CSTNode) -> str:
+    """Creates the graphviz representation of a CST node."""
+    node_name = node.__class__.__qualname__
+
+    if node_name in node_style:
+        style = node_style[node_name]
+    else:
+        style = node_style["__default__"]
+
+    # pyre-ignore[16]: the existence of node.value is checked before usage
+    if hasattr(node, "value") and isinstance(node.value, str):
+        line_break = r"\n"
+        quote = '"'
+        escaped_quote = r"\""
+        value = f"{line_break}<{node.value.replace(quote, escaped_quote)}>"
+        style = style + ', shape="box"'
+    else:
+        value = ""
+
+    return f'{id(node)} [label="{node_name}{value}"{style}]'
+
+
+def _node_repr_recursive(
+    node: object,
+    *,
+    show_defaults: bool,
+    show_syntax: bool,
+    show_whitespace: bool,
+) -> list[str]:
+    """Creates the graphviz representation of a CST node,
+    and of its child nodes."""
+    if not isinstance(node, CSTNode):
+        return []
+
+    fields = filter_node_fields(
+        node,
+        show_defaults=show_defaults,
+        show_syntax=show_syntax,
+        show_whitespace=show_whitespace,
+    )
+
+    graphviz_lines: list[str] = [_create_node_graphviz(node)]
+
+    for field in fields:
+        value = getattr(node, field.name)
+        if isinstance(value, CSTNode):
+            # Display a single node
+            graphviz_lines.append(f'{id(node)} -> {id(value)} [label="{field.name}"]')
+            graphviz_lines.extend(
+                _node_repr_recursive(
+                    value,
+                    show_defaults=show_defaults,
+                    show_syntax=show_syntax,
+                    show_whitespace=show_whitespace,
+                )
+            )
+            continue
+
+        if isinstance(value, Sequence):
+            # Display a sequence of nodes
+            for index, child in enumerate(value):
+                if isinstance(child, CSTNode):
+                    graphviz_lines.append(
+                        rf'{id(node)} -> {id(child)} [label="{field.name}[{index}]"]'
+                    )
+                    graphviz_lines.extend(
+                        _node_repr_recursive(
+                            child,
+                            show_defaults=show_defaults,
+                            show_syntax=show_syntax,
+                            show_whitespace=show_whitespace,
+                        )
+                    )
+
+    return graphviz_lines
+
+
+def dump_graphviz(
+    node: object,
+    *,
+    show_defaults: bool = False,
+    show_syntax: bool = False,
+    show_whitespace: bool = False,
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Returns a string representation (in graphviz .dot style) of a CST node,
+    and its child nodes.
+
+    Setting ``show_defaults`` to ``True`` will add fields regardless if their
+    value is different from the default value.
+
+    Setting ``show_whitespace`` will add whitespace fields and setting
+    ``show_syntax`` will add syntax fields while respecting the value of
+    ``show_defaults``.
+    """
+
+    graphviz_settings = textwrap.dedent(
+        r"""
+        layout=dot;
+        rankdir=TB;
+        splines=line;
+        ranksep=0.5;
+        nodesep=1.0;
+        dpi=300;
+        bgcolor=transparent;
+        node [
+            style=filled,
+            color="#fb8d3f",
+            fontcolor="#4b4f54",
+            fillcolor="#fdd2b3",
+            fontname="Source Code Pro Semibold",
+            penwidth="2",
+            group=main,
+        ];
+        edge [
+            color="#999999",
+            fontcolor="#4b4f54",
+            fontname="Source Code Pro Semibold",
+            fontsize=12,
+            penwidth=2,
+        ];
+        """[
+            1:
+        ]
+    )
+
+    return "\n".join(
+        ["digraph {", graphviz_settings]
+        + _node_repr_recursive(
+            node,
+            show_defaults=show_defaults,
+            show_syntax=show_syntax,
+            show_whitespace=show_whitespace,
+        )
+        + ["}"]
+    )
diff --git a/libcst/display/tests/__init__.py b/libcst/display/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7bec24cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/display/tests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
diff --git a/libcst/display/tests/test_dump_graphviz.py b/libcst/display/tests/test_dump_graphviz.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17ce231f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/display/tests/test_dump_graphviz.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from textwrap import dedent
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from libcst import parse_module
+from libcst.display import dump_graphviz
+from libcst.testing.utils import UnitTest
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from libcst import Module
+
+
+class CSTDumpGraphvizTest(UnitTest):
+    """Check dump_graphviz contains CST nodes."""
+
+    source_code: str = dedent(
+        r"""
+        def foo(a: str) -> None:
+            pass ;
+            pass
+            return
+        """[
+            1:
+        ]
+    )
+    cst: Module
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.cst = parse_module(cls.source_code)
+
+    def _assert_node(self, node_name: str, graphviz_str: str) -> None:
+        self.assertIn(
+            node_name, graphviz_str, f"No node {node_name} found in graphviz_dump"
+        )
+
+    def _check_essential_nodes_in_tree(self, graphviz_str: str) -> None:
+        # Check CST nodes are present in graphviz string
+        self._assert_node("Module", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("FunctionDef", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("Name", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("Parameters", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("Param", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("Annotation", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("IndentedBlock", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("SimpleStatementLine", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("Pass", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("Return", graphviz_str)
+
+        # Check CST values are present in graphviz string
+        self._assert_node("<foo>", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("<a>", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("<str>", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("<None>", graphviz_str)
+
+    def test_essential_tree(self) -> None:
+        """Check essential nodes are present in the CST graphviz dump."""
+        graphviz_str = dump_graphviz(self.cst)
+        self._check_essential_nodes_in_tree(graphviz_str)
+
+    def test_full_tree(self) -> None:
+        """Check all nodes are present in the CST graphviz dump."""
+        graphviz_str = dump_graphviz(
+            self.cst,
+            show_whitespace=True,
+            show_defaults=True,
+            show_syntax=True,
+        )
+        self._check_essential_nodes_in_tree(graphviz_str)
+
+        self._assert_node("Semicolon", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("SimpleWhitespace", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("Newline", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("TrailingWhitespace", graphviz_str)
+
+        self._assert_node("<>", graphviz_str)
+        self._assert_node("< >", graphviz_str)
diff --git a/libcst/tests/test_tool.py b/libcst/display/tests/test_dump_text.py
similarity index 98%
rename from libcst/tests/test_tool.py
rename to libcst/display/tests/test_dump_text.py
index 929d7225..bbfc6eb0 100644
--- a/libcst/tests/test_tool.py
+++ b/libcst/display/tests/test_dump_text.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from libcst.testing.utils import UnitTest
 from libcst.tool import dump
 
 
-class PrettyPrintNodesTest(UnitTest):
+class CSTDumpTextTest(UnitTest):
     def test_full_tree(self) -> None:
         module = r"""
             Module(
@@ -152,6 +152,10 @@ class PrettyPrintNodesTest(UnitTest):
                   whitespace_before_colon=SimpleWhitespace(
                     value='',
                   ),
+                  type_parameters=None,
+                  whitespace_after_type_parameters=SimpleWhitespace(
+                    value='',
+                  ),
                 ),
               ],
               header=[],
@@ -243,6 +247,7 @@ class PrettyPrintNodesTest(UnitTest):
                     ),
                   ),
                   asynchronous=None,
+                  type_parameters=None,
                 ),
               ],
               encoding='utf-8',
@@ -532,6 +537,10 @@ class PrettyPrintNodesTest(UnitTest):
                   whitespace_before_colon=SimpleWhitespace(
                     value='',
                   ),
+                  type_parameters=None,
+                  whitespace_after_type_parameters=SimpleWhitespace(
+                    value='',
+                  ),
                 ),
               ],
               header=[],
@@ -612,6 +621,7 @@ class PrettyPrintNodesTest(UnitTest):
                     ),
                   ),
                   asynchronous=None,
+                  type_parameters=None,
                 ),
               ],
             )
diff --git a/libcst/display/text.py b/libcst/display/text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e270009
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/display/text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+from typing import List, Sequence
+
+from libcst import CSTLogicError, CSTNode
+from libcst.helpers import filter_node_fields
+
+_DEFAULT_INDENT: str = "  "
+
+
+def _node_repr_recursive(  # noqa: C901
+    node: object,
+    *,
+    indent: str = _DEFAULT_INDENT,
+    show_defaults: bool = False,
+    show_syntax: bool = False,
+    show_whitespace: bool = False,
+) -> List[str]:
+    if isinstance(node, CSTNode):
+        # This is a CSTNode, we must pretty-print it.
+        fields: Sequence[dataclasses.Field[CSTNode]] = filter_node_fields(
+            node=node,
+            show_defaults=show_defaults,
+            show_syntax=show_syntax,
+            show_whitespace=show_whitespace,
+        )
+
+        tokens: List[str] = [node.__class__.__name__]
+
+        if len(fields) == 0:
+            tokens.append("()")
+        else:
+            tokens.append("(\n")
+
+            for field in fields:
+                child_tokens: List[str] = [field.name, "="]
+                value = getattr(node, field.name)
+
+                if isinstance(value, (str, bytes)) or not isinstance(value, Sequence):
+                    # Render out the node contents
+                    child_tokens.extend(
+                        _node_repr_recursive(
+                            value,
+                            indent=indent,
+                            show_whitespace=show_whitespace,
+                            show_defaults=show_defaults,
+                            show_syntax=show_syntax,
+                        )
+                    )
+                elif isinstance(value, Sequence):
+                    # Render out a list of individual nodes
+                    if len(value) > 0:
+                        child_tokens.append("[\n")
+                        list_tokens: List[str] = []
+
+                        last_value = len(value) - 1
+                        for j, v in enumerate(value):
+                            list_tokens.extend(
+                                _node_repr_recursive(
+                                    v,
+                                    indent=indent,
+                                    show_whitespace=show_whitespace,
+                                    show_defaults=show_defaults,
+                                    show_syntax=show_syntax,
+                                )
+                            )
+                            if j != last_value:
+                                list_tokens.append(",\n")
+                            else:
+                                list_tokens.append(",")
+
+                        split_by_line = "".join(list_tokens).split("\n")
+                        child_tokens.append(
+                            "\n".join(f"{indent}{t}" for t in split_by_line)
+                        )
+
+                        child_tokens.append("\n]")
+                    else:
+                        child_tokens.append("[]")
+                else:
+                    raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
+
+                # Handle indentation and trailing comma.
+                split_by_line = "".join(child_tokens).split("\n")
+                tokens.append("\n".join(f"{indent}{t}" for t in split_by_line))
+                tokens.append(",\n")
+
+            tokens.append(")")
+
+        return tokens
+    else:
+        # This is a python value, just return the repr
+        return [repr(node)]
+
+
+def dump(
+    node: CSTNode,
+    *,
+    indent: str = _DEFAULT_INDENT,
+    show_defaults: bool = False,
+    show_syntax: bool = False,
+    show_whitespace: bool = False,
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Returns a string representation of the node that contains minimal differences
+    from the default contruction of the node while also hiding whitespace and
+    syntax fields.
+
+    Setting ``show_defaults`` to ``True`` will add fields regardless if their
+    value is different from the default value.
+
+    Setting ``show_whitespace`` will add whitespace fields and setting
+    ``show_syntax`` will add syntax fields while respecting the value of
+    ``show_defaults``.
+
+    When all keyword args are set to true, the output of this function is
+    indentical to the __repr__ method of the node.
+    """
+    return "".join(
+        _node_repr_recursive(
+            node,
+            indent=indent,
+            show_defaults=show_defaults,
+            show_syntax=show_syntax,
+            show_whitespace=show_whitespace,
+        )
+    )
diff --git a/libcst/helpers/__init__.py b/libcst/helpers/__init__.py
index c7fdf9b1..817acc39 100644
--- a/libcst/helpers/__init__.py
+++ b/libcst/helpers/__init__.py
@@ -25,6 +25,14 @@ from libcst.helpers.module import (
     insert_header_comments,
     ModuleNameAndPackage,
 )
+from libcst.helpers.node_fields import (
+    filter_node_fields,
+    get_field_default_value,
+    get_node_fields,
+    is_default_node_field,
+    is_syntax_node_field,
+    is_whitespace_node_field,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     "calculate_module_and_package",
@@ -42,4 +50,10 @@ __all__ = [
     "parse_template_statement",
     "parse_template_expression",
     "ModuleNameAndPackage",
+    "get_node_fields",
+    "get_field_default_value",
+    "is_whitespace_node_field",
+    "is_syntax_node_field",
+    "is_default_node_field",
+    "filter_node_fields",
 ]
diff --git a/libcst/helpers/_template.py b/libcst/helpers/_template.py
index e3f915a5..e205e0af 100644
--- a/libcst/helpers/_template.py
+++ b/libcst/helpers/_template.py
@@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ def unmangled_name(var: str) -> Optional[str]:
 
 def mangle_template(template: str, template_vars: Set[str]) -> str:
     if TEMPLATE_PREFIX in template or TEMPLATE_SUFFIX in template:
-        raise Exception("Cannot parse a template containing reserved strings")
+        raise ValueError("Cannot parse a template containing reserved strings")
 
     for var in template_vars:
         original = f"{{{var}}}"
         if original not in template:
-            raise Exception(
+            raise ValueError(
                 f'Template string is missing a reference to "{var}" referred to in kwargs'
             )
         template = template.replace(original, mangled_name(var))
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class TemplateTransformer(cst.CSTTransformer):
             name for name in template_replacements if name not in supported_vars
         }
         if unsupported_vars:
-            raise Exception(
+            raise ValueError(
                 f'Template replacement for "{next(iter(unsupported_vars))}" is unsupported'
             )
 
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ class TemplateChecker(cst.CSTVisitor):
     def visit_Name(self, node: cst.Name) -> None:
         for var in self.template_vars:
             if node.value == mangled_name(var):
-                raise Exception(f'Template variable "{var}" was not replaced properly')
+                raise ValueError(f'Template variable "{var}" was not replaced properly')
 
 
 def unmangle_nodes(
@@ -424,8 +424,8 @@ def parse_template_statement(
     if not isinstance(
         new_statement, (cst.SimpleStatementLine, cst.BaseCompoundStatement)
     ):
-        raise Exception(
-            f"Expected a statement but got a {new_statement.__class__.__name__}!"
+        raise TypeError(
+            f"Expected a statement but got a {new_statement.__class__.__qualname__}!"
         )
     new_statement.visit(TemplateChecker({name for name in template_replacements}))
     return new_statement
diff --git a/libcst/helpers/common.py b/libcst/helpers/common.py
index 0965abeb..dee73aa4 100644
--- a/libcst/helpers/common.py
+++ b/libcst/helpers/common.py
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
 # This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 #
-from typing import Type
+from typing import Type, TypeVar
 
-from libcst._types import CSTNodeT
+T = TypeVar("T")
 
 
-def ensure_type(node: object, nodetype: Type[CSTNodeT]) -> CSTNodeT:
+def ensure_type(node: object, nodetype: Type[T]) -> T:
     """
     Takes any python object, and a LibCST :class:`~libcst.CSTNode` subclass and
     refines the type of the python object. This is most useful when you already
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def ensure_type(node: object, nodetype: Type[CSTNodeT]) -> CSTNodeT:
     """
 
     if not isinstance(node, nodetype):
-        raise Exception(
-            f"Expected a {nodetype.__name__} but got a {node.__class__.__name__}!"
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Expected a {nodetype.__name__} but got a {node.__class__.__qualname__}!"
         )
     return node
diff --git a/libcst/helpers/expression.py b/libcst/helpers/expression.py
index beb5f324..5ae016cf 100644
--- a/libcst/helpers/expression.py
+++ b/libcst/helpers/expression.py
@@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ def get_full_name_for_node_or_raise(node: Union[str, cst.CSTNode]) -> str:
     """
     full_name = get_full_name_for_node(node)
     if full_name is None:
-        raise Exception(f"Not able to parse full name for: {node}")
+        raise ValueError(f"Not able to parse full name for: {node}")
     return full_name
diff --git a/libcst/helpers/matchers.py b/libcst/helpers/matchers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e641c43c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/helpers/matchers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+#
+
+from dataclasses import fields, is_dataclass, MISSING
+
+from libcst import matchers
+from libcst._nodes.base import CSTNode
+
+
+def node_to_matcher(
+    node: CSTNode, *, match_syntactic_trivia: bool = False
+) -> matchers.BaseMatcherNode:
+    """Convert a concrete node to a matcher."""
+    if not is_dataclass(node):
+        raise ValueError(f"{node} is not a CSTNode")
+
+    attrs = {}
+    for field in fields(node):
+        name = field.name
+        child = getattr(node, name)
+        if not match_syntactic_trivia and field.name.startswith("whitespace"):
+            # Not all nodes have whitespace fields, some have multiple, but they all
+            # start with whitespace*
+            child = matchers.DoNotCare()
+        elif field.default is not MISSING and child == field.default:
+            child = matchers.DoNotCare()
+        # pyre-ignore[29]: Union[MISSING_TYPE, ...] is not a function.
+        elif field.default_factory is not MISSING and child == field.default_factory():
+            child = matchers.DoNotCare()
+        elif isinstance(child, (list, tuple)):
+            child = type(child)(
+                node_to_matcher(item, match_syntactic_trivia=match_syntactic_trivia)
+                for item in child
+            )
+        elif hasattr(matchers, type(child).__name__):
+            child = node_to_matcher(
+                child, match_syntactic_trivia=match_syntactic_trivia
+            )
+        attrs[name] = child
+
+    matcher = getattr(matchers, type(node).__name__)
+    return matcher(**attrs)
diff --git a/libcst/helpers/module.py b/libcst/helpers/module.py
index f9961807..2b2973bf 100644
--- a/libcst/helpers/module.py
+++ b/libcst/helpers/module.py
@@ -5,10 +5,11 @@
 #
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from itertools import islice
-from pathlib import PurePath
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath
 from typing import List, Optional
 
 from libcst import Comment, EmptyLine, ImportFrom, Module
+from libcst._types import StrPath
 from libcst.helpers.expression import get_full_name_for_node
 
 
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ def get_absolute_module_for_import_or_raise(
 ) -> str:
     module = get_absolute_module_for_import(current_module, import_node)
     if module is None:
-        raise Exception(f"Unable to compute absolute module for {import_node}")
+        raise ValueError(f"Unable to compute absolute module for {import_node}")
     return module
 
 
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ def get_absolute_module_from_package(
     if num_dots == 0:
         # This is an absolute import, so the module is correct.
         return module_name
-    if current_package is None:
+    if current_package is None or current_package == "":
         # We don't actually have the current module available, so we can't compute
         # the absolute module from relative.
         return None
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ def get_absolute_module_from_package_for_import_or_raise(
 ) -> str:
     module = get_absolute_module_from_package_for_import(current_package, import_node)
     if module is None:
-        raise Exception(f"Unable to compute absolute module for {import_node}")
+        raise ValueError(f"Unable to compute absolute module for {import_node}")
     return module
 
 
@@ -130,10 +131,26 @@ class ModuleNameAndPackage:
     package: str
 
 
-def calculate_module_and_package(repo_root: str, filename: str) -> ModuleNameAndPackage:
+def calculate_module_and_package(
+    repo_root: StrPath, filename: StrPath, use_pyproject_toml: bool = False
+) -> ModuleNameAndPackage:
     # Given an absolute repo_root and an absolute filename, calculate the
     # python module name for the file.
-    relative_filename = PurePath(filename).relative_to(repo_root)
+    if use_pyproject_toml:
+        # But also look for pyproject.toml files, indicating nested packages in the repo.
+        abs_repo_root = Path(repo_root).resolve()
+        abs_filename = Path(filename).resolve()
+        package_root = abs_filename.parent
+        while package_root != abs_repo_root:
+            if (package_root / "pyproject.toml").exists():
+                break
+            if package_root == package_root.parent:
+                break
+            package_root = package_root.parent
+
+        relative_filename = abs_filename.relative_to(package_root)
+    else:
+        relative_filename = PurePath(filename).relative_to(repo_root)
     relative_filename = relative_filename.with_suffix("")
 
     # handle special cases
diff --git a/libcst/helpers/node_fields.py b/libcst/helpers/node_fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..418d6cbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/helpers/node_fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from libcst import IndentedBlock, Module
+from libcst._nodes.deep_equals import deep_equals
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Sequence
+
+    from libcst import CSTNode
+
+
+def get_node_fields(node: CSTNode) -> Sequence[dataclasses.Field[CSTNode]]:
+    """
+    Returns the sequence of a given CST-node's fields.
+    """
+    return dataclasses.fields(node)
+
+
+def is_whitespace_node_field(node: CSTNode, field: dataclasses.Field[CSTNode]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns True if a given CST-node's field is a whitespace-related field
+    (whitespace, indent, header, footer, etc.).
+    """
+    if "whitespace" in field.name:
+        return True
+    if "leading_lines" in field.name:
+        return True
+    if "lines_after_decorators" in field.name:
+        return True
+    if isinstance(node, (IndentedBlock, Module)) and field.name in [
+        "header",
+        "footer",
+    ]:
+        return True
+    if isinstance(node, IndentedBlock) and field.name == "indent":
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def is_syntax_node_field(node: CSTNode, field: dataclasses.Field[CSTNode]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns True if a given CST-node's field is a syntax-related field
+    (colon, semicolon, dot, encoding, etc.).
+    """
+    if isinstance(node, Module) and field.name in [
+        "encoding",
+        "default_indent",
+        "default_newline",
+        "has_trailing_newline",
+    ]:
+        return True
+    type_str = repr(field.type)
+    if (
+        "Sentinel" in type_str
+        and field.name not in ["star_arg", "star", "posonly_ind"]
+        and "whitespace" not in field.name
+    ):
+        # This is a value that can optionally be specified, so its
+        # definitely syntax.
+        return True
+
+    for name in ["Semicolon", "Colon", "Comma", "Dot", "AssignEqual"]:
+        # These are all nodes that exist for separation syntax
+        if name in type_str:
+            return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def get_field_default_value(field: dataclasses.Field[CSTNode]) -> object:
+    """
+    Returns the default value of a CST-node's field.
+    """
+    if field.default_factory is not dataclasses.MISSING:
+        # pyre-fixme[29]: `Union[dataclasses._MISSING_TYPE,
+        #  dataclasses._DefaultFactory[object]]` is not a function.
+        return field.default_factory()
+    return field.default
+
+
+def is_default_node_field(node: CSTNode, field: dataclasses.Field[CSTNode]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns True if a given CST-node's field has its default value.
+    """
+    return deep_equals(getattr(node, field.name), get_field_default_value(field))
+
+
+def filter_node_fields(
+    node: CSTNode,
+    *,
+    show_defaults: bool,
+    show_syntax: bool,
+    show_whitespace: bool,
+) -> Sequence[dataclasses.Field[CSTNode]]:
+    """
+    Returns a filtered sequence of a CST-node's fields.
+
+    Setting ``show_whitespace`` to ``False`` will filter whitespace fields.
+
+    Setting ``show_defaults`` to ``False`` will filter fields if their value is equal to
+    the default value ;  while respecting  the value of ``show_whitespace``.
+
+    Setting ``show_syntax``  to ``False`` will filter syntax fields ; while respecting
+    the value of ``show_whitespace`` & ``show_defaults``.
+    """
+
+    fields: Sequence[dataclasses.Field[CSTNode]] = dataclasses.fields(node)
+    # Hide all fields prefixed with "_"
+    fields = [f for f in fields if f.name[0] != "_"]
+    # Filter whitespace nodes if needed
+    if not show_whitespace:
+        fields = [f for f in fields if not is_whitespace_node_field(node, f)]
+    # Filter values which aren't changed from their defaults
+    if not show_defaults:
+        fields = [f for f in fields if not is_default_node_field(node, f)]
+    # Filter out values which aren't interesting if needed
+    if not show_syntax:
+        fields = [f for f in fields if not is_syntax_node_field(node, f)]
+
+    return fields
diff --git a/libcst/helpers/paths.py b/libcst/helpers/paths.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00830ce9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/helpers/paths.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+import os
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Generator
+
+from libcst._types import StrPath
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def chdir(path: StrPath) -> Generator[Path, None, None]:
+    """
+    Temporarily chdir to the given path, and then return to the previous path.
+    """
+    try:
+        path = Path(path).resolve()
+        cwd = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(path)
+        yield path
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(cwd)
diff --git a/libcst/helpers/tests/test_matchers.py b/libcst/helpers/tests/test_matchers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f2b9b47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/helpers/tests/test_matchers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+#
+
+from libcst import parse_expression, parse_statement
+from libcst.helpers.matchers import node_to_matcher
+from libcst.matchers import matches
+from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider, UnitTest
+
+
+class MatchersTest(UnitTest):
+    @data_provider(
+        (
+            ('"some string"',),
+            ("call(some, **kwargs)",),
+            ("a[b.c]",),
+            ("[1 for _ in range(99) if False]",),
+        )
+    )
+    def test_reflexive_expressions(self, code: str) -> None:
+        node = parse_expression(code)
+        matcher = node_to_matcher(node)
+        self.assertTrue(matches(node, matcher))
+
+    @data_provider(
+        (
+            ("def foo(a) -> None: pass",),
+            ("class F: ...",),
+            ("foo: bar",),
+        )
+    )
+    def test_reflexive_statements(self, code: str) -> None:
+        node = parse_statement(code)
+        matcher = node_to_matcher(node)
+        self.assertTrue(matches(node, matcher))
+
+    def test_whitespace(self) -> None:
+        code_ws = parse_expression("(foo  ,   bar  )")
+        code = parse_expression("(foo,bar)")
+        self.assertTrue(
+            matches(
+                code,
+                node_to_matcher(code_ws),
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            matches(
+                code,
+                node_to_matcher(code_ws, match_syntactic_trivia=True),
+            )
+        )
diff --git a/libcst/helpers/tests/test_module.py b/libcst/helpers/tests/test_module.py
index ea8bf43f..815e1fa2 100644
--- a/libcst/helpers/tests/test_module.py
+++ b/libcst/helpers/tests/test_module.py
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
 # This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 #
-from typing import Optional
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from typing import Any, Optional
+from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst.helpers.common import ensure_type
@@ -115,6 +117,9 @@ class ModuleTest(UnitTest):
             ("x/y/z/__init__.py", "from a.b import c", "a.b"),
             # Relative import that can't be resolved due to missing module.
             (None, "from ..w import c", None),
+            # Attempted relative import with no known parent package
+            ("__init__.py", "from .y import z", None),
+            ("x.py", "from .y import z", None),
             # Relative import that goes past the module level.
             ("x.py", "from ...y import z", None),
             ("x/y/z.py", "from ... import c", None),
@@ -248,6 +253,77 @@ class ModuleTest(UnitTest):
             calculate_module_and_package(repo_root, filename), module_and_package
         )
 
+    @data_provider(
+        (
+            ("foo/foo/__init__.py", ModuleNameAndPackage("foo", "foo")),
+            ("foo/foo/file.py", ModuleNameAndPackage("foo.file", "foo")),
+            (
+                "foo/foo/sub/subfile.py",
+                ModuleNameAndPackage("foo.sub.subfile", "foo.sub"),
+            ),
+            ("libs/bar/bar/thing.py", ModuleNameAndPackage("bar.thing", "bar")),
+            (
+                "noproj/some/file.py",
+                ModuleNameAndPackage("noproj.some.file", "noproj.some"),
+            ),
+        )
+    )
+    def test_calculate_module_and_package_using_pyproject_toml(
+        self,
+        rel_path: str,
+        module_and_package: Optional[ModuleNameAndPackage],
+    ) -> None:
+        mock_tree: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "home": {
+                "user": {
+                    "root": {
+                        "foo": {
+                            "pyproject.toml": "content",
+                            "foo": {
+                                "__init__.py": "content",
+                                "file.py": "content",
+                                "sub": {
+                                    "subfile.py": "content",
+                                },
+                            },
+                        },
+                        "libs": {
+                            "bar": {
+                                "pyproject.toml": "content",
+                                "bar": {
+                                    "__init__.py": "content",
+                                    "thing.py": "content",
+                                },
+                            }
+                        },
+                        "noproj": {
+                            "some": {
+                                "file.py": "content",
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+        }
+        repo_root = Path("/home/user/root").resolve()
+        fake_root: Path = repo_root.parent.parent.parent
+
+        def mock_exists(path: PurePath) -> bool:
+            parts = path.relative_to(fake_root).parts
+            subtree = mock_tree
+            for part in parts:
+                if (subtree := subtree.get(part)) is None:
+                    return False
+            return True
+
+        with patch("pathlib.Path.exists", new=mock_exists):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                calculate_module_and_package(
+                    repo_root, repo_root / rel_path, use_pyproject_toml=True
+                ),
+                module_and_package,
+            )
+
     @data_provider(
         (
             # Providing a file outside the root should raise an exception
diff --git a/libcst/helpers/tests/test_node_fields.py b/libcst/helpers/tests/test_node_fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61d5ec21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/helpers/tests/test_node_fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+from unittest import TestCase
+
+from libcst import (
+    Annotation,
+    CSTNode,
+    FunctionDef,
+    IndentedBlock,
+    Module,
+    Param,
+    parse_module,
+    Pass,
+    Semicolon,
+    SimpleStatementLine,
+)
+
+from libcst.helpers import (
+    get_node_fields,
+    is_default_node_field,
+    is_syntax_node_field,
+    is_whitespace_node_field,
+)
+
+
+class _NodeFieldsTest(TestCase):
+    """Node fields related tests."""
+
+    module: Module
+    annotation: Annotation
+    param: Param
+    _pass: Pass
+    semicolon: Semicolon
+    statement: SimpleStatementLine
+    indent: IndentedBlock
+    function: FunctionDef
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        """Parse a simple CST and references interesting nodes."""
+        cls.module = parse_module(
+            "def foo(a: str) -> None:\n    pass ; pass\n    return\n"
+        )
+        # /!\ Direct access to nodes
+        # This is done for test purposes on a known CST
+        # -> For "real code", use visitors to do this "the correct way"
+
+        # pyre-ignore[8]: direct access for tests
+        cls.function = cls.module.body[0]
+        cls.param = cls.function.params.params[0]
+        # pyre-ignore[8]: direct access for tests
+        cls.annotation = cls.param.annotation
+        # pyre-ignore[8]: direct access for tests
+        cls.indent = cls.function.body
+        # pyre-ignore[8]: direct access for tests
+        cls.statement = cls.indent.body[0]
+        # pyre-ignore[8]: direct access for tests
+        cls._pass = cls.statement.body[0]
+        # pyre-ignore[8]: direct access for tests
+        cls.semicolon = cls.statement.body[0].semicolon
+
+    def test__cst_correctness(self) -> None:
+        """Test that the CST is correctly parsed."""
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.module, Module)
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.annotation, Annotation)
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.param, Param)
+        self.assertIsInstance(self._pass, Pass)
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.semicolon, Semicolon)
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.statement, SimpleStatementLine)
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.indent, IndentedBlock)
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.function, FunctionDef)
+
+
+class IsWhitespaceNodeFieldTest(_NodeFieldsTest):
+    """``is_whitespace_node_field`` tests."""
+
+    def _check_fields(self, is_filtered_field: dict[str, bool], node: CSTNode) -> None:
+        fields = get_node_fields(node)
+        self.assertEqual(len(is_filtered_field), len(fields))
+        for field in fields:
+            self.assertEqual(
+                is_filtered_field[field.name],
+                is_whitespace_node_field(node, field),
+                f"Node ``{node.__class__.__qualname__}`` field '{field.name}' "
+                f"{'should have' if is_filtered_field[field.name] else 'should not have'} "
+                "been filtered by ``is_whitespace_node_field``",
+            )
+
+    def test_module(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST Module node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "body": False,
+            "header": True,
+            "footer": True,
+            "encoding": False,
+            "default_indent": False,
+            "default_newline": False,
+            "has_trailing_newline": False,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.module)
+
+    def test_annotation(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST Annotation node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "annotation": False,
+            "whitespace_before_indicator": True,
+            "whitespace_after_indicator": True,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.annotation)
+
+    def test_param(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST Param node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "name": False,
+            "annotation": False,
+            "equal": False,
+            "default": False,
+            "comma": False,
+            "star": False,
+            "whitespace_after_star": True,
+            "whitespace_after_param": True,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.param)
+
+    def test_semicolon(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST Semicolon node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "whitespace_before": True,
+            "whitespace_after": True,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.semicolon)
+
+    def test_statement(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST SimpleStatementLine node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "body": False,
+            "leading_lines": True,
+            "trailing_whitespace": True,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.statement)
+
+    def test_indent(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST IndentedBlock node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "body": False,
+            "header": True,
+            "indent": True,
+            "footer": True,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.indent)
+
+    def test_function(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST FunctionDef node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "name": False,
+            "params": False,
+            "body": False,
+            "decorators": False,
+            "returns": False,
+            "asynchronous": False,
+            "leading_lines": True,
+            "lines_after_decorators": True,
+            "whitespace_after_def": True,
+            "whitespace_after_name": True,
+            "whitespace_before_params": True,
+            "whitespace_before_colon": True,
+            "type_parameters": False,
+            "whitespace_after_type_parameters": True,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.function)
+
+
+class IsSyntaxNodeFieldTest(_NodeFieldsTest):
+    """``is_syntax_node_field`` tests."""
+
+    def _check_fields(self, is_filtered_field: dict[str, bool], node: CSTNode) -> None:
+        fields = get_node_fields(node)
+        self.assertEqual(len(is_filtered_field), len(fields))
+        for field in fields:
+            self.assertEqual(
+                is_filtered_field[field.name],
+                is_syntax_node_field(node, field),
+                f"Node ``{node.__class__.__qualname__}`` field '{field.name}' "
+                f"{'should have' if is_filtered_field[field.name] else 'should not have'} "
+                "been filtered by ``is_syntax_node_field``",
+            )
+
+    def test_module(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST Module node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "body": False,
+            "header": False,
+            "footer": False,
+            "encoding": True,
+            "default_indent": True,
+            "default_newline": True,
+            "has_trailing_newline": True,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.module)
+
+    def test_param(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST Param node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "name": False,
+            "annotation": False,
+            "equal": True,
+            "default": False,
+            "comma": True,
+            "star": False,
+            "whitespace_after_star": False,
+            "whitespace_after_param": False,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.param)
+
+    def test_pass(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST Pass node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "semicolon": True,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self._pass)
+
+
+class IsDefaultNodeFieldTest(_NodeFieldsTest):
+    """``is_default_node_field`` tests."""
+
+    def _check_fields(self, is_filtered_field: dict[str, bool], node: CSTNode) -> None:
+        fields = get_node_fields(node)
+        self.assertEqual(len(is_filtered_field), len(fields))
+        for field in fields:
+            self.assertEqual(
+                is_filtered_field[field.name],
+                is_default_node_field(node, field),
+                f"Node ``{node.__class__.__qualname__}`` field '{field.name}' "
+                f"{'should have' if is_filtered_field[field.name] else 'should not have'} "
+                "been filtered by ``is_default_node_field``",
+            )
+
+    def test_module(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST Module node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "body": False,
+            "header": True,
+            "footer": True,
+            "encoding": True,
+            "default_indent": True,
+            "default_newline": True,
+            "has_trailing_newline": True,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.module)
+
+    def test_annotation(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST Annotation node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "annotation": False,
+            "whitespace_before_indicator": False,
+            "whitespace_after_indicator": True,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.annotation)
+
+    def test_param(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST Param node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "name": False,
+            "annotation": False,
+            "equal": True,
+            "default": True,
+            "comma": True,
+            "star": False,
+            "whitespace_after_star": True,
+            "whitespace_after_param": True,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.param)
+
+    def test_statement(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST SimpleStatementLine node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "body": False,
+            "leading_lines": True,
+            "trailing_whitespace": True,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.statement)
+
+    def test_indent(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST IndentedBlock node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "body": False,
+            "header": True,
+            "indent": True,
+            "footer": True,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.indent)
+
+    def test_function(self) -> None:
+        """Check if a CST FunctionDef node is correctly filtered."""
+        is_filtered_field = {
+            "name": False,
+            "params": False,
+            "body": False,
+            "decorators": True,
+            "returns": False,
+            "asynchronous": True,
+            "leading_lines": True,
+            "lines_after_decorators": True,
+            "whitespace_after_def": True,
+            "whitespace_after_name": True,
+            "whitespace_before_params": True,
+            "whitespace_before_colon": True,
+            "type_parameters": True,
+            "whitespace_after_type_parameters": True,
+        }
+        self._check_fields(is_filtered_field, self.function)
diff --git a/libcst/helpers/tests/test_paths.py b/libcst/helpers/tests/test_paths.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c36273d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/helpers/tests/test_paths.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+from pathlib import Path
+from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
+
+from libcst.helpers.paths import chdir
+from libcst.testing.utils import UnitTest
+
+
+class PathsTest(UnitTest):
+    def test_chdir(self) -> None:
+        with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            tdp = Path(td).resolve()
+            inner = tdp / "foo" / "bar"
+            inner.mkdir(parents=True)
+
+            with self.subTest("string paths"):
+                cwd1 = Path.cwd()
+
+                with chdir(tdp.as_posix()) as path2:
+                    cwd2 = Path.cwd()
+                    self.assertEqual(tdp, cwd2)
+                    self.assertEqual(tdp, path2)
+
+                    with chdir(inner.as_posix()) as path3:
+                        cwd3 = Path.cwd()
+                        self.assertEqual(inner, cwd3)
+                        self.assertEqual(inner, path3)
+
+                    cwd4 = Path.cwd()
+                    self.assertEqual(tdp, cwd4)
+                    self.assertEqual(cwd2, cwd4)
+
+                cwd5 = Path.cwd()
+                self.assertEqual(cwd1, cwd5)
+
+            with self.subTest("pathlib objects"):
+                cwd1 = Path.cwd()
+
+                with chdir(tdp) as path2:
+                    cwd2 = Path.cwd()
+                    self.assertEqual(tdp, cwd2)
+                    self.assertEqual(tdp, path2)
+
+                    with chdir(inner) as path3:
+                        cwd3 = Path.cwd()
+                        self.assertEqual(inner, cwd3)
+                        self.assertEqual(inner, path3)
+
+                    cwd4 = Path.cwd()
+                    self.assertEqual(tdp, cwd4)
+                    self.assertEqual(cwd2, cwd4)
+
+                cwd5 = Path.cwd()
+                self.assertEqual(cwd1, cwd5)
diff --git a/libcst/matchers/__init__.py b/libcst/matchers/__init__.py
index 9602de41..2857fee1 100644
--- a/libcst/matchers/__init__.py
+++ b/libcst/matchers/__init__.py
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@
 
 # This file was generated by libcst.codegen.gen_matcher_classes
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Optional, Sequence, Union
-
-from typing_extensions import Literal
+from typing import Literal, Optional, Sequence, Union
 
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst.matchers._decorators import call_if_inside, call_if_not_inside, leave, visit
@@ -144,6 +142,10 @@ class BaseSuite(_NodeABC):
     pass
 
 
+class BaseTemplatedStringContent(_NodeABC):
+    pass
+
+
 class BaseUnaryOp(_NodeABC):
     pass
 
@@ -2317,6 +2319,32 @@ class ClassDef(BaseCompoundStatement, BaseStatement, BaseMatcherNode):
         OneOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
         AllOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
     ] = DoNotCare()
+    type_parameters: Union[
+        Optional["TypeParameters"],
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.TypeParameters]],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional["TypeParameters"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.TypeParameters]],
+            ]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional["TypeParameters"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.TypeParameters]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    whitespace_after_type_parameters: Union[
+        SimpleWhitespaceMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+        AllOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
     metadata: Union[
         MetadataMatchType,
         DoNotCareSentinel,
@@ -3089,13 +3117,6 @@ class Continue(BaseSmallStatement, BaseMatcherNode):
     ] = DoNotCare()
 
 
-NameOrAttributeOrCallMatchType = Union[
-    "Name",
-    "Attribute",
-    "Call",
-    MetadataMatchType,
-    MatchIfTrue[Union[cst.Name, cst.Attribute, cst.Call]],
-]
 TrailingWhitespaceMatchType = Union[
     "TrailingWhitespace", MetadataMatchType, MatchIfTrue[cst.TrailingWhitespace]
 ]
@@ -3104,10 +3125,10 @@ TrailingWhitespaceMatchType = Union[
 @dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
 class Decorator(BaseMatcherNode):
     decorator: Union[
-        NameOrAttributeOrCallMatchType,
+        BaseExpressionMatchType,
         DoNotCareSentinel,
-        OneOf[NameOrAttributeOrCallMatchType],
-        AllOf[NameOrAttributeOrCallMatchType],
+        OneOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
+        AllOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
     ] = DoNotCare()
     leading_lines: Union[
         Sequence[
@@ -3523,16 +3544,16 @@ CompForMatchType = Union["CompFor", MetadataMatchType, MatchIfTrue[cst.CompFor]]
 @dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
 class DictComp(BaseComp, BaseDict, BaseExpression, BaseMatcherNode):
     key: Union[
-        BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType,
+        BaseExpressionMatchType,
         DoNotCareSentinel,
-        OneOf[BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType],
-        AllOf[BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType],
+        OneOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
+        AllOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
     ] = DoNotCare()
     value: Union[
-        BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType,
+        BaseExpressionMatchType,
         DoNotCareSentinel,
-        OneOf[BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType],
-        AllOf[BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType],
+        OneOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
+        AllOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
     ] = DoNotCare()
     for_in: Union[
         CompForMatchType,
@@ -5705,6 +5726,32 @@ class FunctionDef(BaseCompoundStatement, BaseStatement, BaseMatcherNode):
         OneOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
         AllOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
     ] = DoNotCare()
+    type_parameters: Union[
+        Optional["TypeParameters"],
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.TypeParameters]],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional["TypeParameters"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.TypeParameters]],
+            ]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional["TypeParameters"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.TypeParameters]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    whitespace_after_type_parameters: Union[
+        SimpleWhitespaceMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+        AllOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
     metadata: Union[
         MetadataMatchType,
         DoNotCareSentinel,
@@ -5716,10 +5763,10 @@ class FunctionDef(BaseCompoundStatement, BaseStatement, BaseMatcherNode):
 @dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
 class GeneratorExp(BaseComp, BaseExpression, BaseSimpleComp, BaseMatcherNode):
     elt: Union[
-        BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType,
+        BaseExpressionMatchType,
         DoNotCareSentinel,
-        OneOf[BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType],
-        AllOf[BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType],
+        OneOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
+        AllOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
     ] = DoNotCare()
     for_in: Union[
         CompForMatchType,
@@ -7364,6 +7411,46 @@ class Index(BaseSlice, BaseMatcherNode):
         OneOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
         AllOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
     ] = DoNotCare()
+    star: Union[
+        Optional[Literal["*"]],
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        MatchIfTrue[Optional[Literal["*"]]],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional[Literal["*"]],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[Literal["*"]]],
+            ]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional[Literal["*"]],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[Literal["*"]]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    whitespace_after_star: Union[
+        Optional["BaseParenthesizableWhitespace"],
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.BaseParenthesizableWhitespace]],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional["BaseParenthesizableWhitespace"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.BaseParenthesizableWhitespace]],
+            ]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional["BaseParenthesizableWhitespace"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.BaseParenthesizableWhitespace]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
     metadata: Union[
         MetadataMatchType,
         DoNotCareSentinel,
@@ -8207,10 +8294,10 @@ class List(
 @dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
 class ListComp(BaseComp, BaseExpression, BaseList, BaseSimpleComp, BaseMatcherNode):
     elt: Union[
-        BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType,
+        BaseExpressionMatchType,
         DoNotCareSentinel,
-        OneOf[BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType],
-        AllOf[BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType],
+        OneOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
+        AllOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
     ] = DoNotCare()
     for_in: Union[
         CompForMatchType,
@@ -11915,6 +12002,31 @@ class ParamSlash(BaseMatcherNode):
     comma: Union[
         CommaMatchType, DoNotCareSentinel, OneOf[CommaMatchType], AllOf[CommaMatchType]
     ] = DoNotCare()
+    whitespace_after: Union[
+        BaseParenthesizableWhitespaceMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[BaseParenthesizableWhitespaceMatchType],
+        AllOf[BaseParenthesizableWhitespaceMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    metadata: Union[
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[MetadataMatchType],
+        AllOf[MetadataMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
+class ParamSpec(BaseMatcherNode):
+    name: Union[
+        NameMatchType, DoNotCareSentinel, OneOf[NameMatchType], AllOf[NameMatchType]
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    whitespace_after_star: Union[
+        SimpleWhitespaceMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+        AllOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
     metadata: Union[
         MetadataMatchType,
         DoNotCareSentinel,
@@ -12882,10 +12994,10 @@ class Set(BaseExpression, BaseSet, BaseMatcherNode):
 @dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
 class SetComp(BaseComp, BaseExpression, BaseSet, BaseSimpleComp, BaseMatcherNode):
     elt: Union[
-        BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType,
+        BaseExpressionMatchType,
         DoNotCareSentinel,
-        OneOf[BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType],
-        AllOf[BaseAssignTargetExpressionMatchType],
+        OneOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
+        AllOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
     ] = DoNotCare()
     for_in: Union[
         CompForMatchType,
@@ -13644,7 +13756,7 @@ class StarredDictElement(BaseDictElement, BaseMatcherNode):
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
-class StarredElement(BaseElement, BaseMatcherNode):
+class StarredElement(BaseElement, BaseExpression, BaseMatcherNode):
     value: Union[
         BaseExpressionMatchType,
         DoNotCareSentinel,
@@ -14175,6 +14287,375 @@ class SubtractAssign(BaseAugOp, BaseMatcherNode):
     ] = DoNotCare()
 
 
+BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType = Union[
+    "BaseTemplatedStringContent",
+    MetadataMatchType,
+    MatchIfTrue[cst.BaseTemplatedStringContent],
+]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
+class TemplatedString(BaseExpression, BaseString, BaseMatcherNode):
+    parts: Union[
+        Sequence[
+            Union[
+                BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType,
+                DoNotCareSentinel,
+                OneOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                AllOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                AtLeastN[
+                    Union[
+                        BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType,
+                        DoNotCareSentinel,
+                        OneOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                        AllOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                    ]
+                ],
+                AtMostN[
+                    Union[
+                        BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType,
+                        DoNotCareSentinel,
+                        OneOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                        AllOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                    ]
+                ],
+            ]
+        ],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        MatchIfTrue[Sequence[cst.BaseTemplatedStringContent]],
+        OneOf[
+            Union[
+                Sequence[
+                    Union[
+                        BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType,
+                        OneOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                        AllOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                        AtLeastN[
+                            Union[
+                                BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType,
+                                OneOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                                AllOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                        AtMostN[
+                            Union[
+                                BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType,
+                                OneOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                                AllOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                    ]
+                ],
+                MatchIfTrue[Sequence[cst.BaseTemplatedStringContent]],
+            ]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[
+                Sequence[
+                    Union[
+                        BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType,
+                        OneOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                        AllOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                        AtLeastN[
+                            Union[
+                                BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType,
+                                OneOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                                AllOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                        AtMostN[
+                            Union[
+                                BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType,
+                                OneOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                                AllOf[BaseTemplatedStringContentMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                    ]
+                ],
+                MatchIfTrue[Sequence[cst.BaseTemplatedStringContent]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    start: Union[
+        strMatchType, DoNotCareSentinel, OneOf[strMatchType], AllOf[strMatchType]
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    end: Union[
+        Literal['"', "'", '"""', "'''"],
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        MatchIfTrue[Literal['"', "'", '"""', "'''"]],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[
+            Union[
+                Literal['"', "'", '"""', "'''"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Literal['"', "'", '"""', "'''"]],
+            ]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[
+                Literal['"', "'", '"""', "'''"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Literal['"', "'", '"""', "'''"]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    lpar: Union[
+        Sequence[
+            Union[
+                LeftParenMatchType,
+                DoNotCareSentinel,
+                OneOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                AllOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                AtLeastN[
+                    Union[
+                        LeftParenMatchType,
+                        DoNotCareSentinel,
+                        OneOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                        AllOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                    ]
+                ],
+                AtMostN[
+                    Union[
+                        LeftParenMatchType,
+                        DoNotCareSentinel,
+                        OneOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                        AllOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                    ]
+                ],
+            ]
+        ],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        MatchIfTrue[Sequence[cst.LeftParen]],
+        OneOf[
+            Union[
+                Sequence[
+                    Union[
+                        LeftParenMatchType,
+                        OneOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                        AllOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                        AtLeastN[
+                            Union[
+                                LeftParenMatchType,
+                                OneOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                                AllOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                        AtMostN[
+                            Union[
+                                LeftParenMatchType,
+                                OneOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                                AllOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                    ]
+                ],
+                MatchIfTrue[Sequence[cst.LeftParen]],
+            ]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[
+                Sequence[
+                    Union[
+                        LeftParenMatchType,
+                        OneOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                        AllOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                        AtLeastN[
+                            Union[
+                                LeftParenMatchType,
+                                OneOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                                AllOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                        AtMostN[
+                            Union[
+                                LeftParenMatchType,
+                                OneOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                                AllOf[LeftParenMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                    ]
+                ],
+                MatchIfTrue[Sequence[cst.LeftParen]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    rpar: Union[
+        Sequence[
+            Union[
+                RightParenMatchType,
+                DoNotCareSentinel,
+                OneOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                AllOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                AtLeastN[
+                    Union[
+                        RightParenMatchType,
+                        DoNotCareSentinel,
+                        OneOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                        AllOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                    ]
+                ],
+                AtMostN[
+                    Union[
+                        RightParenMatchType,
+                        DoNotCareSentinel,
+                        OneOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                        AllOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                    ]
+                ],
+            ]
+        ],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        MatchIfTrue[Sequence[cst.RightParen]],
+        OneOf[
+            Union[
+                Sequence[
+                    Union[
+                        RightParenMatchType,
+                        OneOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                        AllOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                        AtLeastN[
+                            Union[
+                                RightParenMatchType,
+                                OneOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                                AllOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                        AtMostN[
+                            Union[
+                                RightParenMatchType,
+                                OneOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                                AllOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                    ]
+                ],
+                MatchIfTrue[Sequence[cst.RightParen]],
+            ]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[
+                Sequence[
+                    Union[
+                        RightParenMatchType,
+                        OneOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                        AllOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                        AtLeastN[
+                            Union[
+                                RightParenMatchType,
+                                OneOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                                AllOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                        AtMostN[
+                            Union[
+                                RightParenMatchType,
+                                OneOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                                AllOf[RightParenMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                    ]
+                ],
+                MatchIfTrue[Sequence[cst.RightParen]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    metadata: Union[
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[MetadataMatchType],
+        AllOf[MetadataMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
+class TemplatedStringExpression(BaseTemplatedStringContent, BaseMatcherNode):
+    expression: Union[
+        BaseExpressionMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
+        AllOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    conversion: Union[
+        Optional[str],
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        MatchIfTrue[Optional[str]],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[Union[Optional[str], MetadataMatchType, MatchIfTrue[Optional[str]]]],
+        AllOf[Union[Optional[str], MetadataMatchType, MatchIfTrue[Optional[str]]]],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    format_spec: Union[
+        Optional[Sequence["BaseTemplatedStringContent"]],
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        MatchIfTrue[Optional[Sequence[cst.BaseTemplatedStringContent]]],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional[Sequence["BaseTemplatedStringContent"]],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[Sequence[cst.BaseTemplatedStringContent]]],
+            ]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional[Sequence["BaseTemplatedStringContent"]],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[Sequence[cst.BaseTemplatedStringContent]]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    whitespace_before_expression: Union[
+        BaseParenthesizableWhitespaceMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[BaseParenthesizableWhitespaceMatchType],
+        AllOf[BaseParenthesizableWhitespaceMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    whitespace_after_expression: Union[
+        BaseParenthesizableWhitespaceMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[BaseParenthesizableWhitespaceMatchType],
+        AllOf[BaseParenthesizableWhitespaceMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    equal: Union[
+        Optional["AssignEqual"],
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.AssignEqual]],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional["AssignEqual"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.AssignEqual]],
+            ]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional["AssignEqual"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.AssignEqual]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    metadata: Union[
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[MetadataMatchType],
+        AllOf[MetadataMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
+class TemplatedStringText(BaseTemplatedStringContent, BaseMatcherNode):
+    value: Union[
+        strMatchType, DoNotCareSentinel, OneOf[strMatchType], AllOf[strMatchType]
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    metadata: Union[
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[MetadataMatchType],
+        AllOf[MetadataMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+
+
 @dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
 class TrailingWhitespace(BaseMatcherNode):
     whitespace: Union[
@@ -14907,6 +15388,307 @@ class Tuple(
     ] = DoNotCare()
 
 
+@dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
+class TypeAlias(BaseSmallStatement, BaseMatcherNode):
+    name: Union[
+        NameMatchType, DoNotCareSentinel, OneOf[NameMatchType], AllOf[NameMatchType]
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    value: Union[
+        BaseExpressionMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
+        AllOf[BaseExpressionMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    type_parameters: Union[
+        Optional["TypeParameters"],
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.TypeParameters]],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional["TypeParameters"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.TypeParameters]],
+            ]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional["TypeParameters"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.TypeParameters]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    whitespace_after_type: Union[
+        SimpleWhitespaceMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+        AllOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    whitespace_after_name: Union[
+        SimpleWhitespaceMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+        AllOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    whitespace_after_type_parameters: Union[
+        SimpleWhitespaceMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+        AllOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    whitespace_after_equals: Union[
+        SimpleWhitespaceMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+        AllOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    semicolon: Union[
+        SemicolonMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[SemicolonMatchType],
+        AllOf[SemicolonMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    metadata: Union[
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[MetadataMatchType],
+        AllOf[MetadataMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+
+
+TypeVarOrTypeVarTupleOrParamSpecMatchType = Union[
+    "TypeVar",
+    "TypeVarTuple",
+    "ParamSpec",
+    MetadataMatchType,
+    MatchIfTrue[Union[cst.TypeVar, cst.TypeVarTuple, cst.ParamSpec]],
+]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
+class TypeParam(BaseMatcherNode):
+    param: Union[
+        TypeVarOrTypeVarTupleOrParamSpecMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[TypeVarOrTypeVarTupleOrParamSpecMatchType],
+        AllOf[TypeVarOrTypeVarTupleOrParamSpecMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    comma: Union[
+        CommaMatchType, DoNotCareSentinel, OneOf[CommaMatchType], AllOf[CommaMatchType]
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    equal: Union[
+        AssignEqualMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[AssignEqualMatchType],
+        AllOf[AssignEqualMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    star: Union[
+        Literal["", "*"],
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        MatchIfTrue[Literal["", "*"]],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[
+            Union[Literal["", "*"], MetadataMatchType, MatchIfTrue[Literal["", "*"]]]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[Literal["", "*"], MetadataMatchType, MatchIfTrue[Literal["", "*"]]]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    whitespace_after_star: Union[
+        SimpleWhitespaceMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+        AllOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    default: Union[
+        Optional["BaseExpression"],
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.BaseExpression]],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional["BaseExpression"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.BaseExpression]],
+            ]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional["BaseExpression"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.BaseExpression]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    metadata: Union[
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[MetadataMatchType],
+        AllOf[MetadataMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+
+
+TypeParamMatchType = Union["TypeParam", MetadataMatchType, MatchIfTrue[cst.TypeParam]]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
+class TypeParameters(BaseMatcherNode):
+    params: Union[
+        Sequence[
+            Union[
+                TypeParamMatchType,
+                DoNotCareSentinel,
+                OneOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                AllOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                AtLeastN[
+                    Union[
+                        TypeParamMatchType,
+                        DoNotCareSentinel,
+                        OneOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                        AllOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                    ]
+                ],
+                AtMostN[
+                    Union[
+                        TypeParamMatchType,
+                        DoNotCareSentinel,
+                        OneOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                        AllOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                    ]
+                ],
+            ]
+        ],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        MatchIfTrue[Sequence[cst.TypeParam]],
+        OneOf[
+            Union[
+                Sequence[
+                    Union[
+                        TypeParamMatchType,
+                        OneOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                        AllOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                        AtLeastN[
+                            Union[
+                                TypeParamMatchType,
+                                OneOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                                AllOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                        AtMostN[
+                            Union[
+                                TypeParamMatchType,
+                                OneOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                                AllOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                    ]
+                ],
+                MatchIfTrue[Sequence[cst.TypeParam]],
+            ]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[
+                Sequence[
+                    Union[
+                        TypeParamMatchType,
+                        OneOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                        AllOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                        AtLeastN[
+                            Union[
+                                TypeParamMatchType,
+                                OneOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                                AllOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                        AtMostN[
+                            Union[
+                                TypeParamMatchType,
+                                OneOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                                AllOf[TypeParamMatchType],
+                            ]
+                        ],
+                    ]
+                ],
+                MatchIfTrue[Sequence[cst.TypeParam]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    lbracket: Union[
+        LeftSquareBracketMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[LeftSquareBracketMatchType],
+        AllOf[LeftSquareBracketMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    rbracket: Union[
+        RightSquareBracketMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[RightSquareBracketMatchType],
+        AllOf[RightSquareBracketMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    metadata: Union[
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[MetadataMatchType],
+        AllOf[MetadataMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
+class TypeVar(BaseMatcherNode):
+    name: Union[
+        NameMatchType, DoNotCareSentinel, OneOf[NameMatchType], AllOf[NameMatchType]
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    bound: Union[
+        Optional["BaseExpression"],
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.BaseExpression]],
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional["BaseExpression"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.BaseExpression]],
+            ]
+        ],
+        AllOf[
+            Union[
+                Optional["BaseExpression"],
+                MetadataMatchType,
+                MatchIfTrue[Optional[cst.BaseExpression]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    colon: Union[
+        ColonMatchType, DoNotCareSentinel, OneOf[ColonMatchType], AllOf[ColonMatchType]
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    metadata: Union[
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[MetadataMatchType],
+        AllOf[MetadataMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, eq=False, unsafe_hash=False)
+class TypeVarTuple(BaseMatcherNode):
+    name: Union[
+        NameMatchType, DoNotCareSentinel, OneOf[NameMatchType], AllOf[NameMatchType]
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    whitespace_after_star: Union[
+        SimpleWhitespaceMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+        AllOf[SimpleWhitespaceMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+    metadata: Union[
+        MetadataMatchType,
+        DoNotCareSentinel,
+        OneOf[MetadataMatchType],
+        AllOf[MetadataMatchType],
+    ] = DoNotCare()
+
+
 BaseUnaryOpMatchType = Union[
     "BaseUnaryOp", MetadataMatchType, MatchIfTrue[cst.BaseUnaryOp]
 ]
@@ -15713,6 +16495,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "BaseStatement",
     "BaseString",
     "BaseSuite",
+    "BaseTemplatedStringContent",
     "BaseUnaryOp",
     "BinaryOperation",
     "BitAnd",
@@ -15835,6 +16618,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "Or",
     "Param",
     "ParamSlash",
+    "ParamSpec",
     "ParamStar",
     "Parameters",
     "ParenthesizedWhitespace",
@@ -15864,11 +16648,19 @@ __all__ = [
     "SubscriptElement",
     "Subtract",
     "SubtractAssign",
+    "TemplatedString",
+    "TemplatedStringExpression",
+    "TemplatedStringText",
     "TrailingWhitespace",
     "Try",
     "TryStar",
     "Tuple",
+    "TypeAlias",
     "TypeOf",
+    "TypeParam",
+    "TypeParameters",
+    "TypeVar",
+    "TypeVarTuple",
     "UnaryOperation",
     "While",
     "With",
diff --git a/libcst/matchers/_decorators.py b/libcst/matchers/_decorators.py
index c5cde6ea..ea69178f 100644
--- a/libcst/matchers/_decorators.py
+++ b/libcst/matchers/_decorators.py
@@ -30,12 +30,10 @@ def call_if_inside(
     """
 
     def inner(original: _CSTVisitFuncT) -> _CSTVisitFuncT:
-        if not hasattr(original, VISIT_POSITIVE_MATCHER_ATTR):
-            setattr(original, VISIT_POSITIVE_MATCHER_ATTR, [])
         setattr(
             original,
             VISIT_POSITIVE_MATCHER_ATTR,
-            [*getattr(original, VISIT_POSITIVE_MATCHER_ATTR), matcher],
+            [*getattr(original, VISIT_POSITIVE_MATCHER_ATTR, []), matcher],
         )
         return original
 
@@ -57,12 +55,10 @@ def call_if_not_inside(
     """
 
     def inner(original: _CSTVisitFuncT) -> _CSTVisitFuncT:
-        if not hasattr(original, VISIT_NEGATIVE_MATCHER_ATTR):
-            setattr(original, VISIT_NEGATIVE_MATCHER_ATTR, [])
         setattr(
             original,
             VISIT_NEGATIVE_MATCHER_ATTR,
-            [*getattr(original, VISIT_NEGATIVE_MATCHER_ATTR), matcher],
+            [*getattr(original, VISIT_NEGATIVE_MATCHER_ATTR, []), matcher],
         )
         return original
 
@@ -88,12 +84,10 @@ def visit(matcher: BaseMatcherNode) -> Callable[[_CSTVisitFuncT], _CSTVisitFuncT
     """
 
     def inner(original: _CSTVisitFuncT) -> _CSTVisitFuncT:
-        if not hasattr(original, CONSTRUCTED_VISIT_MATCHER_ATTR):
-            setattr(original, CONSTRUCTED_VISIT_MATCHER_ATTR, [])
         setattr(
             original,
             CONSTRUCTED_VISIT_MATCHER_ATTR,
-            [*getattr(original, CONSTRUCTED_VISIT_MATCHER_ATTR), matcher],
+            [*getattr(original, CONSTRUCTED_VISIT_MATCHER_ATTR, []), matcher],
         )
         return original
 
@@ -116,12 +110,10 @@ def leave(matcher: BaseMatcherNode) -> Callable[[_CSTVisitFuncT], _CSTVisitFuncT
     """
 
     def inner(original: _CSTVisitFuncT) -> _CSTVisitFuncT:
-        if not hasattr(original, CONSTRUCTED_LEAVE_MATCHER_ATTR):
-            setattr(original, CONSTRUCTED_LEAVE_MATCHER_ATTR, [])
         setattr(
             original,
             CONSTRUCTED_LEAVE_MATCHER_ATTR,
-            [*getattr(original, CONSTRUCTED_LEAVE_MATCHER_ATTR), matcher],
+            [*getattr(original, CONSTRUCTED_LEAVE_MATCHER_ATTR, []), matcher],
         )
         return original
 
diff --git a/libcst/matchers/_matcher_base.py b/libcst/matchers/_matcher_base.py
index 64670be4..1727f0df 100644
--- a/libcst/matchers/_matcher_base.py
+++ b/libcst/matchers/_matcher_base.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
 import collections.abc
-import copy
 import inspect
 import re
 from abc import ABCMeta
@@ -30,7 +29,8 @@ from typing import (
 
 import libcst
 import libcst.metadata as meta
-from libcst import FlattenSentinel, MaybeSentinel, RemovalSentinel
+from libcst import CSTLogicError, FlattenSentinel, MaybeSentinel, RemovalSentinel
+from libcst._metadata_dependent import LazyValue
 
 
 class DoNotCareSentinel(Enum):
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ class AbstractBaseMatcherNodeMeta(ABCMeta):
     matcher.
     """
 
-    # pyre-fixme[14]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     # pyre-fixme[15]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     def __or__(self, node: Type["BaseMatcherNode"]) -> "TypeOf[Type[BaseMatcherNode]]":
         return TypeOf(self, node)
@@ -84,25 +83,16 @@ class BaseMatcherNode:
     several concrete matchers as options.
     """
 
-    # pyre-fixme[14]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     # pyre-fixme[15]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     def __or__(
         self: _BaseMatcherNodeSelfT, other: _OtherNodeT
     ) -> "OneOf[Union[_BaseMatcherNodeSelfT, _OtherNodeT]]":
-        # Without a cast, pyre thinks that the below OneOf is type OneOf[object]
-        # even though it has the types passed into it.
-        return cast(
-            OneOf[Union[_BaseMatcherNodeSelfT, _OtherNodeT]], OneOf(self, other)
-        )
+        return OneOf(self, other)
 
     def __and__(
         self: _BaseMatcherNodeSelfT, other: _OtherNodeT
     ) -> "AllOf[Union[_BaseMatcherNodeSelfT, _OtherNodeT]]":
-        # Without a cast, pyre thinks that the below AllOf is type AllOf[object]
-        # even though it has the types passed into it.
-        return cast(
-            AllOf[Union[_BaseMatcherNodeSelfT, _OtherNodeT]], AllOf(self, other)
-        )
+        return AllOf(self, other)
 
     def __invert__(self: _BaseMatcherNodeSelfT) -> "_BaseMatcherNodeSelfT":
         return cast(_BaseMatcherNodeSelfT, _InverseOf(self))
@@ -153,7 +143,7 @@ class TypeOf(Generic[_MatcherTypeT], BaseMatcherNode):
         for option in options:
             if isinstance(option, TypeOf):
                 if option.initalized:
-                    raise Exception(
+                    raise ValueError(
                         "Cannot chain an uninitalized TypeOf with an initalized one"
                     )
                 actual_options.extend(option._raw_options)
@@ -180,7 +170,6 @@ class TypeOf(Generic[_MatcherTypeT], BaseMatcherNode):
         self._call_items = (args, kwargs)
         return self
 
-    # pyre-fixme[14]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     # pyre-fixme[15]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     def __or__(
         self, other: _OtherNodeMatcherTypeT
@@ -224,8 +213,8 @@ class OneOf(Generic[_MatcherT], BaseMatcherNode):
         actual_options: List[_MatcherT] = []
         for option in options:
             if isinstance(option, AllOf):
-                raise Exception("Cannot use AllOf and OneOf in combination!")
-            elif isinstance(option, OneOf):
+                raise ValueError("Cannot use AllOf and OneOf in combination!")
+            elif isinstance(option, (OneOf, TypeOf)):
                 actual_options.extend(option.options)
             else:
                 actual_options.append(option)
@@ -240,19 +229,16 @@ class OneOf(Generic[_MatcherT], BaseMatcherNode):
         """
         return self._options
 
-    # pyre-fixme[14]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     # pyre-fixme[15]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     def __or__(self, other: _OtherNodeT) -> "OneOf[Union[_MatcherT, _OtherNodeT]]":
-        # Without a cast, pyre thinks that the below OneOf is type OneOf[object]
-        # even though it has the types passed into it.
-        return cast(OneOf[Union[_MatcherT, _OtherNodeT]], OneOf(self, other))
+        return OneOf(self, other)
 
     def __and__(self, other: _OtherNodeT) -> NoReturn:
-        raise Exception("Cannot use AllOf and OneOf in combination!")
+        raise ValueError("Cannot use AllOf and OneOf in combination!")
 
     def __invert__(self) -> "AllOf[_MatcherT]":
         # Invert using De Morgan's Law so we don't have to complicate types.
-        return cast(AllOf[_MatcherT], AllOf(*[DoesNotMatch(m) for m in self._options]))
+        return AllOf(*[DoesNotMatch(m) for m in self._options])
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"OneOf({', '.join([repr(o) for o in self._options])})"
@@ -300,7 +286,9 @@ class AllOf(Generic[_MatcherT], BaseMatcherNode):
         actual_options: List[_MatcherT] = []
         for option in options:
             if isinstance(option, OneOf):
-                raise Exception("Cannot use AllOf and OneOf in combination!")
+                raise ValueError("Cannot use AllOf and OneOf in combination!")
+            elif isinstance(option, TypeOf):
+                raise ValueError("Cannot use AllOf and TypeOf in combination!")
             elif isinstance(option, AllOf):
                 actual_options.extend(option.options)
             else:
@@ -316,19 +304,16 @@ class AllOf(Generic[_MatcherT], BaseMatcherNode):
         """
         return self._options
 
-    # pyre-fixme[14]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     # pyre-fixme[15]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     def __or__(self, other: _OtherNodeT) -> NoReturn:
-        raise Exception("Cannot use AllOf and OneOf in combination!")
+        raise ValueError("Cannot use AllOf and OneOf in combination!")
 
     def __and__(self, other: _OtherNodeT) -> "AllOf[Union[_MatcherT, _OtherNodeT]]":
-        # Without a cast, pyre thinks that the below AllOf is type AllOf[object]
-        # even though it has the types passed into it.
-        return cast(AllOf[Union[_MatcherT, _OtherNodeT]], AllOf(self, other))
+        return AllOf(self, other)
 
     def __invert__(self) -> "OneOf[_MatcherT]":
         # Invert using De Morgan's Law so we don't have to complicate types.
-        return cast(OneOf[_MatcherT], OneOf(*[DoesNotMatch(m) for m in self._options]))
+        return OneOf(*[DoesNotMatch(m) for m in self._options])
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"AllOf({', '.join([repr(o) for o in self._options])})"
@@ -365,7 +350,6 @@ class _InverseOf(Generic[_MatcherT]):
         """
         return self._matcher
 
-    # pyre-fixme[14]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     # pyre-fixme[15]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     def __or__(self, other: _OtherNodeT) -> "OneOf[Union[_MatcherT, _OtherNodeT]]":
         # Without a cast, pyre thinks that the below OneOf is type OneOf[object]
@@ -436,7 +420,6 @@ class _ExtractMatchingNode(Generic[_MatcherT]):
         """
         return self._name
 
-    # pyre-fixme[14]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     # pyre-fixme[15]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     def __or__(self, other: _OtherNodeT) -> "OneOf[Union[_MatcherT, _OtherNodeT]]":
         # Without a cast, pyre thinks that the below OneOf is type OneOf[object]
@@ -448,7 +431,7 @@ class _ExtractMatchingNode(Generic[_MatcherT]):
         # that are captured with an and, either all of them will be assigned the
         # same node, or none of them. It makes more sense to move the SaveMatchedNode
         # up to wrap the AllOf.
-        raise Exception(
+        raise ValueError(
             (
                 "Cannot use AllOf with SavedMatchedNode children! Instead, you should "
                 + "use SaveMatchedNode(AllOf(options...))."
@@ -464,10 +447,10 @@ class _ExtractMatchingNode(Generic[_MatcherT]):
     def __invert__(self) -> "_MatcherT":
         # This doesn't make sense. We don't want to capture a node only if it
         # doesn't match, since this will never capture anything.
-        raise Exception(
+        raise ValueError(
             (
                 "Cannot invert a SaveMatchedNode. Instead you should wrap SaveMatchedNode "
-                + "around your inversion itself"
+                "around your inversion itself"
             )
         )
 
@@ -510,25 +493,16 @@ class MatchIfTrue(Generic[_MatchIfTrueT]):
         """
         return self._func
 
-    # pyre-fixme[14]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     # pyre-fixme[15]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     def __or__(
         self, other: _OtherNodeT
     ) -> "OneOf[Union[MatchIfTrue[_MatchIfTrueT], _OtherNodeT]]":
-        # Without a cast, pyre thinks that the below OneOf is type OneOf[object]
-        # even though it has the types passed into it.
-        return cast(
-            OneOf[Union[MatchIfTrue[_MatchIfTrueT], _OtherNodeT]], OneOf(self, other)
-        )
+        return OneOf(self, other)
 
     def __and__(
         self, other: _OtherNodeT
     ) -> "AllOf[Union[MatchIfTrue[_MatchIfTrueT], _OtherNodeT]]":
-        # Without a cast, pyre thinks that the below AllOf is type AllOf[object]
-        # even though it has the types passed into it.
-        return cast(
-            AllOf[Union[MatchIfTrue[_MatchIfTrueT], _OtherNodeT]], AllOf(self, other)
-        )
+        return AllOf(self, other)
 
     def __invert__(self) -> "MatchIfTrue[_MatchIfTrueT]":
         # Construct a wrapped version of MatchIfTrue for typing simplicity.
@@ -558,7 +532,6 @@ def MatchRegex(regex: Union[str, Pattern[str]]) -> MatchIfTrue[str]:
 
     def _match_func(value: object) -> bool:
         if isinstance(value, str):
-            # pyre-ignore Pyre doesn't think a 'Pattern' can be passed to fullmatch.
             return bool(re.fullmatch(regex, value))
         else:
             return False
@@ -578,8 +551,11 @@ class MatchMetadata(_BaseMetadataMatcher):
     """
     Matcher that looks up the metadata on the current node using the provided
     metadata provider and compares the value on the node against the value provided
-    to :class:`MatchMetadata`. If the metadata value does not exist for a particular
-    node, :class:`MatchMetadata` will always be considered not a match.
+    to :class:`MatchMetadata`.
+    If the metadata provider is unresolved, a :class:`LookupError` exeption will be
+    raised and ask you to provide a :class:`~libcst.metadata.MetadataWrapper`.
+    If the metadata value does not exist for a particular node, :class:`MatchMetadata`
+    will be considered not a match.
 
     For example, to match against any function call which has one parameter which
     is used in a load expression context::
@@ -637,15 +613,12 @@ class MatchMetadata(_BaseMetadataMatcher):
         """
         return self._value
 
-    # pyre-fixme[14]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     # pyre-fixme[15]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     def __or__(self, other: _OtherNodeT) -> "OneOf[Union[MatchMetadata, _OtherNodeT]]":
-        # Without the cast, pyre doesn't know this is valid
-        return cast(OneOf[Union[MatchMetadata, _OtherNodeT]], OneOf(self, other))
+        return OneOf(self, other)
 
     def __and__(self, other: _OtherNodeT) -> "AllOf[Union[MatchMetadata, _OtherNodeT]]":
-        # Without the cast, pyre doesn't know this is valid
-        return cast(AllOf[Union[MatchMetadata, _OtherNodeT]], AllOf(self, other))
+        return AllOf(self, other)
 
     def __invert__(self) -> "MatchMetadata":
         # We intentionally lie here, for the same reason given in the documentation
@@ -661,8 +634,10 @@ class MatchMetadataIfTrue(_BaseMetadataMatcher):
     Matcher that looks up the metadata on the current node using the provided
     metadata provider and passes it to a callable which can inspect the metadata
     further, returning ``True`` if the matcher should be considered a match.
+    If the metadata provider is unresolved, a :class:`LookupError` exeption will be
+    raised and ask you to provide a :class:`~libcst.metadata.MetadataWrapper`.
     If the metadata value does not exist for a particular node,
-    :class:`MatchMetadataIfTrue` will always be considered not a match.
+    :class:`MatchMetadataIfTrue` will be considered not a match.
 
     For example, to match against any arg whose qualified name might be
     ``typing.Dict``::
@@ -721,19 +696,16 @@ class MatchMetadataIfTrue(_BaseMetadataMatcher):
         """
         return self._func
 
-    # pyre-fixme[14]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     # pyre-fixme[15]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     def __or__(
         self, other: _OtherNodeT
     ) -> "OneOf[Union[MatchMetadataIfTrue, _OtherNodeT]]":
-        # Without the cast, pyre doesn't know this is valid
-        return cast(OneOf[Union[MatchMetadataIfTrue, _OtherNodeT]], OneOf(self, other))
+        return OneOf(self, other)
 
     def __and__(
         self, other: _OtherNodeT
     ) -> "AllOf[Union[MatchMetadataIfTrue, _OtherNodeT]]":
-        # Without the cast, pyre doesn't know this is valid
-        return cast(AllOf[Union[MatchMetadataIfTrue, _OtherNodeT]], AllOf(self, other))
+        return AllOf(self, other)
 
     def __invert__(self) -> "MatchMetadataIfTrue":
         # Construct a wrapped version of MatchMetadataIfTrue for typing simplicity.
@@ -789,7 +761,9 @@ class AtLeastN(Generic[_MatcherT], _BaseWildcardNode):
         n: int,
     ) -> None:
         if n < 0:
-            raise Exception(f"{self.__class__.__name__} n attribute must be positive")
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{self.__class__.__qualname__} n attribute must be positive"
+            )
         self._n: int = n
         self._matcher: Union[_MatcherT, DoNotCareSentinel] = matcher
 
@@ -810,16 +784,15 @@ class AtLeastN(Generic[_MatcherT], _BaseWildcardNode):
         """
         return self._matcher
 
-    # pyre-fixme[14]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     # pyre-fixme[15]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     def __or__(self, other: object) -> NoReturn:
-        raise Exception("AtLeastN cannot be used in a OneOf matcher")
+        raise ValueError("AtLeastN cannot be used in a OneOf matcher")
 
     def __and__(self, other: object) -> NoReturn:
-        raise Exception("AtLeastN cannot be used in an AllOf matcher")
+        raise ValueError("AtLeastN cannot be used in an AllOf matcher")
 
     def __invert__(self) -> NoReturn:
-        raise Exception("Cannot invert an AtLeastN matcher!")
+        raise ValueError("Cannot invert an AtLeastN matcher!")
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         if self._n == 0:
@@ -829,7 +802,7 @@ class AtLeastN(Generic[_MatcherT], _BaseWildcardNode):
 
 
 def ZeroOrMore(
-    matcher: Union[_MatcherT, DoNotCareSentinel] = DoNotCareSentinel.DEFAULT
+    matcher: Union[_MatcherT, DoNotCareSentinel] = DoNotCareSentinel.DEFAULT,
 ) -> AtLeastN[Union[_MatcherT, DoNotCareSentinel]]:
     """
     Used as a convenience wrapper to :class:`AtLeastN` when ``n`` is equal to ``0``.
@@ -892,7 +865,9 @@ class AtMostN(Generic[_MatcherT], _BaseWildcardNode):
         n: int,
     ) -> None:
         if n < 0:
-            raise Exception(f"{self.__class__.__name__} n attribute must be positive")
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{self.__class__.__qualname__} n attribute must be positive"
+            )
         self._n: int = n
         self._matcher: Union[_MatcherT, DoNotCareSentinel] = matcher
 
@@ -914,16 +889,15 @@ class AtMostN(Generic[_MatcherT], _BaseWildcardNode):
         """
         return self._matcher
 
-    # pyre-fixme[14]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     # pyre-fixme[15]: `__or__` overrides method defined in `type` inconsistently.
     def __or__(self, other: object) -> NoReturn:
-        raise Exception("AtMostN cannot be used in a OneOf matcher")
+        raise ValueError("AtMostN cannot be used in a OneOf matcher")
 
     def __and__(self, other: object) -> NoReturn:
-        raise Exception("AtMostN cannot be used in an AllOf matcher")
+        raise ValueError("AtMostN cannot be used in an AllOf matcher")
 
     def __invert__(self) -> NoReturn:
-        raise Exception("Cannot invert an AtMostN matcher!")
+        raise ValueError("Cannot invert an AtMostN matcher!")
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         if self._n == 1:
@@ -933,7 +907,7 @@ class AtMostN(Generic[_MatcherT], _BaseWildcardNode):
 
 
 def ZeroOrOne(
-    matcher: Union[_MatcherT, DoNotCareSentinel] = DoNotCareSentinel.DEFAULT
+    matcher: Union[_MatcherT, DoNotCareSentinel] = DoNotCareSentinel.DEFAULT,
 ) -> AtMostN[Union[_MatcherT, DoNotCareSentinel]]:
     """
     Used as a convenience wrapper to :class:`AtMostN` when ``n`` is equal to ``1``.
@@ -1047,7 +1021,7 @@ def _matches_zero_nodes(
         MatchIfTrue[libcst.CSTNode],
         _BaseMetadataMatcher,
         DoNotCareSentinel,
-    ]
+    ],
 ) -> bool:
     if isinstance(matcher, AtLeastN) and matcher.n == 0:
         return True
@@ -1188,7 +1162,7 @@ def _sequence_matches(  # noqa: C901
         else:
             # There are no other types of wildcard consumers, but we're making
             # pyre happy with that fact.
-            raise Exception(f"Logic error unrecognized wildcard {type(matcher)}!")
+            raise CSTLogicError(f"Logic error unrecognized wildcard {type(matcher)}!")
     elif isinstance(matcher, _ExtractMatchingNode):
         # See if the raw matcher matches. If it does, capture the sequence we matched and store it.
         result = _sequence_matches(
@@ -1384,7 +1358,7 @@ def _metadata_matches(  # noqa: C901
             return None
         return {} if actual_value == metadata.value else None
     else:
-        raise Exception("Logic error!")
+        raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
 
 
 def _node_matches(  # noqa: C901
@@ -1517,11 +1491,13 @@ def _matches(
         return _node_matches(node, matcher, metadata_lookup)
 
 
-def _construct_metadata_fetcher_null() -> Callable[
-    [meta.ProviderT, libcst.CSTNode], object
-]:
-    def _fetch(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> object:
-        return _METADATA_MISSING_SENTINEL
+def _construct_metadata_fetcher_null() -> (
+    Callable[[meta.ProviderT, libcst.CSTNode], object]
+):
+    def _fetch(provider: meta.ProviderT, node: libcst.CSTNode) -> NoReturn:
+        raise LookupError(
+            f"{provider.__name__} is not resolved; did you forget a MetadataWrapper?"
+        )
 
     return _fetch
 
@@ -1544,7 +1520,11 @@ def _construct_metadata_fetcher_wrapper(
         if provider not in metadata:
             metadata[provider] = wrapper.resolve(provider)
 
-        return metadata.get(provider, {}).get(node, _METADATA_MISSING_SENTINEL)
+        node_metadata = metadata[provider].get(node, _METADATA_MISSING_SENTINEL)
+        if isinstance(node_metadata, LazyValue):
+            node_metadata = node_metadata()
+
+        return node_metadata
 
     return _fetch
 
@@ -1817,7 +1797,7 @@ class _ReplaceTransformer(libcst.CSTTransformer):
         if inspect.isfunction(replacement):
             self.replacement = replacement
         elif isinstance(replacement, (MaybeSentinel, RemovalSentinel)):
-            self.replacement = lambda node, matches: copy.deepcopy(replacement)
+            self.replacement = lambda node, matches: replacement
         else:
             # pyre-ignore We know this is a CSTNode.
             self.replacement = lambda node, matches: replacement.deep_clone()
@@ -1932,7 +1912,7 @@ def replace(
     """
     if isinstance(tree, (RemovalSentinel, MaybeSentinel)):
         # We can't do any replacements on this, so return the tree exactly.
-        return copy.deepcopy(tree)
+        return tree
     if isinstance(matcher, (AtLeastN, AtMostN)):
         # We can't match this, since these matchers are forbidden at top level.
         # These are not subclasses of BaseMatcherNode, but in the case that the
@@ -1942,7 +1922,7 @@ def replace(
         elif isinstance(tree, meta.MetadataWrapper):
             return tree.module.deep_clone()
         else:
-            raise Exception("Logic error!")
+            raise CSTLogicError("Logic error!")
 
     if isinstance(tree, meta.MetadataWrapper) and metadata_resolver is None:
         # Provide a convenience for calling replace directly on a MetadataWrapper.
@@ -1959,5 +1939,5 @@ def replace(
     new_tree = tree.visit(replacer)
     if isinstance(new_tree, FlattenSentinel):
         # The above transform never returns FlattenSentinel, so this isn't possible
-        raise Exception("Logic error, cannot get a FlattenSentinel here!")
+        raise CSTLogicError("Logic error, cannot get a FlattenSentinel here!")
     return new_tree
diff --git a/libcst/matchers/_return_types.py b/libcst/matchers/_return_types.py
index bc8e9042..2f050088 100644
--- a/libcst/matchers/_return_types.py
+++ b/libcst/matchers/_return_types.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ from libcst._nodes.expression import (
     BaseExpression,
     BaseFormattedStringContent,
     BaseSlice,
+    BaseTemplatedStringContent,
     BinaryOperation,
     BooleanOperation,
     Call,
@@ -66,6 +67,9 @@ from libcst._nodes.expression import (
     StarredElement,
     Subscript,
     SubscriptElement,
+    TemplatedString,
+    TemplatedStringExpression,
+    TemplatedStringText,
     Tuple,
     UnaryOperation,
     Yield,
@@ -174,6 +178,7 @@ from libcst._nodes.statement import (
     MatchValue,
     NameItem,
     Nonlocal,
+    ParamSpec,
     Pass,
     Raise,
     Return,
@@ -181,6 +186,11 @@ from libcst._nodes.statement import (
     SimpleStatementSuite,
     Try,
     TryStar,
+    TypeAlias,
+    TypeParam,
+    TypeParameters,
+    TypeVar,
+    TypeVarTuple,
     While,
     With,
     WithItem,
@@ -323,6 +333,7 @@ TYPED_FUNCTION_RETURN_MAPPING: TypingDict[Type[CSTNode], object] = {
     Or: BaseBooleanOp,
     Param: Union[Param, MaybeSentinel, RemovalSentinel],
     ParamSlash: Union[ParamSlash, MaybeSentinel],
+    ParamSpec: ParamSpec,
     ParamStar: Union[ParamStar, MaybeSentinel],
     Parameters: Parameters,
     ParenthesizedWhitespace: Union[BaseParenthesizableWhitespace, MaybeSentinel],
@@ -346,15 +357,23 @@ TYPED_FUNCTION_RETURN_MAPPING: TypingDict[Type[CSTNode], object] = {
     SimpleWhitespace: Union[BaseParenthesizableWhitespace, MaybeSentinel],
     Slice: BaseSlice,
     StarredDictElement: Union[BaseDictElement, RemovalSentinel],
-    StarredElement: Union[BaseElement, RemovalSentinel],
+    StarredElement: BaseExpression,
     Subscript: BaseExpression,
     SubscriptElement: Union[SubscriptElement, RemovalSentinel],
     Subtract: BaseBinaryOp,
     SubtractAssign: BaseAugOp,
+    TemplatedString: BaseExpression,
+    TemplatedStringExpression: Union[BaseTemplatedStringContent, RemovalSentinel],
+    TemplatedStringText: Union[BaseTemplatedStringContent, RemovalSentinel],
     TrailingWhitespace: TrailingWhitespace,
     Try: Union[BaseStatement, RemovalSentinel],
     TryStar: Union[BaseStatement, RemovalSentinel],
     Tuple: BaseExpression,
+    TypeAlias: Union[BaseSmallStatement, RemovalSentinel],
+    TypeParam: Union[TypeParam, RemovalSentinel],
+    TypeParameters: TypeParameters,
+    TypeVar: TypeVar,
+    TypeVarTuple: TypeVarTuple,
     UnaryOperation: BaseExpression,
     While: Union[BaseStatement, RemovalSentinel],
     With: Union[BaseStatement, RemovalSentinel],
diff --git a/libcst/matchers/_visitors.py b/libcst/matchers/_visitors.py
index ded6eb9d..b9252173 100644
--- a/libcst/matchers/_visitors.py
+++ b/libcst/matchers/_visitors.py
@@ -45,12 +45,26 @@ from libcst.matchers._matcher_base import (
 )
 from libcst.matchers._return_types import TYPED_FUNCTION_RETURN_MAPPING
 
+try:
+    # PEP 604 unions, in Python 3.10+
+    from types import UnionType
+except ImportError:
+    # We use this for isinstance; no annotation will be an instance of this
+    class UnionType:
+        pass
+
+
 CONCRETE_METHODS: Set[str] = {
     *{f"visit_{cls.__name__}" for cls in TYPED_FUNCTION_RETURN_MAPPING},
     *{f"leave_{cls.__name__}" for cls in TYPED_FUNCTION_RETURN_MAPPING},
 }
 
 
+def is_property(obj: object, attr_name: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if obj.attr is a property without evaluating it."""
+    return isinstance(getattr(type(obj), attr_name, None), property)
+
+
 # pyre-ignore We don't care about Any here, its not exposed.
 def _match_decorator_unpickler(kwargs: Any) -> "MatchDecoratorMismatch":
     return MatchDecoratorMismatch(**kwargs)
@@ -78,18 +92,15 @@ def _get_possible_match_classes(matcher: BaseMatcherNode) -> List[Type[cst.CSTNo
         return [getattr(cst, matcher.__class__.__name__)]
 
 
-def _annotation_looks_like_union(annotation: object) -> bool:
-    if getattr(annotation, "__origin__", None) is Union:
-        return True
-    # support PEP-604 style unions introduced in Python 3.10
+def _annotation_is_union(annotation: object) -> bool:
     return (
-        annotation.__class__.__name__ == "Union"
-        and annotation.__class__.__module__ == "types"
+        isinstance(annotation, UnionType)
+        or getattr(annotation, "__origin__", None) is Union
     )
 
 
 def _get_possible_annotated_classes(annotation: object) -> List[Type[object]]:
-    if _annotation_looks_like_union(annotation):
+    if _annotation_is_union(annotation):
         return getattr(annotation, "__args__", [])
     else:
         return [cast(Type[object], annotation)]
@@ -126,7 +137,6 @@ def _verify_return_annotation(
         # it is "None".
         if type_hints.get("return", type(None)) is not type(None):  # noqa: E721
             raise MatchDecoratorMismatch(
-                # pyre-fixme[16]: Anonymous callable has no attribute `__qualname__`.
                 meth.__qualname__,
                 f"@{decorator_name} should only decorate functions that do "
                 + "not return.",
@@ -175,7 +185,6 @@ def _verify_parameter_annotations(
     meth_signature = signature(meth)
     if len(meth_signature.parameters) != expected_param_count:
         raise MatchDecoratorMismatch(
-            # pyre-fixme[16]: Anonymous callable has no attribute `__qualname__`.
             meth.__qualname__,
             f"@{decorator_name} should decorate functions which take "
             + f"{expected_param_count} parameter"
@@ -232,8 +241,6 @@ def _check_types(
             # First thing first, make sure this isn't wrapping an inner class.
             if not ismethod(meth):
                 raise MatchDecoratorMismatch(
-                    # pyre-fixme[16]: Anonymous callable has no attribute
-                    #  `__qualname__`.
                     meth.__qualname__,
                     "Matcher decorators should only be used on methods of "
                     + "MatcherDecoratableTransformer or "
@@ -263,20 +270,22 @@ def _check_types(
             )
 
 
-def _gather_matchers(obj: object) -> Set[BaseMatcherNode]:
-    visit_matchers: Set[BaseMatcherNode] = set()
+def _gather_matchers(obj: object) -> Dict[BaseMatcherNode, Optional[cst.CSTNode]]:
+    """
+    Set of gating matchers that we need to track and evaluate. We use these
+    in conjunction with the call_if_inside and call_if_not_inside decorators
+    to determine whether to call a visit/leave function.
+    """
 
-    for func in dir(obj):
-        try:
-            for matcher in getattr(getattr(obj, func), VISIT_POSITIVE_MATCHER_ATTR, []):
-                visit_matchers.add(cast(BaseMatcherNode, matcher))
-            for matcher in getattr(getattr(obj, func), VISIT_NEGATIVE_MATCHER_ATTR, []):
-                visit_matchers.add(cast(BaseMatcherNode, matcher))
-        except Exception:
-            # This could be a caculated property, and calling getattr() evaluates it.
-            # We have no control over the implementation detail, so if it raises, we
-            # should not crash.
-            pass
+    visit_matchers: Dict[BaseMatcherNode, Optional[cst.CSTNode]] = {}
+
+    for attr_name in dir(obj):
+        if not is_property(obj, attr_name):
+            func = getattr(obj, attr_name)
+            for matcher in getattr(func, VISIT_POSITIVE_MATCHER_ATTR, []):
+                visit_matchers[cast(BaseMatcherNode, matcher)] = None
+            for matcher in getattr(func, VISIT_NEGATIVE_MATCHER_ATTR, []):
+                visit_matchers[cast(BaseMatcherNode, matcher)] = None
 
     return visit_matchers
 
@@ -286,7 +295,6 @@ def _assert_not_concrete(
 ) -> None:
     if func.__name__ in CONCRETE_METHODS:
         raise MatchDecoratorMismatch(
-            # pyre-ignore This anonymous method has a qualname.
             func.__qualname__,
             f"@{decorator_name} should not decorate functions that are concrete "
             + "visit or leave methods.",
@@ -301,26 +309,18 @@ def _gather_constructed_visit_funcs(
     ] = {}
 
     for funcname in dir(obj):
-        try:
-            possible_func = getattr(obj, funcname)
-            if not ismethod(possible_func):
-                continue
-            func = cast(Callable[[cst.CSTNode], None], possible_func)
-        except Exception:
-            # This could be a caculated property, and calling getattr() evaluates it.
-            # We have no control over the implementation detail, so if it raises, we
-            # should not crash.
+        if is_property(obj, funcname):
             continue
+        possible_func = getattr(obj, funcname)
+        if not ismethod(possible_func):
+            continue
+        func = cast(Callable[[cst.CSTNode], None], possible_func)
         matchers = getattr(func, CONSTRUCTED_VISIT_MATCHER_ATTR, [])
         if matchers:
             # Make sure that we aren't accidentally putting a @visit on a visit_Node.
             _assert_not_concrete("visit", func)
         for matcher in matchers:
             casted_matcher = cast(BaseMatcherNode, matcher)
-            # pyre-fixme[6]: Expected
-            #  `Sequence[typing.Callable[[cst._nodes.base.CSTNode], None]]` for 2nd
-            #  param but got `Tuple[*Tuple[(CSTNode) -> None, ...], (CSTNode) ->
-            #  None]`.
             constructed_visitors[casted_matcher] = (
                 *constructed_visitors.get(casted_matcher, ()),
                 func,
@@ -340,26 +340,18 @@ def _gather_constructed_leave_funcs(
     ] = {}
 
     for funcname in dir(obj):
-        try:
-            possible_func = getattr(obj, funcname)
-            if not ismethod(possible_func):
-                continue
-            func = cast(Callable[[cst.CSTNode], None], possible_func)
-        except Exception:
-            # This could be a caculated property, and calling getattr() evaluates it.
-            # We have no control over the implementation detail, so if it raises, we
-            # should not crash.
+        if is_property(obj, funcname):
             continue
+        possible_func = getattr(obj, funcname)
+        if not ismethod(possible_func):
+            continue
+        func = cast(Callable[[cst.CSTNode], None], possible_func)
         matchers = getattr(func, CONSTRUCTED_LEAVE_MATCHER_ATTR, [])
         if matchers:
             # Make sure that we aren't accidentally putting a @leave on a leave_Node.
             _assert_not_concrete("leave", func)
         for matcher in matchers:
             casted_matcher = cast(BaseMatcherNode, matcher)
-            # pyre-fixme[6]: Expected
-            #  `Sequence[typing.Callable[[cst._nodes.base.CSTNode], None]]` for 2nd
-            #  param but got `Tuple[*Tuple[(CSTNode) -> None, ...], (CSTNode) ->
-            #  None]`.
             constructed_visitors[casted_matcher] = (
                 *constructed_visitors.get(casted_matcher, ()),
                 func,
@@ -455,12 +447,7 @@ class MatcherDecoratableTransformer(CSTTransformer):
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         CSTTransformer.__init__(self)
-        # List of gating matchers that we need to track and evaluate. We use these
-        # in conjuction with the call_if_inside and call_if_not_inside decorators
-        # to determine whether or not to call a visit/leave function.
-        self._matchers: Dict[BaseMatcherNode, Optional[cst.CSTNode]] = {
-            m: None for m in _gather_matchers(self)
-        }
+        self.__matchers: Optional[Dict[BaseMatcherNode, Optional[cst.CSTNode]]] = None
         # Mapping of matchers to functions. If in the course of visiting the tree,
         # a node matches one of these matchers, the corresponding function will be
         # called as if it was a visit_* method.
@@ -493,6 +480,16 @@ class MatcherDecoratableTransformer(CSTTransformer):
             expected_none_return=False,
         )
 
+    @property
+    def _matchers(self) -> Dict[BaseMatcherNode, Optional[cst.CSTNode]]:
+        if self.__matchers is None:
+            self.__matchers = _gather_matchers(self)
+        return self.__matchers
+
+    @_matchers.setter
+    def _matchers(self, value: Dict[BaseMatcherNode, Optional[cst.CSTNode]]) -> None:
+        self.__matchers = value
+
     def on_visit(self, node: cst.CSTNode) -> bool:
         # First, evaluate any matchers that we have which we are not inside already.
         self._matchers = _visit_matchers(self._matchers, node, self)
@@ -667,12 +664,7 @@ class MatcherDecoratableVisitor(CSTVisitor):
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         CSTVisitor.__init__(self)
-        # List of gating matchers that we need to track and evaluate. We use these
-        # in conjuction with the call_if_inside and call_if_not_inside decorators
-        # to determine whether or not to call a visit/leave function.
-        self._matchers: Dict[BaseMatcherNode, Optional[cst.CSTNode]] = {
-            m: None for m in _gather_matchers(self)
-        }
+        self.__matchers: Optional[Dict[BaseMatcherNode, Optional[cst.CSTNode]]] = None
         # Mapping of matchers to functions. If in the course of visiting the tree,
         # a node matches one of these matchers, the corresponding function will be
         # called as if it was a visit_* method.
@@ -700,6 +692,16 @@ class MatcherDecoratableVisitor(CSTVisitor):
             expected_none_return=True,
         )
 
+    @property
+    def _matchers(self) -> Dict[BaseMatcherNode, Optional[cst.CSTNode]]:
+        if self.__matchers is None:
+            self.__matchers = _gather_matchers(self)
+        return self.__matchers
+
+    @_matchers.setter
+    def _matchers(self, value: Dict[BaseMatcherNode, Optional[cst.CSTNode]]) -> None:
+        self.__matchers = value
+
     def on_visit(self, node: cst.CSTNode) -> bool:
         # First, evaluate any matchers that we have which we are not inside already.
         self._matchers = _visit_matchers(self._matchers, node, self)
diff --git a/libcst/matchers/tests/test_decorators.py b/libcst/matchers/tests/test_decorators.py
index 7486cee8..8b28657c 100644
--- a/libcst/matchers/tests/test_decorators.py
+++ b/libcst/matchers/tests/test_decorators.py
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@
 # This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
+import sys
 from ast import literal_eval
 from textwrap import dedent
 from typing import List, Set
-from unittest.mock import Mock
+from unittest import skipIf
 
 import libcst as cst
 import libcst.matchers as m
@@ -996,22 +997,14 @@ class MatchersVisitLeaveDecoratorsTest(UnitTest):
         self.assertEqual(visitor.visits, ['"baz"'])
 
 
-# This is meant to simulate `cst.ImportFrom | cst.RemovalSentinel` in py3.10
-FakeUnionClass: Mock = Mock()
-setattr(FakeUnionClass, "__name__", "Union")
-setattr(FakeUnionClass, "__module__", "types")
-FakeUnion: Mock = Mock()
-FakeUnion.__class__ = FakeUnionClass
-FakeUnion.__args__ = [cst.ImportFrom, cst.RemovalSentinel]
-
-
 class MatchersUnionDecoratorsTest(UnitTest):
+    @skipIf(bool(sys.version_info < (3, 10)), "new union syntax not available")
     def test_init_with_new_union_annotation(self) -> None:
         class TransformerWithUnionReturnAnnotation(m.MatcherDecoratableTransformer):
             @m.leave(m.ImportFrom(module=m.Name(value="typing")))
             def test(
                 self, original_node: cst.ImportFrom, updated_node: cst.ImportFrom
-            ) -> FakeUnion:
+            ) -> cst.ImportFrom | cst.RemovalSentinel:
                 pass
 
         # assert that init (specifically _check_types on return annotation) passes
diff --git a/libcst/matchers/tests/test_findall.py b/libcst/matchers/tests/test_findall.py
index 77316a1a..6e81e481 100644
--- a/libcst/matchers/tests/test_findall.py
+++ b/libcst/matchers/tests/test_findall.py
@@ -103,14 +103,17 @@ class MatchersFindAllTest(UnitTest):
             ],
         )
 
-        # Test that failing to provide metadata leads to no match
-        booleans = findall(
-            wrapper.module,
-            m.MatchMetadata(
-                meta.ExpressionContextProvider, meta.ExpressionContext.STORE
-            ),
-        )
-        self.assertNodeSequenceEqual(booleans, [])
+        # Test that failing to provide metadata leads to raising an informative exception
+        with self.assertRaises(
+            LookupError,
+            msg="ExpressionContextProvider is not resolved; did you forget a MetadataWrapper?",
+        ):
+            booleans = findall(
+                wrapper.module,
+                m.MatchMetadata(
+                    meta.ExpressionContextProvider, meta.ExpressionContext.STORE
+                ),
+            )
 
     def test_findall_with_visitors(self) -> None:
         # Find all assignments in a tree
diff --git a/libcst/matchers/tests/test_matchers.py b/libcst/matchers/tests/test_matchers.py
index 9d79f640..e41bd866 100644
--- a/libcst/matchers/tests/test_matchers.py
+++ b/libcst/matchers/tests/test_matchers.py
@@ -291,6 +291,13 @@ class MatchersMatcherTest(UnitTest):
         self.assertTrue(
             matches(cst.Name("True"), m.OneOf(m.Name("True"), m.Name("False")))
         )
+        # Match when one of the option is a TypeOf
+        self.assertTrue(
+            matches(
+                cst.Name("True"),
+                m.OneOf(m.TypeOf(m.Name, m.NameItem)("True"), m.Name("False")),
+            )
+        )
         # Match any assignment that assigns a value of True or False to an
         # unspecified target.
         self.assertTrue(
diff --git a/libcst/matchers/tests/test_matchers_with_metadata.py b/libcst/matchers/tests/test_matchers_with_metadata.py
index e4bdf07e..63530c37 100644
--- a/libcst/matchers/tests/test_matchers_with_metadata.py
+++ b/libcst/matchers/tests/test_matchers_with_metadata.py
@@ -366,14 +366,18 @@ class MatchersMetadataTest(UnitTest):
             )
         )
 
-    def test_lambda_metadata_matcher_with_no_metadata(self) -> None:
+    def test_lambda_metadata_matcher_with_unresolved_metadata(self) -> None:
         # Match on qualified name provider
         module = cst.parse_module(
             "from typing import List\n\ndef foo() -> None: pass\n"
         )
         functiondef = cst.ensure_type(module.body[1], cst.FunctionDef)
 
-        self.assertFalse(
+        # Test that when the metadata is unresolved, raise an informative exception.
+        with self.assertRaises(
+            LookupError,
+            msg="QualifiedNameProvider is not resolved; did you forget a MetadataWrapper?",
+        ):
             matches(
                 functiondef,
                 m.FunctionDef(
@@ -385,6 +389,24 @@ class MatchersMetadataTest(UnitTest):
                     )
                 ),
             )
+
+    def test_lambda_metadata_matcher_with_no_metadata(self) -> None:
+        class VoidProvider(meta.BatchableMetadataProvider[object]):
+            """A dummy metadata provider"""
+
+        module = cst.parse_module(
+            "from typing import List\n\ndef foo() -> None: pass\n"
+        )
+        wrapper = cst.MetadataWrapper(module)
+        functiondef = cst.ensure_type(wrapper.module.body[1], cst.FunctionDef)
+
+        # Test that when the node has no corresponding metadata, there is no match.
+        self.assertFalse(
+            matches(
+                functiondef,
+                m.FunctionDef(name=m.MatchMetadataIfTrue(VoidProvider, lambda _: True)),
+                metadata_resolver=wrapper,
+            )
         )
 
     def test_lambda_metadata_matcher_operators(self) -> None:
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/__init__.py b/libcst/metadata/__init__.py
index 75e38229..ecc42741 100644
--- a/libcst/metadata/__init__.py
+++ b/libcst/metadata/__init__.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 
 from libcst._position import CodePosition, CodeRange
+from libcst.metadata.accessor_provider import AccessorProvider
 from libcst.metadata.base_provider import (
     BaseMetadataProvider,
     BatchableMetadataProvider,
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ from libcst.metadata.expression_context_provider import (
     ExpressionContext,
     ExpressionContextProvider,
 )
+from libcst.metadata.file_path_provider import FilePathProvider
 from libcst.metadata.full_repo_manager import FullRepoManager
 from libcst.metadata.name_provider import (
     FullyQualifiedNameProvider,
@@ -86,6 +88,8 @@ __all__ = [
     "Accesses",
     "TypeInferenceProvider",
     "FullRepoManager",
+    "AccessorProvider",
+    "FilePathProvider",
     # Experimental APIs:
     "ExperimentalReentrantCodegenProvider",
     "CodegenPartial",
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/accessor_provider.py b/libcst/metadata/accessor_provider.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d4f22e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/metadata/accessor_provider.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+
+import dataclasses
+
+import libcst as cst
+
+from libcst.metadata.base_provider import VisitorMetadataProvider
+
+
+class AccessorProvider(VisitorMetadataProvider[str]):
+    def on_visit(self, node: cst.CSTNode) -> bool:
+        for f in dataclasses.fields(node):
+            child = getattr(node, f.name)
+            self.set_metadata(child, f.name)
+        return True
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/base_provider.py b/libcst/metadata/base_provider.py
index 69af2dce..5d93fbe8 100644
--- a/libcst/metadata/base_provider.py
+++ b/libcst/metadata/base_provider.py
@@ -6,22 +6,23 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 from types import MappingProxyType
 from typing import (
-    Callable,
-    cast,
     Generic,
     List,
     Mapping,
     MutableMapping,
     Optional,
+    Protocol,
     Type,
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     TypeVar,
+    Union,
 )
 
 from libcst._batched_visitor import BatchableCSTVisitor
 from libcst._metadata_dependent import (
     _T as _MetadataT,
     _UNDEFINED_DEFAULT,
+    LazyValue,
     MetadataDependent,
 )
 from libcst._visitors import CSTVisitor
@@ -36,6 +37,18 @@ ProviderT = Type["BaseMetadataProvider[object]"]
 # BaseMetadataProvider[int] would be a subtype of BaseMetadataProvider[object], so the
 # typevar is covariant.
 _ProvidedMetadataT = TypeVar("_ProvidedMetadataT", covariant=True)
+MaybeLazyMetadataT = Union[LazyValue[_ProvidedMetadataT], _ProvidedMetadataT]
+
+
+class GenCacheMethod(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        root_path: Path,
+        paths: List[str],
+        *,
+        timeout: Optional[int] = None,
+        use_pyproject_toml: bool = False,
+    ) -> Mapping[str, object]: ...
 
 
 # We can't use an ABCMeta here, because of metaclass conflicts
@@ -52,26 +65,26 @@ class BaseMetadataProvider(MetadataDependent, Generic[_ProvidedMetadataT]):
     #
     # N.B. This has some typing variance problems. See `set_metadata` for an
     # explanation.
-    _computed: MutableMapping["CSTNode", _ProvidedMetadataT]
+    _computed: MutableMapping["CSTNode", MaybeLazyMetadataT]
 
-    #: Implement gen_cache to indicate the matadata provider depends on cache from external
+    #: Implement gen_cache to indicate the metadata provider depends on cache from external
     #: system. This function will be called by :class:`~libcst.metadata.FullRepoManager`
     #: to compute required cache object per file path.
-    gen_cache: Optional[Callable[[Path, List[str], int], Mapping[str, object]]] = None
+    gen_cache: Optional[GenCacheMethod] = None
 
     def __init__(self, cache: object = None) -> None:
         super().__init__()
-        self._computed = {}
+        self._computed: MutableMapping["CSTNode", MaybeLazyMetadataT] = {}
         if self.gen_cache and cache is None:
             # The metadata provider implementation is responsible to store and use cache.
-            raise Exception(
+            raise ValueError(
                 f"Cache is required for initializing {self.__class__.__name__}."
             )
         self.cache = cache
 
     def _gen(
         self, wrapper: "MetadataWrapper"
-    ) -> Mapping["CSTNode", _ProvidedMetadataT]:
+    ) -> Mapping["CSTNode", MaybeLazyMetadataT]:
         """
         Resolves and returns metadata mapping for the module in ``wrapper``.
 
@@ -93,11 +106,7 @@ class BaseMetadataProvider(MetadataDependent, Generic[_ProvidedMetadataT]):
         """
         ...
 
-    # pyre-ignore[46]: The covariant `value` isn't type-safe because we write it to
-    # pyre: `self._computed`, however we assume that only one subclass in the MRO chain
-    # pyre: will ever call `set_metadata`, so it's okay for our purposes. There's no
-    # pyre: sane way to redesign this API so that it doesn't have this problem.
-    def set_metadata(self, node: "CSTNode", value: _ProvidedMetadataT) -> None:
+    def set_metadata(self, node: "CSTNode", value: MaybeLazyMetadataT) -> None:
         """
         Record a metadata value ``value`` for ``node``.
         """
@@ -107,7 +116,9 @@ class BaseMetadataProvider(MetadataDependent, Generic[_ProvidedMetadataT]):
         self,
         key: Type["BaseMetadataProvider[_MetadataT]"],
         node: "CSTNode",
-        default: _MetadataT = _UNDEFINED_DEFAULT,
+        default: Union[
+            MaybeLazyMetadataT, Type[_UNDEFINED_DEFAULT]
+        ] = _UNDEFINED_DEFAULT,
     ) -> _MetadataT:
         """
         The same method as :func:`~libcst.MetadataDependent.get_metadata` except
@@ -116,9 +127,12 @@ class BaseMetadataProvider(MetadataDependent, Generic[_ProvidedMetadataT]):
         """
         if key is type(self):
             if default is not _UNDEFINED_DEFAULT:
-                return cast(_MetadataT, self._computed.get(node, default))
+                ret = self._computed.get(node, default)
             else:
-                return cast(_MetadataT, self._computed[node])
+                ret = self._computed[node]
+            if isinstance(ret, LazyValue):
+                return ret()
+            return ret
 
         return super().get_metadata(key, node, default)
 
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/expression_context_provider.py b/libcst/metadata/expression_context_provider.py
index beec959d..955c14ad 100644
--- a/libcst/metadata/expression_context_provider.py
+++ b/libcst/metadata/expression_context_provider.py
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class ExpressionContextVisitor(cst.CSTVisitor):
         return False
 
 
-class ExpressionContextProvider(BatchableMetadataProvider[Optional[ExpressionContext]]):
+class ExpressionContextProvider(BatchableMetadataProvider[ExpressionContext]):
     """
     Provides :class:`ExpressionContext` metadata (mimics the `expr_context
     <https://docs.python.org/3/library/ast.html>`__ in ast) for the
@@ -209,9 +209,9 @@ class ExpressionContextProvider(BatchableMetadataProvider[Optional[ExpressionCon
     :class:`~libcst.Attribute`, :class:`~libcst.Subscript`,
     :class:`~libcst.StarredElement` , :class:`~libcst.List`,
     :class:`~libcst.Tuple` and :class:`~libcst.Name`.
-    Not that a :class:`~libcst.Name` may not always has context because of the differences between
+    Note that a :class:`~libcst.Name` may not always have context because of the differences between
     ast and LibCST. E.g. :attr:`~libcst.Attribute.attr` is a :class:`~libcst.Name` in LibCST
-    but a str in ast. To honor ast implementation, we don't assignment context to
+    but a str in ast. To honor ast implementation, we don't assign context to
     :attr:`~libcst.Attribute.attr`.
 
 
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/file_path_provider.py b/libcst/metadata/file_path_provider.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ab01b5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/metadata/file_path_provider.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, List, Mapping, Optional
+
+import libcst as cst
+from libcst.metadata.base_provider import BatchableMetadataProvider
+
+
+class FilePathProvider(BatchableMetadataProvider[Path]):
+    """
+    Provides the path to the current file on disk as metadata for the root
+    :class:`~libcst.Module` node. Requires a :class:`~libcst.metadata.FullRepoManager`.
+    The returned path will always be resolved to an absolute path using
+    :func:`pathlib.Path.resolve`.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+    .. code:: python
+
+        class CustomVisitor(CSTVisitor):
+            METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = [FilePathProvider]
+
+            path: pathlib.Path
+
+            def visit_Module(self, node: libcst.Module) -> None:
+                self.path = self.get_metadata(FilePathProvider, node)
+
+    .. code::
+
+        >>> mgr = FullRepoManager(".", {"libcst/_types.py"}, {FilePathProvider})
+        >>> wrapper = mgr.get_metadata_wrapper_for_path("libcst/_types.py")
+        >>> fqnames = wrapper.resolve(FilePathProvider)
+        >>> {type(k): v for k, v in wrapper.resolve(FilePathProvider).items()}
+        {<class 'libcst._nodes.module.Module'>: PosixPath('/home/user/libcst/_types.py')}
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def gen_cache(
+        cls, root_path: Path, paths: List[str], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Mapping[str, Path]:
+        cache = {path: (root_path / path).resolve() for path in paths}
+        return cache
+
+    def __init__(self, cache: Path) -> None:
+        super().__init__(cache)
+        self.path: Path = cache
+
+    def visit_Module(self, node: cst.Module) -> Optional[bool]:
+        self.set_metadata(node, self.path)
+        return False
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/full_repo_manager.py b/libcst/metadata/full_repo_manager.py
index 2a05475e..ab6430d8 100644
--- a/libcst/metadata/full_repo_manager.py
+++ b/libcst/metadata/full_repo_manager.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Collection, Dict, List, Mapping, TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import libcst as cst
+from libcst._types import StrPath
 from libcst.metadata.wrapper import MetadataWrapper
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -17,10 +18,11 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 class FullRepoManager:
     def __init__(
         self,
-        repo_root_dir: str,
+        repo_root_dir: StrPath,
         paths: Collection[str],
         providers: Collection["ProviderT"],
         timeout: int = 5,
+        use_pyproject_toml: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Given project root directory with pyre and watchman setup, :class:`~libcst.metadata.FullRepoManager`
@@ -29,14 +31,15 @@ class FullRepoManager:
 
         :param paths: a collection of paths to access full repository data.
         :param providers: a collection of metadata provider classes require accessing full repository data, currently supports
-        :class:`~libcst.metadata.TypeInferenceProvider` and
-        :class:`~libcst.metadata.FullyQualifiedNameProvider`.
+            :class:`~libcst.metadata.TypeInferenceProvider` and
+            :class:`~libcst.metadata.FullyQualifiedNameProvider`.
         :param timeout: number of seconds. Raises `TimeoutExpired <https://docs.python.org/3/library/subprocess.html#subprocess.TimeoutExpired>`_
             when timeout.
         """
         self.root_path: Path = Path(repo_root_dir)
         self._cache: Dict["ProviderT", Mapping[str, object]] = {}
         self._timeout = timeout
+        self._use_pyproject_toml = use_pyproject_toml
         self._providers = providers
         self._paths: List[str] = list(paths)
 
@@ -64,7 +67,10 @@ class FullRepoManager:
                 handler = provider.gen_cache
                 if handler:
                     cache[provider] = handler(
-                        self.root_path, self._paths, self._timeout
+                        self.root_path,
+                        self._paths,
+                        timeout=self._timeout,
+                        use_pyproject_toml=self._use_pyproject_toml,
                     )
             self._cache = cache
 
@@ -79,7 +85,7 @@ class FullRepoManager:
             MetadataWrapper(module, cache=manager.get_cache_for_path("a.py"))
         """
         if path not in self._paths:
-            raise Exception(
+            raise ValueError(
                 "The path needs to be in paths parameter when constructing FullRepoManager for efficient batch processing."
             )
         # Make sure that the cache is available to us. If the user called
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/name_provider.py b/libcst/metadata/name_provider.py
index 00753504..7de76eb5 100644
--- a/libcst/metadata/name_provider.py
+++ b/libcst/metadata/name_provider.py
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 
 import dataclasses
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Collection, List, Mapping, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, Collection, List, Mapping, Optional, Union
 
 import libcst as cst
-from libcst._metadata_dependent import MetadataDependent
+from libcst._metadata_dependent import LazyValue, MetadataDependent
 from libcst.helpers.module import calculate_module_and_package, ModuleNameAndPackage
 from libcst.metadata.base_provider import BatchableMetadataProvider
 from libcst.metadata.scope_provider import (
@@ -78,7 +78,9 @@ class QualifiedNameVisitor(cst.CSTVisitor):
     def on_visit(self, node: cst.CSTNode) -> bool:
         scope = self.provider.get_metadata(ScopeProvider, node, None)
         if scope:
-            self.provider.set_metadata(node, scope.get_qualified_names_for(node))
+            self.provider.set_metadata(
+                node, LazyValue(lambda: scope.get_qualified_names_for(node))
+            )
         else:
             self.provider.set_metadata(node, set())
         super().on_visit(node)
@@ -110,9 +112,19 @@ class FullyQualifiedNameProvider(BatchableMetadataProvider[Collection[QualifiedN
 
     @classmethod
     def gen_cache(
-        cls, root_path: Path, paths: List[str], timeout: Optional[int] = None
+        cls,
+        root_path: Path,
+        paths: List[str],
+        *,
+        use_pyproject_toml: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> Mapping[str, ModuleNameAndPackage]:
-        cache = {path: calculate_module_and_package(".", path) for path in paths}
+        cache = {
+            path: calculate_module_and_package(
+                root_path, path, use_pyproject_toml=use_pyproject_toml
+            )
+            for path in paths
+        }
         return cache
 
     def __init__(self, cache: ModuleNameAndPackage) -> None:
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/scope_provider.py b/libcst/metadata/scope_provider.py
index f4db3e89..909a55b2 100644
--- a/libcst/metadata/scope_provider.py
+++ b/libcst/metadata/scope_provider.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 import abc
 import builtins
 from collections import defaultdict
-from contextlib import contextmanager
+from contextlib import contextmanager, ExitStack
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import auto, Enum
 from typing import (
@@ -51,6 +51,10 @@ _ASSIGNMENT_LIKE_NODES = (
     cst.Nonlocal,
     cst.Parameters,
     cst.WithItem,
+    cst.TypeVar,
+    cst.TypeAlias,
+    cst.TypeVarTuple,
+    cst.ParamSpec,
 )
 
 
@@ -116,7 +120,7 @@ class Access:
             self.__assignments.add(assignment)
 
     def record_assignments(self, name: str) -> None:
-        assignments = self.scope[name]
+        assignments = self.scope._resolve_scope_for_access(name, self.scope)
         # filter out assignments that happened later than this access
         previous_assignments = {
             assignment
@@ -124,7 +128,9 @@ class Access:
             if assignment.scope != self.scope or assignment._index < self.__index
         }
         if not previous_assignments and assignments and self.scope.parent != self.scope:
-            previous_assignments = self.scope.parent[name]
+            previous_assignments = self.scope.parent._resolve_scope_for_access(
+                name, self.scope
+            )
         self.__assignments |= previous_assignments
 
 
@@ -193,8 +199,7 @@ class BaseAssignment(abc.ABC):
         return -1
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
-    def get_qualified_names_for(self, full_name: str) -> Set[QualifiedName]:
-        ...
+    def get_qualified_names_for(self, full_name: str) -> Set[QualifiedName]: ...
 
 
 class Assignment(BaseAssignment):
@@ -217,24 +222,16 @@ class Assignment(BaseAssignment):
         return self.__index
 
     def get_qualified_names_for(self, full_name: str) -> Set[QualifiedName]:
-        scope = self.scope
-        name_prefixes = []
-        while scope:
-            if isinstance(scope, ClassScope):
-                name_prefixes.append(scope.name)
-            elif isinstance(scope, FunctionScope):
-                name_prefixes.append(f"{scope.name}.<locals>")
-            elif isinstance(scope, ComprehensionScope):
-                name_prefixes.append("<comprehension>")
-            elif not isinstance(scope, (GlobalScope, BuiltinScope)):
-                raise Exception(f"Unexpected Scope: {scope}")
-
-            scope = scope.parent if scope.parent != scope else None
-
-        parts = [*reversed(name_prefixes)]
-        if full_name:
-            parts.append(full_name)
-        return {QualifiedName(".".join(parts), QualifiedNameSource.LOCAL)}
+        return {
+            QualifiedName(
+                (
+                    f"{self.scope._name_prefix}.{full_name}"
+                    if self.scope._name_prefix
+                    else full_name
+                ),
+                QualifiedNameSource.LOCAL,
+            )
+        }
 
 
 # even though we don't override the constructor.
@@ -310,9 +307,11 @@ class ImportAssignment(Assignment):
                         remaining_name = remaining_name.lstrip(".")
                         results.add(
                             QualifiedName(
-                                f"{real_name}.{remaining_name}"
-                                if remaining_name
-                                else real_name,
+                                (
+                                    f"{real_name}.{remaining_name}"
+                                    if remaining_name
+                                    else real_name
+                                ),
                                 QualifiedNameSource.IMPORT,
                             )
                         )
@@ -334,7 +333,7 @@ class Assignments:
 
     def __getitem__(self, node: Union[str, cst.CSTNode]) -> Collection[BaseAssignment]:
         """Get assignments given a name str or :class:`~libcst.CSTNode` by ``scope.assignments[node]``"""
-        name = _NameUtil.get_name_for(node)
+        name = get_full_name_for_node(node)
         return set(self._assignments[name]) if name in self._assignments else set()
 
     def __contains__(self, node: Union[str, cst.CSTNode]) -> bool:
@@ -356,7 +355,7 @@ class Accesses:
 
     def __getitem__(self, node: Union[str, cst.CSTNode]) -> Collection[Access]:
         """Get accesses given a name str or :class:`~libcst.CSTNode` by ``scope.accesses[node]``"""
-        name = _NameUtil.get_name_for(node)
+        name = get_full_name_for_node(node)
         return self._accesses[name] if name in self._accesses else set()
 
     def __contains__(self, node: Union[str, cst.CSTNode]) -> bool:
@@ -364,23 +363,6 @@ class Accesses:
         return len(self[node]) > 0
 
 
-class _NameUtil:
-    @staticmethod
-    def get_name_for(node: Union[str, cst.CSTNode]) -> Optional[str]:
-        """A helper function to retrieve simple name str from a CSTNode or str"""
-        if isinstance(node, cst.Name):
-            return node.value
-        elif isinstance(node, str):
-            return node
-        elif isinstance(node, cst.Call):
-            return _NameUtil.get_name_for(node.func)
-        elif isinstance(node, cst.Subscript):
-            return _NameUtil.get_name_for(node.value)
-        elif isinstance(node, (cst.FunctionDef, cst.ClassDef)):
-            return _NameUtil.get_name_for(node.name)
-        return None
-
-
 class Scope(abc.ABC):
     """
     Base class of all scope classes. Scope object stores assignments from imports,
@@ -406,16 +388,20 @@ class Scope(abc.ABC):
     #: Refers to the GlobalScope.
     globals: "GlobalScope"
     _assignments: MutableMapping[str, Set[BaseAssignment]]
-    _accesses: MutableMapping[str, Set[Access]]
     _assignment_count: int
+    _accesses_by_name: MutableMapping[str, Set[Access]]
+    _accesses_by_node: MutableMapping[cst.CSTNode, Set[Access]]
+    _name_prefix: str
 
     def __init__(self, parent: "Scope") -> None:
         super().__init__()
         self.parent = parent
         self.globals = parent.globals
         self._assignments = defaultdict(set)
-        self._accesses = defaultdict(set)
         self._assignment_count = 0
+        self._accesses_by_name = defaultdict(set)
+        self._accesses_by_node = defaultdict(set)
+        self._name_prefix = ""
 
     def record_assignment(self, name: str, node: cst.CSTNode) -> None:
         target = self._find_assignment_target(name)
@@ -442,26 +428,42 @@ class Scope(abc.ABC):
     def _find_assignment_target(self, name: str) -> "Scope":
         return self
 
-    def _find_assignment_target_parent(self, name: str) -> "Scope":
-        return self
-
     def record_access(self, name: str, access: Access) -> None:
-        self._accesses[name].add(access)
+        self._accesses_by_name[name].add(access)
+        self._accesses_by_node[access.node].add(access)
 
-    def _getitem_from_self_or_parent(self, name: str) -> Set[BaseAssignment]:
-        """Overridden by ClassScope to hide it's assignments from child scopes."""
-        return self[name]
+    def _is_visible_from_children(self, from_scope: "Scope") -> bool:
+        """Returns if the assignments in this scope can be accessed from children.
 
-    def _contains_in_self_or_parent(self, name: str) -> bool:
-        """Overridden by ClassScope to hide it's assignments from child scopes."""
-        return name in self
+        This is normally True, except for class scopes::
+
+            def outer_fn():
+                v = ...  # outer_fn's declaration
+                class InnerCls:
+                    v = ...  # shadows outer_fn's declaration
+                    class InnerInnerCls:
+                        v = ...  # shadows all previous declarations of v
+                        def inner_fn():
+                            nonlocal v
+                            v = ...  # this refers to outer_fn's declaration
+                                     # and not to any of the inner classes' as those are
+                                     # hidden from their children.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def _next_visible_parent(
+        self, from_scope: "Scope", first: Optional["Scope"] = None
+    ) -> "Scope":
+        parent = first if first is not None else self.parent
+        while not parent._is_visible_from_children(from_scope):
+            parent = parent.parent
+        return parent
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
     def __contains__(self, name: str) -> bool:
         """Check if the name str exist in current scope by ``name in scope``."""
         ...
 
-    @abc.abstractmethod
     def __getitem__(self, name: str) -> Set[BaseAssignment]:
         """
         Get assignments given a name str by ``scope[name]``.
@@ -499,18 +501,21 @@ class Scope(abc.ABC):
            defined a given name by the time a piece of code is executed.
            For the above example, value would resolve to a set of both assignments.
         """
-        ...
+        return self._resolve_scope_for_access(name, self)
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def _resolve_scope_for_access(
+        self, name: str, from_scope: "Scope"
+    ) -> Set[BaseAssignment]: ...
 
     def __hash__(self) -> int:
         return id(self)
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
-    def record_global_overwrite(self, name: str) -> None:
-        ...
+    def record_global_overwrite(self, name: str) -> None: ...
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
-    def record_nonlocal_overwrite(self, name: str) -> None:
-        ...
+    def record_nonlocal_overwrite(self, name: str) -> None: ...
 
     def get_qualified_names_for(
         self, node: Union[str, cst.CSTNode]
@@ -543,14 +548,10 @@ class Scope(abc.ABC):
         considering it could be a complex type annotation in the string which is hard to
         resolve, e.g. ``List[Union[int, str]]``.
         """
-
         # if this node is an access we know the assignment and we can use that name
-        node_accesses = {
-            access
-            for all_accesses in self._accesses.values()
-            for access in all_accesses
-            if access.node == node
-        }
+        node_accesses = (
+            self._accesses_by_node.get(node) if isinstance(node, cst.CSTNode) else None
+        )
         if node_accesses:
             return {
                 qname
@@ -559,26 +560,29 @@ class Scope(abc.ABC):
                 for qname in referent.get_qualified_names_for(referent.name)
             }
 
-        results = set()
         full_name = get_full_name_for_node(node)
         if full_name is None:
-            return results
+            return set()
+
         assignments = set()
-        parts = full_name.split(".")
-        for i in range(len(parts), 0, -1):
-            prefix = ".".join(parts[:i])
+        prefix = full_name
+        while prefix:
             if prefix in self:
                 assignments = self[prefix]
                 break
+            idx = prefix.rfind(".")
+            prefix = None if idx == -1 else prefix[:idx]
+
+        if not isinstance(node, str):
+            for assignment in assignments:
+                if isinstance(assignment, Assignment) and _is_assignment(
+                    node, assignment.node
+                ):
+                    return assignment.get_qualified_names_for(full_name)
+
+        results = set()
         for assignment in assignments:
-            names = assignment.get_qualified_names_for(full_name)
-            if (
-                isinstance(assignment, Assignment)
-                and not isinstance(node, str)
-                and _is_assignment(node, assignment.node)
-            ):
-                return names
-            results |= names
+            results |= assignment.get_qualified_names_for(full_name)
         return results
 
     @property
@@ -589,7 +593,7 @@ class Scope(abc.ABC):
     @property
     def accesses(self) -> Accesses:
         """Return an :class:`~libcst.metadata.Accesses` contains all accesses in current scope."""
-        return Accesses(self._accesses)
+        return Accesses(self._accesses_by_name)
 
 
 class BuiltinScope(Scope):
@@ -604,7 +608,9 @@ class BuiltinScope(Scope):
     def __contains__(self, name: str) -> bool:
         return hasattr(builtins, name)
 
-    def __getitem__(self, name: str) -> Set[BaseAssignment]:
+    def _resolve_scope_for_access(
+        self, name: str, from_scope: "Scope"
+    ) -> Set[BaseAssignment]:
         if name in self._assignments:
             return self._assignments[name]
         if hasattr(builtins, name):
@@ -636,13 +642,16 @@ class GlobalScope(Scope):
     def __contains__(self, name: str) -> bool:
         if name in self._assignments:
             return len(self._assignments[name]) > 0
-        return self.parent._contains_in_self_or_parent(name)
+        return name in self._next_visible_parent(self)
 
-    def __getitem__(self, name: str) -> Set[BaseAssignment]:
+    def _resolve_scope_for_access(
+        self, name: str, from_scope: "Scope"
+    ) -> Set[BaseAssignment]:
         if name in self._assignments:
             return self._assignments[name]
-        else:
-            return self.parent._getitem_from_self_or_parent(name)
+
+        parent = self._next_visible_parent(from_scope)
+        return parent[name]
 
     def record_global_overwrite(self, name: str) -> None:
         pass
@@ -667,6 +676,8 @@ class LocalScope(Scope, abc.ABC):
         self.name = name
         self.node = node
         self._scope_overwrites = {}
+        # pyre-fixme[4]: Attribute `_name_prefix` of class `LocalScope` has type `str` but no type is specified.
+        self._name_prefix = self._make_name_prefix()
 
     def record_global_overwrite(self, name: str) -> None:
         self._scope_overwrites[name] = self.globals
@@ -676,7 +687,8 @@ class LocalScope(Scope, abc.ABC):
 
     def _find_assignment_target(self, name: str) -> "Scope":
         if name in self._scope_overwrites:
-            return self._scope_overwrites[name]._find_assignment_target_parent(name)
+            scope = self._scope_overwrites[name]
+            return self._next_visible_parent(self, scope)._find_assignment_target(name)
         else:
             return super()._find_assignment_target(name)
 
@@ -685,15 +697,26 @@ class LocalScope(Scope, abc.ABC):
             return name in self._scope_overwrites[name]
         if name in self._assignments:
             return len(self._assignments[name]) > 0
-        return self.parent._contains_in_self_or_parent(name)
+        return name in self._next_visible_parent(self)
 
-    def __getitem__(self, name: str) -> Set[BaseAssignment]:
+    def _resolve_scope_for_access(
+        self, name: str, from_scope: "Scope"
+    ) -> Set[BaseAssignment]:
         if name in self._scope_overwrites:
-            return self._scope_overwrites[name]._getitem_from_self_or_parent(name)
+            scope = self._scope_overwrites[name]
+            return self._next_visible_parent(
+                from_scope, scope
+            )._resolve_scope_for_access(name, from_scope)
         if name in self._assignments:
             return self._assignments[name]
         else:
-            return self.parent._getitem_from_self_or_parent(name)
+            return self._next_visible_parent(from_scope)._resolve_scope_for_access(
+                name, from_scope
+            )
+
+    def _make_name_prefix(self) -> str:
+        # filter falsey strings out
+        return ".".join(filter(None, [self.parent._name_prefix, self.name, "<locals>"]))
 
 
 # even though we don't override the constructor.
@@ -711,35 +734,12 @@ class ClassScope(LocalScope):
     When a class is defined, it creates a ClassScope.
     """
 
-    def _find_assignment_target_parent(self, name: str) -> "Scope":
-        """
-        Forward the assignment to parent.
+    def _is_visible_from_children(self, from_scope: "Scope") -> bool:
+        return from_scope.parent is self and isinstance(from_scope, AnnotationScope)
 
-            def outer_fn():
-                v = ...  # outer_fn's declaration
-                class InnerCls:
-                    v = ...  # shadows outer_fn's declaration
-                    def inner_fn():
-                        nonlocal v
-                        v = ...  # this should actually refer to outer_fn's declaration
-                                 # and not to InnerCls's, because InnerCls's scope is
-                                 # hidden from its children.
-
-        """
-        return self.parent._find_assignment_target_parent(name)
-
-    def _getitem_from_self_or_parent(self, name: str) -> Set[BaseAssignment]:
-        """
-        Class variables are only accessible using ClassName.attribute, cls.attribute, or
-        self.attribute in child scopes. They cannot be accessed with their bare names.
-        """
-        return self.parent._getitem_from_self_or_parent(name)
-
-    def _contains_in_self_or_parent(self, name: str) -> bool:
-        """
-        See :meth:`_getitem_from_self_or_parent`
-        """
-        return self.parent._contains_in_self_or_parent(name)
+    def _make_name_prefix(self) -> str:
+        # filter falsey strings out
+        return ".".join(filter(None, [self.parent._name_prefix, self.name]))
 
 
 # even though we don't override the constructor.
@@ -755,14 +755,30 @@ class ComprehensionScope(LocalScope):
     # TODO: Assignment expressions (Python 3.8) will complicate ComprehensionScopes,
     # and will require us to handle such assignments as non-local.
     # https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0572/#scope-of-the-target
-    pass
+
+    def _make_name_prefix(self) -> str:
+        # filter falsey strings out
+        return ".".join(filter(None, [self.parent._name_prefix, "<comprehension>"]))
+
+
+class AnnotationScope(LocalScope):
+    """
+    Scopes used for type aliases and type parameters as defined by PEP-695.
+
+    These scopes are created for type parameters using the special syntax, as well as
+    type aliases. See https://peps.python.org/pep-0695/#scoping-behavior for more.
+    """
+
+    def _make_name_prefix(self) -> str:
+        # these scopes are transparent for the purposes of qualified names
+        return self.parent._name_prefix
 
 
 # Generates dotted names from an Attribute or Name node:
 # Attribute(value=Name(value="a"), attr=Name(value="b")) -> ("a.b", "a")
 # each string has the corresponding CSTNode attached to it
 def _gen_dotted_names(
-    node: Union[cst.Attribute, cst.Name]
+    node: Union[cst.Attribute, cst.Name],
 ) -> Iterator[Tuple[str, Union[cst.Attribute, cst.Name]]]:
     if isinstance(node, cst.Name):
         yield node.value, node
@@ -825,6 +841,7 @@ class DeferredAccess:
 class ScopeVisitor(cst.CSTVisitor):
     # since it's probably not useful. That can makes this visitor cleaner.
     def __init__(self, provider: "ScopeProvider") -> None:
+        super().__init__()
         self.provider: ScopeProvider = provider
         self.scope: Scope = GlobalScope()
         self.__deferred_accesses: List[DeferredAccess] = []
@@ -995,15 +1012,22 @@ class ScopeVisitor(cst.CSTVisitor):
         self.scope.record_assignment(node.name.value, node)
         self.provider.set_metadata(node.name, self.scope)
 
-        with self._new_scope(FunctionScope, node, get_full_name_for_node(node.name)):
-            node.params.visit(self)
-            node.body.visit(self)
+        with ExitStack() as stack:
+            if node.type_parameters:
+                stack.enter_context(self._new_scope(AnnotationScope, node, None))
+                node.type_parameters.visit(self)
 
-        for decorator in node.decorators:
-            decorator.visit(self)
-        returns = node.returns
-        if returns:
-            returns.visit(self)
+            with self._new_scope(
+                FunctionScope, node, get_full_name_for_node(node.name)
+            ):
+                node.params.visit(self)
+                node.body.visit(self)
+
+            for decorator in node.decorators:
+                decorator.visit(self)
+            returns = node.returns
+            if returns:
+                returns.visit(self)
 
         return False
 
@@ -1035,14 +1059,20 @@ class ScopeVisitor(cst.CSTVisitor):
         self.provider.set_metadata(node.name, self.scope)
         for decorator in node.decorators:
             decorator.visit(self)
-        for base in node.bases:
-            base.visit(self)
-        for keyword in node.keywords:
-            keyword.visit(self)
 
-        with self._new_scope(ClassScope, node, get_full_name_for_node(node.name)):
-            for statement in node.body.body:
-                statement.visit(self)
+        with ExitStack() as stack:
+            if node.type_parameters:
+                stack.enter_context(self._new_scope(AnnotationScope, node, None))
+                node.type_parameters.visit(self)
+
+            for base in node.bases:
+                base.visit(self)
+            for keyword in node.keywords:
+                keyword.visit(self)
+
+            with self._new_scope(ClassScope, node, get_full_name_for_node(node.name)):
+                for statement in node.body.body:
+                    statement.visit(self)
         return False
 
     def visit_ClassDef_bases(self, node: cst.ClassDef) -> None:
@@ -1166,7 +1196,7 @@ class ScopeVisitor(cst.CSTVisitor):
             access.scope.record_access(name, access)
 
         for (scope, name), accesses in scope_name_accesses.items():
-            for assignment in scope[name]:
+            for assignment in scope._resolve_scope_for_access(name, scope):
                 assignment.record_accesses(accesses)
 
         self.__deferred_accesses = []
@@ -1177,6 +1207,32 @@ class ScopeVisitor(cst.CSTVisitor):
             self.scope._assignment_count += 1
         super().on_leave(original_node)
 
+    def visit_TypeAlias(self, node: cst.TypeAlias) -> Optional[bool]:
+        self.scope.record_assignment(node.name.value, node)
+
+        with self._new_scope(AnnotationScope, node, None):
+            if node.type_parameters is not None:
+                node.type_parameters.visit(self)
+            node.value.visit(self)
+
+        return False
+
+    def visit_TypeVar(self, node: cst.TypeVar) -> Optional[bool]:
+        self.scope.record_assignment(node.name.value, node)
+
+        if node.bound is not None:
+            node.bound.visit(self)
+
+        return False
+
+    def visit_TypeVarTuple(self, node: cst.TypeVarTuple) -> Optional[bool]:
+        self.scope.record_assignment(node.name.value, node)
+        return False
+
+    def visit_ParamSpec(self, node: cst.ParamSpec) -> Optional[bool]:
+        self.scope.record_assignment(node.name.value, node)
+        return False
+
 
 class ScopeProvider(BatchableMetadataProvider[Optional[Scope]]):
     """
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/tests/test_accessor_provider.py b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_accessor_provider.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ccfad5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_accessor_provider.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+import dataclasses
+
+from textwrap import dedent
+
+import libcst as cst
+from libcst.metadata import AccessorProvider, MetadataWrapper
+from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider, UnitTest
+
+
+class DependentVisitor(cst.CSTVisitor):
+    METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (AccessorProvider,)
+
+    def __init__(self, *, test: UnitTest) -> None:
+        self.test = test
+
+    def on_visit(self, node: cst.CSTNode) -> bool:
+        for f in dataclasses.fields(node):
+            child = getattr(node, f.name)
+            if type(child) is cst.CSTNode:
+                accessor = self.get_metadata(AccessorProvider, child)
+                self.test.assertEqual(accessor, f.name)
+
+        return True
+
+
+class AccessorProviderTest(UnitTest):
+    @data_provider(
+        (
+            (
+                """
+                foo = 'toplevel'
+                fn1(foo)
+                fn2(foo)
+                def fn_def():
+                    foo = 'shadow'
+                    fn3(foo)
+                """,
+            ),
+            (
+                """
+                global_var = None
+                @cls_attr
+                class Cls(cls_attr, kwarg=cls_attr):
+                    cls_attr = 5
+                    def f():
+                        pass
+                """,
+            ),
+            (
+                """
+                iterator = None
+                condition = None
+                [elt for target in iterator if condition]
+                {elt for target in iterator if condition}
+                {elt: target for target in iterator if condition}
+                (elt for target in iterator if condition)
+                """,
+            ),
+        )
+    )
+    def test_accessor_provier(self, code: str) -> None:
+        wrapper = MetadataWrapper(cst.parse_module(dedent(code)))
+        wrapper.visit(DependentVisitor(test=self))
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/tests/test_base_provider.py b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_base_provider.py
index 0bf4ca51..26ebde70 100644
--- a/libcst/metadata/tests/test_base_provider.py
+++ b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_base_provider.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from typing import cast
 
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst import parse_module
+from libcst._metadata_dependent import LazyValue
 from libcst.metadata import (
     BatchableMetadataProvider,
     MetadataWrapper,
@@ -75,3 +76,63 @@ class BaseMetadataProviderTest(UnitTest):
         self.assertEqual(metadata[SimpleProvider][pass_], 1)
         self.assertEqual(metadata[SimpleProvider][return_], 2)
         self.assertEqual(metadata[SimpleProvider][pass_2], 1)
+
+    def test_lazy_visitor_provider(self) -> None:
+        class SimpleLazyProvider(VisitorMetadataProvider[int]):
+            """
+            Sets metadata on every node to a callable that returns 1.
+            """
+
+            def on_visit(self, node: cst.CSTNode) -> bool:
+                self.set_metadata(node, LazyValue(lambda: 1))
+                return True
+
+        wrapper = MetadataWrapper(parse_module("pass; return"))
+        module = wrapper.module
+        pass_ = cast(cst.SimpleStatementLine, module.body[0]).body[0]
+        return_ = cast(cst.SimpleStatementLine, module.body[0]).body[1]
+
+        provider = SimpleLazyProvider()
+        metadata = provider._gen(wrapper)
+
+        # Check access on provider
+        self.assertEqual(provider.get_metadata(SimpleLazyProvider, module), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(provider.get_metadata(SimpleLazyProvider, pass_), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(provider.get_metadata(SimpleLazyProvider, return_), 1)
+
+        # Check returned mapping
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(metadata[module], LazyValue))
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(metadata[pass_], LazyValue))
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(metadata[return_], LazyValue))
+
+    def testlazy_batchable_provider(self) -> None:
+        class SimpleLazyProvider(BatchableMetadataProvider[int]):
+            """
+            Sets metadata on every pass node to a callable that returns 1,
+            and every return node to a callable that returns 2.
+            """
+
+            def visit_Pass(self, node: cst.Pass) -> None:
+                self.set_metadata(node, LazyValue(lambda: 1))
+
+            def visit_Return(self, node: cst.Return) -> None:
+                self.set_metadata(node, LazyValue(lambda: 2))
+
+        wrapper = MetadataWrapper(parse_module("pass; return; pass"))
+        module = wrapper.module
+        pass_ = cast(cst.SimpleStatementLine, module.body[0]).body[0]
+        return_ = cast(cst.SimpleStatementLine, module.body[0]).body[1]
+        pass_2 = cast(cst.SimpleStatementLine, module.body[0]).body[2]
+
+        provider = SimpleLazyProvider()
+        metadata = _gen_batchable(wrapper, [provider])
+
+        # Check access on provider
+        self.assertEqual(provider.get_metadata(SimpleLazyProvider, pass_), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(provider.get_metadata(SimpleLazyProvider, return_), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(provider.get_metadata(SimpleLazyProvider, pass_2), 1)
+
+        # Check returned mapping
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(metadata[SimpleLazyProvider][pass_], LazyValue))
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(metadata[SimpleLazyProvider][return_], LazyValue))
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(metadata[SimpleLazyProvider][pass_2], LazyValue))
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/tests/test_file_path_provider.py b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_file_path_provider.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b0631f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_file_path_provider.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+from pathlib import Path
+from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
+from typing import Set
+
+import libcst
+from libcst._visitors import CSTVisitor
+from libcst.helpers.paths import chdir
+from libcst.metadata import FilePathProvider, FullRepoManager, MetadataWrapper
+from libcst.testing.utils import UnitTest
+
+
+class FilePathProviderTest(UnitTest):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.td = TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.tdp = Path(self.td.name).resolve()
+        self.addCleanup(self.td.cleanup)
+
+    def test_provider_cache(self) -> None:
+        pkg = self.tdp / "pkg"
+        pkg.mkdir()
+        files = [Path(pkg / name) for name in ("file1.py", "file2.py", "file3.py")]
+        [file.write_text("print('hello')\n") for file in files]
+
+        with self.subTest("absolute paths"):
+            repo_manager = FullRepoManager(
+                self.tdp, [f.as_posix() for f in files], {FilePathProvider}
+            )
+            repo_manager.resolve_cache()
+
+            expected = {
+                FilePathProvider: {f.as_posix(): f for f in files},
+            }
+            self.assertDictEqual(expected, repo_manager.cache)
+
+        with self.subTest("repo relative paths"):
+            repo_manager = FullRepoManager(
+                self.tdp,
+                [f.relative_to(self.tdp).as_posix() for f in files],
+                {FilePathProvider},
+            )
+            repo_manager.resolve_cache()
+
+            expected = {
+                FilePathProvider: {
+                    f.relative_to(self.tdp).as_posix(): f for f in files
+                },
+            }
+            self.assertDictEqual(expected, repo_manager.cache)
+
+        with self.subTest("dot relative paths"):
+            with chdir(self.tdp):
+                repo_manager = FullRepoManager(
+                    ".",
+                    [f.relative_to(self.tdp).as_posix() for f in files],
+                    {FilePathProvider},
+                )
+                repo_manager.resolve_cache()
+
+                expected = {
+                    FilePathProvider: {
+                        f.relative_to(self.tdp).as_posix(): f for f in files
+                    },
+                }
+                self.assertDictEqual(expected, repo_manager.cache)
+
+    def test_visitor(self) -> None:
+        pkg = self.tdp / "pkg"
+        pkg.mkdir()
+        files = [Path(pkg / name) for name in ("file1.py", "file2.py", "file3.py")]
+        [file.write_text("print('hello')\n") for file in files]
+
+        seen: Set[Path] = set()
+
+        class FakeVisitor(CSTVisitor):
+            METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = [FilePathProvider]
+
+            def visit_Module(self, node: libcst.Module) -> None:
+                seen.add(self.get_metadata(FilePathProvider, node))
+
+        with self.subTest("absolute paths"):
+            seen.clear()
+            repo_manager = FullRepoManager(
+                self.tdp, [f.as_posix() for f in files], {FilePathProvider}
+            )
+            repo_manager.resolve_cache()
+
+            for file in files:
+                module = libcst.parse_module(file.read_bytes())
+                wrapper = MetadataWrapper(
+                    module, cache=repo_manager.get_cache_for_path(file.as_posix())
+                )
+                wrapper.visit(FakeVisitor())
+
+            expected = set(files)
+            self.assertSetEqual(expected, seen)
+
+        with self.subTest("repo relative paths"):
+            seen.clear()
+            repo_manager = FullRepoManager(
+                self.tdp,
+                [f.relative_to(self.tdp).as_posix() for f in files],
+                {FilePathProvider},
+            )
+            repo_manager.resolve_cache()
+
+            for file in files:
+                module = libcst.parse_module(file.read_bytes())
+                wrapper = MetadataWrapper(
+                    module,
+                    cache=repo_manager.get_cache_for_path(
+                        file.relative_to(self.tdp).as_posix()
+                    ),
+                )
+                wrapper.visit(FakeVisitor())
+
+            expected = set(files)
+            self.assertSetEqual(expected, seen)
+
+        with self.subTest("dot relative paths"):
+            with chdir(self.tdp):
+                seen.clear()
+                repo_manager = FullRepoManager(
+                    ".",
+                    [f.relative_to(self.tdp).as_posix() for f in files],
+                    {FilePathProvider},
+                )
+                repo_manager.resolve_cache()
+
+                for file in files:
+                    module = libcst.parse_module(file.read_bytes())
+                    wrapper = MetadataWrapper(
+                        module,
+                        cache=repo_manager.get_cache_for_path(
+                            file.relative_to(self.tdp).as_posix()
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    wrapper.visit(FakeVisitor())
+
+                expected = set(files)
+                self.assertSetEqual(expected, seen)
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/tests/test_metadata_wrapper.py b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_metadata_wrapper.py
index ee61e14f..9063a99a 100644
--- a/libcst/metadata/tests/test_metadata_wrapper.py
+++ b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_metadata_wrapper.py
@@ -48,9 +48,13 @@ class MetadataWrapperTest(UnitTest):
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(mw1), hash(mw3))
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(mw2), hash(mw3))
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def ignore_args(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> tuple[object, ...]:
+        return (args, kwargs)
+
     def test_metadata_cache(self) -> None:
         class DummyMetadataProvider(BatchableMetadataProvider[None]):
-            gen_cache = tuple
+            gen_cache = self.ignore_args
 
         m = cst.parse_module("pass")
         mw = MetadataWrapper(m)
@@ -60,7 +64,7 @@ class MetadataWrapperTest(UnitTest):
             mw.resolve(DummyMetadataProvider)
 
         class SimpleCacheMetadataProvider(BatchableMetadataProvider[object]):
-            gen_cache = tuple
+            gen_cache = self.ignore_args
 
             def __init__(self, cache: object) -> None:
                 super().__init__(cache)
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/tests/test_name_provider.py b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_name_provider.py
index 9b0b409f..fbd3631a 100644
--- a/libcst/metadata/tests/test_name_provider.py
+++ b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_name_provider.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ from typing import Collection, Dict, Mapping, Optional, Set, Tuple
 
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst import ensure_type
+from libcst._nodes.base import CSTNode
 from libcst.metadata import (
     FullyQualifiedNameProvider,
     MetadataWrapper,
@@ -22,11 +23,25 @@ from libcst.metadata.name_provider import FullyQualifiedNameVisitor
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider, UnitTest
 
 
+class QNameVisitor(cst.CSTVisitor):
+    METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (QualifiedNameProvider,)
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.qnames: Dict["CSTNode", Collection[QualifiedName]] = {}
+
+    def on_visit(self, node: cst.CSTNode) -> bool:
+        qname = self.get_metadata(QualifiedNameProvider, node)
+        self.qnames[node] = qname
+        return True
+
+
 def get_qualified_name_metadata_provider(
     module_str: str,
 ) -> Tuple[cst.Module, Mapping[cst.CSTNode, Collection[QualifiedName]]]:
     wrapper = MetadataWrapper(cst.parse_module(dedent(module_str)))
-    return wrapper.module, wrapper.resolve(QualifiedNameProvider)
+    visitor = QNameVisitor()
+    wrapper.visit(visitor)
+    return wrapper.module, visitor.qnames
 
 
 def get_qualified_names(module_str: str) -> Set[QualifiedName]:
@@ -39,7 +54,7 @@ def get_fully_qualified_names(file_path: str, module_str: str) -> Set[QualifiedN
         cst.parse_module(dedent(module_str)),
         cache={
             FullyQualifiedNameProvider: FullyQualifiedNameProvider.gen_cache(
-                Path(""), [file_path], None
+                Path(""), [file_path], timeout=None
             ).get(file_path, "")
         },
     )
@@ -358,7 +373,7 @@ class QualifiedNameProviderTest(UnitTest):
             else:
                 import f
             import a.b as f
-            
+
             f()
             """
         )
@@ -527,7 +542,7 @@ class FullyQualifiedNameProviderTest(UnitTest):
     def test_local_qualification(self) -> None:
         module_name = "some.test.module"
         package_name = "some.test"
-        for (name, expected) in [
+        for name, expected in [
             (".foo", "some.test.foo"),
             ("..bar", "some.bar"),
             ("foo", "some.test.module.foo"),
@@ -544,11 +559,14 @@ class FullyQualifiedNameProviderTest(UnitTest):
 class FullyQualifiedNameIntegrationTest(UnitTest):
     def test_with_full_repo_manager(self) -> None:
         with TemporaryDirectory() as dir:
-            fname = "pkg/mod.py"
-            (Path(dir) / "pkg").mkdir()
-            (Path(dir) / fname).touch()
-            mgr = FullRepoManager(dir, [fname], [FullyQualifiedNameProvider])
-            wrapper = mgr.get_metadata_wrapper_for_path(fname)
+            root = Path(dir)
+            file_path = root / "pkg/mod.py"
+            file_path.parent.mkdir()
+            file_path.touch()
+
+            file_path_str = file_path.as_posix()
+            mgr = FullRepoManager(root, [file_path_str], [FullyQualifiedNameProvider])
+            wrapper = mgr.get_metadata_wrapper_for_path(file_path_str)
             fqnames = wrapper.resolve(FullyQualifiedNameProvider)
             (mod, names) = next(iter(fqnames.items()))
             self.assertIsInstance(mod, cst.Module)
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/tests/test_position_provider.py b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_position_provider.py
index c479837e..14cecec7 100644
--- a/libcst/metadata/tests/test_position_provider.py
+++ b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_position_provider.py
@@ -83,6 +83,53 @@ class PositionProviderTest(UnitTest):
         wrapper = MetadataWrapper(parse_module("pass"))
         wrapper.visit_batched([ABatchable()])
 
+    def test_match_statement_position_metadata(self) -> None:
+        test = self
+
+        class MatchPositionVisitor(CSTVisitor):
+            METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (PositionProvider,)
+
+            def visit_Match(self, node: cst.Match) -> None:
+                test.assertEqual(
+                    self.get_metadata(PositionProvider, node),
+                    CodeRange((2, 0), (5, 16)),
+                )
+
+            def visit_MatchCase(self, node: cst.MatchCase) -> None:
+                if (
+                    isinstance(node.pattern, cst.MatchAs)
+                    and node.pattern.name
+                    and node.pattern.name.value == "b"
+                ):
+                    test.assertEqual(
+                        self.get_metadata(PositionProvider, node),
+                        CodeRange((3, 4), (3, 16)),
+                    )
+                elif (
+                    isinstance(node.pattern, cst.MatchAs)
+                    and node.pattern.name
+                    and node.pattern.name.value == "c"
+                ):
+                    test.assertEqual(
+                        self.get_metadata(PositionProvider, node),
+                        CodeRange((4, 4), (4, 16)),
+                    )
+                elif isinstance(node.pattern, cst.MatchAs) and not node.pattern.name:
+                    test.assertEqual(
+                        self.get_metadata(PositionProvider, node),
+                        CodeRange((5, 4), (5, 16)),
+                    )
+
+        code = """
+match status:
+    case b: pass
+    case c: pass
+    case _: pass
+"""
+
+        wrapper = MetadataWrapper(parse_module(code))
+        wrapper.visit(MatchPositionVisitor())
+
 
 class PositionProvidingCodegenStateTest(UnitTest):
     def test_codegen_initial_position(self) -> None:
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/tests/test_scope_provider.py b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_scope_provider.py
index 0a541146..a367de39 100644
--- a/libcst/metadata/tests/test_scope_provider.py
+++ b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_scope_provider.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ from libcst import ensure_type
 from libcst.metadata import MetadataWrapper
 from libcst.metadata.scope_provider import (
     _gen_dotted_names,
+    AnnotationScope,
     Assignment,
     BuiltinAssignment,
     BuiltinScope,
@@ -251,6 +252,45 @@ class ScopeProviderTest(UnitTest):
         self.assertEqual(list(scope_of_module["x.y"])[0].references, set())
         self.assertEqual(scope_of_module.accesses["x.y"], set())
 
+    def test_dotted_import_access_reference_by_node(self) -> None:
+        m, scopes = get_scope_metadata_provider(
+            """
+            import a.b.c
+            a.b.c()
+            """
+        )
+        scope_of_module = scopes[m]
+        first_statement = ensure_type(m.body[1], cst.SimpleStatementLine)
+        call = ensure_type(
+            ensure_type(first_statement.body[0], cst.Expr).value, cst.Call
+        )
+
+        a_b_c_assignment = cast(ImportAssignment, list(scope_of_module["a.b.c"])[0])
+        a_b_c_access = list(a_b_c_assignment.references)[0]
+        self.assertEqual(scope_of_module.accesses[call], {a_b_c_access})
+        self.assertEqual(a_b_c_access.node, call.func)
+
+    def test_decorator_access_reference_by_node(self) -> None:
+        m, scopes = get_scope_metadata_provider(
+            """
+            import decorator
+
+            @decorator
+            def f():
+                pass
+            """
+        )
+        scope_of_module = scopes[m]
+        function_def = ensure_type(m.body[1], cst.FunctionDef)
+        decorator = function_def.decorators[0]
+        self.assertTrue("decorator" in scope_of_module)
+
+        decorator_assignment = cast(
+            ImportAssignment, list(scope_of_module["decorator"])[0]
+        )
+        decorator_access = list(decorator_assignment.references)[0]
+        self.assertEqual(scope_of_module.accesses[decorator], {decorator_access})
+
     def test_dotted_import_with_call_access(self) -> None:
         m, scopes = get_scope_metadata_provider(
             """
@@ -612,12 +652,16 @@ class ScopeProviderTest(UnitTest):
                     for assignment in scope_of_outer_f["var"]
                 },
                 {
-                    outer_f_body_var.targets[0].target
-                    if isinstance(outer_f_body_var, cst.Assign)
-                    else outer_f_body_var,
-                    inner_f_body_var.targets[0].target
-                    if isinstance(inner_f_body_var, cst.Assign)
-                    else inner_f_body_var,
+                    (
+                        outer_f_body_var.targets[0].target
+                        if isinstance(outer_f_body_var, cst.Assign)
+                        else outer_f_body_var
+                    ),
+                    (
+                        inner_f_body_var.targets[0].target
+                        if isinstance(inner_f_body_var, cst.Assign)
+                        else inner_f_body_var
+                    ),
                 },
             )
 
@@ -1445,35 +1489,33 @@ class ScopeProviderTest(UnitTest):
 
     def test_global_contains_is_read_only(self) -> None:
         gscope = GlobalScope()
-        before_assignments = list(gscope._assignments.items())
-        before_accesses = list(gscope._accesses.items())
+        before_assignments = list(gscope.assignments)
+        before_accesses = list(gscope.accesses)
         self.assertFalse("doesnt_exist" in gscope)
-        self.assertEqual(list(gscope._accesses.items()), before_accesses)
-        self.assertEqual(list(gscope._assignments.items()), before_assignments)
+        self.assertEqual(list(gscope.accesses), before_accesses)
+        self.assertEqual(list(gscope.assignments), before_assignments)
 
     def test_contains_is_read_only(self) -> None:
         for s in [LocalScope, FunctionScope, ClassScope, ComprehensionScope]:
             with self.subTest(scope=s):
                 gscope = GlobalScope()
                 scope = s(parent=gscope, node=cst.Name("lol"))
-                before_assignments = list(scope._assignments.items())
-                before_accesses = list(scope._accesses.items())
+                before_assignments = list(scope.assignments)
+                before_accesses = list(scope.accesses)
                 before_overwrites = list(scope._scope_overwrites.items())
-                before_parent_assignments = list(scope.parent._assignments.items())
-                before_parent_accesses = list(scope.parent._accesses.items())
+                before_parent_assignments = list(scope.parent.assignments)
+                before_parent_accesses = list(scope.parent.accesses)
 
                 self.assertFalse("doesnt_exist" in scope)
-                self.assertEqual(list(scope._accesses.items()), before_accesses)
-                self.assertEqual(list(scope._assignments.items()), before_assignments)
+                self.assertEqual(list(scope.accesses), before_accesses)
+                self.assertEqual(list(scope.assignments), before_assignments)
                 self.assertEqual(
                     list(scope._scope_overwrites.items()), before_overwrites
                 )
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    list(scope.parent._assignments.items()), before_parent_assignments
-                )
-                self.assertEqual(
-                    list(scope.parent._accesses.items()), before_parent_accesses
+                    list(scope.parent.assignments), before_parent_assignments
                 )
+                self.assertEqual(list(scope.parent.accesses), before_parent_accesses)
 
     def test_attribute_of_function_call(self) -> None:
         get_scope_metadata_provider("foo().bar")
@@ -1496,11 +1538,11 @@ class ScopeProviderTest(UnitTest):
         )
         a = m.body[0]
         scope = scopes[a]
-        assignments_len_before = len(scope._assignments)
-        accesses_len_before = len(scope._accesses)
+        assignments_before = list(scope.assignments)
+        accesses_before = list(scope.accesses)
         scope.get_qualified_names_for("doesnt_exist")
-        self.assertEqual(len(scope._assignments), assignments_len_before)
-        self.assertEqual(len(scope._accesses), accesses_len_before)
+        self.assertEqual(list(scope.assignments), assignments_before)
+        self.assertEqual(list(scope.accesses), accesses_before)
 
     def test_gen_dotted_names(self) -> None:
         names = {name for name, node in _gen_dotted_names(cst.Name(value="a"))}
@@ -1966,3 +2008,232 @@ class ScopeProviderTest(UnitTest):
         self.assertEqual(len(assignment.references), 1)
         references = list(assignment.references)
         self.assertTrue(references[0].is_annotation)
+
+    def test_prefix_match(self) -> None:
+        """Verify that a name doesn't overmatch on prefix"""
+        m, scopes = get_scope_metadata_provider(
+            """
+                def something():
+                    ...
+            """
+        )
+        scope = scopes[m]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            scope.get_qualified_names_for(cst.Name("something")),
+            {QualifiedName(name="something", source=QualifiedNameSource.LOCAL)},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            scope.get_qualified_names_for(cst.Name("something_else")),
+            set(),
+        )
+
+    def test_type_alias_scope(self) -> None:
+        m, scopes = get_scope_metadata_provider(
+            """
+                type A = C
+                lol: A
+            """
+        )
+        alias = ensure_type(
+            ensure_type(m.body[0], cst.SimpleStatementLine).body[0], cst.TypeAlias
+        )
+        self.assertIsInstance(scopes[alias], GlobalScope)
+        a_assignments = list(scopes[alias]["A"])
+        self.assertEqual(len(a_assignments), 1)
+        lol = ensure_type(
+            ensure_type(m.body[1], cst.SimpleStatementLine).body[0], cst.AnnAssign
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(a_references := list(a_assignments[0].references)), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(a_references[0].node, lol.annotation.annotation)
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(scopes[alias.value], AnnotationScope)
+
+    def test_type_alias_param(self) -> None:
+        m, scopes = get_scope_metadata_provider(
+            """
+                B = int
+                type A[T: B] = T
+                lol: T
+            """
+        )
+        alias = ensure_type(
+            ensure_type(m.body[1], cst.SimpleStatementLine).body[0], cst.TypeAlias
+        )
+        assert alias.type_parameters
+        param_scope = scopes[alias.type_parameters]
+        self.assertEqual(len(t_assignments := list(param_scope["T"])), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(t_refs := list(t_assignments[0].references)), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(t_refs[0].node, alias.value)
+
+        b = (
+            ensure_type(
+                ensure_type(m.body[0], cst.SimpleStatementLine).body[0], cst.Assign
+            )
+            .targets[0]
+            .target
+        )
+        b_assignment = list(scopes[b]["B"])[0]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {ref.node for ref in b_assignment.references},
+            {ensure_type(alias.type_parameters.params[0].param, cst.TypeVar).bound},
+        )
+
+    def test_type_alias_tuple_and_paramspec(self) -> None:
+        m, scopes = get_scope_metadata_provider(
+            """
+            type A[*T] = T
+            lol: T
+            type A[**T] = T
+            lol: T
+            """
+        )
+        alias_tuple = ensure_type(
+            ensure_type(m.body[0], cst.SimpleStatementLine).body[0], cst.TypeAlias
+        )
+        assert alias_tuple.type_parameters
+        param_scope = scopes[alias_tuple.type_parameters]
+        self.assertEqual(len(t_assignments := list(param_scope["T"])), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(t_refs := list(t_assignments[0].references)), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(t_refs[0].node, alias_tuple.value)
+
+        alias_paramspec = ensure_type(
+            ensure_type(m.body[2], cst.SimpleStatementLine).body[0], cst.TypeAlias
+        )
+        assert alias_paramspec.type_parameters
+        param_scope = scopes[alias_paramspec.type_parameters]
+        self.assertEqual(len(t_assignments := list(param_scope["T"])), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(t_refs := list(t_assignments[0].references)), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(t_refs[0].node, alias_paramspec.value)
+
+    def test_class_type_params(self) -> None:
+        m, scopes = get_scope_metadata_provider(
+            """
+            class W[T]:
+                def f() -> T: pass
+                def g[T]() -> T: pass
+            """
+        )
+        cls = ensure_type(m.body[0], cst.ClassDef)
+        cls_scope = scopes[cls.body.body[0]]
+        self.assertEqual(len(t_assignments_in_cls := list(cls_scope["T"])), 1)
+        assert cls.type_parameters
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ensure_type(t_assignments_in_cls[0], Assignment).node,
+            cls.type_parameters.params[0].param,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(t_refs_in_cls := list(t_assignments_in_cls[0].references)), 1
+        )
+        f = ensure_type(cls.body.body[0], cst.FunctionDef)
+        assert f.returns
+        self.assertEqual(t_refs_in_cls[0].node, f.returns.annotation)
+
+        g = ensure_type(cls.body.body[1], cst.FunctionDef)
+        assert g.type_parameters
+        assert g.returns
+        self.assertEqual(len(t_assignments_in_g := list(scopes[g.body]["T"])), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ensure_type(t_assignments_in_g[0], Assignment).node,
+            g.type_parameters.params[0].param,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(t_refs_in_g := list(t_assignments_in_g[0].references)), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(t_refs_in_g[0].node, g.returns.annotation)
+
+    def test_nested_class_type_params(self) -> None:
+        m, scopes = get_scope_metadata_provider(
+            """
+            class Outer:
+                class Nested[T: Outer]: pass
+            """
+        )
+        outer = ensure_type(m.body[0], cst.ClassDef)
+        outer_refs = list(list(scopes[outer]["Outer"])[0].references)
+        self.assertEqual(len(outer_refs), 1)
+        inner = ensure_type(outer.body.body[0], cst.ClassDef)
+        assert inner.type_parameters
+        self.assertEqual(
+            outer_refs[0].node,
+            ensure_type(inner.type_parameters.params[0].param, cst.TypeVar).bound,
+        )
+
+    def test_annotation_refers_to_nested_class(self) -> None:
+        m, scopes = get_scope_metadata_provider(
+            """
+                class Outer:
+                    class Nested:
+                        pass
+                    
+                    type Alias = Nested
+
+                    def meth1[T: Nested](self): pass
+                    def meth2[T](self, arg: Nested): pass
+            """
+        )
+        outer = ensure_type(m.body[0], cst.ClassDef)
+        nested = ensure_type(outer.body.body[0], cst.ClassDef)
+        alias = ensure_type(
+            ensure_type(outer.body.body[1], cst.SimpleStatementLine).body[0],
+            cst.TypeAlias,
+        )
+        self.assertIsInstance(scopes[alias.value], AnnotationScope)
+        nested_refs_within_alias = list(scopes[alias.value].accesses["Nested"])
+        self.assertEqual(len(nested_refs_within_alias), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {
+                ensure_type(ref, Assignment).node
+                for ref in nested_refs_within_alias[0].referents
+            },
+            {nested},
+        )
+
+        meth1 = ensure_type(outer.body.body[2], cst.FunctionDef)
+        self.assertIsInstance(scopes[meth1], ClassScope)
+        assert meth1.type_parameters
+        meth1_typevar = ensure_type(meth1.type_parameters.params[0].param, cst.TypeVar)
+        meth1_typevar_scope = scopes[meth1_typevar]
+        self.assertIsInstance(meth1_typevar_scope, AnnotationScope)
+        nested_refs_within_meth1 = list(meth1_typevar_scope.accesses["Nested"])
+        self.assertEqual(len(nested_refs_within_meth1), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {
+                ensure_type(ref, Assignment).node
+                for ref in nested_refs_within_meth1[0].referents
+            },
+            {nested},
+        )
+
+        meth2 = ensure_type(outer.body.body[3], cst.FunctionDef)
+        meth2_annotation = meth2.params.params[1].annotation
+        assert meth2_annotation
+        nested_refs_within_meth2 = list(scopes[meth2_annotation].accesses["Nested"])
+        self.assertEqual(len(nested_refs_within_meth2), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {
+                ensure_type(ref, Assignment).node
+                for ref in nested_refs_within_meth2[0].referents
+            },
+            {nested},
+        )
+
+    def test_body_isnt_subject_to_special_annotation_rule(self) -> None:
+        m, scopes = get_scope_metadata_provider(
+            """
+            class Outer:
+                class Inner: pass
+                def f[T: Inner](self): Inner
+            """
+        )
+        outer = ensure_type(m.body[0], cst.ClassDef)
+        # note: this is different from global scope
+        outer_scope = scopes[outer.body.body[0]]
+        inner_assignment = list(outer_scope["Inner"])[0]
+        self.assertEqual(len(inner_assignment.references), 1)
+        f = ensure_type(outer.body.body[1], cst.FunctionDef)
+        assert f.type_parameters
+        T = ensure_type(f.type_parameters.params[0].param, cst.TypeVar)
+        self.assertIs(list(inner_assignment.references)[0].node, T.bound)
+
+        inner_in_func_body = ensure_type(f.body.body[0], cst.Expr)
+        f_scope = scopes[inner_in_func_body]
+        self.assertIn(inner_in_func_body.value, f_scope.accesses)
+        self.assertEqual(list(f_scope.accesses)[0].referents, set())
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/tests/test_type_inference_provider.py b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_type_inference_provider.py
index c52a7c8e..a0a70a8c 100644
--- a/libcst/metadata/tests/test_type_inference_provider.py
+++ b/libcst/metadata/tests/test_type_inference_provider.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import cast, Mapping, Optional
 from unittest import skipIf
 
 import libcst as cst
@@ -57,20 +58,16 @@ def _test_simple_class_helper(test: UnitTest, wrapper: MetadataWrapper) -> None:
 )
 @skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "TypeInferenceProvider doesn't support windows")
 class TypeInferenceProviderTest(UnitTest):
+    maxDiff: Optional[int] = None
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
         os.chdir(TEST_SUITE_PATH)
-        try:
-            subprocess.run(["pyre", "-n", "start", "--no-watchman"])
-        except subprocess.TimeoutExpired as exc:
-            raise exc
+        subprocess.run(["pyre", "-n", "start", "--no-watchman"])
 
     @classmethod
     def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
-        try:
-            subprocess.run(["pyre", "-n", "stop"], cwd=TEST_SUITE_PATH)
-        except subprocess.TimeoutExpired as exc:
-            raise exc
+        subprocess.run(["pyre", "-n", "stop"], cwd=TEST_SUITE_PATH)
 
     @data_provider(
         ((TEST_SUITE_PATH / "simple_class.py", TEST_SUITE_PATH / "simple_class.json"),)
@@ -79,8 +76,13 @@ class TypeInferenceProviderTest(UnitTest):
         cache = TypeInferenceProvider.gen_cache(
             root_path=source_path.parent, paths=[source_path.name], timeout=None
         )
+        result = cast(Mapping[str, object], cache[source_path.name])
         data: PyreData = json.loads(data_path.read_text())
-        self.assertEqual(data, cache[source_path.name])
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            data,
+            result,
+            "Pyre query result mismatch, try running `scripts/regenerate-fixtures.py`?",
+        )
 
     @data_provider(
         ((TEST_SUITE_PATH / "simple_class.py", TEST_SUITE_PATH / "simple_class.json"),)
diff --git a/libcst/metadata/type_inference_provider.py b/libcst/metadata/type_inference_provider.py
index 340d1c51..8a90c26b 100644
--- a/libcst/metadata/type_inference_provider.py
+++ b/libcst/metadata/type_inference_provider.py
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@
 import json
 import subprocess
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Sequence, Tuple
-
-from mypy_extensions import TypedDict
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, TypedDict
 
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst._position import CodePosition, CodeRange
@@ -16,6 +14,11 @@ from libcst.metadata.base_provider import BatchableMetadataProvider
 from libcst.metadata.position_provider import PositionProvider
 
 
+class TypeInferenceError(Exception):
+    """An attempt to access inferred type annotation
+    (through Pyre Query API) failed."""
+
+
 class Position(TypedDict):
     line: int
     column: int
@@ -39,7 +42,7 @@ class PyreData(TypedDict, total=False):
 class TypeInferenceProvider(BatchableMetadataProvider[str]):
     """
     Access inferred type annotation through `Pyre Query API <https://pyre-check.org/docs/querying-pyre.html>`_.
-    It requires `setup watchman <https://pyre-check.org/docs/watchman-integration.html>`_
+    It requires `setup watchman <https://pyre-check.org/docs/getting-started/>`_
     and start pyre server by running ``pyre`` command.
     The inferred type is a string of `type annotation <https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html>`_.
     E.g. ``typing.List[libcst._nodes.expression.Name]``
@@ -52,26 +55,29 @@ class TypeInferenceProvider(BatchableMetadataProvider[str]):
 
     METADATA_DEPENDENCIES = (PositionProvider,)
 
-    @staticmethod
-    # pyre-fixme[40]: Static method `gen_cache` cannot override a non-static method
-    #  defined in `cst.metadata.base_provider.BaseMetadataProvider`.
+    @classmethod
     def gen_cache(
-        root_path: Path, paths: List[str], timeout: Optional[int]
+        cls,
+        root_path: Path,
+        paths: List[str],
+        timeout: Optional[int] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> Mapping[str, object]:
         params = ",".join(f"path='{root_path / path}'" for path in paths)
         cmd_args = ["pyre", "--noninteractive", "query", f"types({params})"]
-        try:
-            stdout, stderr, return_code = run_command(cmd_args, timeout=timeout)
-        except subprocess.TimeoutExpired as exc:
 
-            raise exc
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            cmd_args, capture_output=True, timeout=timeout, text=True
+        )
 
-        if return_code != 0:
-            raise Exception(f"stderr:\n {stderr}\nstdout:\n {stdout}")
         try:
-            resp = json.loads(stdout)["response"]
+            result.check_returncode()
+            resp = json.loads(result.stdout)["response"]
         except Exception as e:
-            raise Exception(f"{e}\n\nstderr:\n {stderr}\nstdout:\n {stdout}")
+            raise TypeInferenceError(
+                f"{e}\n\nstderr:\n {result.stderr}\nstdout:\n {result.stdout}"
+            ) from e
+
         return {path: _process_pyre_data(data) for path, data in zip(paths, resp)}
 
     def __init__(self, cache: PyreData) -> None:
@@ -105,13 +111,6 @@ class TypeInferenceProvider(BatchableMetadataProvider[str]):
         self._parse_metadata(node)
 
 
-def run_command(
-    cmd_args: List[str], timeout: Optional[int] = None
-) -> Tuple[str, str, int]:
-    process = subprocess.run(cmd_args, capture_output=True, timeout=timeout)
-    return process.stdout.decode(), process.stderr.decode(), process.returncode
-
-
 class RawPyreData(TypedDict):
     path: str
     types: Sequence[InferredType]
diff --git a/libcst/testing/utils.py b/libcst/testing/utils.py
index f2557b66..8a320571 100644
--- a/libcst/testing/utils.py
+++ b/libcst/testing/utils.py
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ def populate_data_provider_tests(dct: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
             member_name, member, DATA_PROVIDER_DATA_ATTR_NAME
         )
         if provider_data is not None:
-
             for description, data in (
                 provider_data.items()
                 if isinstance(provider_data, dict)
diff --git a/libcst/tests/__main__.py b/libcst/tests/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df28d1a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/tests/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+from unittest import main
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main(module=None, verbosity=2)
diff --git a/libcst/tests/pyre/simple_class.json b/libcst/tests/pyre/simple_class.json
index 288bb567..85192559 100644
--- a/libcst/tests/pyre/simple_class.json
+++ b/libcst/tests/pyre/simple_class.json
@@ -1,511 +1,485 @@
 {
   "types": [
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Type[typing.Sequence]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 7,
-          "column": 19
+          "column": 19,
+          "line": 7
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 7,
-          "column": 27
+          "column": 27,
+          "line": 7
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Type[typing.Sequence]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Type[simple_class.Item]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 10,
-          "column": 6
+          "column": 6,
+          "line": 10
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 10,
-          "column": 10
+          "column": 10,
+          "line": 10
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Type[simple_class.Item]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Callable(simple_class.Item.__init__)[[Named(self, simple_class.Item), Named(n, int)], None]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 11,
-          "column": 8
+          "column": 8,
+          "line": 11
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 11,
-          "column": 16
+          "column": 16,
+          "line": 11
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Callable(simple_class.Item.__init__)[[Named(self, simple_class.Item), Named(n, int)], None]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "simple_class.Item",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 11,
-          "column": 17
+          "column": 17,
+          "line": 11
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 11,
-          "column": 21
+          "column": 21,
+          "line": 11
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "simple_class.Item"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "int",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 11,
-          "column": 23
+          "column": 23,
+          "line": 11
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 11,
-          "column": 29
+          "column": 24,
+          "line": 11
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "int"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Type[int]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 11,
-          "column": 26
+          "column": 26,
+          "line": 11
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 11,
-          "column": 29
+          "column": 29,
+          "line": 11
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Type[int]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Type[None]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 11,
-          "column": 34
+          "column": 34,
+          "line": 11
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 11,
-          "column": 38
+          "column": 38,
+          "line": 11
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "None"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "simple_class.Item",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 12,
-          "column": 8
+          "column": 8,
+          "line": 12
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 12,
-          "column": 12
+          "column": 12,
+          "line": 12
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "simple_class.Item"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "int",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 12,
-          "column": 8
+          "column": 8,
+          "line": 12
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 12,
-          "column": 19
+          "column": 19,
+          "line": 12
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "int"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Type[int]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 12,
-          "column": 21
+          "column": 21,
+          "line": 12
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 12,
-          "column": 24
+          "column": 24,
+          "line": 12
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Type[int]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "int",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 12,
-          "column": 27
+          "column": 27,
+          "line": 12
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 12,
-          "column": 28
+          "column": 28,
+          "line": 12
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "int"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Type[simple_class.ItemCollector]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 15,
-          "column": 6
+          "column": 6,
+          "line": 15
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 15,
-          "column": 19
+          "column": 19,
+          "line": 15
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Type[simple_class.ItemCollector]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Callable(simple_class.ItemCollector.get_items)[[Named(self, simple_class.ItemCollector), Named(n, int)], typing.Sequence[simple_class.Item]]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 16,
-          "column": 8
+          "column": 8,
+          "line": 16
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 16,
-          "column": 17
+          "column": 17,
+          "line": 16
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Callable(simple_class.ItemCollector.get_items)[[Named(self, simple_class.ItemCollector), Named(n, int)], typing.Sequence[simple_class.Item]]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "simple_class.ItemCollector",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 16,
-          "column": 18
+          "column": 18,
+          "line": 16
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 16,
-          "column": 22
+          "column": 22,
+          "line": 16
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "simple_class.ItemCollector"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "int",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 16,
-          "column": 24
+          "column": 24,
+          "line": 16
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 16,
-          "column": 30
+          "column": 25,
+          "line": 16
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "int"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Type[int]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 16,
-          "column": 27
+          "column": 27,
+          "line": 16
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 16,
-          "column": 30
+          "column": 30,
+          "line": 16
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Type[int]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Type[typing.Sequence[simple_class.Item]]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 16,
-          "column": 35
+          "column": 35,
+          "line": 16
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 16,
-          "column": 43
+          "column": 49,
+          "line": 16
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "BoundMethod[typing.Callable(typing.GenericMeta.__getitem__)[[Named(self, unknown), typing.Type[Variable[typing._T_co](covariant)]], typing.Type[typing.Sequence[Variable[typing._T_co](covariant)]]], typing.Type[typing.Sequence]]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.List[simple_class.Item]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 16,
-          "column": 35
+          "column": 15,
+          "line": 17
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 16,
-          "column": 49
+          "column": 42,
+          "line": 17
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Type[typing.Sequence[simple_class.Item]]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Type[simple_class.Item]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 16,
-          "column": 44
+          "column": 16,
+          "line": 17
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 16,
-          "column": 48
+          "column": 20,
+          "line": 17
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Type[simple_class.Item]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "simple_class.Item",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 17,
-          "column": 15
+          "column": 16,
+          "line": 17
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 17,
-          "column": 42
+          "column": 23,
+          "line": 17
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.List[simple_class.Item]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "int",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 17,
-          "column": 16
+          "column": 28,
+          "line": 17
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 17,
-          "column": 20
+          "column": 29,
+          "line": 17
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Type[simple_class.Item]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Type[range]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 17,
-          "column": 16
+          "column": 33,
+          "line": 17
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 17,
-          "column": 23
+          "column": 38,
+          "line": 17
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "simple_class.Item"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "range",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 17,
-          "column": 28
+          "column": 33,
+          "line": 17
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 17,
-          "column": 29
+          "column": 41,
+          "line": 17
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "int"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "int",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 17,
-          "column": 33
+          "column": 39,
+          "line": 17
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 17,
-          "column": 38
+          "column": 40,
+          "line": 17
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Type[range]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "simple_class.ItemCollector",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 17,
-          "column": 33
+          "column": 0,
+          "line": 20
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 17,
-          "column": 41
+          "column": 9,
+          "line": 20
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "range"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Type[simple_class.ItemCollector]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 17,
-          "column": 39
+          "column": 12,
+          "line": 20
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 17,
-          "column": 40
+          "column": 25,
+          "line": 20
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "int"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "simple_class.ItemCollector",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 20,
-          "column": 0
+          "column": 12,
+          "line": 20
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 20,
-          "column": 9
+          "column": 27,
+          "line": 20
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "simple_class.ItemCollector"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Sequence[simple_class.Item]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 20,
-          "column": 12
+          "column": 0,
+          "line": 21
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 20,
-          "column": 25
+          "column": 5,
+          "line": 21
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Type[simple_class.ItemCollector]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Type[typing.Sequence[simple_class.Item]]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 20,
-          "column": 12
+          "column": 7,
+          "line": 21
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 20,
-          "column": 27
+          "column": 21,
+          "line": 21
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "simple_class.ItemCollector"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "simple_class.ItemCollector",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 21,
-          "column": 0
+          "column": 24,
+          "line": 21
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 21,
-          "column": 5
+          "column": 33,
+          "line": 21
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Sequence[simple_class.Item]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "BoundMethod[typing.Callable(simple_class.ItemCollector.get_items)[[Named(self, simple_class.ItemCollector), Named(n, int)], typing.Sequence[simple_class.Item]], simple_class.ItemCollector]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 21,
-          "column": 7
+          "column": 24,
+          "line": 21
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 21,
-          "column": 21
+          "column": 43,
+          "line": 21
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Type[typing.Sequence[simple_class.Item]]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing.Sequence[simple_class.Item]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 21,
-          "column": 24
+          "column": 24,
+          "line": 21
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 21,
-          "column": 33
+          "column": 46,
+          "line": 21
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "simple_class.ItemCollector"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "typing_extensions.Literal[3]",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 21,
-          "column": 24
+          "column": 44,
+          "line": 21
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 21,
-          "column": 43
+          "column": 45,
+          "line": 21
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "BoundMethod[typing.Callable(simple_class.ItemCollector.get_items)[[Named(self, simple_class.ItemCollector), Named(n, int)], typing.Sequence[simple_class.Item]], simple_class.ItemCollector]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "simple_class.Item",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 21,
-          "column": 24
+          "column": 4,
+          "line": 22
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 21,
-          "column": 46
+          "column": 8,
+          "line": 22
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Sequence[simple_class.Item]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "simple_class.Item",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 21,
-          "column": 44
+          "column": 12,
+          "line": 22
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 21,
-          "column": 45
+          "column": 17,
+          "line": 22
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing_extensions.Literal[3]"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "simple_class.Item",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 22,
-          "column": 4
+          "column": 4,
+          "line": 23
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 22,
-          "column": 8
+          "column": 8,
+          "line": 23
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "simple_class.Item"
+      }
     },
     {
+      "annotation": "int",
       "location": {
         "start": {
-          "line": 22,
-          "column": 12
+          "column": 4,
+          "line": 23
         },
         "stop": {
-          "line": 22,
-          "column": 17
+          "column": 15,
+          "line": 23
         }
-      },
-      "annotation": "typing.Sequence[simple_class.Item]"
-    },
-    {
-      "location": {
-        "start": {
-          "line": 23,
-          "column": 4
-        },
-        "stop": {
-          "line": 23,
-          "column": 8
-        }
-      },
-      "annotation": "simple_class.Item"
-    },
-    {
-      "location": {
-        "start": {
-          "line": 23,
-          "column": 4
-        },
-        "stop": {
-          "line": 23,
-          "column": 15
-        }
-      },
-      "annotation": "int"
+      }
     }
   ]
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libcst/tests/test_e2e.py b/libcst/tests/test_e2e.py
index ecdc23ba..e6dfdb5c 100644
--- a/libcst/tests/test_e2e.py
+++ b/libcst/tests/test_e2e.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import contextlib
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
 from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
-from typing import Generator
+from typing import Dict, Generator
 from unittest import TestCase
 
 from libcst import BaseExpression, Call, matchers as m, Name
@@ -16,7 +16,14 @@ from libcst.codemod.visitors import AddImportsVisitor
 
 
 class PrintToPPrintCommand(VisitorBasedCodemodCommand):
+    def __init__(self, context: CodemodContext, **kwargs: Dict[str, object]) -> None:
+        super().__init__(context, **kwargs)
+        self.context.scratch["PPRINT_WAS_HERE"] = True
+
     def leave_Call(self, original_node: Call, updated_node: Call) -> BaseExpression:
+        if not self.context.scratch["PPRINT_WAS_HERE"]:
+            raise AssertionError("Scratch space lost")
+
         if m.matches(updated_node, m.Call(func=m.Name("print"))):
             AddImportsVisitor.add_needed_import(
                 self.context,
@@ -41,39 +48,45 @@ def temp_workspace() -> Generator[Path, None, None]:
 
 class ToolE2ETest(TestCase):
     def test_leaky_codemod(self) -> None:
-        with temp_workspace() as tmp:
-            # File to trigger codemod
-            example: Path = tmp / "example.py"
-            example.write_text("""print("Hello")""")
-            # File that should not be modified
-            other = tmp / "other.py"
-            other.touch()
+        for msg, command in [
+            ("instantiated", PrintToPPrintCommand(CodemodContext())),
+            ("class", PrintToPPrintCommand),
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(msg), temp_workspace() as tmp:
+                # File to trigger codemod
+                example: Path = tmp / "example.py"
+                example.write_text("""print("Hello")""")
+                # File that should not be modified
+                other = tmp / "other.py"
+                other.touch()
+                # Just a dir named "dir.py", should be ignored
+                adir = tmp / "dir.py"
+                adir.mkdir()
 
-            # Run command
-            command_instance = PrintToPPrintCommand(CodemodContext())
-            files = gather_files(".")
-            result = parallel_exec_transform_with_prettyprint(
-                command_instance,
-                files,
-                format_code=False,
-                hide_progress=True,
-            )
+                # Run command
+                files = gather_files(".")
+                result = parallel_exec_transform_with_prettyprint(
+                    command,
+                    files,
+                    format_code=False,
+                    hide_progress=True,
+                )
 
-            print(result)
+                print(result)
 
-            # Check results
-            self.assertEqual(2, result.successes)
-            self.assertEqual(0, result.skips)
-            self.assertEqual(0, result.failures)
-            # Expect example.py to be modified
-            self.assertIn(
-                "from pprint import pprint",
-                example.read_text(),
-                "import missing in example.py",
-            )
-            # Expect other.py to NOT be modified
-            self.assertNotIn(
-                "from pprint import pprint",
-                other.read_text(),
-                "import found in other.py",
-            )
+                # Check results
+                self.assertEqual(2, result.successes)
+                self.assertEqual(0, result.skips)
+                self.assertEqual(0, result.failures)
+                # Expect example.py to be modified
+                self.assertIn(
+                    "from pprint import pprint",
+                    example.read_text(),
+                    "import missing in example.py",
+                )
+                # Expect other.py to NOT be modified
+                self.assertNotIn(
+                    "from pprint import pprint",
+                    other.read_text(),
+                    "import found in other.py",
+                )
diff --git a/libcst/tests/test_fuzz.py b/libcst/tests/test_fuzz.py
index 66b32276..6ec95136 100644
--- a/libcst/tests/test_fuzz.py
+++ b/libcst/tests/test_fuzz.py
@@ -50,6 +50,9 @@ class FuzzTest(unittest.TestCase):
     @unittest.skipUnless(
         bool(os.environ.get("HYPOTHESIS", False)), "Hypothesis not requested"
     )
+    # pyre-fixme[56]: Pyre was not able to infer the type of the decorator
+    #  `hypothesis.given($parameter$source_code =
+    #  hypothesmith.from_grammar($parameter$start = "file_input"))`.
     @hypothesis.given(source_code=from_grammar(start="file_input"))
     def test_parsing_compilable_module_strings(self, source_code: str) -> None:
         """The `from_grammar()` strategy generates strings from Python's grammar.
@@ -77,6 +80,9 @@ class FuzzTest(unittest.TestCase):
     @unittest.skipUnless(
         bool(os.environ.get("HYPOTHESIS", False)), "Hypothesis not requested"
     )
+    # pyre-fixme[56]: Pyre was not able to infer the type of the decorator
+    #  `hypothesis.given($parameter$source_code =
+    #  hypothesmith.from_grammar($parameter$start = "eval_input").map(str.strip))`.
     @hypothesis.given(source_code=from_grammar(start="eval_input").map(str.strip))
     def test_parsing_compilable_expression_strings(self, source_code: str) -> None:
         """Much like statements, but for expressions this time.
@@ -105,6 +111,10 @@ class FuzzTest(unittest.TestCase):
     @unittest.skipUnless(
         bool(os.environ.get("HYPOTHESIS", False)), "Hypothesis not requested"
     )
+    # pyre-fixme[56]: Pyre was not able to infer the type of the decorator
+    #  `hypothesis.given($parameter$source_code =
+    #  hypothesmith.from_grammar($parameter$start = "single_input").map(lambda
+    #  ($parameter$s) (s.replace("
     @hypothesis.given(
         source_code=from_grammar(start="single_input").map(
             lambda s: s.replace("\n", "") + "\n"
diff --git a/libcst/tests/test_import.py b/libcst/tests/test_import.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cad8883d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/tests/test_import.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+
+from unittest import TestCase
+
+
+class TestImport(TestCase):
+    def test_import_libcst(self) -> None:
+        import libcst  # noqa: F401
diff --git a/libcst/tests/test_pyre_integration.py b/libcst/tests/test_pyre_integration.py
index 021385af..679b2d5e 100644
--- a/libcst/tests/test_pyre_integration.py
+++ b/libcst/tests/test_pyre_integration.py
@@ -5,17 +5,12 @@
 
 
 import json
-import os
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 import libcst as cst
 from libcst.metadata import MetadataWrapper, PositionProvider
-from libcst.metadata.type_inference_provider import (
-    _process_pyre_data,
-    PyreData,
-    run_command,
-)
+from libcst.metadata.type_inference_provider import PyreData
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider, UnitTest
 
 TEST_SUITE_PATH: Path = Path(__file__).parent / "pyre"
@@ -117,29 +112,7 @@ class PyreIntegrationTest(UnitTest):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    """Run this script directly to generate pyre data for test suite (tests/pyre/*.py)"""
-    print("start pyre server")
-    stdout: str
-    stderr: str
-    return_code: int
-    os.chdir(TEST_SUITE_PATH)
-    stdout, stderr, return_code = run_command(["pyre", "start", "--no-watchman"])
-    if return_code != 0:
-        print(stdout)
-        print(stderr)
+    import sys
 
-    for path in TEST_SUITE_PATH.glob("*.py"):
-        # Pull params into it's own arg to avoid the string escaping in subprocess
-        params = f"path='{path}'"
-        cmd = ["pyre", "query", f"types({params})"]
-        print(cmd)
-        stdout, stderr, return_code = run_command(cmd)
-        if return_code != 0:
-            print(stdout)
-            print(stderr)
-        data = json.loads(stdout)
-        data = data["response"][0]
-        data = _process_pyre_data(data)
-        output_path = path.with_suffix(".json")
-        print(f"write output to {output_path}")
-        output_path.write_text(json.dumps(data, indent=2))
+    print("run `scripts/regenerate-fixtures.py` instead")
+    sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/libcst/tests/test_roundtrip.py b/libcst/tests/test_roundtrip.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96d1e507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcst/tests/test_roundtrip.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+
+from pathlib import Path
+from unittest import TestCase
+
+from libcst import CSTTransformer, parse_module
+
+
+fixtures: Path = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "native/libcst/tests/fixtures"
+
+
+class NOOPTransformer(CSTTransformer):
+    pass
+
+
+class RoundTripTests(TestCase):
+    def _get_fixtures(self) -> list[Path]:
+        self.assertTrue(fixtures.exists(), f"{fixtures} should exist")
+        files = list(fixtures.iterdir())
+        self.assertGreater(len(files), 0)
+        return files
+
+    def test_clean_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+        for file in self._get_fixtures():
+            with self.subTest(file=str(file)):
+                src = file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+                mod = parse_module(src)
+                self.maxDiff = None
+                self.assertEqual(mod.code, src)
+
+    def test_transform_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+        transformer = NOOPTransformer()
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        for file in self._get_fixtures():
+            with self.subTest(file=str(file)):
+                src = file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+                mod = parse_module(src)
+                new_mod = mod.visit(transformer)
+                self.assertEqual(src, new_mod.code)
diff --git a/libcst/tests/test_type_enforce.py b/libcst/tests/test_type_enforce.py
index 7c01b82b..f6fecc7d 100644
--- a/libcst/tests/test_type_enforce.py
+++ b/libcst/tests/test_type_enforce.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ from typing import (
     Dict,
     Iterable,
     List,
+    Literal,
     Mapping,
     MutableMapping,
     NamedTuple,
@@ -23,8 +24,6 @@ from typing import (
     Union,
 )
 
-from typing_extensions import Literal
-
 from libcst._type_enforce import is_value_of_type
 from libcst.testing.utils import data_provider, UnitTest
 
diff --git a/libcst/tool.py b/libcst/tool.py
index bac61186..a2164b11 100644
--- a/libcst/tool.py
+++ b/libcst/tool.py
@@ -9,28 +9,23 @@
 # python -m libcst.tool print python_file.py
 
 import argparse
-import dataclasses
-import distutils.spawn
 import importlib
 import inspect
 import os
 import os.path
+import shutil
 import sys
 import textwrap
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Sequence, Tuple, Type
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Tuple, Type
 
-import yaml
+try:
+    import yaml_ft as yaml  # pyre-ignore
+except ModuleNotFoundError:
+    import yaml
 
-from libcst import (
-    CSTNode,
-    IndentedBlock,
-    LIBCST_VERSION,
-    Module,
-    parse_module,
-    PartialParserConfig,
-)
-from libcst._nodes.deep_equals import deep_equals
+from libcst import CSTLogicError, LIBCST_VERSION, parse_module, PartialParserConfig
+from libcst._parser.parso.utils import parse_version_string
 from libcst.codemod import (
     CodemodCommand,
     CodemodContext,
@@ -39,187 +34,8 @@ from libcst.codemod import (
     gather_files,
     parallel_exec_transform_with_prettyprint,
 )
-
-_DEFAULT_INDENT: str = "  "
-
-
-def _node_repr_recursive(  # noqa: C901
-    node: object,
-    *,
-    indent: str = _DEFAULT_INDENT,
-    show_defaults: bool = False,
-    show_syntax: bool = False,
-    show_whitespace: bool = False,
-) -> List[str]:
-    if isinstance(node, CSTNode):
-        # This is a CSTNode, we must pretty-print it.
-        tokens: List[str] = [node.__class__.__name__]
-        fields: Sequence["dataclasses.Field[object]"] = dataclasses.fields(node)
-
-        # Hide all fields prefixed with "_"
-        fields = [f for f in fields if f.name[0] != "_"]
-
-        # Filter whitespace nodes if needed
-        if not show_whitespace:
-
-            def _is_whitespace(field: "dataclasses.Field[object]") -> bool:
-                if "whitespace" in field.name:
-                    return True
-                if "leading_lines" in field.name:
-                    return True
-                if "lines_after_decorators" in field.name:
-                    return True
-                if isinstance(node, (IndentedBlock, Module)) and field.name in [
-                    "header",
-                    "footer",
-                ]:
-                    return True
-                if isinstance(node, IndentedBlock) and field.name == "indent":
-                    return True
-                return False
-
-            fields = [f for f in fields if not _is_whitespace(f)]
-        # Filter values which aren't changed from their defaults
-        if not show_defaults:
-
-            def _get_default(fld: "dataclasses.Field[object]") -> object:
-                if fld.default_factory is not dataclasses.MISSING:
-                    return fld.default_factory()
-                return fld.default
-
-            fields = [
-                f
-                for f in fields
-                if not deep_equals(getattr(node, f.name), _get_default(f))
-            ]
-        # Filter out values which aren't interesting if needed
-        if not show_syntax:
-
-            def _is_syntax(field: "dataclasses.Field[object]") -> bool:
-                if isinstance(node, Module) and field.name in [
-                    "encoding",
-                    "default_indent",
-                    "default_newline",
-                    "has_trailing_newline",
-                ]:
-                    return True
-                type_str = repr(field.type)
-                if (
-                    "Sentinel" in type_str
-                    and field.name not in ["star_arg", "star", "posonly_ind"]
-                    and "whitespace" not in field.name
-                ):
-                    # This is a value that can optionally be specified, so its
-                    # definitely syntax.
-                    return True
-
-                for name in ["Semicolon", "Colon", "Comma", "Dot", "AssignEqual"]:
-                    # These are all nodes that exist for separation syntax
-                    if name in type_str:
-                        return True
-
-                return False
-
-            fields = [f for f in fields if not _is_syntax(f)]
-
-        if len(fields) == 0:
-            tokens.append("()")
-        else:
-            tokens.append("(\n")
-
-            for field in fields:
-                child_tokens: List[str] = [field.name, "="]
-                value = getattr(node, field.name)
-
-                if isinstance(value, (str, bytes)) or not isinstance(value, Sequence):
-                    # Render out the node contents
-                    child_tokens.extend(
-                        _node_repr_recursive(
-                            value,
-                            indent=indent,
-                            show_whitespace=show_whitespace,
-                            show_defaults=show_defaults,
-                            show_syntax=show_syntax,
-                        )
-                    )
-                elif isinstance(value, Sequence):
-                    # Render out a list of individual nodes
-                    if len(value) > 0:
-                        child_tokens.append("[\n")
-                        list_tokens: List[str] = []
-
-                        last_value = len(value) - 1
-                        for j, v in enumerate(value):
-                            list_tokens.extend(
-                                _node_repr_recursive(
-                                    v,
-                                    indent=indent,
-                                    show_whitespace=show_whitespace,
-                                    show_defaults=show_defaults,
-                                    show_syntax=show_syntax,
-                                )
-                            )
-                            if j != last_value:
-                                list_tokens.append(",\n")
-                            else:
-                                list_tokens.append(",")
-
-                        split_by_line = "".join(list_tokens).split("\n")
-                        child_tokens.append(
-                            "\n".join(f"{indent}{t}" for t in split_by_line)
-                        )
-
-                        child_tokens.append("\n]")
-                    else:
-                        child_tokens.append("[]")
-                else:
-                    raise Exception("Logic error!")
-
-                # Handle indentation and trailing comma.
-                split_by_line = "".join(child_tokens).split("\n")
-                tokens.append("\n".join(f"{indent}{t}" for t in split_by_line))
-                tokens.append(",\n")
-
-            tokens.append(")")
-
-        return tokens
-    else:
-        # This is a python value, just return the repr
-        return [repr(node)]
-
-
-def dump(
-    node: CSTNode,
-    *,
-    indent: str = _DEFAULT_INDENT,
-    show_defaults: bool = False,
-    show_syntax: bool = False,
-    show_whitespace: bool = False,
-) -> str:
-    """
-    Returns a string representation of the node that contains minimal differences
-    from the default contruction of the node while also hiding whitespace and
-    syntax fields.
-
-    Setting ``show_default`` to ``True`` will add fields regardless if their
-    value is different from the default value.
-
-    Setting ``show_whitespace`` will add whitespace fields and setting
-    ``show_syntax`` will add syntax fields while respecting the value of
-    ``show_default``.
-
-    When all keyword args are set to true, the output of this function is
-    indentical to the __repr__ method of the node.
-    """
-    return "".join(
-        _node_repr_recursive(
-            node,
-            indent=indent,
-            show_defaults=show_defaults,
-            show_syntax=show_syntax,
-            show_whitespace=show_whitespace,
-        )
-    )
+from libcst.display import dump, dump_graphviz
+from libcst.display.text import _DEFAULT_INDENT
 
 
 def _print_tree_impl(proc_name: str, command_args: List[str]) -> int:
@@ -249,6 +65,11 @@ def _print_tree_impl(proc_name: str, command_args: List[str]) -> int:
         action="store_true",
         help="Show values that exist only for syntax, like commas or semicolons",
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--graphviz",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Displays the graph in .dot format, compatible with Graphviz",
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--indent-string",
         default=_DEFAULT_INDENT,
@@ -283,15 +104,25 @@ def _print_tree_impl(proc_name: str, command_args: List[str]) -> int:
             else PartialParserConfig()
         ),
     )
-    print(
-        dump(
-            tree,
-            indent=args.indent_string,
-            show_defaults=args.show_defaults,
-            show_syntax=args.show_syntax,
-            show_whitespace=args.show_whitespace,
+    if not args.graphviz:
+        print(
+            dump(
+                tree,
+                indent=args.indent_string,
+                show_defaults=args.show_defaults,
+                show_syntax=args.show_syntax,
+                show_whitespace=args.show_whitespace,
+            )
+        )
+    else:
+        print(
+            dump_graphviz(
+                tree,
+                show_defaults=args.show_defaults,
+                show_syntax=args.show_syntax,
+                show_whitespace=args.show_whitespace,
+            )
         )
-    )
     return 0
 
 
@@ -363,7 +194,7 @@ def _find_and_load_config(proc_name: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
 
     requires_config = bool(os.environ.get("LIBCST_TOOL_REQUIRE_CONFIG", ""))
     if requires_config and not found_config:
-        raise Exception(
+        raise FileNotFoundError(
             f"Did not find a {CONFIG_FILE_NAME} in current directory or any "
             + "parent directory! Perhaps you meant to run this command from a "
             + "configured subdirectory, or you need to initialize a new project "
@@ -372,10 +203,7 @@ def _find_and_load_config(proc_name: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
 
     # Make sure that the formatter is findable.
     if config["formatter"]:
-        exe = (
-            distutils.spawn.find_executable(config["formatter"][0])
-            or config["formatter"][0]
-        )
+        exe = shutil.which(config["formatter"][0]) or config["formatter"][0]
         config["formatter"] = [os.path.abspath(exe), *config["formatter"][1:]]
 
     return config
@@ -390,38 +218,49 @@ def _codemod_impl(proc_name: str, command_args: List[str]) -> int:  # noqa: C901
     # full parser below once we know the command and have added its arguments.
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False, fromfile_prefix_chars="@")
     parser.add_argument("command", metavar="COMMAND", type=str, nargs="?", default=None)
+    ext_action = parser.add_argument(
+        "-x",
+        "--external",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="Interpret `command` as just a module/class specifier",
+    )
     args, _ = parser.parse_known_args(command_args)
 
     # Now, try to load the class and get its arguments for help purposes.
     if args.command is not None:
-        command_path = args.command.split(".")
-        if len(command_path) < 2:
+        command_module_name, _, command_class_name = args.command.rpartition(".")
+        if not (command_module_name and command_class_name):
             print(f"{args.command} is not a valid codemod command", file=sys.stderr)
             return 1
-        command_module_name, command_class_name = (
-            ".".join(command_path[:-1]),
-            command_path[-1],
-        )
-        command_class = None
-        for module in config["modules"]:
-            try:
-                command_class = getattr(
-                    importlib.import_module(f"{module}.{command_module_name}"),
-                    command_class_name,
-                )
-                break
-            # Only swallow known import errors, show the rest of the exceptions
-            # to the user who is trying to run the codemod.
-            except AttributeError:
-                continue
-            except ModuleNotFoundError:
-                continue
-        if command_class is None:
-            print(
-                f"Could not find {command_module_name} in any configured modules",
-                file=sys.stderr,
+        if args.external:
+            # There's no error handling here on purpose; if the user opted in for `-x`,
+            # they'll probably want to see the exact import error too.
+            command_class = getattr(
+                importlib.import_module(command_module_name),
+                command_class_name,
             )
-            return 1
+        else:
+            command_class = None
+            for module in config["modules"]:
+                try:
+                    command_class = getattr(
+                        importlib.import_module(f"{module}.{command_module_name}"),
+                        command_class_name,
+                    )
+                    break
+                # Only swallow known import errors, show the rest of the exceptions
+                # to the user who is trying to run the codemod.
+                except AttributeError:
+                    continue
+                except ModuleNotFoundError:
+                    continue
+            if command_class is None:
+                print(
+                    f"Could not find {command_module_name} in any configured modules",
+                    file=sys.stderr,
+                )
+                return 1
     else:
         # Dummy, specifically to allow for running --help with no arguments.
         command_class = CodemodCommand
@@ -436,6 +275,7 @@ def _codemod_impl(proc_name: str, command_args: List[str]) -> int:  # noqa: C901
         prog=f"{proc_name} codemod",
         fromfile_prefix_chars="@",
     )
+    parser._add_action(ext_action)
     parser.add_argument(
         "command",
         metavar="COMMAND",
@@ -521,33 +361,45 @@ def _codemod_impl(proc_name: str, command_args: List[str]) -> int:  # noqa: C901
         k: v
         for k, v in vars(args).items()
         if k
-        not in [
+        not in {
             "command",
-            "path",
-            "unified_diff",
-            "jobs",
-            "python_version",
+            "external",
+            "hide_blacklisted_warnings",
+            "hide_generated_warnings",
+            "hide_progress",
             "include_generated",
             "include_stubs",
+            "jobs",
             "no_format",
+            "path",
+            "python_version",
             "show_successes",
-            "hide_generated_warnings",
-            "hide_blacklisted_warnings",
-            "hide_progress",
-        ]
+            "unified_diff",
+        }
     }
-    command_instance = command_class(CodemodContext(), **codemod_args)
+    # Sepcify target version for black formatter
+    if any(config["formatter"]) and os.path.basename(config["formatter"][0]) in (
+        "black",
+        "black.exe",
+    ):
+        parsed_version = parse_version_string(args.python_version)
+
+        config["formatter"] = [
+            config["formatter"][0],
+            "--target-version",
+            f"py{parsed_version.major}{parsed_version.minor}",
+        ] + config["formatter"][1:]
 
     # Special case for allowing stdin/stdout. Note that this does not allow for
     # full-repo metadata since there is no path.
     if any(p == "-" for p in args.path):
         if len(args.path) > 1:
-            raise Exception("Cannot specify multiple paths when reading from stdin!")
+            raise ValueError("Cannot specify multiple paths when reading from stdin!")
 
         print("Codemodding from stdin", file=sys.stderr)
         oldcode = sys.stdin.read()
         newcode = exec_transform_with_prettyprint(
-            command_instance,
+            command_class(CodemodContext(), **codemod_args),  # type: ignore
             oldcode,
             include_generated=args.include_generated,
             generated_code_marker=config["generated_code_marker"],
@@ -570,7 +422,7 @@ def _codemod_impl(proc_name: str, command_args: List[str]) -> int:  # noqa: C901
     files = gather_files(args.path, include_stubs=args.include_stubs)
     try:
         result = parallel_exec_transform_with_prettyprint(
-            command_instance,
+            command_class,
             files,
             jobs=args.jobs,
             unified_diff=args.unified_diff,
@@ -585,6 +437,7 @@ def _codemod_impl(proc_name: str, command_args: List[str]) -> int:  # noqa: C901
             blacklist_patterns=config["blacklist_patterns"],
             python_version=args.python_version,
             repo_root=config["repo_root"],
+            codemod_args=codemod_args,
         )
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         print("Interrupted!", file=sys.stderr)
@@ -613,8 +466,7 @@ class _SerializerBase(ABC):
         return f"{comments}{os.linesep}{self._serialize_impl(key, value)}{os.linesep}"
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def _serialize_impl(self, key: str, value: object) -> str:
-        ...
+    def _serialize_impl(self, key: str, value: object) -> str: ...
 
 
 class _StrSerializer(_SerializerBase):
@@ -629,7 +481,7 @@ class _ListSerializer(_SerializerBase):
 
     def _serialize_impl(self, key: str, value: object) -> str:
         if not isinstance(value, list):
-            raise Exception("Can only serialize lists!")
+            raise ValueError("Can only serialize lists!")
         if self.newlines:
             values = [f"- {v!r}" for v in value]
             return f"{key}:{os.linesep}{os.linesep.join(values)}"
@@ -690,7 +542,7 @@ def _initialize_impl(proc_name: str, command_args: List[str]) -> int:
     # For safety, verify that it parses to the identical file.
     actual_config = yaml.safe_load(config_str)
     if actual_config != default_config:
-        raise Exception("Logic error, serialization is invalid!")
+        raise CSTLogicError("Logic error, serialization is invalid!")
 
     config_file = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(args.path, CONFIG_FILE_NAME))
     with open(config_file, "w") as fp:
@@ -759,6 +611,8 @@ def _list_impl(proc_name: str, command_args: List[str]) -> int:  # noqa: C901
             continue
 
         # Grab the path, try to import all of the files inside of it.
+        # pyre-fixme[6]: For 1st argument expected `PathLike[Variable[AnyStr <:
+        #  [str, bytes]]]` but got `Optional[str]`.
         path = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(imported_module.__file__))
         for name, imported_module in _recursive_find(path, module):
             for objname in dir(imported_module):
diff --git a/native/Cargo.lock b/native/Cargo.lock
index fbeaeb78..16ffd999 100644
--- a/native/Cargo.lock
+++ b/native/Cargo.lock
@@ -4,68 +4,52 @@ version = 3
 
 [[package]]
 name = "aho-corasick"
-version = "0.7.18"
+version = "1.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e37cfd5e7657ada45f742d6e99ca5788580b5c529dc78faf11ece6dc702656f"
+checksum = "6748e8def348ed4d14996fa801f4122cd763fff530258cdc03f64b25f89d3a5a"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "anes"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4b46cbb362ab8752921c97e041f5e366ee6297bd428a31275b9fcf1e380f7299"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "annotate-snippets"
-version = "0.6.1"
+version = "0.11.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c7021ce4924a3f25f802b2cccd1af585e39ea1a363a1aa2e72afe54b67a3a7a7"
+checksum = "710e8eae58854cdc1790fcb56cca04d712a17be849eeb81da2a724bf4bae2bc4"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "unicode-width",
+]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "atty"
-version = "0.2.14"
+name = "anstyle"
+version = "1.0.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d9b39be18770d11421cdb1b9947a45dd3f37e93092cbf377614828a319d5fee8"
-dependencies = [
- "hermit-abi",
- "libc",
- "winapi",
-]
+checksum = "55cc3b69f167a1ef2e161439aa98aed94e6028e5f9a59be9a6ffb47aef1651f9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
-version = "1.0.1"
+version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cdb031dd78e28731d87d56cc8ffef4a8f36ca26c38fe2de700543e627f8a464a"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "bitflags"
-version = "1.2.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cf1de2fe8c75bc145a2f577add951f8134889b4795d47466a54a5c846d691693"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "bstr"
-version = "0.2.16"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "90682c8d613ad3373e66de8c6411e0ae2ab2571e879d2efbf73558cc66f21279"
-dependencies = [
- "lazy_static",
- "memchr",
- "regex-automata",
- "serde",
-]
+checksum = "d468802bab17cbc0cc575e9b053f41e72aa36bfa6b7f55e3529ffa43161b97fa"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bumpalo"
-version = "3.7.0"
+version = "3.12.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9c59e7af012c713f529e7a3ee57ce9b31ddd858d4b512923602f74608b009631"
+checksum = "0d261e256854913907f67ed06efbc3338dfe6179796deefc1ff763fc1aee5535"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cast"
-version = "0.2.7"
+version = "0.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4c24dab4283a142afa2fdca129b80ad2c6284e073930f964c3a1293c225ee39a"
-dependencies = [
- "rustc_version",
-]
+checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg-if"
@@ -74,85 +58,95 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "chic"
-version = "1.2.2"
+name = "ciborium"
+version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a5b5db619f3556839cb2223ae86ff3f9a09da2c5013be42bc9af08c9589bf70c"
+checksum = "b0c137568cc60b904a7724001b35ce2630fd00d5d84805fbb608ab89509d788f"
 dependencies = [
- "annotate-snippets",
+ "ciborium-io",
+ "ciborium-ll",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium-io"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "346de753af073cc87b52b2083a506b38ac176a44cfb05497b622e27be899b369"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium-ll"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "213030a2b5a4e0c0892b6652260cf6ccac84827b83a85a534e178e3906c4cf1b"
+dependencies = [
+ "ciborium-io",
+ "half",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "2.33.3"
+version = "4.5.38"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "37e58ac78573c40708d45522f0d80fa2f01cc4f9b4e2bf749807255454312002"
+checksum = "ed93b9805f8ba930df42c2590f05453d5ec36cbb85d018868a5b24d31f6ac000"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
- "textwrap",
- "unicode-width",
+ "clap_builder",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "criterion"
-version = "0.3.4"
+name = "clap_builder"
+version = "4.5.38"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ab327ed7354547cc2ef43cbe20ef68b988e70b4b593cbd66a2a61733123a3d23"
+checksum = "379026ff283facf611b0ea629334361c4211d1b12ee01024eec1591133b04120"
 dependencies = [
- "atty",
+ "anstyle",
+ "clap_lex",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_lex"
+version = "0.7.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f46ad14479a25103f283c0f10005961cf086d8dc42205bb44c46ac563475dca6"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "criterion"
+version = "0.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3bf7af66b0989381bd0be551bd7cc91912a655a58c6918420c9527b1fd8b4679"
+dependencies = [
+ "anes",
  "cast",
+ "ciborium",
  "clap",
  "criterion-plot",
- "csv",
- "itertools 0.10.1",
- "lazy_static",
+ "itertools 0.13.0",
  "num-traits",
  "oorandom",
  "plotters",
  "rayon",
  "regex",
  "serde",
- "serde_cbor",
- "serde_derive",
  "serde_json",
  "tinytemplate",
  "walkdir",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "criterion-cycles-per-byte"
-version = "0.1.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8d34485a578330c7a91ccf064674f3739a7aebbf3b9d7fd498a6d3e8f7473c96"
-dependencies = [
- "criterion",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "criterion-plot"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e022feadec601fba1649cfa83586381a4ad31c6bf3a9ab7d408118b05dd9889d"
+checksum = "6b50826342786a51a89e2da3a28f1c32b06e387201bc2d19791f622c673706b1"
 dependencies = [
  "cast",
- "itertools 0.9.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "crossbeam-channel"
-version = "0.5.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "06ed27e177f16d65f0f0c22a213e17c696ace5dd64b14258b52f9417ccb52db4"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "crossbeam-utils",
+ "itertools 0.10.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-deque"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "94af6efb46fef72616855b036a624cf27ba656ffc9be1b9a3c931cfc7749a9a9"
+checksum = "6455c0ca19f0d2fbf751b908d5c55c1f5cbc65e03c4225427254b46890bdde1e"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "crossbeam-epoch",
@@ -161,47 +155,26 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-epoch"
-version = "0.9.5"
+version = "0.9.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4ec02e091aa634e2c3ada4a392989e7c3116673ef0ac5b72232439094d73b7fd"
+checksum = "07db9d94cbd326813772c968ccd25999e5f8ae22f4f8d1b11effa37ef6ce281d"
 dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
  "cfg-if",
  "crossbeam-utils",
- "lazy_static",
- "memoffset",
+ "memoffset 0.6.5",
+ "once_cell",
  "scopeguard",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-utils"
-version = "0.8.5"
+version = "0.8.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d82cfc11ce7f2c3faef78d8a684447b40d503d9681acebed6cb728d45940c4db"
+checksum = "7d82ee10ce34d7bc12c2122495e7593a9c41347ecdd64185af4ecf72cb1a7f83"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "lazy_static",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "csv"
-version = "1.1.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "22813a6dc45b335f9bade10bf7271dc477e81113e89eb251a0bc2a8a81c536e1"
-dependencies = [
- "bstr",
- "csv-core",
- "itoa",
- "ryu",
- "serde",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "csv-core"
-version = "0.1.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2b2466559f260f48ad25fe6317b3c8dac77b5bdb5763ac7d9d6103530663bc90"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
+ "once_cell",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -217,180 +190,174 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e78d4f1cc4ae33bbfc157ed5d5a5ef3bc29227303d595861deb238fcec4e9457"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "half"
-version = "1.7.1"
+name = "equivalent"
+version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62aca2aba2d62b4a7f5b33f3712cb1b0692779a56fb510499d5c0aa594daeaf3"
+checksum = "5443807d6dff69373d433ab9ef5378ad8df50ca6298caf15de6e52e24aaf54d5"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "hermit-abi"
-version = "0.1.19"
+name = "glob"
+version = "0.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62b467343b94ba476dcb2500d242dadbb39557df889310ac77c5d99100aaac33"
+checksum = "9b919933a397b79c37e33b77bb2aa3dc8eb6e165ad809e58ff75bc7db2e34574"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "half"
+version = "1.8.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "eabb4a44450da02c90444cf74558da904edde8fb4e9035a9a6a4e15445af0bd7"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hashbrown"
+version = "0.14.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e5274423e17b7c9fc20b6e7e208532f9b19825d82dfd615708b70edd83df41f1"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "heck"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2304e00983f87ffb38b55b444b5e3b60a884b5d30c0fca7d82fe33449bbe55ea"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "indexmap"
+version = "2.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "93ead53efc7ea8ed3cfb0c79fc8023fbb782a5432b52830b6518941cebe6505c"
 dependencies = [
- "libc",
+ "equivalent",
+ "hashbrown",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indoc"
-version = "0.3.6"
+version = "2.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "47741a8bc60fb26eb8d6e0238bbb26d8575ff623fdc97b1a2c00c050b9684ed8"
-dependencies = [
- "indoc-impl",
- "proc-macro-hack",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "indoc-impl"
-version = "0.3.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ce046d161f000fffde5f432a0d034d0341dc152643b2598ed5bfce44c4f3a8f0"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro-hack",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn",
- "unindent",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "instant"
-version = "0.1.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bee0328b1209d157ef001c94dd85b4f8f64139adb0eac2659f4b08382b2f474d"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
-]
+checksum = "1e186cfbae8084e513daff4240b4797e342f988cecda4fb6c939150f96315fd8"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
-version = "0.9.0"
+version = "0.10.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "284f18f85651fe11e8a991b2adb42cb078325c996ed026d994719efcfca1d54b"
+checksum = "b0fd2260e829bddf4cb6ea802289de2f86d6a7a690192fbe91b3f46e0f2c8473"
 dependencies = [
  "either",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
-version = "0.10.1"
+version = "0.13.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "69ddb889f9d0d08a67338271fa9b62996bc788c7796a5c18cf057420aaed5eaf"
+checksum = "413ee7dfc52ee1a4949ceeb7dbc8a33f2d6c088194d9f922fb8318faf1f01186"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.14.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2b192c782037fadd9cfa75548310488aabdbf3d2da73885b31bd0abd03351285"
 dependencies = [
  "either",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
-version = "0.4.7"
+version = "1.0.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dd25036021b0de88a0aff6b850051563c6516d0bf53f8638938edbb9de732736"
+checksum = "112c678d4050afce233f4f2852bb2eb519230b3cf12f33585275537d7e41578d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.51"
+version = "0.3.77"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "83bdfbace3a0e81a4253f73b49e960b053e396a11012cbd49b9b74d6a2b67062"
+checksum = "1cfaf33c695fc6e08064efbc1f72ec937429614f25eef83af942d0e227c3a28f"
 dependencies = [
+ "once_cell",
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "lazy_static"
-version = "1.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.98"
+version = "0.2.149"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "320cfe77175da3a483efed4bc0adc1968ca050b098ce4f2f1c13a56626128790"
+checksum = "a08173bc88b7955d1b3145aa561539096c421ac8debde8cbc3612ec635fee29b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libcst"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "1.8.6"
 dependencies = [
- "chic",
+ "annotate-snippets",
  "criterion",
- "criterion-cycles-per-byte",
  "difference",
- "itertools 0.10.1",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "libcst_derive",
- "once_cell",
- "paste 1.0.5",
+ "memchr",
+ "paste",
  "peg",
  "pyo3",
+ "rayon",
  "regex",
  "thiserror",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libcst_derive"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "1.8.6"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "lock_api"
-version = "0.4.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0382880606dff6d15c9476c416d18690b72742aa7b605bb6dd6ec9030fbf07eb"
-dependencies = [
- "scopeguard",
+ "trybuild",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "log"
-version = "0.4.14"
+version = "0.4.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "51b9bbe6c47d51fc3e1a9b945965946b4c44142ab8792c50835a980d362c2710"
+checksum = "abb12e687cfb44aa40f41fc3978ef76448f9b6038cad6aef4259d3c095a2382e"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
-version = "2.4.0"
+version = "2.7.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b16bd47d9e329435e309c58469fe0791c2d0d1ba96ec0954152a5ae2b04387dc"
+checksum = "78ca9ab1a0babb1e7d5695e3530886289c18cf2f87ec19a575a0abdce112e3a3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memoffset"
-version = "0.6.4"
+version = "0.6.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "59accc507f1338036a0477ef61afdae33cde60840f4dfe481319ce3ad116ddf9"
+checksum = "5aa361d4faea93603064a027415f07bd8e1d5c88c9fbf68bf56a285428fd79ce"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "memoffset"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5a634b1c61a95585bd15607c6ab0c4e5b226e695ff2800ba0cdccddf208c406c"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num-traits"
-version = "0.2.14"
+version = "0.2.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9a64b1ec5cda2586e284722486d802acf1f7dbdc623e2bfc57e65ca1cd099290"
+checksum = "578ede34cf02f8924ab9447f50c28075b4d3e5b269972345e7e0372b38c6cdcd"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "num_cpus"
-version = "1.13.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "05499f3756671c15885fee9034446956fff3f243d6077b91e5767df161f766b3"
-dependencies = [
- "hermit-abi",
- "libc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.8.0"
+version = "1.21.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "692fcb63b64b1758029e0a96ee63e049ce8c5948587f2f7208df04625e5f6b56"
+checksum = "42f5e15c9953c5e4ccceeb2e7382a716482c34515315f7b03532b8b4e8393d2d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "oorandom"
@@ -398,60 +365,17 @@ version = "11.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0ab1bc2a289d34bd04a330323ac98a1b4bc82c9d9fcb1e66b63caa84da26b575"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "parking_lot"
-version = "0.11.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6d7744ac029df22dca6284efe4e898991d28e3085c706c972bcd7da4a27a15eb"
-dependencies = [
- "instant",
- "lock_api",
- "parking_lot_core",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "parking_lot_core"
-version = "0.8.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fa7a782938e745763fe6907fc6ba86946d72f49fe7e21de074e08128a99fb018"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "instant",
- "libc",
- "redox_syscall",
- "smallvec",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "paste"
-version = "0.1.18"
+version = "1.0.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "45ca20c77d80be666aef2b45486da86238fabe33e38306bd3118fe4af33fa880"
-dependencies = [
- "paste-impl",
- "proc-macro-hack",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "paste"
-version = "1.0.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "acbf547ad0c65e31259204bd90935776d1c693cec2f4ff7abb7a1bbbd40dfe58"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "paste-impl"
-version = "0.1.18"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d95a7db200b97ef370c8e6de0088252f7e0dfff7d047a28528e47456c0fc98b6"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro-hack",
-]
+checksum = "57c0d7b74b563b49d38dae00a0c37d4d6de9b432382b2892f0574ddcae73fd0a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "peg"
-version = "0.7.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/kevinmehall/rust-peg?rev=4b146b4b78a80c07e43d7ace2d97f65bfde279a8#4b146b4b78a80c07e43d7ace2d97f65bfde279a8"
+version = "0.8.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9928cfca101b36ec5163e70049ee5368a8a1c3c6efc9ca9c5f9cc2f816152477"
 dependencies = [
  "peg-macros",
  "peg-runtime",
@@ -459,8 +383,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "peg-macros"
-version = "0.7.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/kevinmehall/rust-peg?rev=4b146b4b78a80c07e43d7ace2d97f65bfde279a8#4b146b4b78a80c07e43d7ace2d97f65bfde279a8"
+version = "0.8.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6298ab04c202fa5b5d52ba03269fb7b74550b150323038878fe6c372d8280f71"
 dependencies = [
  "peg-runtime",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -469,14 +394,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "peg-runtime"
-version = "0.7.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/kevinmehall/rust-peg?rev=4b146b4b78a80c07e43d7ace2d97f65bfde279a8#4b146b4b78a80c07e43d7ace2d97f65bfde279a8"
+version = "0.8.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "132dca9b868d927b35b5dd728167b2dee150eb1ad686008fc71ccb298b776fca"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plotters"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.3.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32a3fd9ec30b9749ce28cd91f255d569591cdf937fe280c312143e3c4bad6f2a"
+checksum = "5aeb6f403d7a4911efb1e33402027fc44f29b5bf6def3effcc22d7bb75f2b747"
 dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
  "plotters-backend",
@@ -487,65 +413,77 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plotters-backend"
-version = "0.3.2"
+version = "0.3.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d88417318da0eaf0fdcdb51a0ee6c3bed624333bff8f946733049380be67ac1c"
+checksum = "df42e13c12958a16b3f7f4386b9ab1f3e7933914ecea48da7139435263a4172a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plotters-svg"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.3.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "521fa9638fa597e1dc53e9412a4f9cefb01187ee1f7413076f9e6749e2885ba9"
+checksum = "51bae2ac328883f7acdfea3d66a7c35751187f870bc81f94563733a154d7a670"
 dependencies = [
  "plotters-backend",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "proc-macro-hack"
-version = "0.5.19"
+name = "portable-atomic"
+version = "1.4.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dbf0c48bc1d91375ae5c3cd81e3722dff1abcf81a30960240640d223f59fe0e5"
+checksum = "31114a898e107c51bb1609ffaf55a0e011cf6a4d7f1170d0015a165082c0338b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.28"
+version = "1.0.95"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5c7ed8b8c7b886ea3ed7dde405212185f423ab44682667c8c6dd14aa1d9f6612"
+checksum = "02b3e5e68a3a1a02aad3ec490a98007cbc13c37cbe84a3cd7b8e406d76e7f778"
 dependencies = [
- "unicode-xid",
+ "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3"
-version = "0.14.5"
+version = "0.26.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "35100f9347670a566a67aa623369293703322bb9db77d99d7df7313b575ae0c8"
+checksum = "7ba0117f4212101ee6544044dae45abe1083d30ce7b29c4b5cbdfa2354e07383"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
  "indoc",
  "libc",
- "parking_lot",
- "paste 0.1.18",
+ "memoffset 0.9.0",
+ "once_cell",
+ "portable-atomic",
  "pyo3-build-config",
+ "pyo3-ffi",
  "pyo3-macros",
  "unindent",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-build-config"
-version = "0.14.5"
+version = "0.26.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d12961738cacbd7f91b7c43bc25cfeeaa2698ad07a04b3be0aa88b950865738f"
+checksum = "4fc6ddaf24947d12a9aa31ac65431fb1b851b8f4365426e182901eabfb87df5f"
 dependencies = [
- "once_cell",
+ "target-lexicon",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pyo3-ffi"
+version = "0.26.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "025474d3928738efb38ac36d4744a74a400c901c7596199e20e45d98eb194105"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "pyo3-build-config",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros"
-version = "0.14.5"
+version = "0.26.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fc0bc5215d704824dfddddc03f93cb572e1155c68b6761c37005e1c288808ea8"
+checksum = "2e64eb489f22fe1c95911b77c44cc41e7c19f3082fc81cce90f657cdc42ffded"
 dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-macros-backend",
  "quote",
  "syn",
@@ -553,10 +491,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros-backend"
-version = "0.14.5"
+version = "0.26.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "71623fc593224afaab918aa3afcaf86ed2f43d34f6afde7f3922608f253240df"
+checksum = "100246c0ecf400b475341b8455a9213344569af29a3c841d29270e53102e0fcf"
 dependencies = [
+ "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-build-config",
  "quote",
@@ -565,84 +504,73 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.9"
+version = "1.0.40"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c3d0b9745dc2debf507c8422de05d7226cc1f0644216dfdfead988f9b1ab32a7"
+checksum = "1885c039570dc00dcb4ff087a89e185fd56bae234ddc7f056a945bf36467248d"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rayon"
-version = "1.5.1"
+version = "1.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c06aca804d41dbc8ba42dfd964f0d01334eceb64314b9ecf7c5fad5188a06d90"
+checksum = "368f01d005bf8fd9b1206fb6fa653e6c4a81ceb1466406b81792d87c5677a58f"
 dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
- "crossbeam-deque",
  "either",
  "rayon-core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rayon-core"
-version = "1.9.1"
+version = "1.13.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d78120e2c850279833f1dd3582f730c4ab53ed95aeaaaa862a2a5c71b1656d8e"
+checksum = "22e18b0f0062d30d4230b2e85ff77fdfe4326feb054b9783a3460d8435c8ab91"
 dependencies = [
- "crossbeam-channel",
  "crossbeam-deque",
  "crossbeam-utils",
- "lazy_static",
- "num_cpus",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "redox_syscall"
-version = "0.2.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5ab49abadf3f9e1c4bc499e8845e152ad87d2ad2d30371841171169e9d75feee"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex"
-version = "1.5.4"
+version = "1.11.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d07a8629359eb56f1e2fb1652bb04212c072a87ba68546a04065d525673ac461"
+checksum = "23d7fd106d8c02486a8d64e778353d1cffe08ce79ac2e82f540c86d0facf6912"
+dependencies = [
+ "aho-corasick",
+ "memchr",
+ "regex-automata",
+ "regex-syntax",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "regex-automata"
+version = "0.4.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "809e8dc61f6de73b46c85f4c96486310fe304c434cfa43669d7b40f711150908"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
  "regex-syntax",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "regex-automata"
-version = "0.1.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6c230d73fb8d8c1b9c0b3135c5142a8acee3a0558fb8db5cf1cb65f8d7862132"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-syntax"
-version = "0.6.25"
+version = "0.8.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f497285884f3fcff424ffc933e56d7cbca511def0c9831a7f9b5f6153e3cc89b"
+checksum = "2b15c43186be67a4fd63bee50d0303afffcef381492ebe2c5d87f324e1b8815c"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "rustc_version"
-version = "0.4.0"
+name = "rustversion"
+version = "1.0.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bfa0f585226d2e68097d4f95d113b15b83a82e819ab25717ec0590d9584ef366"
-dependencies = [
- "semver",
-]
+checksum = "8a0d197bd2c9dc6e53b84da9556a69ba4cdfab8619eb41a8bd1cc2027a0f6b1d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
-version = "1.0.5"
+version = "1.0.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "71d301d4193d031abdd79ff7e3dd721168a9572ef3fe51a1517aba235bd8f86e"
+checksum = "f3f6f92acf49d1b98f7a81226834412ada05458b7364277387724a237f062695"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "same-file"
@@ -659,33 +587,20 @@ version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d29ab0c6d3fc0ee92fe66e2d99f700eab17a8d57d1c1d3b748380fb20baa78cd"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "semver"
-version = "1.0.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5f3aac57ee7f3272d8395c6e4f502f434f0e289fcd62876f70daa008c20dcabe"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.126"
+version = "1.0.208"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ec7505abeacaec74ae4778d9d9328fe5a5d04253220a85c4ee022239fc996d03"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "serde_cbor"
-version = "0.11.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e18acfa2f90e8b735b2836ab8d538de304cbb6729a7360729ea5a895d15a622"
+checksum = "cff085d2cb684faa248efb494c39b68e522822ac0de72ccf08109abde717cfb2"
 dependencies = [
- "half",
- "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.126"
+version = "1.0.208"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "963a7dbc9895aeac7ac90e74f34a5d5261828f79df35cbed41e10189d3804d43"
+checksum = "24008e81ff7613ed8e5ba0cfaf24e2c2f1e5b8a0495711e44fcd4882fca62bcf"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -694,55 +609,71 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.64"
+version = "1.0.125"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "799e97dc9fdae36a5c8b8f2cae9ce2ee9fdce2058c57a93e6099d919fd982f79"
+checksum = "83c8e735a073ccf5be70aa8066aa984eaf2fa000db6c8d0100ae605b366d31ed"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
+ "memchr",
  "ryu",
  "serde",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "smallvec"
-version = "1.6.1"
+name = "serde_spanned"
+version = "0.6.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fe0f37c9e8f3c5a4a66ad655a93c74daac4ad00c441533bf5c6e7990bb42604e"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "syn"
-version = "1.0.74"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1873d832550d4588c3dbc20f01361ab00bfe741048f71e3fecf145a7cc18b29c"
+checksum = "eb5b1b31579f3811bf615c144393417496f152e12ac8b7663bf664f4a815306d"
 dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "unicode-xid",
+ "serde",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "textwrap"
-version = "0.11.0"
+name = "syn"
+version = "2.0.101"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d326610f408c7a4eb6f51c37c330e496b08506c9457c9d34287ecc38809fb060"
+checksum = "8ce2b7fc941b3a24138a0a7cf8e858bfc6a992e7978a068a5c760deb0ed43caf"
 dependencies = [
- "unicode-width",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "target-lexicon"
+version = "0.13.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e502f78cdbb8ba4718f566c418c52bc729126ffd16baee5baa718cf25dd5a69a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "target-triple"
+version = "0.1.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1ac9aa371f599d22256307c24a9d748c041e548cbf599f35d890f9d365361790"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "termcolor"
+version = "1.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bab24d30b911b2376f3a13cc2cd443142f0c81dda04c118693e35b3835757755"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-util",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "1.0.26"
+version = "2.0.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "93119e4feac1cbe6c798c34d3a53ea0026b0b1de6a120deef895137c0529bfe2"
+checksum = "567b8a2dae586314f7be2a752ec7474332959c6460e02bde30d702a66d488708"
 dependencies = [
  "thiserror-impl",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "1.0.26"
+version = "2.0.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "060d69a0afe7796bf42e9e2ff91f5ee691fb15c53d38b4b62a9a53eb23164745"
+checksum = "7f7cf42b4507d8ea322120659672cf1b9dbb93f8f2d4ecfd6e51350ff5b17a1d"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -760,22 +691,71 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "unicode-width"
-version = "0.1.8"
+name = "toml"
+version = "0.8.19"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9337591893a19b88d8d87f2cec1e73fad5cdfd10e5a6f349f498ad6ea2ffb1e3"
+checksum = "a1ed1f98e3fdc28d6d910e6737ae6ab1a93bf1985935a1193e68f93eeb68d24e"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+ "serde_spanned",
+ "toml_datetime",
+ "toml_edit",
+]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "unicode-xid"
-version = "0.2.2"
+name = "toml_datetime"
+version = "0.6.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8ccb82d61f80a663efe1f787a51b16b5a51e3314d6ac365b08639f52387b33f3"
+checksum = "0dd7358ecb8fc2f8d014bf86f6f638ce72ba252a2c3a2572f2a795f1d23efb41"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "toml_edit"
+version = "0.22.20"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "583c44c02ad26b0c3f3066fe629275e50627026c51ac2e595cca4c230ce1ce1d"
+dependencies = [
+ "indexmap",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_spanned",
+ "toml_datetime",
+ "winnow",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "trybuild"
+version = "1.0.105"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1c9bf9513a2f4aeef5fdac8677d7d349c79fdbcc03b9c86da6e9d254f1e43be2"
+dependencies = [
+ "glob",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
+ "serde_json",
+ "target-triple",
+ "termcolor",
+ "toml",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-ident"
+version = "1.0.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5a5f39404a5da50712a4c1eecf25e90dd62b613502b7e925fd4e4d19b5c96512"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-width"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1fc81956842c57dac11422a97c3b8195a1ff727f06e85c84ed2e8aa277c9a0fd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unindent"
-version = "0.1.7"
+version = "0.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f14ee04d9415b52b3aeab06258a3f07093182b88ba0f9b8d203f211a7a7d41c7"
+checksum = "c7de7d73e1754487cb58364ee906a499937a0dfabd86bcb980fa99ec8c8fa2ce"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "walkdir"
@@ -790,22 +770,23 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.74"
+version = "0.2.100"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d54ee1d4ed486f78874278e63e4069fc1ab9f6a18ca492076ffb90c5eb2997fd"
+checksum = "1edc8929d7499fc4e8f0be2262a241556cfc54a0bea223790e71446f2aab1ef5"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
+ "once_cell",
+ "rustversion",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
-version = "0.2.74"
+version = "0.2.100"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3b33f6a0694ccfea53d94db8b2ed1c3a8a4c86dd936b13b9f0a15ec4a451b900"
+checksum = "2f0a0651a5c2bc21487bde11ee802ccaf4c51935d0d3d42a6101f98161700bc6"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
- "lazy_static",
  "log",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -815,9 +796,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.74"
+version = "0.2.100"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "088169ca61430fe1e58b8096c24975251700e7b1f6fd91cc9d59b04fb9b18bd4"
+checksum = "7fe63fc6d09ed3792bd0897b314f53de8e16568c2b3f7982f468c0bf9bd0b407"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -825,9 +806,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.74"
+version = "0.2.100"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "be2241542ff3d9f241f5e2cb6dd09b37efe786df8851c54957683a49f0987a97"
+checksum = "8ae87ea40c9f689fc23f209965b6fb8a99ad69aeeb0231408be24920604395de"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -838,15 +819,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.74"
+version = "0.2.100"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d7cff876b8f18eed75a66cf49b65e7f967cb354a7aa16003fb55dbfd25b44b4f"
+checksum = "1a05d73b933a847d6cccdda8f838a22ff101ad9bf93e33684f39c1f5f0eece3d"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
-version = "0.3.51"
+version = "0.3.77"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e828417b379f3df7111d3a2a9e5753706cae29c41f7c4029ee9fd77f3e09e582"
+checksum = "33b6dd2ef9186f1f2072e409e99cd22a975331a6b3591b12c764e0e55c60d5d2"
 dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -882,3 +866,12 @@ name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
 version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winnow"
+version = "0.6.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "68a9bda4691f099d435ad181000724da8e5899daa10713c2d432552b9ccd3a6f"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
diff --git a/native/libcst/Cargo.toml b/native/libcst/Cargo.toml
index d2916e17..e4c9f45f 100644
--- a/native/libcst/Cargo.toml
+++ b/native/libcst/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,10 +5,16 @@
 
 [package]
 name = "libcst"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "1.8.6"
 authors = ["LibCST Developers"]
 edition = "2018"
-rust-version = "1.53"
+rust-version = "1.70"
+description = "A Python parser and Concrete Syntax Tree library."
+license = "MIT AND (MIT AND PSF-2.0)"
+repository = "https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST"
+documentation = "https://libcst.rtfd.org"
+keywords = ["python", "cst", "ast"]
+categories = ["parser-implementations"]
 
 [lib]
 name = "libcst_native"
@@ -25,24 +31,24 @@ path = "src/bin.rs"
 # Once https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1123 lands, it may be better to use
 # `-Zextra-link-arg` for this instead.
 default = ["py"]
-py = ["pyo3","pyo3/extension-module"]
+py = ["pyo3", "pyo3/extension-module"]
 trace = ["peg/trace"]
 
 [dependencies]
-paste = "1.0.4"
-pyo3 = { version = "0.14.4", optional = true }
-thiserror = "1.0.23"
-peg = { git = "https://github.com/kevinmehall/rust-peg", rev = "4b146b4b78a80c07e43d7ace2d97f65bfde279a8" }
-chic = "1.2.2"
-itertools = "0.10.0"
-once_cell = "1.5.2"
-regex = "1.5.4"
-libcst_derive = { path = "../libcst_derive" }
+paste = "1.0.15"
+pyo3 = { version = "0.26", optional = true }
+thiserror = "2.0.12"
+peg = "0.8.5"
+annotate-snippets = "0.11.5"
+regex = "1.11.2"
+memchr = "2.7.4"
+libcst_derive = { path = "../libcst_derive", version = "1.8.6" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-criterion = { version = "0.3.4", features = ["html_reports"] }
-criterion-cycles-per-byte = "0.1"
+criterion = { version = "0.6.0", features = ["html_reports"] }
 difference = "2.0.0"
+rayon = "1.11.0"
+itertools = "0.14.0"
 
 [[bench]]
 name = "parser_benchmark"
diff --git a/native/libcst/LICENSE b/native/libcst/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5594616f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native/libcst/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+All contributions towards LibCST are MIT licensed.
+
+Some Python files have been derived from the standard library and are therefore
+PSF licensed. Modifications on these files are dual licensed (both MIT and
+PSF). These files are:
+
+- libcst/_parser/base_parser.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/utils.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/pgen2/generator.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/pgen2/grammar_parser.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/python/py_token.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/python/tokenize.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_fstring.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_tokenize.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_utils.py
+- native/libcst/src/tokenizer/core/mod.rs
+- native/libcst/src/tokenizer/core/string_types.rs
+
+Some Python files have been taken from dataclasses and are therefore Apache
+licensed. Modifications on these files are licensed under Apache 2.0 license.
+These files are:
+
+- libcst/_add_slots.py
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2
+
+1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation
+("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and
+otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and
+its associated documentation.
+
+2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby
+grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce,
+analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works,
+distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version,
+provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright,
+i.e., "Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
+2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved"
+are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee.
+
+3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on
+or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make
+the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then
+Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of
+the changes made to Python.
+
+4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS"
+basis.  PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND
+DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
+FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT
+INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+
+5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON
+FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS
+A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON,
+OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
+
+6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material
+breach of its terms and conditions.
+
+7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any
+relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and
+Licensee.  This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF
+trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote
+products or services of Licensee, or any third party.
+
+8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee
+agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License
+Agreement.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+APACHE LICENSE, VERSION 2.0
+
+http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
diff --git a/native/libcst/README.md b/native/libcst/README.md
index 42eb2f6c..09fe8f99 100644
--- a/native/libcst/README.md
+++ b/native/libcst/README.md
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@
 A native extension to enable parsing of new Python grammar in LibCST.
 
 The extension is written in Rust, and exposed to Python using [PyO3](https://pyo3.rs/).
-This is packaged together with libcst, and can be imported from `libcst.native`. When
-the `LIBCST_PARSER_TYPE` environment variable is set to `native`, the LibCST APIs use
-this module for all parsing.
+This is packaged together with libcst, and can be imported from `libcst.native`. By default
+the LibCST APIs use this module for all parsing.
 
 Later on, the parser library might be packaged separately as 
 [a Rust crate](https://crates.io). Pull requests towards this are much appreciated.
@@ -47,6 +46,23 @@ implemented via a macro in `libcst_derive`.
 
 ## Hacking
 
+### Nodes
+All CST nodes are marked with the `#[cst_node]` proc macro, which duplicates the node types; for a node named `Foo`, there's:
+
+- `DeflatedFoo`, which is the output of the parsing phase and isn't exposed through the
+  API of the crate.
+  - it has two lifetime parameters: `'r` (or `'input` in the grammar) is the lifetime of
+    `Token` references, and `'a` is the lifetime of `str` slices from the original input
+  - `TokenRef` fields are contained here, while whitespace fields aren't
+  - if there aren't any fields that refer to other CST nodes or `TokenRef`s, there's an
+    extra (private) `_phantom` field that "contains" the two lifetime parameters (this
+    is to make the type parameters of all `DeflatedFoo` types uniform)
+  - it implements the `Inflate` trait, which converts `DeflatedFoo` into `Foo`
+- `Foo`, which is what's publicly exposed in the crate and is the output of `Inflate`ing `DeflatedFoo`.
+   - it only retains the second (`'a`) lifetime parameter of `DeflatedFoo` to refer back to slices of the original input string
+   - whitespace fields are contained here, but `TokenRef`s aren't
+   - `IntoPy` is implemented for it (assuming the `py` crate feature is enabled), which contains code to translate `Foo` back into a Python object; hence, the fields on `Foo` match the Python CST node implementations (barring fields marked with `#[skip_py]`)
+
 ### Grammar
 
 The grammar is mostly a straightforward translation from the [CPython
@@ -61,10 +77,10 @@ exceptions:
   mutually recursive rules, special `invalid_` rules, the `~` operator, terminating the
   parser early.
 
-The PEG parser is run on a `Vec` of `Token`s, and tries its best to avoid allocating any
-strings, working only with references. As such, the output nodes don't own any strings,
-but refer to slices of the original input (hence the `'a` lifetime parameter on almost
-all nodes).
+The PEG parser is run on a `Vec` of `Token`s (more precisely `&'input Vec<Token<'a>>`),
+and tries its best to avoid allocating any strings, working only with references. As
+such, the output nodes don't own any strings, but refer to slices of the original input
+(hence the `'input, 'a` lifetime parameters on almost all nodes).
 
 ### Whitespace parsing
 
diff --git a/native/libcst/benches/parser_benchmark.rs b/native/libcst/benches/parser_benchmark.rs
index ad96d867..4987022a 100644
--- a/native/libcst/benches/parser_benchmark.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/benches/parser_benchmark.rs
@@ -9,15 +9,22 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use criterion::{
-    black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, measurement::Measurement, BatchSize, Criterion,
+    black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, measurement::Measurement, BatchSize, BenchmarkId,
+    Criterion, Throughput,
 };
-use criterion_cycles_per_byte::CyclesPerByte;
 use itertools::Itertools;
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+
 use libcst_native::{
     parse_module, parse_tokens_without_whitespace, tokenize, Codegen, Config, Inflate,
 };
 
-fn load_all_fixtures() -> String {
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+const NEWLINE: &str = "\n";
+#[cfg(windows)]
+const NEWLINE: &str = "\r\n";
+
+fn load_all_fixtures_vec() -> Vec<String> {
     let mut path = PathBuf::from(file!());
     path.pop();
     path.pop();
@@ -38,18 +45,23 @@ fn load_all_fixtures() -> String {
             let path = file.unwrap().path();
             std::fs::read_to_string(&path).expect("reading_file")
         })
-        .join("\n")
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn load_all_fixtures() -> String {
+    load_all_fixtures_vec().join(NEWLINE)
 }
 
 pub fn inflate_benchmarks<T: Measurement>(c: &mut Criterion<T>) {
     let fixture = load_all_fixtures();
     let tokens = tokenize(fixture.as_str()).expect("tokenize failed");
+    let tokvec = tokens.clone().into();
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("inflate");
     group.bench_function("all", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
             || {
                 let conf = Config::new(fixture.as_str(), &tokens);
-                let m = parse_tokens_without_whitespace(tokens.clone(), fixture.as_str(), None)
+                let m = parse_tokens_without_whitespace(&tokvec, fixture.as_str(), None)
                     .expect("parse failed");
                 (conf, m)
             },
@@ -66,13 +78,13 @@ pub fn parser_benchmarks<T: Measurement>(c: &mut Criterion<T>) {
     group.measurement_time(Duration::from_secs(15));
     group.bench_function("all", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
-            || tokenize(fixture.as_str()).expect("tokenize failed"),
+            || tokenize(fixture.as_str()).expect("tokenize failed").into(),
             |tokens| {
-                black_box(parse_tokens_without_whitespace(
-                    tokens,
+                black_box(drop(parse_tokens_without_whitespace(
+                    &tokens,
                     fixture.as_str(),
                     None,
-                ))
+                )))
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
         )
@@ -82,7 +94,7 @@ pub fn parser_benchmarks<T: Measurement>(c: &mut Criterion<T>) {
 
 pub fn codegen_benchmarks<T: Measurement>(c: &mut Criterion<T>) {
     let input = load_all_fixtures();
-    let m = parse_module(&input, None).expect("parse failed");
+    let m = parse_module(input.as_str(), None).expect("parse failed");
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("codegen");
     group.bench_function("all", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
@@ -102,9 +114,57 @@ pub fn tokenize_benchmarks<T: Measurement>(c: &mut Criterion<T>) {
     group.finish();
 }
 
+pub fn parse_into_cst_benchmarks<T: Measurement>(c: &mut Criterion<T>) {
+    let fixture = load_all_fixtures();
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("parse_into_cst");
+    group.measurement_time(Duration::from_secs(15));
+    group.bench_function("all", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| black_box(parse_module(&fixture, None)))
+    });
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+pub fn parse_into_cst_multithreaded_benchmarks<T: Measurement + std::marker::Sync>(
+    c: &mut Criterion<T>,
+) where
+    <T as Measurement>::Value: Send,
+{
+    let fixtures = load_all_fixtures_vec();
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("parse_into_cst_parallel");
+    group.measurement_time(Duration::from_secs(15));
+    group.warm_up_time(Duration::from_secs(5));
+
+    for thread_count in 1..10 {
+        let expanded_fixtures = (0..thread_count)
+            .flat_map(|_| fixtures.clone())
+            .collect_vec();
+        group.throughput(Throughput::Elements(expanded_fixtures.len() as u64));
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::from_parameter(thread_count),
+            &thread_count,
+            |b, thread_count| {
+                let thread_pool = rayon::ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+                    .num_threads(*thread_count)
+                    .build()
+                    .unwrap();
+                thread_pool.install(|| {
+                    b.iter_with_large_drop(|| {
+                        expanded_fixtures
+                            .par_iter()
+                            .map(|contents| black_box(parse_module(&contents, None)))
+                            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    });
+                });
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
 criterion_group!(
     name=benches;
-    config = Criterion::default().with_measurement(CyclesPerByte);
-    targets=parser_benchmarks, codegen_benchmarks, inflate_benchmarks, tokenize_benchmarks
+    config=Criterion::default();
+    targets=parser_benchmarks, codegen_benchmarks, inflate_benchmarks, tokenize_benchmarks, parse_into_cst_benchmarks, parse_into_cst_multithreaded_benchmarks
 );
 criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/lib.rs b/native/libcst/src/lib.rs
index d2e475ab..113d5d02 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/lib.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,16 +5,17 @@
 
 use std::cmp::{max, min};
 
-mod tokenizer;
+pub mod tokenizer;
 
 pub use tokenizer::whitespace_parser::Config;
 use tokenizer::{whitespace_parser, TokConfig, Token, TokenIterator};
 
 mod nodes;
+use nodes::deflated::Module as DeflatedModule;
 pub use nodes::*;
 
 mod parser;
-use parser::{ParserError, Result};
+use parser::{ParserError, Result, TokVec};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "py")]
 pub mod py;
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ pub fn tokenize(text: &str) -> Result<Vec<Token>> {
         text,
         &TokConfig {
             async_hacks: false,
-            split_fstring: true,
+            split_ftstring: true,
         },
     );
 
@@ -32,15 +33,6 @@ pub fn tokenize(text: &str) -> Result<Vec<Token>> {
         .map_err(|err| ParserError::TokenizerError(err, text))
 }
 
-pub fn parse_tokens_without_whitespace<'a>(
-    tokens: Vec<Token<'a>>,
-    module_text: &'a str,
-    encoding: Option<&str>,
-) -> Result<'a, Module<'a>> {
-    parser::python::file(&tokens.into(), module_text, encoding)
-        .map_err(|err| ParserError::ParserError(err, module_text))
-}
-
 pub fn parse_module<'a>(
     mut module_text: &'a str,
     encoding: Option<&str>,
@@ -51,14 +43,26 @@ pub fn parse_module<'a>(
     }
     let tokens = tokenize(module_text)?;
     let conf = whitespace_parser::Config::new(module_text, &tokens);
-    let m = parse_tokens_without_whitespace(tokens, module_text, encoding)?;
+    let tokvec = tokens.into();
+    let m = parse_tokens_without_whitespace(&tokvec, module_text, encoding)?;
     Ok(m.inflate(&conf)?)
 }
 
+pub fn parse_tokens_without_whitespace<'r, 'a>(
+    tokens: &'r TokVec<'a>,
+    module_text: &'a str,
+    encoding: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<'a, DeflatedModule<'r, 'a>> {
+    let m = parser::python::file(tokens, module_text, encoding)
+        .map_err(|err| ParserError::ParserError(err, module_text))?;
+    Ok(m)
+}
+
 pub fn parse_statement(text: &str) -> Result<Statement> {
     let tokens = tokenize(text)?;
     let conf = whitespace_parser::Config::new(text, &tokens);
-    let stm = parser::python::statement_input(&tokens.into(), text)
+    let tokvec = tokens.into();
+    let stm = parser::python::statement_input(&tokvec, text)
         .map_err(|err| ParserError::ParserError(err, text))?;
     Ok(stm.inflate(&conf)?)
 }
@@ -66,7 +70,8 @@ pub fn parse_statement(text: &str) -> Result<Statement> {
 pub fn parse_expression(text: &str) -> Result<Expression> {
     let tokens = tokenize(text)?;
     let conf = whitespace_parser::Config::new(text, &tokens);
-    let expr = parser::python::expression_input(&tokens.into(), text)
+    let tokvec = tokens.into();
+    let expr = parser::python::expression_input(&tokvec, text)
         .map_err(|err| ParserError::ParserError(err, text))?;
     Ok(expr.inflate(&conf)?)
 }
@@ -86,32 +91,37 @@ fn bol_offset(source: &str, n: i32) -> usize {
 pub fn prettify_error(err: ParserError, label: &str) -> std::string::String {
     match err {
         ParserError::ParserError(e, module_text) => {
+            use annotate_snippets::{Level, Renderer, Snippet};
+
             let loc = e.location;
             let context = 1;
+            let line_start = max(
+                1,
+                loc.start_pos
+                    .line
+                    .checked_sub(context as usize)
+                    .unwrap_or(1),
+            );
             let start_offset = bol_offset(module_text, loc.start_pos.line as i32 - context);
             let end_offset = bol_offset(module_text, loc.end_pos.line as i32 + context + 1);
             let source = &module_text[start_offset..end_offset];
             let start = loc.start_pos.offset - start_offset;
             let end = loc.end_pos.offset - start_offset;
-            chic::Error::new(label)
-                .error(
-                    max(
-                        1,
-                        loc.start_pos
-                            .line
-                            .checked_sub(context as usize)
-                            .unwrap_or(1),
-                    ),
-                    start,
-                    if start == end {
-                        min(end + 1, end_offset - start_offset + 1)
-                    } else {
-                        end
-                    },
-                    source,
-                    format!(
-                        "expected {} {} -> {}",
-                        e.expected, loc.start_pos, loc.end_pos
+            let end = if start == end {
+                min(end + 1, end_offset - start_offset + 1)
+            } else {
+                end
+            };
+            Renderer::styled()
+                .render(
+                    Level::Error.title(label).snippet(
+                        Snippet::source(source)
+                            .line_start(line_start)
+                            .fold(false)
+                            .annotations(vec![Level::Error.span(start..end).label(&format!(
+                                "expected {} {} -> {}",
+                                e.expected, loc.start_pos, loc.end_pos
+                            ))]),
                     ),
                 )
                 .to_string()
@@ -144,6 +154,22 @@ mod test {
         parse_module("def g(a, b): ...", None).expect("parse error");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_single_statement_with_no_newline() {
+        for src in &[
+            "(\n \\\n)",
+            "(\n  \\\n)",
+            "(\n    '''\n''')",
+            "del _",
+            "if _:\n    '''\n)'''",
+            "if _:\n    ('''\n''')",
+            "if _:\n     '''\n  '''",
+            "if _:\n        '''\n    ''' ",
+        ] {
+            parse_module(src, None).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("'{}' doesn't parse: {}", src, e));
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn bol_offset_first_line() {
         assert_eq!(0, bol_offset("hello", 1));
@@ -165,4 +191,23 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(11, bol_offset("hello\nhello", 3));
         assert_eq!(12, bol_offset("hello\nhello\nhello", 3));
     }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_tstring_basic() {
+        assert!(
+            parse_module("t'hello'", None).is_ok(),
+            "Failed to parse t'hello'"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            parse_module("t'{hello}'", None).is_ok(),
+            "Failed to parse t'{{hello}}'"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            parse_module("t'{hello:r}'", None).is_ok(),
+            "Failed to parse t'{{hello:r}}'"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            parse_module("f'line1\\n{hello:r}\\nline2'", None).is_ok(),
+            "Failed to parse t'line1\\n{{hello:r}}\\nline2'"
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/nodes/expression.rs b/native/libcst/src/nodes/expression.rs
index 9345b6c7..c72d301d 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/nodes/expression.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/nodes/expression.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@
 // This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 // LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
-use std::{mem::swap, rc::Rc};
+use std::mem::swap;
 
 use crate::{
     inflate_helpers::adjust_parameters_trailing_whitespace,
     nodes::{
-        traits::{Inflate, ParenthesizedNode, Result, WithComma},
+        op::*,
+        statement::*,
+        traits::{Inflate, ParenthesizedDeflatedNode, ParenthesizedNode, Result, WithComma},
         whitespace::ParenthesizableWhitespace,
         Annotation, AssignEqual, AssignTargetExpression, BinaryOp, BooleanOp, Codegen,
         CodegenState, Colon, Comma, CompOp, Dot, UnaryOp,
@@ -20,12 +22,11 @@ use crate::{
 };
 #[cfg(feature = "py")]
 use libcst_derive::TryIntoPy;
-use libcst_derive::{Codegen, Inflate, ParenthesizedNode};
+use libcst_derive::{cst_node, Codegen, Inflate, ParenthesizedDeflatedNode, ParenthesizedNode};
 
-type TokenRef<'a> = Rc<Token<'a>>;
+type TokenRef<'r, 'a> = &'r Token<'a>;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Default, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(Default)]
 pub struct Parameters<'a> {
     pub params: Vec<Param<'a>>,
     pub star_arg: Option<StarArg<'a>>,
@@ -46,20 +47,38 @@ impl<'a> Parameters<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Parameters<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.posonly_params = self.posonly_params.inflate(config)?;
-        self.posonly_ind = self.posonly_ind.inflate(config)?;
-        self.params = self.params.inflate(config)?;
-        self.star_arg = self.star_arg.inflate(config)?;
-        self.kwonly_params = self.kwonly_params.inflate(config)?;
-        self.star_kwarg = self.star_kwarg.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedParameters<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.params.is_empty()
+            && self.star_arg.is_none()
+            && self.kwonly_params.is_empty()
+            && self.star_kwarg.is_none()
+            && self.posonly_params.is_empty()
+            && self.posonly_ind.is_none()
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Inflate)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedParameters<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Parameters<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let posonly_params = self.posonly_params.inflate(config)?;
+        let posonly_ind = self.posonly_ind.inflate(config)?;
+        let params = self.params.inflate(config)?;
+        let star_arg = self.star_arg.inflate(config)?;
+        let kwonly_params = self.kwonly_params.inflate(config)?;
+        let star_kwarg = self.star_kwarg.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            params,
+            star_arg,
+            kwonly_params,
+            star_kwarg,
+            posonly_params,
+            posonly_ind,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cst_node(Inflate)]
 pub enum StarArg<'a> {
     Star(Box<ParamStar<'a>>),
     Param(Box<Param<'a>>),
@@ -119,15 +138,18 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Parameters<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct ParamSlash<'a> {
     pub comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
+    pub whitespace_after: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
+
+    pub(crate) tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> ParamSlash<'a> {
     fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>, default_comma: bool) {
         state.add_token("/");
+        self.whitespace_after.codegen(state);
         match (&self.comma, default_comma) {
             (Some(comma), _) => comma.codegen(state),
             (None, true) => state.add_token(", "),
@@ -136,15 +158,20 @@ impl<'a> ParamSlash<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for ParamSlash<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedParamSlash<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = ParamSlash<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after =
+            parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(config, &mut self.tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
+        let comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            comma,
+            whitespace_after,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct ParamStar<'a> {
     pub comma: Comma<'a>,
 }
@@ -156,26 +183,31 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for ParamStar<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for ParamStar<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedParamStar<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = ParamStar<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { comma })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Default, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode, Default)]
 pub struct Name<'a> {
     pub value: &'a str,
     pub lpar: Vec<LeftParen<'a>>,
     pub rpar: Vec<RightParen<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Name<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedName<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Name<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            value: self.value,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -187,8 +219,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Name<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Param<'a> {
     pub name: Name<'a>,
     pub annotation: Option<Annotation<'a>>,
@@ -205,25 +236,34 @@ pub struct Param<'a> {
     pub(crate) star_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Param<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        // TODO: whitespace_after_param missing?
-        self.name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
-        self.annotation = self.annotation.inflate(config)?;
-        self.equal = self.equal.inflate(config)?;
-        self.default = self.default.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
-        if let Some(star_tok) = self.star_tok.as_mut() {
-            self.whitespace_after_star = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
-                config,
-                &mut star_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
-            )?;
-        }
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedParam<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Param<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
+        let annotation = self.annotation.inflate(config)?;
+        let equal = self.equal.inflate(config)?;
+        let default = self.default.inflate(config)?;
+        let comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_after_star = if let Some(star_tok) = self.star_tok.as_mut() {
+            parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(config, &mut star_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
+        let whitespace_after_param = Default::default(); // TODO
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            name,
+            annotation,
+            equal,
+            default,
+            comma,
+            star: self.star,
+            whitespace_after_star,
+            whitespace_after_param,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Default for Param<'a> {
+impl<'r, 'a> Default for DeflatedParam<'r, 'a> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             name: Default::default(),
@@ -232,8 +272,6 @@ impl<'a> Default for Param<'a> {
             default: None,
             comma: None,
             star: Some(""), // Note: this preserves a quirk of the pure python parser
-            whitespace_after_param: Default::default(),
-            whitespace_after_star: Default::default(),
             star_tok: None,
         }
     }
@@ -280,8 +318,7 @@ impl<'a> Param<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Arg<'a> {
     pub value: Expression<'a>,
     pub keyword: Option<Name<'a>>,
@@ -294,20 +331,29 @@ pub struct Arg<'a> {
     pub(crate) star_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Arg<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        if let Some(star_tok) = self.star_tok.as_mut() {
-            self.whitespace_after_star = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
-                config,
-                &mut star_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
-            )?;
-        }
-        self.keyword = self.keyword.inflate(config)?;
-        self.equal = self.equal.inflate(config)?;
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedArg<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Arg<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after_star = if let Some(star_tok) = self.star_tok.as_mut() {
+            parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(config, &mut star_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
+        let keyword = self.keyword.inflate(config)?;
+        let equal = self.equal.inflate(config)?;
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
         // whitespace_after_arg is handled in Call
-        Ok(self)
+        let whitespace_after_arg = Default::default();
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            value,
+            keyword,
+            equal,
+            comma,
+            star: self.star,
+            whitespace_after_star,
+            whitespace_after_arg,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -335,8 +381,8 @@ impl<'a> Arg<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for Arg<'a> {
-    fn with_comma(self, c: Comma<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> WithComma<'r, 'a> for DeflatedArg<'r, 'a> {
+    fn with_comma(self, c: DeflatedComma<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
         Self {
             comma: Some(c),
             ..self
@@ -344,8 +390,8 @@ impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for Arg<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub struct LeftParen<'a> {
     /// Any space that appears directly after this left parenthesis.
     pub whitespace_after: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -360,18 +406,19 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for LeftParen<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for LeftParen<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedLeftParen<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = LeftParen<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.lpar_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { whitespace_after })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub struct RightParen<'a> {
     /// Any space that appears directly before this right parenthesis.
     pub whitespace_before: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -386,18 +433,18 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for RightParen<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for RightParen<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedRightParen<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = RightParen<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.rpar_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { whitespace_before })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode, Codegen, Inflate)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode, Codegen, Inflate)]
 pub enum Expression<'a> {
     Name(Box<Name<'a>>),
     Ellipsis(Box<Ellipsis<'a>>),
@@ -427,11 +474,11 @@ pub enum Expression<'a> {
     SimpleString(Box<SimpleString<'a>>),
     ConcatenatedString(Box<ConcatenatedString<'a>>),
     FormattedString(Box<FormattedString<'a>>),
+    TemplatedString(Box<TemplatedString<'a>>),
     NamedExpr(Box<NamedExpr<'a>>),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct Ellipsis<'a> {
     pub lpar: Vec<LeftParen<'a>>,
     pub rpar: Vec<RightParen<'a>>,
@@ -444,16 +491,16 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Ellipsis<'a> {
         })
     }
 }
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Ellipsis<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedEllipsis<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Ellipsis<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { lpar, rpar })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct Integer<'a> {
     /// A string representation of the integer, such as ``"100000"`` or
     /// ``"100_000"``.
@@ -470,16 +517,20 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Integer<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Integer<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedInteger<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Integer<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            value: self.value,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct Float<'a> {
     /// A string representation of the floating point number, such as ```"0.05"``,
     /// ``".050"``, or ``"5e-2"``.
@@ -496,16 +547,20 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Float<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Float<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedFloat<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Float<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            value: self.value,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct Imaginary<'a> {
     /// A string representation of the complex number, such as ``"2j"``
     pub value: &'a str,
@@ -521,16 +576,20 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Imaginary<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Imaginary<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedImaginary<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Imaginary<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            value: self.value,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct Comparison<'a> {
     pub left: Box<Expression<'a>>,
     pub comparisons: Vec<ComparisonTarget<'a>>,
@@ -548,18 +607,23 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Comparison<'a> {
         })
     }
 }
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Comparison<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.left = self.left.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comparisons = self.comparisons.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedComparison<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Comparison<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let left = self.left.inflate(config)?;
+        let comparisons = self.comparisons.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            left,
+            comparisons,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct UnaryOperation<'a> {
     pub operator: UnaryOp<'a>,
     pub expression: Box<Expression<'a>>,
@@ -576,18 +640,23 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for UnaryOperation<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for UnaryOperation<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.operator = self.operator.inflate(config)?;
-        self.expression = self.expression.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedUnaryOperation<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = UnaryOperation<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let operator = self.operator.inflate(config)?;
+        let expression = self.expression.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            operator,
+            expression,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct BinaryOperation<'a> {
     pub left: Box<Expression<'a>>,
     pub operator: BinaryOp<'a>,
@@ -606,19 +675,25 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for BinaryOperation<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOperation<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.left = self.left.inflate(config)?;
-        self.operator = self.operator.inflate(config)?;
-        self.right = self.right.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedBinaryOperation<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = BinaryOperation<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let left = self.left.inflate(config)?;
+        let operator = self.operator.inflate(config)?;
+        let right = self.right.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            left,
+            operator,
+            right,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct BooleanOperation<'a> {
     pub left: Box<Expression<'a>>,
     pub operator: BooleanOp<'a>,
@@ -637,19 +712,25 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for BooleanOperation<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BooleanOperation<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.left = self.left.inflate(config)?;
-        self.operator = self.operator.inflate(config)?;
-        self.right = self.right.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedBooleanOperation<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = BooleanOperation<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let left = self.left.inflate(config)?;
+        let operator = self.operator.inflate(config)?;
+        let right = self.right.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            left,
+            operator,
+            right,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct Call<'a> {
     pub func: Box<Expression<'a>>,
     pub args: Vec<Arg<'a>>,
@@ -662,21 +743,22 @@ pub struct Call<'a> {
     pub(crate) rpar_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Call<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.func = self.func.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_after_func = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedCall<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Call<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let func = self.func.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_after_func = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.lpar_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_before_args = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_before_args = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.lpar_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.args = self.args.inflate(config)?;
+        let mut args = self.args.inflate(config)?;
 
-        if let Some(arg) = self.args.last_mut() {
+        if let Some(arg) = args.last_mut() {
             if arg.comma.is_none() {
                 arg.whitespace_after_arg = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
                     config,
@@ -684,9 +766,16 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Call<'a> {
                 )?;
             }
         }
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
 
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            func,
+            args,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            whitespace_after_func,
+            whitespace_before_args,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -706,8 +795,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Call<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct Attribute<'a> {
     pub value: Box<Expression<'a>>,
     pub attr: Name<'a>,
@@ -716,14 +804,21 @@ pub struct Attribute<'a> {
     pub rpar: Vec<RightParen<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Attribute<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        self.dot = self.dot.inflate(config)?;
-        self.attr = self.attr.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedAttribute<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Attribute<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let dot = self.dot.inflate(config)?;
+        let attr = self.attr.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            value,
+            attr,
+            dot,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -737,24 +832,22 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Attribute<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Codegen, Inflate)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(Codegen, Inflate)]
 pub enum NameOrAttribute<'a> {
     N(Box<Name<'a>>),
     A(Box<Attribute<'a>>),
 }
 
-impl<'a> std::convert::From<NameOrAttribute<'a>> for Expression<'a> {
-    fn from(x: NameOrAttribute<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> std::convert::From<DeflatedNameOrAttribute<'r, 'a>> for DeflatedExpression<'r, 'a> {
+    fn from(x: DeflatedNameOrAttribute<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
         match x {
-            NameOrAttribute::N(n) => Self::Name(n),
-            NameOrAttribute::A(a) => Self::Attribute(a),
+            DeflatedNameOrAttribute::N(n) => Self::Name(n),
+            DeflatedNameOrAttribute::A(a) => Self::Attribute(a),
         }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct ComparisonTarget<'a> {
     pub operator: CompOp<'a>,
     pub comparator: Expression<'a>,
@@ -767,16 +860,19 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for ComparisonTarget<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for ComparisonTarget<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.operator = self.operator.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comparator = self.comparator.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedComparisonTarget<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = ComparisonTarget<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let operator = self.operator.inflate(config)?;
+        let comparator = self.comparator.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            operator,
+            comparator,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct StarredElement<'a> {
     pub value: Box<Expression<'a>>,
     pub comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
@@ -787,25 +883,33 @@ pub struct StarredElement<'a> {
     pub(crate) star_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> StarredElement<'a> {
-    pub fn inflate_element(mut self, config: &Config<'a>, is_last: bool) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_before_value = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedStarredElement<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn inflate_element(self, config: &Config<'a>, is_last: bool) -> Result<StarredElement<'a>> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_value = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.star_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comma = if is_last {
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let comma = if is_last {
             self.comma.map(|c| c.inflate_before(config)).transpose()
         } else {
             self.comma.inflate(config)
         }?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(StarredElement {
+            value,
+            comma,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            whitespace_before_value,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for StarredElement<'a> {
-    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedStarredElement<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = StarredElement<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
         self.inflate_element(config, false)
     }
 }
@@ -824,7 +928,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for StarredElement<'a> {
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[cst_node(NoIntoPy)]
 pub enum Element<'a> {
     Simple {
         value: Expression<'a>,
@@ -834,7 +938,7 @@ pub enum Element<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> Element<'a> {
-    fn codegen(
+    pub fn codegen(
         &self,
         state: &mut CodegenState<'a>,
         default_comma: bool,
@@ -857,11 +961,12 @@ impl<'a> Element<'a> {
             state.add_token(if default_comma_whitespace { ", " } else { "," });
         }
     }
-
-    pub fn inflate_element(self, config: &Config<'a>, is_last: bool) -> Result<Self> {
+}
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedElement<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn inflate_element(self, config: &Config<'a>, is_last: bool) -> Result<Element<'a>> {
         Ok(match self {
-            Self::Starred(s) => Self::Starred(Box::new(s.inflate_element(config, is_last)?)),
-            Self::Simple { value, comma } => Self::Simple {
+            Self::Starred(s) => Element::Starred(Box::new(s.inflate_element(config, is_last)?)),
+            Self::Simple { value, comma } => Element::Simple {
                 value: value.inflate(config)?,
                 comma: if is_last {
                     comma.map(|c| c.inflate_before(config)).transpose()?
@@ -873,8 +978,8 @@ impl<'a> Element<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for Element<'a> {
-    fn with_comma(self, comma: Comma<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> WithComma<'r, 'a> for DeflatedElement<'r, 'a> {
+    fn with_comma(self, comma: DeflatedComma<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
         let comma = Some(comma);
         match self {
             Self::Simple { value, .. } => Self::Simple { comma, value },
@@ -885,38 +990,39 @@ impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for Element<'a> {
         }
     }
 }
-impl<'a> std::convert::From<Expression<'a>> for Element<'a> {
-    fn from(e: Expression<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> std::convert::From<DeflatedExpression<'r, 'a>> for DeflatedElement<'r, 'a> {
+    fn from(e: DeflatedExpression<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
         match e {
-            Expression::StarredElement(e) => Element::Starred(e),
-            value => Element::Simple { value, comma: None },
+            DeflatedExpression::StarredElement(e) => Self::Starred(e),
+            value => Self::Simple { value, comma: None },
         }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Default, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode, Default)]
 pub struct Tuple<'a> {
     pub elements: Vec<Element<'a>>,
     pub lpar: Vec<LeftParen<'a>>,
     pub rpar: Vec<RightParen<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Tuple<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Tuple<'a>> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedTuple<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Tuple<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
         let len = self.elements.len();
-        self.elements = self
+        let elements = self
             .elements
             .into_iter()
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(idx, el)| el.inflate_element(config, idx + 1 == len))
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
-        if !self.elements.is_empty() {
-            // rpar only has whitespace if elements is non empty
-            self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        }
-        Ok(self)
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            elements,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -935,8 +1041,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Tuple<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct GeneratorExp<'a> {
     pub elt: Box<Expression<'a>>,
     pub for_in: Box<CompFor<'a>>,
@@ -953,18 +1058,23 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for GeneratorExp<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for GeneratorExp<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.elt = self.elt.inflate(config)?;
-        self.for_in = self.for_in.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedGeneratorExp<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = GeneratorExp<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let elt = self.elt.inflate(config)?;
+        let for_in = self.for_in.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            elt,
+            for_in,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct ListComp<'a> {
     pub elt: Box<Expression<'a>>,
     pub for_in: Box<CompFor<'a>>,
@@ -985,20 +1095,28 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for ListComp<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for ListComp<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.lbracket = self.lbracket.inflate(config)?;
-        self.elt = self.elt.inflate(config)?;
-        self.for_in = self.for_in.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rbracket = self.rbracket.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedListComp<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = ListComp<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let lbracket = self.lbracket.inflate(config)?;
+        let elt = self.elt.inflate(config)?;
+        let for_in = self.for_in.inflate(config)?;
+        let rbracket = self.rbracket.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            elt,
+            for_in,
+            lbracket,
+            rbracket,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub struct LeftSquareBracket<'a> {
     pub whitespace_after: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
     pub(crate) tok: TokenRef<'a>,
@@ -1011,18 +1129,19 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for LeftSquareBracket<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for LeftSquareBracket<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedLeftSquareBracket<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = LeftSquareBracket<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { whitespace_after })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub struct RightSquareBracket<'a> {
     pub whitespace_before: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
     pub(crate) tok: TokenRef<'a>,
@@ -1035,18 +1154,18 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for RightSquareBracket<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for RightSquareBracket<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedRightSquareBracket<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = RightSquareBracket<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { whitespace_before })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct SetComp<'a> {
     pub elt: Box<Expression<'a>>,
     pub for_in: Box<CompFor<'a>>,
@@ -1056,15 +1175,23 @@ pub struct SetComp<'a> {
     pub rpar: Vec<RightParen<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for SetComp<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.lbrace = self.lbrace.inflate(config)?;
-        self.elt = self.elt.inflate(config)?;
-        self.for_in = self.for_in.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rbrace = self.rbrace.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedSetComp<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = SetComp<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let lbrace = self.lbrace.inflate(config)?;
+        let elt = self.elt.inflate(config)?;
+        let for_in = self.for_in.inflate(config)?;
+        let rbrace = self.rbrace.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            elt,
+            for_in,
+            lbrace,
+            rbrace,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1079,8 +1206,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for SetComp<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct DictComp<'a> {
     pub key: Box<Expression<'a>>,
     pub value: Box<Expression<'a>>,
@@ -1095,24 +1221,35 @@ pub struct DictComp<'a> {
     pub(crate) colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for DictComp<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.lbrace = self.lbrace.inflate(config)?;
-        self.key = self.key.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_before_colon = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedDictComp<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = DictComp<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let lbrace = self.lbrace.inflate(config)?;
+        let key = self.key.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_colon = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.colon_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_colon = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after_colon = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.colon_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        self.for_in = self.for_in.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rbrace = self.rbrace.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let for_in = self.for_in.inflate(config)?;
+        let rbrace = self.rbrace.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            key,
+            value,
+            for_in,
+            lbrace,
+            rbrace,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+            whitespace_after_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1131,20 +1268,28 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for DictComp<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct LeftCurlyBrace<'a> {
     pub whitespace_after: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
     pub(crate) tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for LeftCurlyBrace<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'a> Default for LeftCurlyBrace<'a> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            whitespace_after: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedLeftCurlyBrace<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = LeftCurlyBrace<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { whitespace_after })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1155,20 +1300,28 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for LeftCurlyBrace<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct RightCurlyBrace<'a> {
     pub whitespace_before: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
     pub(crate) tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for RightCurlyBrace<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'a> Default for RightCurlyBrace<'a> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            whitespace_before: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedRightCurlyBrace<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = RightCurlyBrace<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { whitespace_before })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1179,8 +1332,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for RightCurlyBrace<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct CompFor<'a> {
     pub target: AssignTargetExpression<'a>,
     pub iter: Expression<'a>,
@@ -1219,44 +1371,59 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for CompFor<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for CompFor<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedCompFor<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = CompFor<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let mut whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.for_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        if let (Some(asy_tok), Some(asy)) = (self.async_tok.as_mut(), self.asynchronous.as_mut()) {
+        let asynchronous = if let Some(asy_tok) = self.async_tok.as_mut() {
             // If there is an async keyword, the start of the CompFor expression is
             // considered to be this keyword, so whitespace_before needs to adjust but
             // Asynchronous will own the whitespace before the for token.
-            asy.whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+            let mut asy_whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
                 config,
                 &mut asy_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             )?;
-            swap(&mut asy.whitespace_after, &mut self.whitespace_before);
-        }
-        self.whitespace_after_for = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+            swap(&mut asy_whitespace_after, &mut whitespace_before);
+            Some(Asynchronous {
+                whitespace_after: asy_whitespace_after,
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let whitespace_after_for = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.for_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.target = self.target.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_before_in = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let target = self.target.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_in = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.in_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_in = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after_in = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.in_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.iter = self.iter.inflate(config)?;
-        self.ifs = self.ifs.inflate(config)?;
-        self.inner_for_in = self.inner_for_in.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let iter = self.iter.inflate(config)?;
+        let ifs = self.ifs.inflate(config)?;
+        let inner_for_in = self.inner_for_in.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            target,
+            iter,
+            ifs,
+            inner_for_in,
+            asynchronous,
+            whitespace_before,
+            whitespace_after_for,
+            whitespace_before_in,
+            whitespace_after_in,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Asynchronous<'a> {
     pub whitespace_after: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
 }
@@ -1268,8 +1435,13 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Asynchronous<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+pub(crate) fn make_async<'r, 'a>() -> DeflatedAsynchronous<'r, 'a> {
+    DeflatedAsynchronous {
+        _phantom: Default::default(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct CompIf<'a> {
     pub test: Expression<'a>,
     pub whitespace_before: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -1287,23 +1459,27 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for CompIf<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for CompIf<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedCompIf<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = CompIf<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.if_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_before_test = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_before_test = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.if_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.test = self.test.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let test = self.test.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            test,
+            whitespace_before,
+            whitespace_before_test,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct List<'a> {
     pub elements: Vec<Element<'a>>,
     pub lbracket: LeftSquareBracket<'a>,
@@ -1312,23 +1488,32 @@ pub struct List<'a> {
     pub rpar: Vec<RightParen<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for List<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.lbracket = self.lbracket.inflate(config)?;
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedList<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = List<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let lbracket = self.lbracket.inflate(config)?;
         let len = self.elements.len();
-        self.elements = self
+        let elements = self
             .elements
             .into_iter()
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(idx, el)| el.inflate_element(config, idx + 1 == len))
-            .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
-        if !self.elements.is_empty() {
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        let rbracket = if !elements.is_empty() {
             // lbracket owns all the whitespace if there are no elements
-            self.rbracket = self.rbracket.inflate(config)?;
-        }
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+            self.rbracket.inflate(config)?
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            elements,
+            lbracket,
+            rbracket,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1345,8 +1530,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for List<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct Set<'a> {
     pub elements: Vec<Element<'a>>,
     pub lbrace: LeftCurlyBrace<'a>,
@@ -1355,22 +1539,31 @@ pub struct Set<'a> {
     pub rpar: Vec<RightParen<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Set<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.lbrace = self.lbrace.inflate(config)?;
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedSet<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Set<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let lbrace = self.lbrace.inflate(config)?;
         let len = self.elements.len();
-        self.elements = self
+        let elements = self
             .elements
             .into_iter()
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(idx, el)| el.inflate_element(config, idx + 1 == len))
-            .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
-        if !self.elements.is_empty() {
-            self.rbrace = self.rbrace.inflate(config)?;
-        }
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        let rbrace = if !elements.is_empty() {
+            self.rbrace.inflate(config)?
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            elements,
+            lbrace,
+            rbrace,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1387,8 +1580,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Set<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct Dict<'a> {
     pub elements: Vec<DictElement<'a>>,
     pub lbrace: LeftCurlyBrace<'a>,
@@ -1397,22 +1589,31 @@ pub struct Dict<'a> {
     pub rpar: Vec<RightParen<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Dict<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.lbrace = self.lbrace.inflate(config)?;
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedDict<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Dict<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let lbrace = self.lbrace.inflate(config)?;
         let len = self.elements.len();
-        self.elements = self
+        let elements = self
             .elements
             .into_iter()
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(idx, el)| el.inflate_element(config, idx + 1 == len))
-            .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
-        if !self.elements.is_empty() {
-            self.rbrace = self.rbrace.inflate(config)?;
-        }
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        let rbrace = if !elements.is_empty() {
+            self.rbrace.inflate(config)?
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            elements,
+            lbrace,
+            rbrace,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1429,7 +1630,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Dict<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[cst_node(NoIntoPy)]
 pub enum DictElement<'a> {
     Simple {
         key: Expression<'a>,
@@ -1442,10 +1643,14 @@ pub enum DictElement<'a> {
     Starred(StarredDictElement<'a>),
 }
 
-impl<'a> DictElement<'a> {
-    pub fn inflate_element(self, config: &Config<'a>, last_element: bool) -> Result<Self> {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedDictElement<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn inflate_element(
+        self,
+        config: &Config<'a>,
+        last_element: bool,
+    ) -> Result<DictElement<'a>> {
         Ok(match self {
-            Self::Starred(s) => Self::Starred(s.inflate_element(config, last_element)?),
+            Self::Starred(s) => DictElement::Starred(s.inflate_element(config, last_element)?),
             Self::Simple {
                 key,
                 value,
@@ -1461,7 +1666,7 @@ impl<'a> DictElement<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut colon_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::Simple {
+                DictElement::Simple {
                     key: key.inflate(config)?,
                     whitespace_before_colon,
                     whitespace_after_colon,
@@ -1471,7 +1676,6 @@ impl<'a> DictElement<'a> {
                     } else {
                         comma.inflate(config)
                     }?,
-                    colon_tok,
                 }
             }
         })
@@ -1515,32 +1719,27 @@ impl<'a> DictElement<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for DictElement<'a> {
-    fn with_comma(self, comma: Comma<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> WithComma<'r, 'a> for DeflatedDictElement<'r, 'a> {
+    fn with_comma(self, comma: DeflatedComma<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
         let comma = Some(comma);
         match self {
-            Self::Starred(s) => Self::Starred(StarredDictElement { comma, ..s }),
+            Self::Starred(s) => Self::Starred(DeflatedStarredDictElement { comma, ..s }),
             Self::Simple {
                 key,
                 value,
-                whitespace_before_colon,
-                whitespace_after_colon,
                 colon_tok,
                 ..
             } => Self::Simple {
                 comma,
                 key,
                 value,
-                whitespace_after_colon,
-                whitespace_before_colon,
                 colon_tok,
             },
         }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct StarredDictElement<'a> {
     pub value: Expression<'a>,
     pub comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
@@ -1549,19 +1748,27 @@ pub struct StarredDictElement<'a> {
     pub(crate) star_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> StarredDictElement<'a> {
-    fn inflate_element(mut self, config: &Config<'a>, last_element: bool) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before_value = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedStarredDictElement<'r, 'a> {
+    fn inflate_element(
+        self,
+        config: &Config<'a>,
+        last_element: bool,
+    ) -> Result<StarredDictElement<'a>> {
+        let whitespace_before_value = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.star_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comma = if last_element {
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let comma = if last_element {
             self.comma.map(|c| c.inflate_before(config)).transpose()
         } else {
             self.comma.inflate(config)
         }?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(StarredDictElement {
+            value,
+            comma,
+            whitespace_before_value,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1576,34 +1783,55 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for StarredDictElement<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Codegen, Inflate)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(Codegen, Inflate)]
 pub enum BaseSlice<'a> {
     Index(Box<Index<'a>>),
     Slice(Box<Slice<'a>>),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Index<'a> {
     pub value: Expression<'a>,
+    pub star: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub whitespace_after_star: Option<ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>>,
+
+    pub(crate) star_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Index<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedIndex<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Index<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let (star, whitespace_after_star) = if let Some(star_tok) = self.star_tok.as_mut() {
+            (
+                Some(star_tok.string),
+                Some(parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+                    config,
+                    &mut star_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
+                )?),
+            )
+        } else {
+            (None, None)
+        };
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            value,
+            star,
+            whitespace_after_star,
+        })
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Index<'a> {
     fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {
+        if let Some(star) = self.star {
+            state.add_token(star);
+        }
+        self.whitespace_after_star.codegen(state);
         self.value.codegen(state);
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Slice<'a> {
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "py", no_py_default)]
     pub lower: Option<Expression<'a>>,
@@ -1614,14 +1842,21 @@ pub struct Slice<'a> {
     pub second_colon: Option<Colon<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Slice<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lower = self.lower.inflate(config)?;
-        self.first_colon = self.first_colon.inflate(config)?;
-        self.upper = self.upper.inflate(config)?;
-        self.second_colon = self.second_colon.inflate(config)?;
-        self.step = self.step.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedSlice<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Slice<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lower = self.lower.inflate(config)?;
+        let first_colon = self.first_colon.inflate(config)?;
+        let upper = self.upper.inflate(config)?;
+        let second_colon = self.second_colon.inflate(config)?;
+        let step = self.step.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            lower,
+            upper,
+            step,
+            first_colon,
+            second_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1645,18 +1880,18 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Slice<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct SubscriptElement<'a> {
     pub slice: BaseSlice<'a>,
     pub comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for SubscriptElement<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.slice = self.slice.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedSubscriptElement<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = SubscriptElement<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let slice = self.slice.inflate(config)?;
+        let comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { slice, comma })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1669,8 +1904,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for SubscriptElement<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct Subscript<'a> {
     pub value: Box<Expression<'a>>,
     pub slice: Vec<SubscriptElement<'a>>,
@@ -1679,23 +1913,30 @@ pub struct Subscript<'a> {
     pub lpar: Vec<LeftParen<'a>>,
     pub rpar: Vec<RightParen<'a>>,
     pub whitespace_after_value: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
-
-    pub(crate) lbracket_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Subscript<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_after_value = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedSubscript<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Subscript<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_after_value = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
-            &mut (*self.lbracket_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
+            &mut self.lbracket.tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.lbracket = self.lbracket.inflate(config)?;
-        self.slice = self.slice.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rbracket = self.rbracket.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let lbracket = self.lbracket.inflate(config)?;
+        let slice = self.slice.inflate(config)?;
+        let rbracket = self.rbracket.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            value,
+            slice,
+            lbracket,
+            rbracket,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            whitespace_after_value,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1717,8 +1958,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Subscript<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct IfExp<'a> {
     pub test: Box<Expression<'a>>,
     pub body: Box<Expression<'a>>,
@@ -1734,30 +1974,41 @@ pub struct IfExp<'a> {
     pub(crate) else_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for IfExp<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_before_if = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedIfExp<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = IfExp<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_if = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.if_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_if = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after_if = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.if_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.test = self.test.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_before_else = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let test = self.test.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_else = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.else_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_else = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after_else = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.else_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.orelse = self.orelse.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let orelse = self.orelse.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            test,
+            body,
+            orelse,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            whitespace_before_if,
+            whitespace_after_if,
+            whitespace_before_else,
+            whitespace_after_else,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1777,8 +2028,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for IfExp<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct Lambda<'a> {
     pub params: Box<Parameters<'a>>,
     pub body: Box<Expression<'a>>,
@@ -1790,21 +2040,31 @@ pub struct Lambda<'a> {
     pub(crate) lambda_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Lambda<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        if !self.params.is_empty() {
-            self.whitespace_after_lambda = Some(parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedLambda<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Lambda<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_after_lambda = if !self.params.is_empty() {
+            Some(parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
                 config,
                 &mut (*self.lambda_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
-            )?);
-        }
-        self.params = self.params.inflate(config)?;
-        adjust_parameters_trailing_whitespace(config, &mut self.params, &self.colon.tok)?;
-        self.colon = self.colon.inflate(config)?;
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+            )?)
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = self.params.inflate(config)?;
+        adjust_parameters_trailing_whitespace(config, &mut params, &self.colon.tok)?;
+        let colon = self.colon.inflate(config)?;
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            params,
+            body,
+            colon,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            whitespace_after_lambda,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1825,8 +2085,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Lambda<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct From<'a> {
     pub item: Expression<'a>,
     pub whitespace_before_from: Option<ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>>,
@@ -1848,36 +2107,41 @@ impl<'a> From<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for From<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before_from = Some(parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedFrom<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = From<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before_from = Some(parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?);
-        self.whitespace_after_from = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after_from = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.item = self.item.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let item = self.item.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            item,
+            whitespace_before_from,
+            whitespace_after_from,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub enum YieldValue<'a> {
     Expression(Box<Expression<'a>>),
     From(Box<From<'a>>),
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for YieldValue<'a> {
-    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedYieldValue<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = YieldValue<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
         Ok(match self {
-            Self::Expression(e) => Self::Expression(e.inflate(config)?),
+            Self::Expression(e) => Self::Inflated::Expression(e.inflate(config)?),
             Self::From(e) => {
                 let mut e = e.inflate(config)?;
                 e.whitespace_before_from = None;
-                Self::From(e)
+                Self::Inflated::From(e)
             }
         })
     }
@@ -1892,8 +2156,7 @@ impl<'a> YieldValue<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct Yield<'a> {
     pub value: Option<Box<YieldValue<'a>>>,
     pub lpar: Vec<LeftParen<'a>>,
@@ -1903,18 +2166,26 @@ pub struct Yield<'a> {
     pub(crate) yield_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Yield<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        if self.value.is_some() {
-            self.whitespace_after_yield = Some(parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedYield<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Yield<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_after_yield = if self.value.is_some() {
+            Some(parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
                 config,
                 &mut (*self.yield_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
-            )?);
-        }
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+            )?)
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            value,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            whitespace_after_yield,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1935,8 +2206,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Yield<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct Await<'a> {
     pub expression: Box<Expression<'a>>,
     pub lpar: Vec<LeftParen<'a>>,
@@ -1946,16 +2216,22 @@ pub struct Await<'a> {
     pub(crate) await_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Await<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_after_await = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedAwait<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Await<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_after_await = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.await_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.expression = self.expression.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let expression = self.expression.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            expression,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            whitespace_after_await,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1969,26 +2245,26 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Await<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Codegen, Inflate)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(Codegen, Inflate)]
 pub enum String<'a> {
     Simple(SimpleString<'a>),
     Concatenated(ConcatenatedString<'a>),
     Formatted(FormattedString<'a>),
+    Templated(TemplatedString<'a>),
 }
 
-impl<'a> std::convert::From<String<'a>> for Expression<'a> {
-    fn from(s: String<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> std::convert::From<DeflatedString<'r, 'a>> for DeflatedExpression<'r, 'a> {
+    fn from(s: DeflatedString<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
         match s {
-            String::Simple(s) => Self::SimpleString(Box::new(s)),
-            String::Concatenated(s) => Self::ConcatenatedString(Box::new(s)),
-            String::Formatted(s) => Self::FormattedString(Box::new(s)),
+            DeflatedString::Simple(s) => Self::SimpleString(Box::new(s)),
+            DeflatedString::Concatenated(s) => Self::ConcatenatedString(Box::new(s)),
+            DeflatedString::Formatted(s) => Self::FormattedString(Box::new(s)),
+            DeflatedString::Templated(s) => Self::TemplatedString(Box::new(s)),
         }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct ConcatenatedString<'a> {
     pub left: Box<String<'a>>,
     pub right: Box<String<'a>>,
@@ -2001,17 +2277,24 @@ pub struct ConcatenatedString<'a> {
     pub(crate) right_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for ConcatenatedString<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.left = self.left.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_between = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedConcatenatedString<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = ConcatenatedString<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let left = self.left.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_between = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.right_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.right = self.right.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let right = self.right.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            left,
+            right,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            whitespace_between,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -2025,8 +2308,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for ConcatenatedString<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Default, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode, Default)]
 pub struct SimpleString<'a> {
     /// The texual representation of the string, including quotes, prefix
     /// characters, and any escape characters present in the original source code,
@@ -2036,11 +2318,16 @@ pub struct SimpleString<'a> {
     pub rpar: Vec<RightParen<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for SimpleString<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedSimpleString<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = SimpleString<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            value: self.value,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -2050,15 +2337,151 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for SimpleString<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
+pub struct TemplatedStringText<'a> {
+    pub value: &'a str,
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedTemplatedStringText<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = TemplatedStringText<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, _config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { value: self.value })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for TemplatedStringText<'a> {
+    fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {
+        state.add_token(self.value);
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn make_tstringtext<'r, 'a>(value: &'a str) -> DeflatedTemplatedStringText<'r, 'a> {
+    DeflatedTemplatedStringText {
+        value,
+        _phantom: Default::default(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+pub struct TemplatedStringExpression<'a> {
+    // This represents the part of a t-string that is insde the brackets '{' and '}'.
+    pub expression: Expression<'a>,
+    pub conversion: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub format_spec: Option<Vec<TemplatedStringContent<'a>>>,
+    pub whitespace_before_expression: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
+    pub whitespace_after_expression: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
+    pub equal: Option<AssignEqual<'a>>,
+
+    pub(crate) lbrace_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
+    // This is None if there's an equal sign, otherwise it's the first token of
+    // (conversion, format spec, right brace) in that order
+    pub(crate) after_expr_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedTemplatedStringExpression<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = TemplatedStringExpression<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before_expression = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+            config,
+            &mut (*self.lbrace_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
+        )?;
+        let expression = self.expression.inflate(config)?;
+        let equal = self.equal.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_after_expression = if let Some(after_expr_tok) = self.after_expr_tok.as_mut()
+        {
+            parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+                config,
+                &mut after_expr_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
+            )?
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
+        let format_spec = self.format_spec.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            expression,
+            conversion: self.conversion,
+            format_spec,
+            whitespace_before_expression,
+            whitespace_after_expression,
+            equal,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for TemplatedStringExpression<'a> {
+    fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {
+        state.add_token("{");
+        self.whitespace_before_expression.codegen(state);
+        self.expression.codegen(state);
+        if let Some(eq) = &self.equal {
+            eq.codegen(state);
+        }
+        self.whitespace_after_expression.codegen(state);
+        if let Some(conv) = &self.conversion {
+            state.add_token("!");
+            state.add_token(conv);
+        }
+        if let Some(specs) = &self.format_spec {
+            state.add_token(":");
+            for spec in specs {
+                spec.codegen(state);
+            }
+        }
+        state.add_token("}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
+pub struct TemplatedString<'a> {
+    pub parts: Vec<TemplatedStringContent<'a>>,
+    pub start: &'a str,
+    pub end: &'a str,
+    pub lpar: Vec<LeftParen<'a>>,
+    pub rpar: Vec<RightParen<'a>>,
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedTemplatedString<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = TemplatedString<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let parts = self.parts.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            parts,
+            start: self.start,
+            end: self.end,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for TemplatedString<'a> {
+    fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {
+        self.parenthesize(state, |state| {
+            state.add_token(self.start);
+            for part in &self.parts {
+                part.codegen(state);
+            }
+            state.add_token(self.end);
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cst_node(Codegen, Inflate)]
+pub enum TemplatedStringContent<'a> {
+    Text(TemplatedStringText<'a>),
+    Expression(Box<TemplatedStringExpression<'a>>),
+}
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct FormattedStringText<'a> {
     pub value: &'a str,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for FormattedStringText<'a> {
-    fn inflate(self, _config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedFormattedStringText<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = FormattedStringText<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, _config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { value: self.value })
     }
 }
 
@@ -2068,8 +2491,14 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for FormattedStringText<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+pub(crate) fn make_fstringtext<'r, 'a>(value: &'a str) -> DeflatedFormattedStringText<'r, 'a> {
+    DeflatedFormattedStringText {
+        value,
+        _phantom: Default::default(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct FormattedStringExpression<'a> {
     pub expression: Expression<'a>,
     pub conversion: Option<&'a str>,
@@ -2084,22 +2513,33 @@ pub struct FormattedStringExpression<'a> {
     pub(crate) after_expr_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for FormattedStringExpression<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before_expression = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedFormattedStringExpression<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = FormattedStringExpression<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before_expression = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.lbrace_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.expression = self.expression.inflate(config)?;
-        self.equal = self.equal.inflate(config)?;
-        if let Some(after_expr_tok) = self.after_expr_tok.as_mut() {
-            self.whitespace_after_expression = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let expression = self.expression.inflate(config)?;
+        let equal = self.equal.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_after_expression = if let Some(after_expr_tok) = self.after_expr_tok.as_mut()
+        {
+            parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
                 config,
                 &mut after_expr_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
-            )?;
-        }
-        self.format_spec = self.format_spec.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+            )?
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
+        let format_spec = self.format_spec.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            expression,
+            conversion: self.conversion,
+            format_spec,
+            whitespace_before_expression,
+            whitespace_after_expression,
+            equal,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -2126,15 +2566,13 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for FormattedStringExpression<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Codegen, Inflate)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(Codegen, Inflate)]
 pub enum FormattedStringContent<'a> {
     Text(FormattedStringText<'a>),
     Expression(Box<FormattedStringExpression<'a>>),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct FormattedString<'a> {
     pub parts: Vec<FormattedStringContent<'a>>,
     pub start: &'a str,
@@ -2143,12 +2581,19 @@ pub struct FormattedString<'a> {
     pub rpar: Vec<RightParen<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for FormattedString<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.parts = self.parts.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedFormattedString<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = FormattedString<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let parts = self.parts.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            parts,
+            start: self.start,
+            end: self.end,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -2164,8 +2609,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for FormattedString<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct NamedExpr<'a> {
     pub target: Box<Expression<'a>>,
     pub value: Box<Expression<'a>>,
@@ -2190,35 +2634,44 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for NamedExpr<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for NamedExpr<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.target = self.target.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_before_walrus = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedNamedExpr<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = NamedExpr<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let target = self.target.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_walrus = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut self.walrus_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_walrus = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after_walrus = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut self.walrus_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            target,
+            value,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            whitespace_before_walrus,
+            whitespace_after_walrus,
+        })
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "py")]
 mod py {
 
+    use pyo3::types::PyAnyMethods;
     use pyo3::types::PyModule;
 
     use super::*;
     use crate::nodes::traits::py::TryIntoPy;
 
     // TODO: this could be a derive helper attribute to override the python class name
-    impl<'a> TryIntoPy<pyo3::PyObject> for Element<'a> {
-        fn try_into_py(self, py: pyo3::Python) -> pyo3::PyResult<pyo3::PyObject> {
+    impl<'a> TryIntoPy<pyo3::Py<pyo3::PyAny>> for Element<'a> {
+        fn try_into_py(self, py: pyo3::Python) -> pyo3::PyResult<pyo3::Py<pyo3::PyAny>> {
             match self {
                 Self::Starred(s) => s.try_into_py(py),
                 Self::Simple { value, comma } => {
@@ -2234,11 +2687,11 @@ mod py {
                     .filter(|x| x.is_some())
                     .map(|x| x.as_ref().unwrap())
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .into_py_dict(py);
+                    .into_py_dict(py)?;
                     Ok(libcst
                         .getattr("Element")
                         .expect("no Element found in libcst")
-                        .call((), Some(kwargs))?
+                        .call((), Some(&kwargs))?
                         .into())
                 }
             }
@@ -2246,8 +2699,8 @@ mod py {
     }
 
     // TODO: this could be a derive helper attribute to override the python class name
-    impl<'a> TryIntoPy<pyo3::PyObject> for DictElement<'a> {
-        fn try_into_py(self, py: pyo3::Python) -> pyo3::PyResult<pyo3::PyObject> {
+    impl<'a> TryIntoPy<pyo3::Py<pyo3::PyAny>> for DictElement<'a> {
+        fn try_into_py(self, py: pyo3::Python) -> pyo3::PyResult<pyo3::Py<pyo3::PyAny>> {
             match self {
                 Self::Starred(s) => s.try_into_py(py),
                 Self::Simple {
@@ -2279,11 +2732,11 @@ mod py {
                     .filter(|x| x.is_some())
                     .map(|x| x.as_ref().unwrap())
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .into_py_dict(py);
+                    .into_py_dict(py)?;
                     Ok(libcst
                         .getattr("DictElement")
                         .expect("no Element found in libcst")
-                        .call((), Some(kwargs))?
+                        .call((), Some(&kwargs))?
                         .into())
                 }
             }
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/nodes/macros.rs b/native/libcst/src/nodes/macros.rs
index c9ed49c1..11028b8c 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/nodes/macros.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/nodes/macros.rs
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ macro_rules! py_import {
     ( $module_name:expr, $member_name:expr, $getter_fn:ident ) => {
         paste::paste! {
             static [<IMPORT_CELL_ $getter_fn:snake:upper>]
-                : pyo3::once_cell::GILOnceCell<pyo3::PyResult<pyo3::PyObject>>
-                = pyo3::once_cell::GILOnceCell::new();
+                : pyo3::once_cell::PyOnceLock<pyo3::PyResult<pyo3::Py<pyo3::PyAny>>>
+                = pyo3::once_cell::PyOnceLock::new();
 
             fn $getter_fn<'py>(py: pyo3::Python<'py>) -> pyo3::PyResult<&'py pyo3::PyAny> {
                 Ok([<IMPORT_CELL_ $getter_fn:snake:upper>].get_or_init(py, || {
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/nodes/mod.rs b/native/libcst/src/nodes/mod.rs
index 58fa42d1..e044db94 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/nodes/mod.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/nodes/mod.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
 // This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 // LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree
 
-mod whitespace;
+pub(crate) mod whitespace;
 pub use whitespace::{
     Comment, EmptyLine, Fakeness, Newline, ParenthesizableWhitespace, ParenthesizedWhitespace,
     SimpleWhitespace, TrailingWhitespace,
 };
-mod statement;
+pub(crate) mod statement;
 pub use statement::{
     AnnAssign, Annotation, AsName, Assert, Assign, AssignTarget, AssignTargetExpression, AugAssign,
     Break, ClassDef, CompoundStatement, Continue, Decorator, Del, DelTargetExpression, Else,
@@ -18,10 +18,11 @@ pub use statement::{
     MatchPattern, MatchSequence, MatchSequenceElement, MatchSingleton, MatchStar, MatchTuple,
     MatchValue, NameItem, Nonlocal, OrElse, Pass, Raise, Return, SimpleStatementLine,
     SimpleStatementSuite, SmallStatement, StarrableMatchSequenceElement, Statement, Suite, Try,
-    TryStar, While, With, WithItem,
+    TryStar, TypeAlias, TypeParam, TypeParameters, TypeVar, TypeVarLike, TypeVarTuple, While, With,
+    WithItem,
 };
 
-mod expression;
+pub(crate) mod expression;
 pub use expression::{
     Arg, Asynchronous, Attribute, Await, BaseSlice, BinaryOperation, BooleanOperation, Call,
     CompFor, CompIf, Comparison, ComparisonTarget, ConcatenatedString, Dict, DictComp, DictElement,
@@ -30,16 +31,17 @@ pub use expression::{
     Integer, Lambda, LeftCurlyBrace, LeftParen, LeftSquareBracket, List, ListComp, Name,
     NameOrAttribute, NamedExpr, Param, ParamSlash, ParamStar, Parameters, RightCurlyBrace,
     RightParen, RightSquareBracket, Set, SetComp, SimpleString, Slice, StarArg, StarredDictElement,
-    StarredElement, String, Subscript, SubscriptElement, Tuple, UnaryOperation, Yield, YieldValue,
+    StarredElement, String, Subscript, SubscriptElement, TemplatedString, TemplatedStringContent,
+    TemplatedStringExpression, Tuple, UnaryOperation, Yield, YieldValue,
 };
 
-mod op;
+pub(crate) mod op;
 pub use op::{
     AssignEqual, AugOp, BinaryOp, BitOr, BooleanOp, Colon, Comma, CompOp, Dot, ImportStar,
     Semicolon, UnaryOp,
 };
 
-mod module;
+pub(crate) mod module;
 pub use module::Module;
 
 mod codegen;
@@ -49,3 +51,81 @@ pub(crate) mod traits;
 pub use traits::{Inflate, ParenthesizedNode, WithComma, WithLeadingLines};
 
 pub(crate) mod inflate_helpers;
+
+pub(crate) mod deflated {
+    pub use super::expression::{
+        DeflatedArg as Arg, DeflatedAsynchronous as Asynchronous, DeflatedAttribute as Attribute,
+        DeflatedAwait as Await, DeflatedBaseSlice as BaseSlice,
+        DeflatedBinaryOperation as BinaryOperation, DeflatedBooleanOperation as BooleanOperation,
+        DeflatedCall as Call, DeflatedCompFor as CompFor, DeflatedCompIf as CompIf,
+        DeflatedComparison as Comparison, DeflatedComparisonTarget as ComparisonTarget,
+        DeflatedConcatenatedString as ConcatenatedString, DeflatedDict as Dict,
+        DeflatedDictComp as DictComp, DeflatedDictElement as DictElement,
+        DeflatedElement as Element, DeflatedEllipsis as Ellipsis, DeflatedExpression as Expression,
+        DeflatedFloat as Float, DeflatedFormattedString as FormattedString,
+        DeflatedFormattedStringContent as FormattedStringContent,
+        DeflatedFormattedStringExpression as FormattedStringExpression,
+        DeflatedFormattedStringText as FormattedStringText, DeflatedFrom as From,
+        DeflatedGeneratorExp as GeneratorExp, DeflatedIfExp as IfExp,
+        DeflatedImaginary as Imaginary, DeflatedIndex as Index, DeflatedInteger as Integer,
+        DeflatedLambda as Lambda, DeflatedLeftCurlyBrace as LeftCurlyBrace,
+        DeflatedLeftParen as LeftParen, DeflatedLeftSquareBracket as LeftSquareBracket,
+        DeflatedList as List, DeflatedListComp as ListComp, DeflatedName as Name,
+        DeflatedNameOrAttribute as NameOrAttribute, DeflatedNamedExpr as NamedExpr,
+        DeflatedParam as Param, DeflatedParamSlash as ParamSlash, DeflatedParamStar as ParamStar,
+        DeflatedParameters as Parameters, DeflatedRightCurlyBrace as RightCurlyBrace,
+        DeflatedRightParen as RightParen, DeflatedRightSquareBracket as RightSquareBracket,
+        DeflatedSet as Set, DeflatedSetComp as SetComp, DeflatedSimpleString as SimpleString,
+        DeflatedSlice as Slice, DeflatedStarArg as StarArg,
+        DeflatedStarredDictElement as StarredDictElement, DeflatedStarredElement as StarredElement,
+        DeflatedString as String, DeflatedSubscript as Subscript,
+        DeflatedSubscriptElement as SubscriptElement, DeflatedTemplatedString as TemplatedString,
+        DeflatedTemplatedStringContent as TemplatedStringContent,
+        DeflatedTemplatedStringExpression as TemplatedStringExpression,
+        DeflatedTemplatedStringText as TemplatedStringText, DeflatedTuple as Tuple,
+        DeflatedUnaryOperation as UnaryOperation, DeflatedYield as Yield,
+        DeflatedYieldValue as YieldValue,
+    };
+    pub use super::module::DeflatedModule as Module;
+    pub use super::op::{
+        DeflatedAssignEqual as AssignEqual, DeflatedAugOp as AugOp, DeflatedBinaryOp as BinaryOp,
+        DeflatedBitOr as BitOr, DeflatedBooleanOp as BooleanOp, DeflatedColon as Colon,
+        DeflatedComma as Comma, DeflatedCompOp as CompOp, DeflatedDot as Dot,
+        DeflatedImportStar as ImportStar, DeflatedSemicolon as Semicolon,
+        DeflatedUnaryOp as UnaryOp,
+    };
+    pub use super::statement::{
+        DeflatedAnnAssign as AnnAssign, DeflatedAnnotation as Annotation, DeflatedAsName as AsName,
+        DeflatedAssert as Assert, DeflatedAssign as Assign, DeflatedAssignTarget as AssignTarget,
+        DeflatedAssignTargetExpression as AssignTargetExpression, DeflatedAugAssign as AugAssign,
+        DeflatedBreak as Break, DeflatedClassDef as ClassDef,
+        DeflatedCompoundStatement as CompoundStatement, DeflatedContinue as Continue,
+        DeflatedDecorator as Decorator, DeflatedDel as Del,
+        DeflatedDelTargetExpression as DelTargetExpression, DeflatedElse as Else,
+        DeflatedExceptHandler as ExceptHandler, DeflatedExceptStarHandler as ExceptStarHandler,
+        DeflatedExpr as Expr, DeflatedFinally as Finally, DeflatedFor as For,
+        DeflatedFunctionDef as FunctionDef, DeflatedGlobal as Global, DeflatedIf as If,
+        DeflatedImport as Import, DeflatedImportAlias as ImportAlias,
+        DeflatedImportFrom as ImportFrom, DeflatedImportNames as ImportNames,
+        DeflatedIndentedBlock as IndentedBlock, DeflatedMatch as Match, DeflatedMatchAs as MatchAs,
+        DeflatedMatchCase as MatchCase, DeflatedMatchClass as MatchClass,
+        DeflatedMatchKeywordElement as MatchKeywordElement, DeflatedMatchList as MatchList,
+        DeflatedMatchMapping as MatchMapping, DeflatedMatchMappingElement as MatchMappingElement,
+        DeflatedMatchOr as MatchOr, DeflatedMatchOrElement as MatchOrElement,
+        DeflatedMatchPattern as MatchPattern, DeflatedMatchSequence as MatchSequence,
+        DeflatedMatchSequenceElement as MatchSequenceElement,
+        DeflatedMatchSingleton as MatchSingleton, DeflatedMatchStar as MatchStar,
+        DeflatedMatchTuple as MatchTuple, DeflatedMatchValue as MatchValue,
+        DeflatedNameItem as NameItem, DeflatedNonlocal as Nonlocal, DeflatedOrElse as OrElse,
+        DeflatedParamSpec as ParamSpec, DeflatedPass as Pass, DeflatedRaise as Raise,
+        DeflatedReturn as Return, DeflatedSimpleStatementLine as SimpleStatementLine,
+        DeflatedSimpleStatementSuite as SimpleStatementSuite,
+        DeflatedSmallStatement as SmallStatement,
+        DeflatedStarrableMatchSequenceElement as StarrableMatchSequenceElement,
+        DeflatedStatement as Statement, DeflatedSuite as Suite, DeflatedTry as Try,
+        DeflatedTryStar as TryStar, DeflatedTypeAlias as TypeAlias, DeflatedTypeParam as TypeParam,
+        DeflatedTypeParameters as TypeParameters, DeflatedTypeVar as TypeVar,
+        DeflatedTypeVarLike as TypeVarLike, DeflatedTypeVarTuple as TypeVarTuple,
+        DeflatedWhile as While, DeflatedWith as With, DeflatedWithItem as WithItem,
+    };
+}
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/nodes/module.rs b/native/libcst/src/nodes/module.rs
index 7bc42385..ff9a2a73 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/nodes/module.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/nodes/module.rs
@@ -4,27 +4,26 @@
 // LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
 use std::mem::swap;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use crate::tokenizer::whitespace_parser::parse_empty_lines;
 use crate::tokenizer::Token;
 use crate::{
     nodes::{
         codegen::{Codegen, CodegenState},
-        statement::Statement,
+        statement::*,
         whitespace::EmptyLine,
     },
     tokenizer::whitespace_parser::Config,
 };
+use libcst_derive::cst_node;
 #[cfg(feature = "py")]
 use libcst_derive::TryIntoPy;
 
 use super::traits::{Inflate, Result, WithLeadingLines};
 
-type TokenRef<'a> = Rc<Token<'a>>;
+type TokenRef<'r, 'a> = &'r Token<'a>;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Module<'a> {
     pub body: Vec<Statement<'a>>,
     pub header: Vec<EmptyLine<'a>>,
@@ -52,19 +51,20 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Module<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Module<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.default_indent = config.default_indent;
-        self.default_newline = config.default_newline;
-        self.has_trailing_newline = config.has_trailing_newline();
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedModule<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Module<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let default_indent = config.default_indent;
+        let default_newline = config.default_newline;
+        let has_trailing_newline = config.has_trailing_newline();
+        let mut body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
         let mut footer = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut (*self.eof_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             Some(""),
         )?;
         let mut header = vec![];
-        if let Some(stmt) = self.body.first_mut() {
+        if let Some(stmt) = body.first_mut() {
             swap(stmt.leading_lines(), &mut header);
             let mut last_indented = None;
             for (num, line) in footer.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -77,18 +77,20 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Module<'a> {
                 }
             }
             if let Some(num) = last_indented {
-                if num + 1 == footer.len() {
-                    footer = vec![];
-                } else {
-                    let (_, rest) = footer.split_at(num + 1);
-                    footer = rest.to_vec();
-                }
+                let (_, rest) = footer.split_at(num);
+                footer = rest.to_vec();
             }
         } else {
             swap(&mut header, &mut footer);
         }
-        self.footer = footer;
-        self.header = header;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            body,
+            header,
+            footer,
+            default_indent,
+            default_newline,
+            has_trailing_newline,
+            encoding: self.encoding,
+        })
     }
 }
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/nodes/op.rs b/native/libcst/src/nodes/op.rs
index d857e9a9..3e02483e 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/nodes/op.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/nodes/op.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 // This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 // LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
-use std::rc::Rc;
-
 use super::{whitespace::ParenthesizableWhitespace, Codegen, CodegenState};
 use crate::{
     nodes::traits::{Inflate, Result},
@@ -13,13 +11,13 @@ use crate::{
         Token,
     },
 };
+use libcst_derive::cst_node;
 #[cfg(feature = "py")]
 use libcst_derive::TryIntoPy;
 
-type TokenRef<'a> = Rc<Token<'a>>;
+type TokenRef<'r, 'a> = &'r Token<'a>;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Semicolon<'a> {
     /// Any space that appears directly before this semicolon.
     pub whitespace_before: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -38,20 +36,23 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Semicolon<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Semicolon<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before = ParenthesizableWhitespace::SimpleWhitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Semicolon<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before = ParenthesizableWhitespace::SimpleWhitespace(
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut())?,
         );
-        self.whitespace_after = ParenthesizableWhitespace::SimpleWhitespace(
+        let whitespace_after = ParenthesizableWhitespace::SimpleWhitespace(
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?,
         );
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            whitespace_before,
+            whitespace_after,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Comma<'a> {
     /// Any space that appears directly before this comma.
     pub whitespace_before: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -70,32 +71,39 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Comma<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Comma<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedComma<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Comma<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            whitespace_before,
+            whitespace_after,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Comma<'a> {
-    pub fn inflate_before(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedComma<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn inflate_before(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Comma<'a>> {
+        let whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let whitespace_after = Default::default();
+        Ok(Comma {
+            whitespace_before,
+            whitespace_after,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct AssignEqual<'a> {
     /// Any space that appears directly before this equal sign.
     pub whitespace_before: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -114,22 +122,25 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for AssignEqual<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AssignEqual<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedAssignEqual<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = AssignEqual<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            whitespace_before,
+            whitespace_after,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Dot<'a> {
     /// Any space that appears directly before this dot.
     pub whitespace_before: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -148,50 +159,51 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Dot<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Dot<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.inflate_before(config)?;
-        self.inflate_after(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedDot<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Dot<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before = self.inflate_before(config)?;
+        let whitespace_after = self.inflate_after(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            whitespace_before,
+            whitespace_after,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Dot<'a> {
-    fn inflate_before(&mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<()> {
-        self.whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
-            config,
-            &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
-        )?;
-        Ok(())
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedDot<'r, 'a> {
+    fn inflate_before(&mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>> {
+        parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut())
     }
 
-    fn inflate_after(&mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<()> {
-        self.whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
-            config,
-            &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
-        )?;
-        Ok(())
+    fn inflate_after(&mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>> {
+        parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct ImportStar {}
 
+pub(crate) fn make_importstar<'r, 'a>() -> DeflatedImportStar<'r, 'a> {
+    DeflatedImportStar {
+        _phantom: Default::default(),
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for ImportStar {
     fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {
         state.add_token("*");
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for ImportStar {
-    fn inflate(self, _config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedImportStar<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = ImportStar;
+    fn inflate(self, _config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        Ok(ImportStar {})
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub enum UnaryOp<'a> {
     Plus {
         whitespace_after: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -236,55 +248,43 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for UnaryOp<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for UnaryOp<'a> {
-    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedUnaryOp<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = UnaryOp<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
         Ok(match self {
             Self::Plus { tok, .. } => {
                 let whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::Plus {
-                    whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
-                }
+                Self::Inflated::Plus { whitespace_after }
             }
             Self::Minus { tok, .. } => {
                 let whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::Minus {
-                    whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
-                }
+                Self::Inflated::Minus { whitespace_after }
             }
             Self::BitInvert { tok, .. } => {
                 let whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::BitInvert {
-                    whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
-                }
+                Self::Inflated::BitInvert { whitespace_after }
             }
             Self::Not { tok, .. } => {
                 let whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::Not {
-                    whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
-                }
+                Self::Inflated::Not { whitespace_after }
             }
         })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub enum BooleanOp<'a> {
     And {
         whitespace_before: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -320,8 +320,9 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for BooleanOp<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BooleanOp<'a> {
-    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedBooleanOp<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = BooleanOp<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
         Ok(match self {
             Self::And { tok, .. } => {
                 let whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
@@ -332,10 +333,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BooleanOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::And {
+                Self::Inflated::And {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::Or { tok, .. } => {
@@ -347,18 +347,16 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BooleanOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::Or {
+                Self::Inflated::Or {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
         })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub enum BinaryOp<'a> {
     Add {
         whitespace_before: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -442,81 +440,84 @@ pub enum BinaryOp<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
     fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {
-        let (whitespace_before, whitespace_after, tok) = match self {
+        let (whitespace_before, whitespace_after) = match self {
             Self::Add {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::Subtract {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::Multiply {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::Divide {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::FloorDivide {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::Modulo {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::Power {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::LeftShift {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::RightShift {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::BitOr {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::BitAnd {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::BitXor {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::MatrixMultiply {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
-            } => (whitespace_before, whitespace_after, tok),
+            } => (whitespace_before, whitespace_after),
+        };
+        let tok = match self {
+            BinaryOp::Add { .. } => "+",
+            BinaryOp::Subtract { .. } => "-",
+            BinaryOp::Multiply { .. } => "*",
+            BinaryOp::Divide { .. } => "/",
+            BinaryOp::FloorDivide { .. } => "//",
+            BinaryOp::Modulo { .. } => "%",
+            BinaryOp::Power { .. } => "**",
+            BinaryOp::LeftShift { .. } => "<<",
+            BinaryOp::RightShift { .. } => ">>",
+            BinaryOp::BitOr { .. } => "|",
+            BinaryOp::BitAnd { .. } => "&",
+            BinaryOp::BitXor { .. } => "^",
+            BinaryOp::MatrixMultiply { .. } => "@",
         };
         whitespace_before.codegen(state);
-        state.add_token(tok.string);
+        state.add_token(tok);
         whitespace_after.codegen(state);
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
-    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedBinaryOp<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = BinaryOp<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
         Ok(match self {
             Self::Add { tok, .. } => {
                 let whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
@@ -527,10 +528,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::Add {
+                Self::Inflated::Add {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::Subtract { tok, .. } => {
@@ -542,10 +542,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::Subtract {
+                Self::Inflated::Subtract {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::Multiply { tok, .. } => {
@@ -557,10 +556,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::Multiply {
+                Self::Inflated::Multiply {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::Divide { tok, .. } => {
@@ -572,10 +570,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::Divide {
+                Self::Inflated::Divide {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::FloorDivide { tok, .. } => {
@@ -587,10 +584,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::FloorDivide {
+                Self::Inflated::FloorDivide {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::Modulo { tok, .. } => {
@@ -602,10 +598,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::Modulo {
+                Self::Inflated::Modulo {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::Power { tok, .. } => {
@@ -617,10 +612,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::Power {
+                Self::Inflated::Power {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::LeftShift { tok, .. } => {
@@ -632,10 +626,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::LeftShift {
+                Self::Inflated::LeftShift {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::RightShift { tok, .. } => {
@@ -647,10 +640,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::RightShift {
+                Self::Inflated::RightShift {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::BitOr { tok, .. } => {
@@ -662,10 +654,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::BitOr {
+                Self::Inflated::BitOr {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::BitAnd { tok, .. } => {
@@ -677,10 +668,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::BitAnd {
+                Self::Inflated::BitAnd {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::BitXor { tok, .. } => {
@@ -692,10 +682,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::BitXor {
+                Self::Inflated::BitXor {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::MatrixMultiply { tok, .. } => {
@@ -707,18 +696,16 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BinaryOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::MatrixMultiply {
+                Self::Inflated::MatrixMultiply {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
         })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub enum CompOp<'a> {
     LessThan {
         whitespace_before: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -790,84 +777,83 @@ pub enum CompOp<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for CompOp<'a> {
     fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {
-        let (bef, aft, first_tok, between) = match self {
+        let (bef, aft, between) = match self {
             Self::LessThan {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::GreaterThan {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::LessThanEqual {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::GreaterThanEqual {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::Equal {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::NotEqual {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::In {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
             }
             | Self::Is {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                tok,
-            } => (whitespace_before, whitespace_after, tok, None),
+            } => (whitespace_before, whitespace_after, None),
             Self::IsNot {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_between,
                 whitespace_after,
-                is_tok,
-                not_tok,
             } => (
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                is_tok,
-                Some((whitespace_between, not_tok)),
+                Some(whitespace_between),
             ),
             Self::NotIn {
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_between,
                 whitespace_after,
-                not_tok,
-                in_tok,
             } => (
                 whitespace_before,
                 whitespace_after,
-                not_tok,
-                Some((whitespace_between, in_tok)),
+                Some(whitespace_between),
             ),
         };
+        let (first_tok, second_tok) = match self {
+            CompOp::LessThan { .. } => ("<", None),
+            CompOp::GreaterThan { .. } => (">", None),
+            CompOp::LessThanEqual { .. } => ("<=", None),
+            CompOp::GreaterThanEqual { .. } => (">=", None),
+            CompOp::Equal { .. } => ("==", None),
+            CompOp::NotEqual { .. } => ("!=", None),
+            CompOp::In { .. } => ("in", None),
+            CompOp::NotIn { .. } => ("not", Some("in")),
+            CompOp::Is { .. } => ("is", None),
+            CompOp::IsNot { .. } => ("is", Some("not")),
+        };
         bef.codegen(state);
-        state.add_token(first_tok.string);
-        if let Some((btw, second_tok)) = between {
+        state.add_token(first_tok);
+        if let (Some(btw), Some(second_tok)) = (between, second_tok) {
             btw.codegen(state);
-            state.add_token(second_tok.string);
+            state.add_token(second_tok);
         }
         aft.codegen(state);
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for CompOp<'a> {
-    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedCompOp<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = CompOp<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
         Ok(match self {
             Self::LessThan { tok, .. } => {
                 let whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
@@ -878,10 +864,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for CompOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::LessThan {
+                Self::Inflated::LessThan {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::GreaterThan { tok, .. } => {
@@ -893,10 +878,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for CompOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::GreaterThan {
+                Self::Inflated::GreaterThan {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::LessThanEqual { tok, .. } => {
@@ -908,10 +892,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for CompOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::LessThanEqual {
+                Self::Inflated::LessThanEqual {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::GreaterThanEqual { tok, .. } => {
@@ -923,10 +906,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for CompOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::GreaterThanEqual {
+                Self::Inflated::GreaterThanEqual {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::Equal { tok, .. } => {
@@ -938,10 +920,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for CompOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::Equal {
+                Self::Inflated::Equal {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::NotEqual { tok, .. } => {
@@ -953,10 +934,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for CompOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::NotEqual {
+                Self::Inflated::NotEqual {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::In { tok, .. } => {
@@ -968,10 +948,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for CompOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::In {
+                Self::Inflated::In {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::Is { tok, .. } => {
@@ -983,10 +962,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for CompOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::Is {
+                Self::Inflated::Is {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::IsNot {
@@ -1004,12 +982,10 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for CompOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*not_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::IsNot {
+                Self::Inflated::IsNot {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_between,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    is_tok,
-                    not_tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::NotIn {
@@ -1027,20 +1003,17 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for CompOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*in_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::NotIn {
+                Self::Inflated::NotIn {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_between,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    not_tok,
-                    in_tok,
                 }
             }
         })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Colon<'a> {
     pub whitespace_before: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
     pub whitespace_after: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -1049,17 +1022,21 @@ pub struct Colon<'a> {
     pub(crate) tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Colon<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedColon<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Colon<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            whitespace_before,
+            whitespace_after,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1071,8 +1048,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Colon<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub enum AugOp<'a> {
     AddAssign {
         whitespace_before: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -1154,8 +1130,9 @@ pub enum AugOp<'a> {
     },
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
-    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedAugOp<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = AugOp<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
         Ok(match self {
             Self::AddAssign { tok, .. } => {
                 let whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
@@ -1166,10 +1143,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::AddAssign {
+                Self::Inflated::AddAssign {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::SubtractAssign { tok, .. } => {
@@ -1181,10 +1157,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::SubtractAssign {
+                Self::Inflated::SubtractAssign {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::MultiplyAssign { tok, .. } => {
@@ -1196,10 +1171,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::MultiplyAssign {
+                Self::Inflated::MultiplyAssign {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::MatrixMultiplyAssign { tok, .. } => {
@@ -1211,10 +1185,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::MatrixMultiplyAssign {
+                Self::Inflated::MatrixMultiplyAssign {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::DivideAssign { tok, .. } => {
@@ -1226,10 +1199,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::DivideAssign {
+                Self::Inflated::DivideAssign {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::ModuloAssign { tok, .. } => {
@@ -1241,10 +1213,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::ModuloAssign {
+                Self::Inflated::ModuloAssign {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::BitAndAssign { tok, .. } => {
@@ -1256,10 +1227,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::BitAndAssign {
+                Self::Inflated::BitAndAssign {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::BitOrAssign { tok, .. } => {
@@ -1271,10 +1241,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::BitOrAssign {
+                Self::Inflated::BitOrAssign {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::BitXorAssign { tok, .. } => {
@@ -1286,10 +1255,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::BitXorAssign {
+                Self::Inflated::BitXorAssign {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::LeftShiftAssign { tok, .. } => {
@@ -1301,10 +1269,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::LeftShiftAssign {
+                Self::Inflated::LeftShiftAssign {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::RightShiftAssign { tok, .. } => {
@@ -1316,10 +1283,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::RightShiftAssign {
+                Self::Inflated::RightShiftAssign {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::PowerAssign { tok, .. } => {
@@ -1331,10 +1297,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::PowerAssign {
+                Self::Inflated::PowerAssign {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
             Self::FloorDivideAssign { tok, .. } => {
@@ -1346,10 +1311,9 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
                     config,
                     &mut (*tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
                 )?;
-                Self::FloorDivideAssign {
+                Self::Inflated::FloorDivideAssign {
                     whitespace_before,
                     whitespace_after,
-                    tok,
                 }
             }
         })
@@ -1431,8 +1395,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for AugOp<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct BitOr<'a> {
     pub whitespace_before: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
     pub whitespace_after: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -1440,17 +1403,21 @@ pub struct BitOr<'a> {
     pub(crate) tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for BitOr<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedBitOr<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = BitOr<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            whitespace_before,
+            whitespace_after,
+        })
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/nodes/parser_config.rs b/native/libcst/src/nodes/parser_config.rs
index 6dfdf544..e274d8df 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/nodes/parser_config.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/nodes/parser_config.rs
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ impl BaseWhitespaceParserConfig {
     }
 
     #[getter]
-    fn get_lines(&self, py: Python) -> PyObject {
+    fn get_lines(&self, py: Python) -> Py<PyAny> {
         self.lines.to_object(py)
     }
 
     #[getter]
-    fn get_default_newline(&self, py: Python) -> PyObject {
+    fn get_default_newline(&self, py: Python) -> Py<PyAny> {
         self.default_newline.to_object(py)
     }
 }
@@ -62,23 +62,23 @@ impl BaseWhitespaceParserConfig {
     }
 }
 
-// These fields are private and PyObject, since we don't currently care about using them from
+// These fields are private and Py<PyAny>, since we don't currently care about using them from
 // within rust.
 #[pyclass(extends=BaseWhitespaceParserConfig, module="libcst_native.parser_config")]
 #[text_signature = "(*, lines, encoding, default_indent, default_newline, has_trailing_newline, version, future_imports)"]
 pub struct ParserConfig {
     // lines is inherited
     #[pyo3(get)]
-    encoding: PyObject,
+    encoding: Py<PyAny>,
     #[pyo3(get)]
-    default_indent: PyObject,
+    default_indent: Py<PyAny>,
     // default_newline is inherited
     #[pyo3(get)]
-    has_trailing_newline: PyObject,
+    has_trailing_newline: Py<PyAny>,
     #[pyo3(get)]
-    version: PyObject,
+    version: Py<PyAny>,
     #[pyo3(get)]
-    future_imports: PyObject,
+    future_imports: Py<PyAny>,
 }
 
 #[pymethods]
@@ -86,12 +86,12 @@ impl ParserConfig {
     #[new]
     fn new(
         lines: &PySequence,
-        encoding: PyObject,
-        default_indent: PyObject,
+        encoding: Py<PyAny>,
+        default_indent: Py<PyAny>,
         default_newline: &PyString,
-        has_trailing_newline: PyObject,
-        version: PyObject,
-        future_imports: PyObject,
+        has_trailing_newline: Py<PyAny>,
+        version: Py<PyAny>,
+        future_imports: Py<PyAny>,
     ) -> PyResult<(Self, BaseWhitespaceParserConfig)> {
         Ok((
             Self {
@@ -126,6 +126,7 @@ fn parser_config_asdict<'py>(py: Python<'py>, config: PyRef<'py, ParserConfig>)
         ("future_imports", config.future_imports.clone_ref(py)),
     ]
     .into_py_dict(py)
+    .unwrap()
 }
 
 pub fn init_module(_py: Python, m: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/nodes/py_cached.rs b/native/libcst/src/nodes/py_cached.rs
index d2398051..307082da 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/nodes/py_cached.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/nodes/py_cached.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ use pyo3::prelude::*;
 use std::convert::AsRef;
 use std::ops::Deref;
 
-/// An immutable wrapper around a rust type T and it's PyObject equivalent. Caches the conversion
-/// to and from the PyObject.
+/// An immutable wrapper around a rust type T and its Py<PyAny> equivalent. Caches the conversion
+/// to and from the Py<PyAny>.
 pub struct PyCached<T> {
     native: T,
-    py_object: PyObject,
+    py_object: Py<PyAny>,
 }
 
 impl<T> PyCached<T>
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ where
     T: FromPyObject<'source>,
 {
     fn extract(ob: &'source PyAny) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Python::with_gil(|py| {
+        Python::attach(|py| {
             Ok(PyCached {
                 native: ob.extract()?,
                 py_object: ob.to_object(py),
@@ -40,14 +40,14 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> IntoPy<PyObject> for PyCached<T> {
-    fn into_py(self, _py: Python) -> PyObject {
+impl<T> IntoPy<Py<PyAny>> for PyCached<T> {
+    fn into_py(self, _py: Python) -> Py<PyAny> {
         self.py_object
     }
 }
 
 impl<T> ToPyObject for PyCached<T> {
-    fn to_object(&self, py: Python) -> PyObject {
+    fn to_object(&self, py: Python) -> Py<PyAny> {
         self.py_object.clone_ref(py)
     }
 }
@@ -71,6 +71,6 @@ where
     T: ToPyObject,
 {
     fn from(val: T) -> Self {
-        Python::with_gil(|py| Self::new(py, val))
+        Python::attach(|py| Self::new(py, val))
     }
 }
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/nodes/statement.rs b/native/libcst/src/nodes/statement.rs
index 65c702f3..d40ef340 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/nodes/statement.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/nodes/statement.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 // This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 // LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
-use std::{mem::swap, rc::Rc};
+use std::mem::swap;
 
 use super::{
     inflate_helpers::adjust_parameters_trailing_whitespace, Attribute, Codegen, CodegenState,
@@ -13,8 +13,12 @@ use super::{
 };
 use crate::{
     nodes::{
-        traits::{Inflate, Result, WithComma, WithLeadingLines},
-        Arg, AssignEqual, Asynchronous, AugOp, BitOr, Element, ParenthesizedNode,
+        expression::*,
+        op::*,
+        traits::{
+            Inflate, ParenthesizedDeflatedNode, ParenthesizedNode, Result, WithComma,
+            WithLeadingLines,
+        },
     },
     tokenizer::{
         whitespace_parser::{
@@ -27,13 +31,12 @@ use crate::{
 };
 #[cfg(feature = "py")]
 use libcst_derive::TryIntoPy;
-use libcst_derive::{Codegen, Inflate, ParenthesizedNode};
+use libcst_derive::{cst_node, Codegen, Inflate, ParenthesizedDeflatedNode, ParenthesizedNode};
 
-type TokenRef<'a> = Rc<Token<'a>>;
+type TokenRef<'r, 'a> = &'r Token<'a>;
 
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Inflate, Codegen)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(Inflate, Codegen)]
 pub enum Statement<'a> {
     Simple(SimpleStatementLine<'a>),
     Compound(CompoundStatement<'a>),
@@ -48,9 +51,8 @@ impl<'a> WithLeadingLines<'a> for Statement<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Inflate, Codegen)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+#[cst_node(Inflate, Codegen)]
 pub enum CompoundStatement<'a> {
     FunctionDef(FunctionDef<'a>),
     If(If<'a>),
@@ -79,15 +81,13 @@ impl<'a> WithLeadingLines<'a> for CompoundStatement<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Inflate, Codegen)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(Inflate, Codegen)]
 pub enum Suite<'a> {
     IndentedBlock(IndentedBlock<'a>),
     SimpleStatementSuite(SimpleStatementSuite<'a>),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct IndentedBlock<'a> {
     /// Sequence of statements belonging to this indented block.
     pub body: Vec<Statement<'a>>,
@@ -144,9 +144,10 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for IndentedBlock<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for IndentedBlock<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedIndentedBlock<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = IndentedBlock<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
         // We want to be able to only keep comments in the footer that are actually for
         // this IndentedBlock. We do so by assuming that lines which are indented to the
         // same level as the block itself are comments that go at the footer of the
@@ -167,18 +168,20 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for IndentedBlock<'a> {
             config,
             &mut (*self.newline_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.footer = footer;
-        self.header = header;
-        self.indent = self.indent_tok.relative_indent;
-        if self.indent == Some(config.default_indent) {
-            self.indent = None;
+        let mut indent = self.indent_tok.relative_indent;
+        if indent == Some(config.default_indent) {
+            indent = None;
         }
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            body,
+            header,
+            indent,
+            footer,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct SimpleStatementSuite<'a> {
     /// Sequence of small statements. All but the last statement are required to have
     /// a semicolon.
@@ -193,18 +196,23 @@ pub struct SimpleStatementSuite<'a> {
     pub(crate) newline_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for SimpleStatementSuite<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.leading_whitespace = parse_simple_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedSimpleStatementSuite<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = SimpleStatementSuite<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let leading_whitespace = parse_simple_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.first_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
-        self.trailing_whitespace = parse_trailing_whitespace(
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        let trailing_whitespace = parse_trailing_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.newline_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            body,
+            leading_whitespace,
+            trailing_whitespace,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -232,8 +240,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for SimpleStatementSuite<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct SimpleStatementLine<'a> {
     /// Sequence of small statements. All but the last statement are required to have
     /// a semicolon.
@@ -258,25 +265,29 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for SimpleStatementLine<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for SimpleStatementLine<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedSimpleStatementLine<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = SimpleStatementLine<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut (*self.first_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             None,
         )?;
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
-        self.trailing_whitespace = parse_trailing_whitespace(
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        let trailing_whitespace = parse_trailing_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.newline_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            body,
+            leading_lines,
+            trailing_whitespace,
+        })
     }
 }
 
 #[allow(dead_code, clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Codegen, Inflate)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(Codegen, Inflate)]
 pub enum SmallStatement<'a> {
     Pass(Pass<'a>),
     Break(Break<'a>),
@@ -293,10 +304,11 @@ pub enum SmallStatement<'a> {
     Nonlocal(Nonlocal<'a>),
     AugAssign(AugAssign<'a>),
     Del(Del<'a>),
+    TypeAlias(TypeAlias<'a>),
 }
 
-impl<'a> SmallStatement<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedSmallStatement<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         match self {
             Self::Pass(p) => Self::Pass(p.with_semicolon(semicolon)),
             Self::Break(p) => Self::Break(p.with_semicolon(semicolon)),
@@ -313,17 +325,17 @@ impl<'a> SmallStatement<'a> {
             Self::Nonlocal(l) => Self::Nonlocal(l.with_semicolon(semicolon)),
             Self::AugAssign(a) => Self::AugAssign(a.with_semicolon(semicolon)),
             Self::Del(d) => Self::Del(d.with_semicolon(semicolon)),
+            Self::TypeAlias(t) => Self::TypeAlias(t.with_semicolon(semicolon)),
         }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Pass<'a> {
     pub semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>,
 }
-impl<'a> Pass<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedPass<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon }
     }
 }
@@ -333,20 +345,20 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Pass<'a> {
         self.semicolon.codegen(state);
     }
 }
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Pass<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedPass<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Pass<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { semicolon })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Break<'a> {
     pub semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>,
 }
-impl<'a> Break<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedBreak<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon }
     }
 }
@@ -356,20 +368,20 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Break<'a> {
         self.semicolon.codegen(state);
     }
 }
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Break<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedBreak<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Break<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { semicolon })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Continue<'a> {
     pub semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>,
 }
-impl<'a> Continue<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedContinue<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon }
     }
 }
@@ -379,21 +391,21 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Continue<'a> {
         self.semicolon.codegen(state);
     }
 }
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Continue<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedContinue<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Continue<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { semicolon })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Expr<'a> {
     pub value: Expression<'a>,
     pub semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>,
 }
-impl<'a> Expr<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedExpr<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon, ..self }
     }
 }
@@ -403,16 +415,16 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Expr<'a> {
         self.semicolon.codegen(state);
     }
 }
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Expr<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedExpr<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Expr<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { value, semicolon })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Assign<'a> {
     pub targets: Vec<AssignTarget<'a>>,
     pub value: Expression<'a>,
@@ -431,23 +443,27 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Assign<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Assign<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.targets = self.targets.inflate(config)?;
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedAssign<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Assign<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let targets = self.targets.inflate(config)?;
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            targets,
+            value,
+            semicolon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Assign<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedAssign<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon, ..self }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct AssignTarget<'a> {
     pub target: AssignTargetExpression<'a>,
     pub whitespace_before_equal: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -465,22 +481,26 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for AssignTarget<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AssignTarget<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.target = self.target.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_before_equal = parse_simple_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedAssignTarget<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = AssignTarget<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let target = self.target.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_equal = parse_simple_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.equal_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_equal =
+        let whitespace_after_equal =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.equal_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            target,
+            whitespace_before_equal,
+            whitespace_after_equal,
+        })
     }
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Codegen, ParenthesizedNode, Inflate)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(Codegen, ParenthesizedNode, Inflate)]
 pub enum AssignTargetExpression<'a> {
     Name(Box<Name<'a>>),
     Attribute(Box<Attribute<'a>>),
@@ -490,8 +510,7 @@ pub enum AssignTargetExpression<'a> {
     Subscript(Box<Subscript<'a>>),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Import<'a> {
     pub names: Vec<ImportAlias<'a>>,
     pub semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>,
@@ -516,26 +535,30 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Import<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Import<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_after_import = parse_simple_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedImport<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Import<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after_import = parse_simple_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.import_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.names = self.names.inflate(config)?;
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let names = self.names.inflate(config)?;
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            names,
+            semicolon,
+            whitespace_after_import,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Import<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedImport<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon, ..self }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct ImportFrom<'a> {
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "py", no_py_default)]
     pub module: Option<NameOrAttribute<'a>>,
@@ -579,96 +602,119 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for ImportFrom<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for ImportFrom<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_after_from =
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedImportFrom<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = ImportFrom<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after_from =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.from_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
 
-        self.module = self.module.inflate(config)?;
+        let module = self.module.inflate(config)?;
 
-        self.whitespace_after_import = parse_simple_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after_import = parse_simple_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.import_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
 
-        self.relative = inflate_dots(self.relative, config)?;
+        let mut relative = inflate_dots(self.relative, config)?;
+        let mut whitespace_before_import = Default::default();
 
-        if !self.relative.is_empty() && self.module.is_none() {
+        if !relative.is_empty() && module.is_none() {
             // For relative-only imports relocate the space after the final dot to be owned
             // by the import token.
             if let Some(Dot {
                 whitespace_after: ParenthesizableWhitespace::SimpleWhitespace(dot_ws),
                 ..
-            }) = self.relative.last_mut()
+            }) = relative.last_mut()
             {
-                swap(dot_ws, &mut self.whitespace_before_import);
+                swap(dot_ws, &mut whitespace_before_import);
             }
         } else {
-            self.whitespace_before_import = parse_simple_whitespace(
+            whitespace_before_import = parse_simple_whitespace(
                 config,
                 &mut (*self.import_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             )?;
         }
 
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.names = self.names.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let names = self.names.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
 
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
 
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            module,
+            names,
+            relative,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            semicolon,
+            whitespace_after_from,
+            whitespace_before_import,
+            whitespace_after_import,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-fn inflate_dots<'a>(dots: Vec<Dot<'a>>, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Vec<Dot<'a>>> {
+fn inflate_dots<'r, 'a>(
+    dots: Vec<DeflatedDot<'r, 'a>>,
+    config: &Config<'a>,
+) -> Result<Vec<Dot<'a>>> {
     let mut ret: Vec<Dot<'a>> = vec![];
-    let mut last_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>> = None;
-    for mut dot in dots {
+    let mut last_tok: Option<TokenRef<'r, 'a>> = None;
+    for dot in dots {
         if let Some(last_tokref) = &last_tok {
             // Consecutive dots having the same Token can only happen if `...` was
             // parsed as a single ELLIPSIS token. In this case the token's
             // whitespace_before belongs to the first dot, but the whitespace_after is
             // moved to the 3rd dot (by swapping it twice)
             if last_tokref.start_pos == dot.tok.start_pos {
+                let mut subsequent_dot = Dot {
+                    whitespace_before: Default::default(),
+                    whitespace_after: Default::default(),
+                };
                 swap(
                     &mut ret.last_mut().unwrap().whitespace_after,
-                    &mut dot.whitespace_after,
+                    &mut subsequent_dot.whitespace_after,
                 );
-                ret.push(dot);
+                ret.push(subsequent_dot);
                 continue;
             }
         }
-        last_tok = Some(dot.tok.clone());
+        last_tok = Some(dot.tok);
         ret.push(dot.inflate(config)?);
     }
     Ok(ret)
 }
 
-impl<'a> ImportFrom<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedImportFrom<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon, ..self }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct ImportAlias<'a> {
     pub name: NameOrAttribute<'a>,
     pub asname: Option<AsName<'a>>,
     pub comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for ImportAlias<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
-        self.asname = self.asname.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedImportAlias<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = ImportAlias<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
+        let asname = self.asname.inflate(config)?;
+        let comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            name,
+            asname,
+            comma,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for ImportAlias<'a> {
-    fn with_comma(self, comma: Comma<'a>) -> ImportAlias<'a> {
+impl<'r, 'a> WithComma<'r, 'a> for DeflatedImportAlias<'r, 'a> {
+    fn with_comma(self, comma: DeflatedComma<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
         let comma = Some(comma);
         Self { comma, ..self }
     }
@@ -686,8 +732,7 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for ImportAlias<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct AsName<'a> {
     pub name: AssignTargetExpression<'a>,
     pub whitespace_before_as: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -705,23 +750,27 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for AsName<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AsName<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before_as = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedAsName<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = AsName<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before_as = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.as_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_as = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after_as = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.as_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            name,
+            whitespace_before_as,
+            whitespace_after_as,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Inflate)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(Inflate)]
 pub enum ImportNames<'a> {
     Star(ImportStar),
     Aliases(Vec<ImportAlias<'a>>),
@@ -743,10 +792,10 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for ImportNames<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct FunctionDef<'a> {
     pub name: Name<'a>,
+    pub type_parameters: Option<TypeParameters<'a>>,
     pub params: Parameters<'a>,
     pub body: Suite<'a>,
     pub decorators: Vec<Decorator<'a>>,
@@ -756,6 +805,7 @@ pub struct FunctionDef<'a> {
     pub lines_after_decorators: Vec<EmptyLine<'a>>,
     pub whitespace_after_def: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
     pub whitespace_after_name: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
+    pub whitespace_after_type_parameters: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
     pub whitespace_before_params: ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>,
     pub whitespace_before_colon: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
 
@@ -766,8 +816,8 @@ pub struct FunctionDef<'a> {
     pub(crate) colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> FunctionDef<'a> {
-    pub fn with_decorators(self, decorators: Vec<Decorator<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedFunctionDef<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_decorators(self, decorators: Vec<DeflatedDecorator<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { decorators, ..self }
     }
 }
@@ -792,6 +842,12 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for FunctionDef<'a> {
         self.whitespace_after_def.codegen(state);
         self.name.codegen(state);
         self.whitespace_after_name.codegen(state);
+
+        if let Some(tp) = &self.type_parameters {
+            tp.codegen(state);
+            self.whitespace_after_type_parameters.codegen(state);
+        }
+
         state.add_token("(");
         self.whitespace_before_params.codegen(state);
         self.params.codegen(state);
@@ -807,9 +863,10 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for FunctionDef<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for FunctionDef<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.decorators = self.decorators.inflate(config)?;
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedFunctionDef<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = FunctionDef<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let mut decorators = self.decorators.inflate(config)?;
         let (asynchronous, leading_lines) = if let Some(asy) = self.async_tok.as_mut() {
             let whitespace_after =
                 parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(config, &mut asy.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
@@ -825,8 +882,7 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for FunctionDef<'a> {
             (None, None)
         };
 
-        self.asynchronous = asynchronous;
-        let leading_lines = if let Some(ll) = leading_lines {
+        let mut leading_lines = if let Some(ll) = leading_lines {
             ll
         } else {
             parse_empty_lines(
@@ -836,41 +892,72 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for FunctionDef<'a> {
             )?
         };
 
-        self.leading_lines = leading_lines;
-        if let Some(dec) = self.decorators.first_mut() {
-            swap(&mut self.lines_after_decorators, &mut self.leading_lines);
-            swap(&mut dec.leading_lines, &mut self.leading_lines);
+        let mut lines_after_decorators = Default::default();
+
+        if let Some(dec) = decorators.first_mut() {
+            swap(&mut lines_after_decorators, &mut leading_lines);
+            swap(&mut dec.leading_lines, &mut leading_lines);
         }
 
-        self.whitespace_after_def =
+        let whitespace_after_def =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.def_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
 
-        self.name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_after_name = parse_simple_whitespace(
-            config,
-            &mut (*self.open_paren_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
-        )?;
+        let name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
 
-        self.whitespace_before_params = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after_name;
+        let mut type_parameters = Default::default();
+        let mut whitespace_after_type_parameters = Default::default();
+
+        if let Some(tp) = self.type_parameters {
+            let rbracket_tok = tp.rbracket.tok.clone();
+            whitespace_after_name = parse_simple_whitespace(
+                config,
+                &mut tp.lbracket.tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
+            )?;
+            type_parameters = Some(tp.inflate(config)?);
+            whitespace_after_type_parameters =
+                parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut rbracket_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
+        } else {
+            whitespace_after_name = parse_simple_whitespace(
+                config,
+                &mut self.open_paren_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
+            )?;
+        }
+
+        let whitespace_before_params = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.open_paren_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.params = self.params.inflate(config)?;
-        adjust_parameters_trailing_whitespace(config, &mut self.params, &self.close_paren_tok)?;
+        let mut params = self.params.inflate(config)?;
+        adjust_parameters_trailing_whitespace(config, &mut params, &self.close_paren_tok)?;
 
-        self.returns = self.returns.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
+        let returns = self.returns.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.colon_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
 
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            name,
+            type_parameters,
+            params,
+            body,
+            decorators,
+            returns,
+            asynchronous,
+            leading_lines,
+            lines_after_decorators,
+            whitespace_after_def,
+            whitespace_after_name,
+            whitespace_after_type_parameters,
+            whitespace_before_params,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Decorator<'a> {
     pub decorator: Expression<'a>,
     pub leading_lines: Vec<EmptyLine<'a>>,
@@ -894,26 +981,31 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Decorator<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Decorator<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedDecorator<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Decorator<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut (*self.at_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             None,
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_at =
+        let whitespace_after_at =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.at_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.decorator = self.decorator.inflate(config)?;
-        self.trailing_whitespace = parse_trailing_whitespace(
+        let decorator = self.decorator.inflate(config)?;
+        let trailing_whitespace = parse_trailing_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.newline_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            decorator,
+            leading_lines,
+            whitespace_after_at,
+            trailing_whitespace,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct If<'a> {
     /// The expression that, when evaluated, should give us a truthy value
     pub test: Expression<'a>,
@@ -960,37 +1052,44 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for If<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for If<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedIf<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = If<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut (*self.if_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             None,
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_before_test =
+        let whitespace_before_test =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.if_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.test = self.test.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_after_test = parse_simple_whitespace(
+        let test = self.test.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_after_test = parse_simple_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.colon_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
-        self.orelse = self.orelse.inflate(config)?;
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        let orelse = self.orelse.inflate(config)?;
 
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            test,
+            body,
+            orelse,
+            leading_lines,
+            whitespace_before_test,
+            whitespace_after_test,
+            is_elif: self.is_elif,
+        })
     }
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Inflate, Codegen)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(Inflate, Codegen)]
 pub enum OrElse<'a> {
     Elif(If<'a>),
     Else(Else<'a>),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Else<'a> {
     pub body: Suite<'a>,
     /// Sequence of empty lines appearing before this compound statement line.
@@ -1016,25 +1115,29 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Else<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Else<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedElse<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Else<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut (*self.else_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             None,
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.colon_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
 
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            body,
+            leading_lines,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Annotation<'a> {
     pub annotation: Expression<'a>,
     pub whitespace_before_indicator: Option<ParenthesizableWhitespace<'a>>,
@@ -1059,23 +1162,27 @@ impl<'a> Annotation<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Annotation<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before_indicator = Some(parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedAnnotation<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Annotation<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_before_indicator = Some(parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?);
-        self.whitespace_after_indicator = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after_indicator = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.annotation = self.annotation.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let annotation = self.annotation.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            annotation,
+            whitespace_before_indicator,
+            whitespace_after_indicator,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct AnnAssign<'a> {
     pub target: AssignTargetExpression<'a>,
     pub annotation: Annotation<'a>,
@@ -1103,25 +1210,31 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for AnnAssign<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AnnAssign<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.target = self.target.inflate(config)?;
-        self.annotation = self.annotation.inflate(config)?;
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        self.equal = self.equal.inflate(config)?;
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedAnnAssign<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = AnnAssign<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let target = self.target.inflate(config)?;
+        let annotation = self.annotation.inflate(config)?;
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let equal = self.equal.inflate(config)?;
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            target,
+            annotation,
+            value,
+            equal,
+            semicolon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> AnnAssign<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedAnnAssign<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon, ..self }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Return<'a> {
     pub value: Option<Expression<'a>>,
     pub whitespace_after_return: Option<SimpleWhitespace<'a>>,
@@ -1148,32 +1261,36 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Return<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Return<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        if self.value.is_some() {
-            self.whitespace_after_return = Some(parse_simple_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedReturn<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Return<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after_return = if self.value.is_some() {
+            Some(parse_simple_whitespace(
                 config,
                 &mut (*self.return_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
-            )?);
+            )?)
         } else {
             // otherwise space is owned by semicolon or small statement
             // whitespace is not None to preserve a quirk of the pure python parser
-            self.whitespace_after_return = Some(Default::default())
-        }
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+            Some(Default::default())
+        };
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            value,
+            whitespace_after_return,
+            semicolon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Return<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedReturn<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon, ..self }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Assert<'a> {
     pub test: Expression<'a>,
     pub msg: Option<Expression<'a>>,
@@ -1202,30 +1319,36 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Assert<'a> {
         }
     }
 }
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Assert<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_after_assert = parse_simple_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedAssert<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Assert<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after_assert = parse_simple_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.assert_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
 
-        self.test = self.test.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
-        self.msg = self.msg.inflate(config)?;
+        let test = self.test.inflate(config)?;
+        let comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
+        let msg = self.msg.inflate(config)?;
 
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            test,
+            msg,
+            comma,
+            whitespace_after_assert,
+            semicolon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Assert<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedAssert<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon, ..self }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Raise<'a> {
     pub exc: Option<Expression<'a>>,
     pub cause: Option<From<'a>>,
@@ -1235,26 +1358,34 @@ pub struct Raise<'a> {
     pub(crate) raise_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Raise<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        if self.exc.is_some() {
-            self.whitespace_after_raise = Some(parse_simple_whitespace(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedRaise<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Raise<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after_raise = if self.exc.is_some() {
+            Some(parse_simple_whitespace(
                 config,
                 &mut (*self.raise_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
-            )?);
-        }
+            )?)
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
 
-        self.exc = self.exc.inflate(config)?;
-        self.cause = self.cause.inflate(config)?;
-        if self.exc.is_none() {
-            if let Some(cause) = self.cause.as_mut() {
+        let exc = self.exc.inflate(config)?;
+        let mut cause = self.cause.inflate(config)?;
+        if exc.is_none() {
+            if let Some(cause) = cause.as_mut() {
                 // in `raise from`, `raise` owns the shared whitespace
                 cause.whitespace_before_from = None;
             }
         }
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
 
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            exc,
+            cause,
+            whitespace_after_raise,
+            semicolon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1281,24 +1412,24 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Raise<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Raise<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedRaise<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon, ..self }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct NameItem<'a> {
     pub name: Name<'a>,
     pub comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for NameItem<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedNameItem<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = NameItem<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
+        let comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { name, comma })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1313,8 +1444,7 @@ impl<'a> NameItem<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Global<'a> {
     pub names: Vec<NameItem<'a>>,
     pub whitespace_after_global: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -1323,13 +1453,18 @@ pub struct Global<'a> {
     pub(crate) tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Global<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_after_global =
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedGlobal<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Global<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after_global =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.names = self.names.inflate(config)?;
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let names = self.names.inflate(config)?;
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            names,
+            whitespace_after_global,
+            semicolon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1348,14 +1483,13 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Global<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Global<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedGlobal<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon, ..self }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Nonlocal<'a> {
     pub names: Vec<NameItem<'a>>,
     pub whitespace_after_nonlocal: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -1364,13 +1498,18 @@ pub struct Nonlocal<'a> {
     pub(crate) tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Nonlocal<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_after_nonlocal =
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedNonlocal<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Nonlocal<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after_nonlocal =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.names = self.names.inflate(config)?;
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let names = self.names.inflate(config)?;
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            names,
+            whitespace_after_nonlocal,
+            semicolon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1389,14 +1528,13 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Nonlocal<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Nonlocal<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedNonlocal<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon, ..self }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct For<'a> {
     pub target: AssignTargetExpression<'a>,
     pub iter: Expression<'a>,
@@ -1442,8 +1580,9 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for For<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for For<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedFor<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = For<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
         let (asynchronous, leading_lines) = if let Some(asy) = self.async_tok.as_mut() {
             let whitespace_after =
                 parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(config, &mut asy.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
@@ -1458,7 +1597,7 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for For<'a> {
         } else {
             (None, None)
         };
-        self.leading_lines = if let Some(ll) = leading_lines {
+        let leading_lines = if let Some(ll) = leading_lines {
             ll
         } else {
             parse_empty_lines(
@@ -1467,29 +1606,38 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for For<'a> {
                 None,
             )?
         };
-        self.asynchronous = asynchronous;
-        self.whitespace_after_for =
+        let whitespace_after_for =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.for_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.target = self.target.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_before_in =
+        let target = self.target.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_in =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.in_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.whitespace_after_in =
+        let whitespace_after_in =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.in_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.iter = self.iter.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
+        let iter = self.iter.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.colon_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
 
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
-        self.orelse = self.orelse.inflate(config)?;
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        let orelse = self.orelse.inflate(config)?;
 
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            target,
+            iter,
+            body,
+            orelse,
+            asynchronous,
+            leading_lines,
+            whitespace_after_for,
+            whitespace_before_in,
+            whitespace_after_in,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct While<'a> {
     pub test: Expression<'a>,
     pub body: Suite<'a>,
@@ -1521,31 +1669,39 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for While<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for While<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedWhile<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = While<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut (*self.while_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             None,
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_while =
+        let whitespace_after_while =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.while_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.test = self.test.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
+        let test = self.test.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.colon_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
-        self.orelse = self.orelse.inflate(config)?;
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        let orelse = self.orelse.inflate(config)?;
 
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            test,
+            body,
+            orelse,
+            leading_lines,
+            whitespace_after_while,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct ClassDef<'a> {
     pub name: Name<'a>,
+    pub type_parameters: Option<TypeParameters<'a>>,
     pub body: Suite<'a>,
     pub bases: Vec<Arg<'a>>,
     pub keywords: Vec<Arg<'a>>,
@@ -1556,10 +1712,12 @@ pub struct ClassDef<'a> {
     pub lines_after_decorators: Vec<EmptyLine<'a>>,
     pub whitespace_after_class: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
     pub whitespace_after_name: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
+    pub whitespace_after_type_parameters: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
     pub whitespace_before_colon: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
 
     pub(crate) class_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    pub(crate) parens_tok: Option<(TokenRef<'a>, TokenRef<'a>)>,
+    pub(crate) lpar_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
+    pub(crate) rpar_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
     pub(crate) colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
@@ -1581,6 +1739,11 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for ClassDef<'a> {
         self.name.codegen(state);
         self.whitespace_after_name.codegen(state);
 
+        if let Some(tp) = &self.type_parameters {
+            tp.codegen(state);
+            self.whitespace_after_type_parameters.codegen(state);
+        }
+
         let need_parens = !self.bases.is_empty() || !self.keywords.is_empty();
 
         if let Some(lpar) = &self.lpar {
@@ -1606,51 +1769,79 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for ClassDef<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for ClassDef<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedClassDef<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = ClassDef<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let mut leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut (*self.class_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             None,
         )?;
-        self.decorators = self.decorators.inflate(config)?;
-        if let Some(dec) = self.decorators.first_mut() {
-            swap(&mut self.lines_after_decorators, &mut self.leading_lines);
-            swap(&mut dec.leading_lines, &mut self.leading_lines);
+        let mut decorators = self.decorators.inflate(config)?;
+        let mut lines_after_decorators = Default::default();
+        if let Some(dec) = decorators.first_mut() {
+            swap(&mut lines_after_decorators, &mut leading_lines);
+            swap(&mut dec.leading_lines, &mut leading_lines);
         }
 
-        self.whitespace_after_class =
+        let whitespace_after_class =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.class_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
+        let name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
 
-        if let Some((lpar_tok, _)) = self.parens_tok.as_mut() {
-            self.whitespace_after_name =
+        let (mut whitespace_after_name, mut type_parameters, mut whitespace_after_type_parameters) =
+            Default::default();
+
+        if let Some(tparams) = self.type_parameters {
+            let rbracket_tok = tparams.rbracket.tok.clone();
+            whitespace_after_name = parse_simple_whitespace(
+                config,
+                &mut tparams.lbracket.tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
+            )?;
+            type_parameters = Some(tparams.inflate(config)?);
+            whitespace_after_type_parameters =
+                parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut rbracket_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
+        } else if let Some(lpar_tok) = self.lpar_tok.as_mut() {
+            whitespace_after_name =
                 parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut lpar_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut())?;
-            self.lpar = self.lpar.map(|lpar| lpar.inflate(config)).transpose()?;
-            self.bases = self.bases.inflate(config)?;
-            self.keywords = self.keywords.inflate(config)?;
-            self.rpar = self.rpar.map(|rpar| rpar.inflate(config)).transpose()?;
-            // TODO: set whitespace_after_arg for last arg?
         }
 
-        self.whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let bases = self.bases.inflate(config)?;
+        let keywords = self.keywords.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+
+        let whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.colon_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
 
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            name,
+            type_parameters,
+            body,
+            bases,
+            keywords,
+            decorators,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            leading_lines,
+            lines_after_decorators,
+            whitespace_after_class,
+            whitespace_after_type_parameters,
+            whitespace_after_name,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> ClassDef<'a> {
-    pub fn with_decorators(self, decorators: Vec<Decorator<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedClassDef<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_decorators(self, decorators: Vec<DeflatedDecorator<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { decorators, ..self }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Finally<'a> {
     pub body: Suite<'a>,
     pub leading_lines: Vec<EmptyLine<'a>>,
@@ -1674,24 +1865,28 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Finally<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Finally<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedFinally<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Finally<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut (*self.finally_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             None,
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.colon_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            body,
+            leading_lines,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct ExceptHandler<'a> {
     pub body: Suite<'a>,
     pub r#type: Option<Expression<'a>>,
@@ -1725,34 +1920,43 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for ExceptHandler<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for ExceptHandler<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedExceptHandler<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = ExceptHandler<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut (*self.except_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             None,
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_except = parse_simple_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after_except = parse_simple_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.except_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
 
-        self.r#type = self.r#type.inflate(config)?;
-        self.name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
-        if self.name.is_some() {
-            self.whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
+        let r#type = self.r#type.inflate(config)?;
+        let name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_colon = if name.is_some() {
+            parse_simple_whitespace(
                 config,
                 &mut (*self.colon_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
-            )?;
-        }
+            )?
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
 
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            body,
+            r#type,
+            name,
+            leading_lines,
+            whitespace_after_except,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct ExceptStarHandler<'a> {
     pub body: Suite<'a>,
     pub r#type: Expression<'a>,
@@ -1788,34 +1992,41 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for ExceptStarHandler<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for ExceptStarHandler<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedExceptStarHandler<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = ExceptStarHandler<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut self.except_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             None,
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_except =
+        let whitespace_after_except =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut self.except_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.whitespace_after_star =
+        let whitespace_after_star =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut self.star_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
 
-        self.r#type = self.r#type.inflate(config)?;
-        self.name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
-        if self.name.is_some() {
-            self.whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
-                config,
-                &mut self.colon_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
-            )?;
-        }
+        let r#type = self.r#type.inflate(config)?;
+        let name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_colon = if name.is_some() {
+            parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut self.colon_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut())?
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
 
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            body,
+            r#type,
+            name,
+            leading_lines,
+            whitespace_after_except,
+            whitespace_after_star,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Try<'a> {
     pub body: Suite<'a>,
     pub handlers: Vec<ExceptHandler<'a>>,
@@ -1850,25 +2061,32 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Try<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Try<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedTry<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Try<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut (*self.try_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             None,
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_before_colon =
+        let whitespace_before_colon =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.try_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
-        self.handlers = self.handlers.inflate(config)?;
-        self.orelse = self.orelse.inflate(config)?;
-        self.finalbody = self.finalbody.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        let handlers = self.handlers.inflate(config)?;
+        let orelse = self.orelse.inflate(config)?;
+        let finalbody = self.finalbody.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            body,
+            handlers,
+            orelse,
+            finalbody,
+            leading_lines,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct TryStar<'a> {
     pub body: Suite<'a>,
     pub handlers: Vec<ExceptStarHandler<'a>>,
@@ -1903,25 +2121,32 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for TryStar<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for TryStar<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedTryStar<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = TryStar<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut (*self.try_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             None,
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_before_colon =
+        let whitespace_before_colon =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.try_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
-        self.handlers = self.handlers.inflate(config)?;
-        self.orelse = self.orelse.inflate(config)?;
-        self.finalbody = self.finalbody.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        let handlers = self.handlers.inflate(config)?;
+        let orelse = self.orelse.inflate(config)?;
+        let finalbody = self.finalbody.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            body,
+            handlers,
+            orelse,
+            finalbody,
+            leading_lines,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct AugAssign<'a> {
     pub target: AssignTargetExpression<'a>,
     pub operator: AugOp<'a>,
@@ -1929,13 +2154,19 @@ pub struct AugAssign<'a> {
     pub semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for AugAssign<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.target = self.target.inflate(config)?;
-        self.operator = self.operator.inflate(config)?;
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedAugAssign<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = AugAssign<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let target = self.target.inflate(config)?;
+        let operator = self.operator.inflate(config)?;
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            target,
+            operator,
+            value,
+            semicolon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1951,30 +2182,33 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for AugAssign<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> AugAssign<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedAugAssign<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon, ..self }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct WithItem<'a> {
     pub item: Expression<'a>,
     pub asname: Option<AsName<'a>>,
     pub comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> WithItem<'a> {
-    fn inflate_withitem(mut self, config: &Config<'a>, is_last: bool) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.item = self.item.inflate(config)?;
-        self.asname = self.asname.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comma = if is_last {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedWithItem<'r, 'a> {
+    fn inflate_withitem(self, config: &Config<'a>, is_last: bool) -> Result<WithItem<'a>> {
+        let item = self.item.inflate(config)?;
+        let asname = self.asname.inflate(config)?;
+        let comma = if is_last {
             self.comma.map(|c| c.inflate_before(config)).transpose()?
         } else {
             self.comma.map(|c| c.inflate(config)).transpose()?
         };
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(WithItem {
+            item,
+            asname,
+            comma,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1990,8 +2224,8 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for WithItem<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for WithItem<'a> {
-    fn with_comma(self, comma: Comma<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> WithComma<'r, 'a> for DeflatedWithItem<'r, 'a> {
+    fn with_comma(self, comma: DeflatedComma<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
         Self {
             comma: Some(comma),
             ..self
@@ -1999,8 +2233,7 @@ impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for WithItem<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct With<'a> {
     pub items: Vec<WithItem<'a>>,
     pub body: Suite<'a>,
@@ -2060,8 +2293,9 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for With<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for With<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedWith<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = With<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
         let (asynchronous, leading_lines) = if let Some(asy) = self.async_tok.as_mut() {
             let whitespace_after =
                 parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(config, &mut asy.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
@@ -2077,9 +2311,7 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for With<'a> {
             (None, None)
         };
 
-        self.asynchronous = asynchronous;
-
-        self.leading_lines = if let Some(ll) = leading_lines {
+        let leading_lines = if let Some(ll) = leading_lines {
             ll
         } else {
             parse_empty_lines(
@@ -2089,32 +2321,42 @@ impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for With<'a> {
             )?
         };
 
-        self.whitespace_after_with =
+        let whitespace_after_with =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.with_tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.map(|lpar| lpar.inflate(config)).transpose()?;
+        let lpar = self.lpar.map(|lpar| lpar.inflate(config)).transpose()?;
         let len = self.items.len();
-        self.items = self
+        let items = self
             .items
             .into_iter()
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(idx, el)| el.inflate_withitem(config, idx + 1 == len))
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
-        if !self.items.is_empty() {
+        let rpar = if !items.is_empty() {
             // rpar only has whitespace if items is non empty
-            self.rpar = self.rpar.map(|rpar| rpar.inflate(config)).transpose()?;
-        }
-        self.whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
+            self.rpar.map(|rpar| rpar.inflate(config)).transpose()?
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
+        let whitespace_before_colon = parse_simple_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut (*self.colon_tok).whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
 
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            items,
+            body,
+            asynchronous,
+            leading_lines,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            whitespace_after_with,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Codegen, ParenthesizedNode, Inflate)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(Codegen, ParenthesizedNode, Inflate)]
 pub enum DelTargetExpression<'a> {
     Name(Box<Name<'a>>),
     Attribute(Box<Attribute<'a>>),
@@ -2123,28 +2365,29 @@ pub enum DelTargetExpression<'a> {
     Subscript(Box<Subscript<'a>>),
 }
 
-impl<'a> std::convert::From<DelTargetExpression<'a>> for Expression<'a> {
-    fn from(d: DelTargetExpression<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> std::convert::From<DeflatedDelTargetExpression<'r, 'a>>
+    for DeflatedExpression<'r, 'a>
+{
+    fn from(d: DeflatedDelTargetExpression<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
         match d {
-            DelTargetExpression::Attribute(a) => Expression::Attribute(a),
-            DelTargetExpression::List(l) => Expression::List(l),
-            DelTargetExpression::Name(n) => Expression::Name(n),
-            DelTargetExpression::Subscript(s) => Expression::Subscript(s),
-            DelTargetExpression::Tuple(t) => Expression::Tuple(t),
+            DeflatedDelTargetExpression::Attribute(a) => Self::Attribute(a),
+            DeflatedDelTargetExpression::List(l) => Self::List(l),
+            DeflatedDelTargetExpression::Name(n) => Self::Name(n),
+            DeflatedDelTargetExpression::Subscript(s) => Self::Subscript(s),
+            DeflatedDelTargetExpression::Tuple(t) => Self::Tuple(t),
         }
     }
 }
-impl<'a> std::convert::From<DelTargetExpression<'a>> for Element<'a> {
-    fn from(d: DelTargetExpression<'a>) -> Element {
-        Element::Simple {
+impl<'r, 'a> std::convert::From<DeflatedDelTargetExpression<'r, 'a>> for DeflatedElement<'r, 'a> {
+    fn from(d: DeflatedDelTargetExpression<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
+        Self::Simple {
             value: d.into(),
             comma: None,
         }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Del<'a> {
     pub target: DelTargetExpression<'a>,
     pub whitespace_after_del: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
@@ -2153,13 +2396,18 @@ pub struct Del<'a> {
     pub(crate) tok: TokenRef<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Del<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_after_del =
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedDel<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Del<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after_del =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut (*self.tok).whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.target = self.target.inflate(config)?;
-        self.semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let target = self.target.inflate(config)?;
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            target,
+            whitespace_after_del,
+            semicolon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -2174,14 +2422,13 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Del<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Del<'a> {
-    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedDel<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
         Self { semicolon, ..self }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct Match<'a> {
     pub subject: Expression<'a>,
     pub cases: Vec<MatchCase<'a>>,
@@ -2227,37 +2474,46 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Match<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for Match<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedMatch<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Match<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut self.match_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             None,
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_match =
+        let whitespace_after_match =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut self.match_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.subject = self.subject.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_before_colon =
+        let subject = self.subject.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_colon =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut self.colon_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.whitespace_after_colon =
+        let whitespace_after_colon =
             parse_trailing_whitespace(config, &mut self.colon_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.indent = self.indent_tok.relative_indent;
-        if self.indent == Some(config.default_indent) {
-            self.indent = None;
+        let mut indent = self.indent_tok.relative_indent;
+        if indent == Some(config.default_indent) {
+            indent = None;
         }
-        self.cases = self.cases.inflate(config)?;
+        let cases = self.cases.inflate(config)?;
         // See note about footers in `IndentedBlock`'s inflate fn
-        self.footer = parse_empty_lines(
+        let footer = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut self.dedent_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
             Some(self.indent_tok.whitespace_before.borrow().absolute_indent),
         )?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            subject,
+            cases,
+            leading_lines,
+            whitespace_after_match,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+            whitespace_after_colon,
+            indent,
+            footer,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct MatchCase<'a> {
     pub pattern: MatchPattern<'a>,
     pub guard: Option<Expression<'a>>,
@@ -2295,34 +2551,45 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for MatchCase<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for MatchCase<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedMatchCase<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = MatchCase<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let leading_lines = parse_empty_lines(
             config,
             &mut self.case_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
             None,
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_case =
+        let whitespace_after_case =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut self.case_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.pattern = self.pattern.inflate(config)?;
-        if let Some(if_tok) = self.if_tok.as_mut() {
-            self.whitespace_before_if =
-                parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut if_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut())?;
-            self.whitespace_after_if =
-                parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut if_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-
-            self.guard = self.guard.inflate(config)?;
-        }
-        self.whitespace_before_colon =
+        let pattern = self.pattern.inflate(config)?;
+        let (whitespace_before_if, whitespace_after_if, guard) =
+            if let Some(if_tok) = self.if_tok.as_mut() {
+                (
+                    parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut if_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut())?,
+                    parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut if_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?,
+                    self.guard.inflate(config)?,
+                )
+            } else {
+                Default::default()
+            };
+        let whitespace_before_colon =
             parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut self.colon_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut())?;
-        self.body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let body = self.body.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            pattern,
+            guard,
+            body,
+            leading_lines,
+            whitespace_after_case,
+            whitespace_before_if,
+            whitespace_after_if,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Codegen, Inflate, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(Codegen, Inflate, ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub enum MatchPattern<'a> {
     Value(MatchValue<'a>),
     Singleton(MatchSingleton<'a>),
@@ -2333,8 +2600,7 @@ pub enum MatchPattern<'a> {
     Or(Box<MatchOr<'a>>),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct MatchValue<'a> {
     pub value: Expression<'a>,
 }
@@ -2365,15 +2631,33 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for MatchValue<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for MatchValue<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedMatchValue<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = MatchValue<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { value })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+impl<'r, 'a> ParenthesizedDeflatedNode<'r, 'a> for DeflatedMatchValue<'r, 'a> {
+    fn lpar(&self) -> &Vec<DeflatedLeftParen<'r, 'a>> {
+        self.value.lpar()
+    }
+    fn rpar(&self) -> &Vec<DeflatedRightParen<'r, 'a>> {
+        self.value.rpar()
+    }
+    fn with_parens(
+        self,
+        left: DeflatedLeftParen<'r, 'a>,
+        right: DeflatedRightParen<'r, 'a>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            value: self.value.with_parens(left, right),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct MatchSingleton<'a> {
     pub value: Name<'a>,
 }
@@ -2404,23 +2688,40 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for MatchSingleton<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for MatchSingleton<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedMatchSingleton<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = MatchSingleton<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { value })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> ParenthesizedDeflatedNode<'r, 'a> for DeflatedMatchSingleton<'r, 'a> {
+    fn lpar(&self) -> &Vec<DeflatedLeftParen<'r, 'a>> {
+        self.value.lpar()
+    }
+    fn rpar(&self) -> &Vec<DeflatedRightParen<'r, 'a>> {
+        self.value.rpar()
+    }
+    fn with_parens(
+        self,
+        left: DeflatedLeftParen<'r, 'a>,
+        right: DeflatedRightParen<'r, 'a>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            value: self.value.with_parens(left, right),
+        }
     }
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Codegen, Inflate, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(Codegen, Inflate, ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub enum MatchSequence<'a> {
     MatchList(MatchList<'a>),
     MatchTuple(MatchTuple<'a>),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct MatchList<'a> {
     pub patterns: Vec<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a>>,
     pub lbracket: Option<LeftSquareBracket<'a>>,
@@ -2446,27 +2747,33 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for MatchList<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for MatchList<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.lbracket = self.lbracket.inflate(config)?;
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedMatchList<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = MatchList<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let lbracket = self.lbracket.inflate(config)?;
 
         let len = self.patterns.len();
-        self.patterns = self
+        let patterns = self
             .patterns
             .into_iter()
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(idx, el)| el.inflate_element(config, idx + 1 == len))
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
 
-        self.rbracket = self.rbracket.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let rbracket = self.rbracket.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            patterns,
+            lbracket,
+            rbracket,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct MatchTuple<'a> {
     pub patterns: Vec<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a>>,
     pub lpar: Vec<LeftParen<'a>>,
@@ -2488,24 +2795,28 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for MatchTuple<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for MatchTuple<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedMatchTuple<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = MatchTuple<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
         let len = self.patterns.len();
-        self.patterns = self
+        let patterns = self
             .patterns
             .into_iter()
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(idx, el)| el.inflate_element(config, idx + 1 == len))
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            patterns,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
     }
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub enum StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a> {
     Simple(MatchSequenceElement<'a>),
     Starred(MatchStar<'a>),
@@ -2523,16 +2834,26 @@ impl<'a> StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a> {
             Self::Starred(s) => s.codegen(state, default_comma, default_comma_whitespace),
         }
     }
-    fn inflate_element(self, config: &Config<'a>, last_element: bool) -> Result<Self> {
+}
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedStarrableMatchSequenceElement<'r, 'a> {
+    fn inflate_element(
+        self,
+        config: &Config<'a>,
+        last_element: bool,
+    ) -> Result<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a>> {
         Ok(match self {
-            Self::Simple(s) => Self::Simple(s.inflate_element(config, last_element)?),
-            Self::Starred(s) => Self::Starred(s.inflate_element(config, last_element)?),
+            Self::Simple(s) => {
+                StarrableMatchSequenceElement::Simple(s.inflate_element(config, last_element)?)
+            }
+            Self::Starred(s) => {
+                StarrableMatchSequenceElement::Starred(s.inflate_element(config, last_element)?)
+            }
         })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a> {
-    fn with_comma(self, comma: Comma<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> WithComma<'r, 'a> for DeflatedStarrableMatchSequenceElement<'r, 'a> {
+    fn with_comma(self, comma: DeflatedComma<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
         match self {
             Self::Simple(s) => Self::Simple(s.with_comma(comma)),
             Self::Starred(s) => Self::Starred(s.with_comma(comma)),
@@ -2540,8 +2861,7 @@ impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct MatchSequenceElement<'a> {
     pub value: MatchPattern<'a>,
     pub comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
@@ -2560,20 +2880,25 @@ impl<'a> MatchSequenceElement<'a> {
             state.add_token(if default_comma_whitespace { ", " } else { "," });
         }
     }
-
-    fn inflate_element(mut self, config: &Config<'a>, last_element: bool) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comma = if last_element {
+}
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedMatchSequenceElement<'r, 'a> {
+    fn inflate_element(
+        self,
+        config: &Config<'a>,
+        last_element: bool,
+    ) -> Result<MatchSequenceElement<'a>> {
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let comma = if last_element {
             self.comma.map(|c| c.inflate_before(config)).transpose()
         } else {
             self.comma.inflate(config)
         }?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(MatchSequenceElement { value, comma })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for MatchSequenceElement<'a> {
-    fn with_comma(self, comma: Comma<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> WithComma<'r, 'a> for DeflatedMatchSequenceElement<'r, 'a> {
+    fn with_comma(self, comma: DeflatedComma<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
         Self {
             comma: Some(comma),
             ..self
@@ -2581,8 +2906,7 @@ impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for MatchSequenceElement<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct MatchStar<'a> {
     pub name: Option<Name<'a>>,
     pub comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
@@ -2610,24 +2934,29 @@ impl<'a> MatchStar<'a> {
             state.add_token(if default_comma_whitespace { ", " } else { "," });
         }
     }
-
-    fn inflate_element(mut self, config: &Config<'a>, last_element: bool) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.whitespace_before_name = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+}
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedMatchStar<'r, 'a> {
+    fn inflate_element(self, config: &Config<'a>, last_element: bool) -> Result<MatchStar<'a>> {
+        let whitespace_before_name = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut self.star_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comma = if last_element {
+        let name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
+        let comma = if last_element {
             self.comma.map(|c| c.inflate_before(config)).transpose()
         } else {
             self.comma.inflate(config)
         }?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(MatchStar {
+            name,
+            comma,
+            whitespace_before_name,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for MatchStar<'a> {
-    fn with_comma(self, comma: Comma<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> WithComma<'r, 'a> for DeflatedMatchStar<'r, 'a> {
+    fn with_comma(self, comma: DeflatedComma<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
         Self {
             comma: Some(comma),
             ..self
@@ -2635,8 +2964,7 @@ impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for MatchStar<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct MatchMapping<'a> {
     pub elements: Vec<MatchMappingElement<'a>>,
     pub rest: Option<Name<'a>>,
@@ -2670,38 +2998,50 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for MatchMapping<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for MatchMapping<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.lbrace = self.lbrace.inflate(config)?;
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedMatchMapping<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = MatchMapping<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let lbrace = self.lbrace.inflate(config)?;
 
         let len = self.elements.len();
         let no_star = self.star_tok.is_none();
-        self.elements = self
+        let elements = self
             .elements
             .into_iter()
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(idx, el)| el.inflate_element(config, no_star && idx + 1 == len))
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
 
-        if let Some(star_tok) = self.star_tok.as_mut() {
-            self.whitespace_before_rest =
-                parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut star_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
-            self.rest = self.rest.inflate(config)?;
-            self.trailing_comma = self
-                .trailing_comma
-                .map(|c| c.inflate_before(config))
-                .transpose()?;
-        }
+        let (whitespace_before_rest, rest, trailing_comma) =
+            if let Some(star_tok) = self.star_tok.as_mut() {
+                (
+                    parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut star_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?,
+                    self.rest.inflate(config)?,
+                    self.trailing_comma
+                        .map(|c| c.inflate_before(config))
+                        .transpose()?,
+                )
+            } else {
+                Default::default()
+            };
 
-        self.rbrace = self.rbrace.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let rbrace = self.rbrace.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            elements,
+            rest,
+            trailing_comma,
+            lbrace,
+            rbrace,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            whitespace_before_rest,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct MatchMappingElement<'a> {
     pub key: Expression<'a>,
     pub pattern: MatchPattern<'a>,
@@ -2725,29 +3065,40 @@ impl<'a> MatchMappingElement<'a> {
             state.add_token(", ");
         }
     }
-
-    fn inflate_element(mut self, config: &Config<'a>, last_element: bool) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.key = self.key.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_before_colon = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+}
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedMatchMappingElement<'r, 'a> {
+    fn inflate_element(
+        self,
+        config: &Config<'a>,
+        last_element: bool,
+    ) -> Result<MatchMappingElement<'a>> {
+        let key = self.key.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_colon = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut self.colon_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_colon = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after_colon = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut self.colon_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.pattern = self.pattern.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comma = if last_element {
+        let pattern = self.pattern.inflate(config)?;
+        let comma = if last_element {
             self.comma.map(|c| c.inflate_before(config)).transpose()
         } else {
             self.comma.inflate(config)
         }?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(MatchMappingElement {
+            key,
+            pattern,
+            comma,
+            whitespace_before_colon,
+            whitespace_after_colon,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for MatchMappingElement<'a> {
-    fn with_comma(self, comma: Comma<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> WithComma<'r, 'a> for DeflatedMatchMappingElement<'r, 'a> {
+    fn with_comma(self, comma: DeflatedComma<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
         Self {
             comma: Some(comma),
             ..self
@@ -2755,8 +3106,7 @@ impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for MatchMappingElement<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct MatchClass<'a> {
     pub cls: NameOrAttribute<'a>,
     pub patterns: Vec<MatchSequenceElement<'a>>,
@@ -2793,47 +3143,56 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for MatchClass<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for MatchClass<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedMatchClass<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = MatchClass<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
 
-        self.cls = self.cls.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_after_cls = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let cls = self.cls.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_after_cls = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut self.lpar_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_before_patterns = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_before_patterns = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut self.lpar_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
 
         let patlen = self.patterns.len();
         let kwdlen = self.kwds.len();
-        self.patterns = self
+        let patterns = self
             .patterns
             .into_iter()
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(idx, pat)| pat.inflate_element(config, idx + 1 == patlen + kwdlen))
             .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
-        self.kwds = self
+        let kwds = self
             .kwds
             .into_iter()
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(idx, kwd)| kwd.inflate_element(config, idx + 1 == kwdlen))
             .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
 
-        self.whitespace_after_kwds = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after_kwds = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut self.rpar_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
 
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            cls,
+            patterns,
+            kwds,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            whitespace_after_cls,
+            whitespace_before_patterns,
+            whitespace_after_kwds,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct MatchKeywordElement<'a> {
     pub key: Name<'a>,
     pub pattern: MatchPattern<'a>,
@@ -2857,28 +3216,40 @@ impl<'a> MatchKeywordElement<'a> {
             state.add_token(", ");
         }
     }
-    fn inflate_element(mut self, config: &Config<'a>, last_element: bool) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.key = self.key.inflate(config)?;
-        self.whitespace_before_equal = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+}
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedMatchKeywordElement<'r, 'a> {
+    fn inflate_element(
+        self,
+        config: &Config<'a>,
+        last_element: bool,
+    ) -> Result<MatchKeywordElement<'a>> {
+        let key = self.key.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_before_equal = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut self.equal_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.whitespace_after_equal = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+        let whitespace_after_equal = parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
             config,
             &mut self.equal_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
         )?;
-        self.pattern = self.pattern.inflate(config)?;
-        self.comma = if last_element {
+        let pattern = self.pattern.inflate(config)?;
+        let comma = if last_element {
             self.comma.map(|c| c.inflate_before(config)).transpose()
         } else {
             self.comma.inflate(config)
         }?;
-        Ok(self)
+        Ok(MatchKeywordElement {
+            key,
+            pattern,
+            comma,
+            whitespace_before_equal,
+            whitespace_after_equal,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for MatchKeywordElement<'a> {
-    fn with_comma(self, comma: Comma<'a>) -> Self {
+impl<'r, 'a> WithComma<'r, 'a> for DeflatedMatchKeywordElement<'r, 'a> {
+    fn with_comma(self, comma: DeflatedComma<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
         Self {
             comma: Some(comma),
             ..self
@@ -2886,8 +3257,7 @@ impl<'a> WithComma<'a> for MatchKeywordElement<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct MatchAs<'a> {
     pub pattern: Option<MatchPattern<'a>>,
     pub name: Option<Name<'a>>,
@@ -2918,28 +3288,40 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for MatchAs<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for MatchAs<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.pattern = self.pattern.inflate(config)?;
-        if let Some(as_tok) = self.as_tok.as_mut() {
-            self.whitespace_before_as = Some(parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
-                config,
-                &mut as_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
-            )?);
-            self.whitespace_after_as = Some(parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
-                config,
-                &mut as_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
-            )?);
-        }
-        self.name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedMatchAs<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = MatchAs<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let pattern = self.pattern.inflate(config)?;
+        let (whitespace_before_as, whitespace_after_as) = if let Some(as_tok) = self.as_tok.as_mut()
+        {
+            (
+                Some(parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+                    config,
+                    &mut as_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
+                )?),
+                Some(parse_parenthesizable_whitespace(
+                    config,
+                    &mut as_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut(),
+                )?),
+            )
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
+        let name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            pattern,
+            name,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+            whitespace_before_as,
+            whitespace_after_as,
+        })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node]
 pub struct MatchOrElement<'a> {
     pub pattern: MatchPattern<'a>,
     pub separator: Option<BitOr<'a>>,
@@ -2955,16 +3337,16 @@ impl<'a> MatchOrElement<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for MatchOrElement<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.pattern = self.pattern.inflate(config)?;
-        self.separator = self.separator.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedMatchOrElement<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = MatchOrElement<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let pattern = self.pattern.inflate(config)?;
+        let separator = self.separator.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { pattern, separator })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ParenthesizedNode)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]
+#[cst_node(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub struct MatchOr<'a> {
     pub patterns: Vec<MatchOrElement<'a>>,
     pub lpar: Vec<LeftParen<'a>>,
@@ -2982,11 +3364,281 @@ impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for MatchOr<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for MatchOr<'a> {
-    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        self.lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
-        self.patterns = self.patterns.inflate(config)?;
-        self.rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
-        Ok(self)
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedMatchOr<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = MatchOr<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lpar = self.lpar.inflate(config)?;
+        let patterns = self.patterns.inflate(config)?;
+        let rpar = self.rpar.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            patterns,
+            lpar,
+            rpar,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+pub struct TypeVar<'a> {
+    pub name: Name<'a>,
+    pub bound: Option<Box<Expression<'a>>>,
+    pub colon: Option<Colon<'a>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for TypeVar<'a> {
+    fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {
+        self.name.codegen(state);
+        self.colon.codegen(state);
+        if let Some(bound) = &self.bound {
+            bound.codegen(state);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedTypeVar<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = TypeVar<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
+        let colon = self.colon.inflate(config)?;
+        let bound = self.bound.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { name, bound, colon })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+pub struct TypeVarTuple<'a> {
+    pub name: Name<'a>,
+
+    pub whitespace_after_star: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
+
+    pub(crate) star_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for TypeVarTuple<'a> {
+    fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {
+        state.add_token("*");
+        self.whitespace_after_star.codegen(state);
+        self.name.codegen(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedTypeVarTuple<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = TypeVarTuple<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after_star =
+            parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut self.star_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
+        let name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            name,
+            whitespace_after_star,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+pub struct ParamSpec<'a> {
+    pub name: Name<'a>,
+
+    pub whitespace_after_star: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
+
+    pub(crate) star_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for ParamSpec<'a> {
+    fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {
+        state.add_token("**");
+        self.whitespace_after_star.codegen(state);
+        self.name.codegen(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedParamSpec<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = ParamSpec<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after_star =
+            parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut self.star_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
+        let name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            name,
+            whitespace_after_star,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cst_node(Inflate, Codegen)]
+pub enum TypeVarLike<'a> {
+    TypeVar(TypeVar<'a>),
+    TypeVarTuple(TypeVarTuple<'a>),
+    ParamSpec(ParamSpec<'a>),
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+pub struct TypeParam<'a> {
+    pub param: TypeVarLike<'a>,
+    pub comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
+    pub equal: Option<AssignEqual<'a>>,
+    pub star: &'a str,
+    pub whitespace_after_star: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
+    pub default: Option<Expression<'a>>,
+    pub star_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for TypeParam<'a> {
+    fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {
+        self.param.codegen(state);
+        self.equal.codegen(state);
+        state.add_token(self.star);
+        self.whitespace_after_star.codegen(state);
+        self.default.codegen(state);
+        self.comma.codegen(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedTypeParam<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = TypeParam<'a>;
+    fn inflate(mut self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after_star = if let Some(star_tok) = self.star_tok.as_mut() {
+            parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut star_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
+        let param = self.param.inflate(config)?;
+        let equal = self.equal.inflate(config)?;
+        let default = self.default.inflate(config)?;
+        let comma = self.comma.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            param,
+            comma,
+            equal,
+            star: self.star,
+            whitespace_after_star,
+            default,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> WithComma<'r, 'a> for DeflatedTypeParam<'r, 'a> {
+    fn with_comma(self, comma: DeflatedComma<'r, 'a>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            comma: Some(comma),
+            ..self
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+pub struct TypeParameters<'a> {
+    pub params: Vec<TypeParam<'a>>,
+
+    pub lbracket: LeftSquareBracket<'a>,
+    pub rbracket: RightSquareBracket<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for TypeParameters<'a> {
+    fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {
+        self.lbracket.codegen(state);
+        let params_len = self.params.len();
+        for (idx, param) in self.params.iter().enumerate() {
+            param.codegen(state);
+            if idx + 1 < params_len && param.comma.is_none() {
+                state.add_token(", ");
+            }
+        }
+        self.rbracket.codegen(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedTypeParameters<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = TypeParameters<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let lbracket = self.lbracket.inflate(config)?;
+        let params = self.params.inflate(config)?;
+        let rbracket = self.rbracket.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            params,
+            lbracket,
+            rbracket,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+pub struct TypeAlias<'a> {
+    pub name: Name<'a>,
+    pub value: Box<Expression<'a>>,
+    pub type_parameters: Option<TypeParameters<'a>>,
+
+    pub whitespace_after_type: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
+    pub whitespace_after_name: Option<SimpleWhitespace<'a>>,
+    pub whitespace_after_type_parameters: Option<SimpleWhitespace<'a>>,
+    pub whitespace_after_equals: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
+    pub semicolon: Option<Semicolon<'a>>,
+
+    pub(crate) type_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
+    pub(crate) lbracket_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
+    pub(crate) equals_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for TypeAlias<'a> {
+    fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {
+        state.add_token("type");
+        self.whitespace_after_type.codegen(state);
+        self.name.codegen(state);
+        if self.whitespace_after_name.is_none() && self.type_parameters.is_none() {
+            state.add_token(" ");
+        } else {
+            self.whitespace_after_name.codegen(state);
+        }
+        if self.type_parameters.is_some() {
+            self.type_parameters.codegen(state);
+            self.whitespace_after_type_parameters.codegen(state);
+        }
+        state.add_token("=");
+        self.whitespace_after_equals.codegen(state);
+        self.value.codegen(state);
+        self.semicolon.codegen(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedTypeAlias<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = TypeAlias<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let whitespace_after_type =
+            parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut self.type_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
+        let name = self.name.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_after_name = Some(if let Some(tok) = self.lbracket_tok {
+            parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut())
+        } else {
+            parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut self.equals_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut())
+        }?);
+        let type_parameters = self.type_parameters.inflate(config)?;
+        let whitespace_after_type_parameters = if type_parameters.is_some() {
+            Some(parse_simple_whitespace(
+                config,
+                &mut self.equals_tok.whitespace_before.borrow_mut(),
+            )?)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let whitespace_after_equals =
+            parse_simple_whitespace(config, &mut self.equals_tok.whitespace_after.borrow_mut())?;
+        let value = self.value.inflate(config)?;
+        let semicolon = self.semicolon.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated {
+            name,
+            value,
+            type_parameters,
+            whitespace_after_type,
+            whitespace_after_name,
+            whitespace_after_type_parameters,
+            whitespace_after_equals,
+            semicolon,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> DeflatedTypeAlias<'r, 'a> {
+    pub fn with_semicolon(self, semicolon: Option<DeflatedSemicolon<'r, 'a>>) -> Self {
+        Self { semicolon, ..self }
     }
 }
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/nodes/traits.rs b/native/libcst/src/nodes/traits.rs
index f8859641..c15a60e1 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/nodes/traits.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/nodes/traits.rs
@@ -4,13 +4,15 @@
 // LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree
 
 use crate::{
+    nodes::expression::{DeflatedLeftParen, DeflatedRightParen},
+    nodes::op::DeflatedComma,
     tokenizer::whitespace_parser::{Config, WhitespaceError},
-    Codegen, CodegenState, Comma, EmptyLine, LeftParen, RightParen,
+    Codegen, CodegenState, EmptyLine, LeftParen, RightParen,
 };
 use std::ops::Deref;
 
-pub trait WithComma<'a> {
-    fn with_comma(self, comma: Comma<'a>) -> Self;
+pub trait WithComma<'r, 'a> {
+    fn with_comma(self, comma: DeflatedComma<'r, 'a>) -> Self;
 }
 
 pub trait ParenthesizedNode<'a> {
@@ -51,6 +53,32 @@ impl<'a, T: ParenthesizedNode<'a>> ParenthesizedNode<'a> for Box<T> {
     }
 }
 
+pub trait ParenthesizedDeflatedNode<'r, 'a> {
+    fn lpar(&self) -> &Vec<DeflatedLeftParen<'r, 'a>>;
+    fn rpar(&self) -> &Vec<DeflatedRightParen<'r, 'a>>;
+
+    fn with_parens(
+        self,
+        left: DeflatedLeftParen<'r, 'a>,
+        right: DeflatedRightParen<'r, 'a>,
+    ) -> Self;
+}
+impl<'r, 'a, T: ParenthesizedDeflatedNode<'r, 'a>> ParenthesizedDeflatedNode<'r, 'a> for Box<T> {
+    fn lpar(&self) -> &Vec<DeflatedLeftParen<'r, 'a>> {
+        self.deref().lpar()
+    }
+    fn rpar(&self) -> &Vec<DeflatedRightParen<'r, 'a>> {
+        self.deref().rpar()
+    }
+    fn with_parens(
+        self,
+        left: DeflatedLeftParen<'r, 'a>,
+        right: DeflatedRightParen<'r, 'a>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::new((*self).with_parens(left, right))
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait WithLeadingLines<'a> {
     fn leading_lines(&mut self) -> &mut Vec<EmptyLine<'a>>;
 }
@@ -61,17 +89,20 @@ pub trait Inflate<'a>
 where
     Self: Sized,
 {
-    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self>;
+    type Inflated;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated>;
 }
 
 impl<'a, T: Inflate<'a>> Inflate<'a> for Option<T> {
-    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+    type Inflated = Option<T::Inflated>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
         self.map(|x| x.inflate(config)).transpose()
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a, T: Inflate<'a> + ?Sized> Inflate<'a> for Box<T> {
-    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+    type Inflated = Box<T::Inflated>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
         match (*self).inflate(config) {
             Ok(a) => Ok(Box::new(a)),
             Err(e) => Err(e),
@@ -80,13 +111,14 @@ impl<'a, T: Inflate<'a> + ?Sized> Inflate<'a> for Box<T> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, T: Inflate<'a>> Inflate<'a> for Vec<T> {
-    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+    type Inflated = Vec<T::Inflated>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
         self.into_iter().map(|item| item.inflate(config)).collect()
     }
 }
 #[cfg(feature = "py")]
 pub mod py {
-    use pyo3::{types::PyTuple, AsPyPointer, IntoPy, PyObject, PyResult, Python};
+    use pyo3::{types::PyTuple, IntoPyObjectExt, Py, PyAny, PyResult, Python};
 
     // TODO: replace with upstream implementation once
     // https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/issues/1813 is resolved
@@ -101,26 +133,26 @@ pub mod py {
     //     }
     // }
 
-    impl TryIntoPy<PyObject> for bool {
-        fn try_into_py(self, py: Python) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
-            Ok(self.into_py(py))
+    impl TryIntoPy<Py<PyAny>> for bool {
+        fn try_into_py(self, py: Python) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
+            self.into_py_any(py)
         }
     }
 
-    impl<T: TryIntoPy<PyObject>> TryIntoPy<PyObject> for Box<T>
+    impl<T: TryIntoPy<Py<PyAny>>> TryIntoPy<Py<PyAny>> for Box<T>
     where
-        T: TryIntoPy<PyObject>,
+        T: TryIntoPy<Py<PyAny>>,
     {
-        fn try_into_py(self, py: Python) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+        fn try_into_py(self, py: Python) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
             (*self).try_into_py(py)
         }
     }
 
-    impl<T> TryIntoPy<PyObject> for Option<T>
+    impl<T> TryIntoPy<Py<PyAny>> for Option<T>
     where
-        T: TryIntoPy<PyObject>,
+        T: TryIntoPy<Py<PyAny>>,
     {
-        fn try_into_py(self, py: Python) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+        fn try_into_py(self, py: Python) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
             Ok(match self {
                 None => py.None(),
                 Some(x) => x.try_into_py(py)?,
@@ -128,38 +160,23 @@ pub mod py {
         }
     }
 
-    impl<T> TryIntoPy<PyObject> for Vec<T>
+    impl<T> TryIntoPy<Py<PyAny>> for Vec<T>
     where
-        T: TryIntoPy<PyObject>,
+        T: TryIntoPy<Py<PyAny>>,
     {
-        fn try_into_py(self, py: Python) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+        fn try_into_py(self, py: Python) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
             let converted = self
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|x| x.try_into_py(py))
                 .collect::<PyResult<Vec<_>>>()?
                 .into_iter();
-            Ok(PyTuple::new(py, converted).into())
+            PyTuple::new(py, converted)?.into_py_any(py)
         }
     }
 
-    impl TryIntoPy<PyObject> for PyTuple {
-        fn try_into_py(self, py: Python) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
-            Ok(self.into_py(py))
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<'a> TryIntoPy<PyObject> for &'a str {
-        fn try_into_py(self, py: Python) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
-            Ok(self.into_py(py))
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<T> TryIntoPy<PyObject> for &'_ T
-    where
-        T: AsPyPointer,
-    {
-        fn try_into_py(self, py: Python) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
-            Ok(self.into_py(py))
+    impl<'a> TryIntoPy<Py<PyAny>> for &'a str {
+        fn try_into_py(self, py: Python) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
+            self.into_py_any(py)
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/parser/errors.rs b/native/libcst/src/parser/errors.rs
index cc58bfa2..7fb3b740 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/parser/errors.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/parser/errors.rs
@@ -28,21 +28,14 @@ pub enum ParserError<'a> {
 #[cfg(feature = "py")]
 mod py_error {
 
-    use pyo3::types::{IntoPyDict, PyModule};
-    use pyo3::{IntoPy, PyErr, PyErrArguments, Python};
+    use pyo3::types::{IntoPyDict, PyAny, PyAnyMethods, PyModule};
+    use pyo3::{Bound, IntoPyObject, PyErr, PyResult, Python};
 
     use super::ParserError;
 
-    struct Details {
-        message: String,
-        lines: Vec<String>,
-        raw_line: u32,
-        raw_column: u32,
-    }
-
     impl<'a> From<ParserError<'a>> for PyErr {
         fn from(e: ParserError) -> Self {
-            Python::with_gil(|py| {
+            Python::attach(|py| {
                 let lines = match &e {
                     ParserError::TokenizerError(_, text) | ParserError::ParserError(_, text) => {
                         text.lines().collect::<Vec<_>>()
@@ -59,35 +52,21 @@ mod py_error {
                     line = lines.len() - 1;
                     col = 0;
                 }
-                let kwargs = [
-                    ("message", e.to_string().into_py(py)),
-                    ("lines", lines.into_py(py)),
-                    ("raw_line", (line + 1).into_py(py)),
-                    ("raw_column", col.into_py(py)),
-                ]
-                .into_py_dict(py);
-                let libcst = PyModule::import(py, "libcst").expect("libcst cannot be imported");
-                PyErr::from_instance(
-                    libcst
-                        .getattr("ParserSyntaxError")
-                        .expect("ParserSyntaxError not found")
-                        .call((), Some(kwargs))
-                        .expect("failed to instantiate"),
-                )
+                match || -> PyResult<Bound<'_, PyAny>> {
+                    let kwargs = [
+                        ("message", e.to_string().into_pyobject(py)?.into_any()),
+                        ("lines", lines.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any()),
+                        ("raw_line", (line + 1).into_pyobject(py)?.into_any()),
+                        ("raw_column", col.into_pyobject(py)?.into_any()),
+                    ]
+                    .into_py_dict(py)?;
+                    let libcst = PyModule::import(py, "libcst")?;
+                    libcst.getattr("ParserSyntaxError")?.call((), Some(&kwargs))
+                }() {
+                    Ok(py_err_value) => PyErr::from_value(py_err_value),
+                    Err(e) => e,
+                }
             })
         }
     }
-
-    impl<'a> PyErrArguments for Details {
-        fn arguments(self, py: pyo3::Python) -> pyo3::PyObject {
-            [
-                ("message", self.message.into_py(py)),
-                ("lines", self.lines.into_py(py)),
-                ("raw_line", self.raw_line.into_py(py)),
-                ("raw_column", self.raw_column.into_py(py)),
-            ]
-            .into_py_dict(py)
-            .into_py(py)
-        }
-    }
 }
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/parser/grammar.rs b/native/libcst/src/parser/grammar.rs
index 3aaf7130..86823961 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/parser/grammar.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/parser/grammar.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,21 @@
 
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use crate::nodes::*;
+use crate::expression::make_async;
+use crate::nodes::deflated::*;
+use crate::nodes::expression::make_fstringtext;
+use crate::nodes::expression::make_tstringtext;
+use crate::nodes::op::make_importstar;
+use crate::nodes::traits::ParenthesizedDeflatedNode;
 use crate::parser::ParserError;
 use crate::tokenizer::{TokType, Token};
+use crate::WithComma;
 use peg::str::LineCol;
 use peg::{parser, Parse, ParseElem, RuleResult};
 use TokType::{
     Async, Await as AWAIT, Dedent, EndMarker, FStringEnd, FStringStart, FStringString, Indent,
-    Name as NameTok, Newline as NL, Number, String as STRING,
+    Name as NameTok, Newline as NL, Number, String as STRING, TStringEnd, TStringStart,
+    TStringString,
 };
 
 pub type Result<'a, T> = std::result::Result<T, ParserError<'a>>;
@@ -67,50 +74,52 @@ impl<'a> Parse for TokVec<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-type TokenRef<'a> = Rc<Token<'a>>;
+type TokenRef<'input, 'a> = &'input Token<'a>;
 
-impl<'a> ParseElem for TokVec<'a> {
-    type Element = TokenRef<'a>;
+impl<'input, 'a: 'input> ParseElem<'input> for TokVec<'a> {
+    type Element = TokenRef<'input, 'a>;
 
-    fn parse_elem(&self, pos: usize) -> RuleResult<Self::Element> {
+    fn parse_elem(&'input self, pos: usize) -> RuleResult<Self::Element> {
         match self.0.get(pos) {
-            Some(tok) => RuleResult::Matched(pos + 1, tok.clone()),
+            Some(tok) => RuleResult::Matched(pos + 1, tok),
             None => RuleResult::Failed,
         }
     }
 }
 
+const MAX_RECURSION_DEPTH: usize = 3000;
+
 parser! {
     pub grammar python<'a>(input: &'a str) for TokVec<'a> {
 
         // Starting Rules
 
-        pub rule file(encoding: Option<&str>) -> Module<'a>
+        pub rule file(encoding: Option<&str>) -> Module<'input, 'a>
             = traced(<_file(encoding.unwrap_or("utf-8"))>)
 
-        pub rule expression_input() -> Expression<'a>
+        pub rule expression_input() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = traced(<e:star_expressions() tok(NL, "NEWLINE") tok(EndMarker, "EOF") {e}>)
 
-        pub rule statement_input() -> Statement<'a>
+        pub rule statement_input() -> Statement<'input, 'a>
             = traced(<s:statement() tok(EndMarker, "EOF") {s}>)
 
-        rule _file(encoding: &str) -> Module<'a>
+        rule _file(encoding: &str) -> Module<'input, 'a>
             = s:statements()? eof:tok(EndMarker, "EOF") {
                 make_module(s.unwrap_or_default(), eof, encoding)
             }
 
         // General statements
 
-        rule statements() -> Vec<Statement<'a>>
+        rule statements() -> Vec<Statement<'input, 'a>>
             = statement()+
 
-        rule statement() -> Statement<'a>
+        rule statement() -> Statement<'input, 'a>
             = c:compound_stmt() { Statement::Compound(c) }
             / s:simple_stmts() {
                     Statement::Simple(make_simple_statement_line(s))
             }
 
-        rule simple_stmts() -> SimpleStatementParts<'a>
+        rule simple_stmts() -> SimpleStatementParts<'input, 'a>
             = first_tok:&_ stmts:separated_trailer(<simple_stmt()>, <lit(";")>) nl:tok(NL, "NEWLINE") {
                 SimpleStatementParts {
                     first_tok,
@@ -122,8 +131,9 @@ parser! {
             }
 
         #[cache]
-        rule simple_stmt() -> SmallStatement<'a>
+        rule simple_stmt() -> SmallStatement<'input, 'a>
             = assignment()
+            / &lit("type") s: type_stmt() {SmallStatement::TypeAlias(s)}
             / e:star_expressions() { SmallStatement::Expr(Expr { value: e, semicolon: None }) }
             / &lit("return") s:return_stmt() { SmallStatement::Return(s) }
             // this is expanded from the original grammar's import_stmt rule
@@ -140,7 +150,7 @@ parser! {
             / &lit("nonlocal") s:nonlocal_stmt() {SmallStatement::Nonlocal(s)}
 
 
-        rule compound_stmt() -> CompoundStatement<'a>
+        rule compound_stmt() -> CompoundStatement<'input, 'a>
             = &(lit("def") / lit("@") / tok(Async, "ASYNC")) f:function_def() {
                 CompoundStatement::FunctionDef(f)
             }
@@ -155,7 +165,7 @@ parser! {
 
         // Simple statements
 
-        rule assignment() -> SmallStatement<'a>
+        rule assignment() -> SmallStatement<'input, 'a>
             = a:name() col:lit(":") ann:expression()
                 rhs:(eq:lit("=") d:annotated_rhs() {(eq, d)})? {
                     SmallStatement::AnnAssign(make_ann_assignment(
@@ -173,10 +183,10 @@ parser! {
                 SmallStatement::AugAssign(make_aug_assign(t, op, rhs))
             }
 
-        rule annotated_rhs() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule annotated_rhs() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = yield_expr() / star_expressions()
 
-        rule augassign() -> AugOp<'a>
+        rule augassign() -> AugOp<'input, 'a>
             = &(lit("+=")
                 / lit("-=")
                 / lit("*=")
@@ -193,12 +203,12 @@ parser! {
                     make_aug_op(tok).map_err(|_| "aug_op")
             }
 
-        rule return_stmt() -> Return<'a>
+        rule return_stmt() -> Return<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("return") a:star_expressions()? {
                 make_return(kw, a)
             }
 
-        rule raise_stmt() -> Raise<'a>
+        rule raise_stmt() -> Raise<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("raise") exc:expression()
                 rest:(f:lit("from") cau:expression() {(f, cau)})? {
                     make_raise(kw, Some(exc), rest)
@@ -207,17 +217,17 @@ parser! {
                 make_raise(kw, None, None)
             }
 
-        rule global_stmt() -> Global<'a>
+        rule global_stmt() -> Global<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("global") init:(n:name() c:comma() {(n, c)})* last:name() {
                 make_global(kw, init, last)
             }
 
-        rule nonlocal_stmt() -> Nonlocal<'a>
+        rule nonlocal_stmt() -> Nonlocal<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("nonlocal") init:(n:name() c:comma() {(n, c)})* last:name() {
                 make_nonlocal(kw, init, last)
             }
 
-        rule del_stmt() -> Del<'a>
+        rule del_stmt() -> Del<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("del") t:del_target() &(lit(";") / tok(NL, "NEWLINE")) {
                 make_del(kw, t)
             }
@@ -225,22 +235,22 @@ parser! {
                 make_del(kw, make_del_tuple(None, t, None))
             }
 
-        rule yield_stmt() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule yield_stmt() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = yield_expr()
 
-        rule assert_stmt() -> Assert<'a>
+        rule assert_stmt() -> Assert<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("assert") test:expression() rest:(c:comma() msg:expression() {(c, msg)})? {
                 make_assert(kw, test, rest)
             }
 
         // Import statements
 
-        rule import_name() -> Import<'a>
+        rule import_name() -> Import<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("import") a:dotted_as_names() {
                 make_import(kw, a)
             }
 
-        rule import_from() -> ImportFrom<'a>
+        rule import_from() -> ImportFrom<'input, 'a>
             = from:lit("from") dots:dots()? m:dotted_name()
                 import:lit("import") als:import_from_targets() {
                     make_import_from(from, dots.unwrap_or_default(), Some(m), import, als)
@@ -250,7 +260,7 @@ parser! {
                     make_import_from(from, dots, None, import, als)
             }
 
-        rule import_from_targets() -> ParenthesizedImportNames<'a>
+        rule import_from_targets() -> ParenthesizedImportNames<'input, 'a>
             = lpar:lpar() als:import_from_as_names() c:comma()? rpar:rpar() {
                 let mut als = als;
                 if let (comma@Some(_), Some(mut last)) = (c, als.last_mut()) {
@@ -259,31 +269,31 @@ parser! {
                 (Some(lpar), ImportNames::Aliases(als), Some(rpar))
             }
             / als:import_from_as_names() !lit(",") { (None, ImportNames::Aliases(als), None)}
-            / star:lit("*") { (None, ImportNames::Star(ImportStar {}), None) }
+            / star:lit("*") { (None, ImportNames::Star(make_importstar()), None) }
 
-        rule import_from_as_names() -> Vec<ImportAlias<'a>>
+        rule import_from_as_names() -> Vec<ImportAlias<'input, 'a>>
             = items:separated(<import_from_as_name()>, <comma()>) {
                 make_import_from_as_names(items.0, items.1)
             }
 
-        rule import_from_as_name() -> ImportAlias<'a>
+        rule import_from_as_name() -> ImportAlias<'input, 'a>
             = n:name() asname:(kw:lit("as") z:name() {(kw, z)})? {
                 make_import_alias(NameOrAttribute::N(Box::new(n)), asname)
             }
 
-        rule dotted_as_names() -> Vec<ImportAlias<'a>>
+        rule dotted_as_names() -> Vec<ImportAlias<'input, 'a>>
             = init:(d:dotted_as_name() c:comma() {d.with_comma(c)})*
                 last:dotted_as_name() {
                     concat(init, vec![last])
             }
 
-        rule dotted_as_name() -> ImportAlias<'a>
+        rule dotted_as_name() -> ImportAlias<'input, 'a>
             = n:dotted_name() asname:(kw:lit("as") z:name() {(kw, z)})? {
                 make_import_alias(n, asname)
             }
 
         // TODO: why does this diverge from CPython?
-        rule dotted_name() -> NameOrAttribute<'a>
+        rule dotted_name() -> NameOrAttribute<'input, 'a>
             = first:name() tail:(dot:lit(".") n:name() {(dot, n)})* {
                 make_name_or_attr(first, tail)
             }
@@ -293,7 +303,7 @@ parser! {
         // Common elements
 
         #[cache]
-        rule block() -> Suite<'a>
+        rule block() -> Suite<'input, 'a>
             = n:tok(NL, "NEWLINE") ind:tok(Indent, "INDENT") s:statements() ded:tok(Dedent, "DEDENT") {
                 make_indented_block(n, ind, s, ded)
             }
@@ -301,50 +311,50 @@ parser! {
                 make_simple_statement_suite(s)
             }
 
-        rule decorators() -> Vec<Decorator<'a>>
+        rule decorators() -> Vec<Decorator<'input, 'a>>
             = (at:lit("@") e:named_expression() nl:tok(NL, "NEWLINE") {
                 make_decorator(at, e, nl)
             } )+
 
         // Class definitions
 
-        rule class_def() -> ClassDef<'a>
+        rule class_def() -> ClassDef<'input, 'a>
             = d:decorators() c:class_def_raw() { c.with_decorators(d) }
             / class_def_raw()
 
-        rule class_def_raw() -> ClassDef<'a>
-            = kw:lit("class") n:name() arg:(l:lpar() a:arguments()? r:rpar() {(l, a, r)})?
+        rule class_def_raw() -> ClassDef<'input, 'a>
+            = kw:lit("class") n:name() t:type_params()? arg:(l:lpar() a:arguments()? r:rpar() {(l, a, r)})?
                 col:lit(":") b:block() {?
-                    make_class_def(kw, n, arg, col, b)
+                    make_class_def(kw, n, t, arg, col, b)
             }
 
         // Function definitions
 
-        rule function_def() -> FunctionDef<'a>
+        rule function_def() -> FunctionDef<'input, 'a>
             = d:decorators() f:function_def_raw() {f.with_decorators(d)}
             / function_def_raw()
 
-        rule _returns() -> Annotation<'a>
+        rule _returns() -> Annotation<'input, 'a>
             = l:lit("->") e:expression() {
                 make_annotation(l, e)
             }
 
-        rule function_def_raw() -> FunctionDef<'a>
-            = def:lit("def") n:name() op:lit("(") params:params()?
+        rule function_def_raw() -> FunctionDef<'input, 'a>
+            = def:lit("def") n:name() t:type_params()? op:lit("(") params:params()?
                 cp:lit(")") ty:_returns()? c:lit(":") b:block() {
-                    make_function_def(None, def, n, op, params, cp, ty, c, b)
+                    make_function_def(None, def, n, t, op, params, cp, ty, c, b)
             }
-            / asy:tok(Async, "ASYNC") def:lit("def") n:name() op:lit("(") params:params()?
+            / asy:tok(Async, "ASYNC") def:lit("def") n:name() t:type_params()? op:lit("(") params:params()?
                 cp:lit(")") ty:_returns()? c:lit(":") b:block() {
-                    make_function_def(Some(asy), def, n, op, params, cp, ty, c, b)
+                    make_function_def(Some(asy), def, n, t, op, params, cp, ty, c, b)
             }
 
         // Function parameters
 
-        rule params() -> Parameters<'a>
+        rule params() -> Parameters<'input, 'a>
             = parameters()
 
-        rule parameters() -> Parameters<'a>
+        rule parameters() -> Parameters<'input, 'a>
             = a:slash_no_default() b:param_no_default()* c:param_with_default()*  d:star_etc()? {
                 make_parameters(Some(a), concat(b, c), d)
             }
@@ -361,42 +371,50 @@ parser! {
                 make_parameters(None, vec![], Some(d))
             }
 
-        rule slash_no_default() -> (Vec<Param<'a>>, ParamSlash<'a>)
-            = a:param_no_default()+ slash:lit("/") com:comma() {
-                    (a, ParamSlash { comma: Some(com)})
+        rule slash_no_default() -> (Vec<Param<'input, 'a>>, ParamSlash<'input, 'a>)
+            = a:param_no_default()+ tok:lit("/") com:comma() {
+                    (a, ParamSlash { comma: Some(com), tok })
             }
-            / a:param_no_default()+ slash:lit("/") &lit(")") {
-                (a, ParamSlash { comma: None })
+            / a:param_no_default()+ tok:lit("/") &lit(")") {
+                (a, ParamSlash { comma: None, tok })
             }
 
-        rule slash_with_default() -> (Vec<Param<'a>>, ParamSlash<'a>)
-            = a:param_no_default()* b:param_with_default()+ slash:lit("/") c:comma() {
-                (concat(a, b), ParamSlash { comma: Some(c) })
+        rule slash_with_default() -> (Vec<Param<'input, 'a>>, ParamSlash<'input, 'a>)
+            = a:param_no_default()* b:param_with_default()+ tok:lit("/") c:comma() {
+                (concat(a, b), ParamSlash { comma: Some(c), tok })
             }
-            / a:param_no_default()* b:param_with_default()+ slash:lit("/") &lit(")") {
-                (concat(a, b), ParamSlash { comma: None })
+            / a:param_no_default()* b:param_with_default()+ tok:lit("/") &lit(")") {
+                (concat(a, b), ParamSlash { comma: None, tok })
             }
 
-        rule star_etc() -> StarEtc<'a>
+        rule star_etc() -> StarEtc<'input, 'a>
             = star:lit("*") a:param_no_default() b:param_maybe_default()* kw:kwds()? {
                 StarEtc(Some(StarArg::Param(Box::new(
                     add_param_star(a, star)))), b, kw)
             }
+            / star:lit("*") a:param_no_default_star_annotation() b:param_maybe_default()* kw:kwds()? {
+                StarEtc(Some(StarArg::Param(Box::new(
+                    add_param_star(a, star)))), b, kw)
+            }
             / lit("*") c:comma() b:param_maybe_default()+ kw:kwds()? {
                 StarEtc(Some(StarArg::Star(Box::new(ParamStar {comma:c }))), b, kw)
             }
             / kw:kwds() { StarEtc(None, vec![], Some(kw)) }
 
-        rule kwds() -> Param<'a>
+        rule kwds() -> Param<'input, 'a>
             = star:lit("**") a:param_no_default() {
                 add_param_star(a, star)
             }
 
-        rule param_no_default() -> Param<'a>
+        rule param_no_default() -> Param<'input, 'a>
             = a:param() c:lit(",") { add_param_default(a, None, Some(c)) }
             / a:param() &lit(")") {a}
 
-        rule param_with_default() -> Param<'a>
+        rule param_no_default_star_annotation() -> Param<'input, 'a>
+            = a:param_star_annotation() c:lit(",") { add_param_default(a, None, Some(c))}
+            / a:param_star_annotation() &lit(")") {a}
+
+        rule param_with_default() -> Param<'input, 'a>
             = a:param() def:default() c:lit(",") {
                 add_param_default(a, Some(def), Some(c))
             }
@@ -404,7 +422,7 @@ parser! {
                 add_param_default(a, Some(def), None)
             }
 
-        rule param_maybe_default() -> Param<'a>
+        rule param_maybe_default() -> Param<'input, 'a>
             = a:param() def:default()? c:lit(",") {
                 add_param_default(a, def, Some(c))
             }
@@ -412,24 +430,43 @@ parser! {
                 add_param_default(a, def, None)
             }
 
-        rule param() -> Param<'a>
+        rule param() -> Param<'input, 'a>
             = n:name() a:annotation()? {
                 Param {name: n, annotation: a, ..Default::default() }
             }
 
-        rule annotation() -> Annotation<'a>
+        rule param_star_annotation() -> Param<'input, 'a>
+            = n:name() a:star_annotation() {
+                Param {name: n, annotation: Some(a), ..Default::default() }
+            }
+
+        rule annotation() -> Annotation<'input, 'a>
             = col:lit(":") e:expression() {
                 make_annotation(col, e)
             }
 
-        rule default() -> (AssignEqual<'a>, Expression<'a>)
+        rule star_annotation() -> Annotation<'input, 'a>
+            = col:lit(":") e:star_expression() {
+                make_annotation(col, e)
+            }
+
+        rule default() -> (AssignEqual<'input, 'a>,  Expression<'input, 'a>)
             = eq:lit("=") ex:expression() {
                 (make_assign_equal(eq), ex)
             }
 
+        rule default_or_starred() -> (AssignEqual<'input, 'a>,Option<TokenRef<'input, 'a>>,  Expression<'input, 'a>)
+            = eq:lit("=") ex:expression() {
+                (make_assign_equal(eq), None , ex)
+            }
+            / eq:lit("=") star:lit("*") ex:expression() {
+                // make_star_default(eq, star, ex)
+                (make_assign_equal(eq), Some(star) , ex)
+            }
+
         // If statement
 
-        rule if_stmt() -> If<'a>
+        rule if_stmt() -> If<'input, 'a>
             = i:lit("if") a:named_expression() col:lit(":") b:block() elif:elif_stmt() {
                 make_if(i, a, col, b, Some(OrElse::Elif(elif)), false)
             }
@@ -437,7 +474,7 @@ parser! {
                 make_if(i, a, col, b, el.map(OrElse::Else), false)
             }
 
-        rule elif_stmt() -> If<'a>
+        rule elif_stmt() -> If<'input, 'a>
             = i:lit("elif") a:named_expression() col:lit(":") b:block() elif:elif_stmt() {
                 make_if(i, a, col, b, Some(OrElse::Elif(elif)), true)
             }
@@ -445,21 +482,21 @@ parser! {
                 make_if(i, a, col, b, el.map(OrElse::Else), true)
             }
 
-        rule else_block() -> Else<'a>
+        rule else_block() -> Else<'input, 'a>
             = el:lit("else") col:lit(":") b:block() {
                 make_else(el, col, b)
             }
 
         // While statement
 
-        rule while_stmt() -> While<'a>
+        rule while_stmt() -> While<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("while") test:named_expression() col:lit(":") b:block() el:else_block()? {
                 make_while(kw, test, col, b, el)
             }
 
         // For statement
 
-        rule for_stmt() -> For<'a>
+        rule for_stmt() -> For<'input, 'a>
             = f:lit("for") t:star_targets() i:lit("in") it:star_expressions()
                 c:lit(":") b:block() el:else_block()? {
                     make_for(None, f, t, i, it, c, b, el)
@@ -472,7 +509,7 @@ parser! {
 
         // With statement
 
-        rule with_stmt() -> With<'a>
+        rule with_stmt() -> With<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("with") l:lpar() items:separated_trailer(<with_item()>, <comma()>) r:rpar()
                 col:lit(":") b:block() {
                     make_with(None, kw, Some(l), comma_separate(items.0, items.1, items.2), Some(r), col, b)
@@ -490,8 +527,8 @@ parser! {
                     make_with(Some(asy), kw, None, comma_separate(items.0, items.1, None), None, col, b)
             }
 
-        rule with_item() -> WithItem<'a>
-            = e:expression() a:lit("as") t:star_target() &(lit(",") / lit(":")) {
+        rule with_item() -> WithItem<'input, 'a>
+            = e:expression() a:lit("as") t:star_target() &(lit(",") / lit(":") / rpar()) {
                 make_with_item(e, Some(a), Some(t))
             }
             / e:expression() {
@@ -500,7 +537,7 @@ parser! {
 
         // Try statement
 
-        rule try_stmt() -> Try<'a>
+        rule try_stmt() -> Try<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("try") lit(":") b:block() f:finally_block() {
                 make_try(kw, b, vec![], None, Some(f))
             }
@@ -510,30 +547,49 @@ parser! {
             }
 
         // Note: this is separate because TryStar is a different type in LibCST
-        rule try_star_stmt() -> TryStar<'a>
+        rule try_star_stmt() -> TryStar<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("try") lit(":") b:block() ex:except_star_block()+
                 el:else_block()? f:finally_block()? {
                     make_try_star(kw, b, ex, el, f)
             }
 
         // Except statement
-
-        rule except_block() -> ExceptHandler<'a>
+        rule except_block() -> ExceptHandler<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("except") e:expression() a:(k:lit("as") n:name() {(k, n)})?
                 col:lit(":") b:block() {
                     make_except(kw, Some(e), a, col, b)
             }
+            / kw:lit("except") e:expression() other:(c:comma() ex:expression() {(c, ex)})+ tc:(c:comma())?
+                col:lit(":") b:block() {
+                    let tuple = Expression::Tuple(Box::new(Tuple {
+                        elements: comma_separate(expr_to_element(e), other.into_iter().map(|(comma, expr)| (comma, expr_to_element(expr))).collect(), tc),
+                        lpar: vec![],
+                        rpar: vec![],
+                    }));
+
+                    make_except(kw, Some(tuple), None, col, b)
+            }
             / kw:lit("except") col:lit(":") b:block() {
                 make_except(kw, None, None, col, b)
             }
 
-        rule except_star_block() -> ExceptStarHandler<'a>
+        rule except_star_block() -> ExceptStarHandler<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("except") star:lit("*") e:expression()
                 a:(k:lit("as") n:name() {(k, n)})? col:lit(":") b:block() {
                     make_except_star(kw, star, e, a, col, b)
             }
+            / kw:lit("except") star:lit("*") e:expression() other:(c:comma() ex:expression() {(c, ex)})+ tc:(c:comma())?
+                col:lit(":") b:block() {
+                    let tuple = Expression::Tuple(Box::new(Tuple {
+                        elements: comma_separate(expr_to_element(e), other.into_iter().map(|(comma, expr)| (comma, expr_to_element(expr))).collect(), tc),
+                        lpar: vec![],
+                        rpar: vec![],
+                    }));
 
-        rule finally_block() -> Finally<'a>
+                    make_except_star(kw, star, tuple, None, col, b)
+            }
+
+        rule finally_block() -> Finally<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("finally") col:lit(":") b:block() {
                 make_finally(kw, col, b)
             }
@@ -541,13 +597,13 @@ parser! {
 
         // Match statement
 
-        rule match_stmt() -> Match<'a>
+        rule match_stmt() -> Match<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("match") subject:subject_expr() col:lit(":") tok(NL, "NEWLINE")
                 i:tok(Indent, "INDENT") cases:case_block()+ d:tok(Dedent, "DEDENT") {
                     make_match(kw, subject, col, i, cases, d)
             }
 
-        rule subject_expr() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule subject_expr() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = first:star_named_expression() c:comma() rest:star_named_expressions()? {
                 Expression::Tuple(Box::new(
                     make_tuple_from_elements(first.with_comma(c), rest.unwrap_or_default()))
@@ -555,35 +611,35 @@ parser! {
             }
             / named_expression()
 
-        rule case_block() -> MatchCase<'a>
+        rule case_block() -> MatchCase<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("case") pattern:patterns() guard:guard()? col:lit(":") body:block() {
                 make_case(kw, pattern, guard, col, body)
             }
 
-        rule guard() -> (TokenRef<'a>, Expression<'a>)
+        rule guard() -> (TokenRef<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>)
             = kw:lit("if") exp:named_expression() { (kw, exp) }
 
-        rule patterns() -> MatchPattern<'a>
+        rule patterns() -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a>
             = pats:open_sequence_pattern() {
                 MatchPattern::Sequence(make_list_pattern(None, pats, None))
             }
             / pattern()
 
-        rule pattern() -> MatchPattern<'a>
+        rule pattern() -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a>
             = as_pattern()
             / or_pattern()
 
-        rule as_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'a>
+        rule as_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a>
             = pat:or_pattern() kw:lit("as") target:pattern_capture_target() {
                 make_as_pattern(Some(pat), Some(kw), Some(target))
             }
 
-        rule or_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'a>
+        rule or_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a>
             = pats:separated(<closed_pattern()>, <lit("|")>) {
                 make_or_pattern(pats.0, pats.1)
             }
 
-        rule closed_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'a>
+        rule closed_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a>
             = literal_pattern()
             / capture_pattern()
             / wildcard_pattern()
@@ -593,7 +649,7 @@ parser! {
             / mapping_pattern()
             / class_pattern()
 
-        rule literal_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'a>
+        rule literal_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a>
             = val:signed_number() !(lit("+") / lit("-")) { make_match_value(val) }
             / val:complex_number() { make_match_value(val) }
             / val:strings() { make_match_value(val.into()) }
@@ -601,7 +657,7 @@ parser! {
             / n:lit("True") { make_match_singleton(make_name(n)) }
             / n:lit("False") { make_match_singleton(make_name(n)) }
 
-        rule literal_expr() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule literal_expr() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = val:signed_number() !(lit("+") / lit("-")) { val }
             / val:complex_number() { val }
             / val:strings() { val.into() }
@@ -609,59 +665,59 @@ parser! {
             / n:lit("True") { Expression::Name(Box::new(make_name(n))) }
             / n:lit("False") { Expression::Name(Box::new(make_name(n))) }
 
-        rule complex_number() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule complex_number() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = re:signed_real_number() op:(lit("+")/lit("-")) im:imaginary_number() {?
                 make_binary_op(re, op, im).map_err(|_| "complex number")
             }
 
-        rule signed_number() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule signed_number() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = n:tok(Number, "number") { make_number(n) }
             / op:lit("-") n:tok(Number, "number") {?
                 make_unary_op(op, make_number(n)).map_err(|_| "signed number")
             }
 
-        rule signed_real_number() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule signed_real_number() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = real_number()
             / op:lit("-") n:real_number() {?
                 make_unary_op(op, n).map_err(|_| "signed real number")
             }
 
-        rule real_number() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule real_number() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = n:tok(Number, "number") {? ensure_real_number(n) }
 
-        rule imaginary_number() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule imaginary_number() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = n:tok(Number, "number") {? ensure_imaginary_number(n) }
 
-        rule capture_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'a>
+        rule capture_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a>
             = t:pattern_capture_target() { make_as_pattern(None, None, Some(t)) }
 
-        rule pattern_capture_target() -> Name<'a>
+        rule pattern_capture_target() -> Name<'input, 'a>
             = !lit("_") n:name() !(lit(".") / lit("(") / lit("=")) { n }
 
-        rule wildcard_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'a>
+        rule wildcard_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a>
             = lit("_") { make_as_pattern(None, None, None) }
 
-        rule value_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'a>
+        rule value_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a>
             = v:attr() !(lit(".") / lit("(") / lit("=")) {
                 make_match_value(v.into())
             }
 
         // In upstream attr and name_or_attr are mutually recursive, but rust-peg
         // doesn't support this yet.
-        rule attr() -> NameOrAttribute<'a>
+        rule attr() -> NameOrAttribute<'input, 'a>
             = &(name() lit(".")) v:name_or_attr() { v }
 
         #[cache_left_rec]
-        rule name_or_attr() -> NameOrAttribute<'a>
+        rule name_or_attr() -> NameOrAttribute<'input, 'a>
             = val:name_or_attr() d:lit(".") attr:name() {
                 NameOrAttribute::A(Box::new(make_attribute(val.into(), d, attr)))
             }
             / n:name() { NameOrAttribute::N(Box::new(n)) }
 
-        rule group_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'a>
+        rule group_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a>
             = l:lpar() pat:pattern() r:rpar() { pat.with_parens(l, r) }
 
-        rule sequence_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'a>
+        rule sequence_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a>
             = l:lbrak() pats:maybe_sequence_pattern()? r:rbrak() {
                 MatchPattern::Sequence(
                     make_list_pattern(Some(l), pats.unwrap_or_default(), Some(r))
@@ -671,17 +727,17 @@ parser! {
                 MatchPattern::Sequence(make_tuple_pattern(l, pats.unwrap_or_default(), r))
             }
 
-        rule open_sequence_pattern() -> Vec<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a>>
+        rule open_sequence_pattern() -> Vec<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'input, 'a>>
             = pat:maybe_star_pattern() c:comma() pats:maybe_sequence_pattern()? {
                 make_open_sequence_pattern(pat, c, pats.unwrap_or_default())
             }
 
-        rule maybe_sequence_pattern() -> Vec<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a>>
+        rule maybe_sequence_pattern() -> Vec<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'input, 'a>>
             = pats:separated_trailer(<maybe_star_pattern()>, <comma()>) {
                 comma_separate(pats.0, pats.1, pats.2)
             }
 
-        rule maybe_star_pattern() -> StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a>
+        rule maybe_star_pattern() -> StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'input, 'a>
             = s:star_pattern() { StarrableMatchSequenceElement::Starred(s) }
             / p:pattern() {
                 StarrableMatchSequenceElement::Simple(
@@ -689,11 +745,11 @@ parser! {
                 )
             }
 
-        rule star_pattern() -> MatchStar<'a>
+        rule star_pattern() -> MatchStar<'input, 'a>
             = star:lit("*") t:pattern_capture_target() {make_match_star(star, Some(t))}
             / star:lit("*") t:wildcard_pattern() { make_match_star(star, None) }
 
-        rule mapping_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'a>
+        rule mapping_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a>
             = l:lbrace() r:rbrace() {
                 make_match_mapping(l, vec![], None, None, None, None, r)
             }
@@ -708,20 +764,20 @@ parser! {
                 make_match_mapping(l, items, trail, None, None, None, r)
             }
 
-        rule items_pattern() -> Vec<MatchMappingElement<'a>>
+        rule items_pattern() -> Vec<MatchMappingElement<'input, 'a>>
             = pats:separated(<key_value_pattern()>, <comma()>) {
                 comma_separate(pats.0, pats.1, None)
             }
 
-        rule key_value_pattern() -> MatchMappingElement<'a>
+        rule key_value_pattern() -> MatchMappingElement<'input, 'a>
             = key:(literal_expr() / a:attr() {a.into()}) colon:lit(":") pat:pattern() {
                 make_match_mapping_element(key, colon, pat)
             }
 
-        rule double_star_pattern() -> (TokenRef<'a>, Name<'a>)
+        rule double_star_pattern() -> (TokenRef<'input, 'a>, Name<'input, 'a>)
             = star:lit("**") n:pattern_capture_target() { (star, n) }
 
-        rule class_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'a>
+        rule class_pattern() -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a>
             = cls:name_or_attr() l:lit("(") r:lit(")") {
                 make_class_pattern(cls, l, vec![], None, vec![], None, r)
             }
@@ -736,35 +792,57 @@ parser! {
                     make_class_pattern(cls, l, pats, Some(c), kwds, trail, r)
             }
 
-        rule positional_patterns() -> Vec<MatchSequenceElement<'a>>
+        rule positional_patterns() -> Vec<MatchSequenceElement<'input, 'a>>
             = pats:separated(<p:pattern() { make_match_sequence_element(p) }>, <comma()>) {
                 comma_separate(pats.0, pats.1, None)
             }
 
-        rule keyword_patterns() -> Vec<MatchKeywordElement<'a>>
+        rule keyword_patterns() -> Vec<MatchKeywordElement<'input, 'a>>
             = pats:separated(<keyword_pattern()>, <comma()>) {
                 comma_separate(pats.0, pats.1, None)
             }
 
-        rule keyword_pattern() -> MatchKeywordElement<'a>
+        rule keyword_pattern() -> MatchKeywordElement<'input, 'a>
             = arg:name() eq:lit("=") value:pattern() {
                 make_match_keyword_element(arg, eq, value)
             }
 
+        // Type statement
+
+        rule type_stmt() -> TypeAlias<'input, 'a>
+            = t:lit("type") n:name() ps:type_params()? eq:lit("=") v:expression() {
+                make_type_alias(t, n, ps, eq, v)
+            }
+
+        // Type parameter declaration
+
+        rule type_params() -> TypeParameters<'input, 'a>
+            = lb:lbrak() ps:separated_trailer(<type_param()>, <comma()>) rb:rbrak() {
+                make_type_parameters(lb, comma_separate(ps.0, ps.1, ps.2), rb)
+            }
+
+        rule type_param() -> TypeParam<'input, 'a>
+            = n:name() b:type_param_bound()? def:default()? { make_type_var(n, b, def) }
+            / s:lit("*") n:name() def:default_or_starred()? { make_type_var_tuple(s, n, def)  }
+            / s:lit("**") n:name() def:default()? { make_param_spec(s, n, def) }
+
+
+        rule type_param_bound() -> TypeParamBound<'input, 'a>
+            = c:lit(":") e:expression() { make_type_param_bound(c, e) }
         // Expressions
 
         #[cache]
-        rule expression() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule expression() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = _conditional_expression()
             / lambdef()
 
-        rule _conditional_expression() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule _conditional_expression() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = body:disjunction() i:lit("if") test:disjunction() e:lit("else") oe:expression() {
                 Expression::IfExp(Box::new(make_ifexp(body, i, test, e, oe)))
             }
             / disjunction()
 
-        rule yield_expr() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule yield_expr() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = y:lit("yield") f:lit("from") a:expression() {
                 Expression::Yield(Box::new(make_yield(y, Some(f), Some(a))))
             }
@@ -772,7 +850,7 @@ parser! {
                 Expression::Yield(Box::new(make_yield(y, None, a)))
             }
 
-        rule star_expressions() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule star_expressions() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = first:star_expression()
                 rest:(comma:comma() e:star_expression() { (comma, expr_to_element(e)) })+
                 comma:comma()? {
@@ -784,45 +862,45 @@ parser! {
             / star_expression()
 
         #[cache]
-        rule star_expression() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule star_expression() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = star:lit("*") e:bitwise_or() {
                 Expression::StarredElement(Box::new(make_starred_element(star, expr_to_element(e))))
             }
             / expression()
 
-        rule star_named_expressions() -> Vec<Element<'a>>
+        rule star_named_expressions() -> Vec<Element<'input, 'a>>
             = exps:separated_trailer(<star_named_expression()>, <comma()>) {
                 comma_separate(exps.0, exps.1, exps.2)
             }
 
-        rule star_named_expression() -> Element<'a>
+        rule star_named_expression() -> Element<'input, 'a>
             = star:lit("*") e:bitwise_or() {
                 Element::Starred(Box::new(make_starred_element(star, expr_to_element(e))))
             }
             / e:named_expression() { expr_to_element(e) }
 
-        rule named_expression() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule named_expression() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = a:name() op:lit(":=") b:expression() {
                 Expression::NamedExpr(Box::new(make_named_expr(a, op, b)))
             }
             / e:expression() !lit(":=") { e }
 
         #[cache]
-        rule disjunction() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule disjunction() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = a:conjunction() b:(or:lit("or") inner:conjunction() { (or, inner) })+ {?
                 make_boolean_op(a, b).map_err(|e| "expected disjunction")
             }
             / conjunction()
 
         #[cache]
-        rule conjunction() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule conjunction() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = a:inversion() b:(and:lit("and") inner:inversion() { (and, inner) })+ {?
                 make_boolean_op(a, b).map_err(|e| "expected conjunction")
             }
             / inversion()
 
         #[cache]
-        rule inversion() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule inversion() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = not:lit("not") a:inversion() {?
                 make_unary_op(not, a).map_err(|e| "expected inversion")
             }
@@ -831,14 +909,14 @@ parser! {
         // Comparison operators
 
         #[cache]
-        rule comparison() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule comparison() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = a:bitwise_or() b:compare_op_bitwise_or_pair()+ { make_comparison(a, b) }
             / bitwise_or()
 
         // This implementation diverges slightly from CPython (3.9) to avoid bloating
         // the parser cache and increase readability.
         #[cache]
-        rule compare_op_bitwise_or_pair() -> (CompOp<'a>, Expression<'a>)
+        rule compare_op_bitwise_or_pair() -> (CompOp<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>)
             = _op_bitwise_or("==")
             / _op_bitwise_or("!=") // TODO: support barry_as_flufl
             / _op_bitwise_or("<=")
@@ -850,14 +928,14 @@ parser! {
             / _op_bitwise_or2("is", "not")
             / _op_bitwise_or("is")
 
-        rule _op_bitwise_or(o: &'static str) -> (CompOp<'a>, Expression<'a>)
+        rule _op_bitwise_or(o: &'static str) -> (CompOp<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>)
             = op:lit(o) e:bitwise_or() {?
                 make_comparison_operator(op)
                     .map(|op| (op, e))
                     .map_err(|_| "comparison")
             }
 
-        rule _op_bitwise_or2(first: &'static str, second: &'static str) -> (CompOp<'a>, Expression<'a>)
+        rule _op_bitwise_or2(first: &'static str, second: &'static str) -> (CompOp<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>)
             = f:lit(first) s:lit(second) e:bitwise_or() {?
                 make_comparison_operator_2(f, s)
                     .map(|op| (op, e))
@@ -865,28 +943,28 @@ parser! {
             }
 
         #[cache_left_rec]
-        rule bitwise_or() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule bitwise_or() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = a:bitwise_or() op:lit("|") b:bitwise_xor() {?
                 make_binary_op(a, op, b).map_err(|e| "expected bitwise_or")
             }
             / bitwise_xor()
 
         #[cache_left_rec]
-        rule bitwise_xor() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule bitwise_xor() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = a:bitwise_xor() op:lit("^") b:bitwise_and() {?
                 make_binary_op(a, op, b).map_err(|e| "expected bitwise_xor")
             }
             / bitwise_and()
 
         #[cache_left_rec]
-        rule bitwise_and() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule bitwise_and() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = a:bitwise_and() op:lit("&") b:shift_expr() {?
                 make_binary_op(a, op, b).map_err(|e| "expected bitwise_and")
             }
             / shift_expr()
 
         #[cache_left_rec]
-        rule shift_expr() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule shift_expr() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = a:shift_expr() op:lit("<<") b:sum() {?
                 make_binary_op(a, op, b).map_err(|e| "expected shift_expr")
             }
@@ -896,7 +974,7 @@ parser! {
             / sum()
 
         #[cache_left_rec]
-        rule sum() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule sum() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = a:sum() op:lit("+") b:term() {?
                 make_binary_op(a, op, b).map_err(|e| "expected sum")
             }
@@ -906,7 +984,7 @@ parser! {
             / term()
 
         #[cache_left_rec]
-        rule term() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule term() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = a:term() op:lit("*") b:factor() {?
                 make_binary_op(a, op, b).map_err(|e| "expected term")
             }
@@ -925,7 +1003,7 @@ parser! {
             / factor()
 
         #[cache]
-        rule factor() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule factor() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = op:lit("+") a:factor() {?
                 make_unary_op(op, a).map_err(|e| "expected factor")
             }
@@ -937,7 +1015,7 @@ parser! {
             }
             / power()
 
-        rule power() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule power() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = a:await_primary() op:lit("**") b:factor() {?
                 make_binary_op(a, op, b).map_err(|e| "expected power")
             }
@@ -945,14 +1023,14 @@ parser! {
 
         // Primary elements
 
-        rule await_primary() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule await_primary() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = aw:tok(AWAIT, "AWAIT") e:primary() {
                 Expression::Await(Box::new(make_await(aw, e)))
             }
             / primary()
 
         #[cache_left_rec]
-        rule primary() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule primary() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = v:primary() dot:lit(".") attr:name() {
                 Expression::Attribute(Box::new(make_attribute(v, dot, attr)))
             }
@@ -967,51 +1045,52 @@ parser! {
             }
             / atom()
 
-        rule slices() -> Vec<SubscriptElement<'a>>
+        rule slices() -> Vec<SubscriptElement<'input, 'a>>
             = s:slice() !lit(",") { vec![SubscriptElement { slice: s, comma: None }] }
             / slices:separated_trailer(<slice()>, <comma()>) {
                 make_slices(slices.0, slices.1, slices.2)
             }
 
-        rule slice() -> BaseSlice<'a>
+        rule slice() -> BaseSlice<'input, 'a>
             = l:expression()? col:lit(":") u:expression()?
                 rest:(c:lit(":") s:expression()? {(c, s)})? {
                     make_slice(l, col, u, rest)
             }
-            / v:expression() { make_index(v) }
+            / e:starred_expression() { make_index_from_arg(e) }
+            / v:named_expression() { make_index(v) }
 
-        rule atom() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule atom() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = n:name() { Expression::Name(Box::new(n)) }
             / n:lit("True") { Expression::Name(Box::new(make_name(n))) }
             / n:lit("False") { Expression::Name(Box::new(make_name(n))) }
             / n:lit("None") { Expression::Name(Box::new(make_name(n))) }
-            / &(tok(STRING, "") / tok(FStringStart, "")) s:strings() {s.into()}
+            / &(tok(STRING, "") / tok(FStringStart, "") / tok(TStringStart, "")) s:strings() {s.into()}
             / n:tok(Number, "NUMBER") { make_number(n) }
             / &lit("(") e:(tuple() / group() / (g:genexp() {Expression::GeneratorExp(Box::new(g))})) {e}
             / &lit("[") e:(list() / listcomp()) {e}
             / &lit("{") e:(dict() / set() / dictcomp() / setcomp()) {e}
             / lit("...") { Expression::Ellipsis(Box::new(Ellipsis {lpar: vec![], rpar: vec![]}))}
 
-        rule group() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule group() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = lpar:lpar() e:(yield_expr() / named_expression()) rpar:rpar() {
                 e.with_parens(lpar, rpar)
             }
 
         // Lambda functions
 
-        rule lambdef() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule lambdef() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("lambda") p:lambda_params()? c:lit(":") b:expression() {
                 Expression::Lambda(Box::new(make_lambda(kw, p.unwrap_or_default(), c, b)))
             }
 
-        rule lambda_params() -> Parameters<'a>
+        rule lambda_params() -> Parameters<'input, 'a>
             = lambda_parameters()
 
         // lambda_parameters etc. duplicates parameters but without annotations or type
         // comments, and if there's no comma after a parameter, we expect a colon, not a
         // close parenthesis.
 
-        rule lambda_parameters() -> Parameters<'a>
+        rule lambda_parameters() -> Parameters<'input, 'a>
             = a:lambda_slash_no_default() b:lambda_param_no_default()*
                 c:lambda_param_with_default()* d:lambda_star_etc()? {
                     make_parameters(Some(a), concat(b, c), d)
@@ -1031,23 +1110,23 @@ parser! {
                 make_parameters(None, vec![], Some(d))
             }
 
-        rule lambda_slash_no_default() -> (Vec<Param<'a>>, ParamSlash<'a>)
-            = a:lambda_param_no_default()+ slash:lit("/") com:comma() {
-                (a, ParamSlash { comma: Some(com) } )
+        rule lambda_slash_no_default() -> (Vec<Param<'input, 'a>>, ParamSlash<'input, 'a>)
+            = a:lambda_param_no_default()+ tok:lit("/") com:comma() {
+                (a, ParamSlash { comma: Some(com), tok } )
             }
-            / a:lambda_param_no_default()+ slash:lit("/") &lit(":") {
-                (a, ParamSlash { comma: None })
+            / a:lambda_param_no_default()+ tok:lit("/") &lit(":") {
+                (a, ParamSlash { comma: None, tok })
             }
 
-        rule lambda_slash_with_default() -> (Vec<Param<'a>>, ParamSlash<'a>)
-            = a:lambda_param_no_default()* b:lambda_param_with_default()+ slash:lit("/") c:comma(){
-                (concat(a, b), ParamSlash { comma: Some(c) })
+        rule lambda_slash_with_default() -> (Vec<Param<'input, 'a>>, ParamSlash<'input, 'a>)
+            = a:lambda_param_no_default()* b:lambda_param_with_default()+ tok:lit("/") c:comma(){
+                (concat(a, b), ParamSlash { comma: Some(c), tok })
             }
-            / a:lambda_param_no_default()* b:lambda_param_with_default()+ slash:lit("/") &lit(":") {
-                (concat(a, b), ParamSlash { comma: None })
+            / a:lambda_param_no_default()* b:lambda_param_with_default()+ tok:lit("/") &lit(":") {
+                (concat(a, b), ParamSlash { comma: None, tok })
             }
 
-        rule lambda_star_etc() -> StarEtc<'a>
+        rule lambda_star_etc() -> StarEtc<'input, 'a>
             = star:lit("*") a:lambda_param_no_default()
                 b:lambda_param_maybe_default()* kw:lambda_kwds()? {
                     StarEtc(Some(StarArg::Param(
@@ -1059,18 +1138,18 @@ parser! {
             }
             / kw:lambda_kwds() { StarEtc(None, vec![], Some(kw)) }
 
-        rule lambda_kwds() -> Param<'a>
+        rule lambda_kwds() -> Param<'input, 'a>
             = star:lit("**") a:lambda_param_no_default() {
                 add_param_star(a, star)
             }
 
-        rule lambda_param_no_default() -> Param<'a>
+        rule lambda_param_no_default() -> Param<'input, 'a>
             = a:lambda_param() c:lit(",") {
                 add_param_default(a, None, Some(c))
             }
             / a:lambda_param() &lit(":") {a}
 
-        rule lambda_param_with_default() -> Param<'a>
+        rule lambda_param_with_default() -> Param<'input, 'a>
             = a:lambda_param() def:default() c:lit(",") {
                 add_param_default(a, Some(def), Some(c))
             }
@@ -1078,7 +1157,7 @@ parser! {
                 add_param_default(a, Some(def), None)
             }
 
-        rule lambda_param_maybe_default() -> Param<'a>
+        rule lambda_param_maybe_default() -> Param<'input, 'a>
             = a:lambda_param() def:default()? c:lit(",") {
                 add_param_default(a, def, Some(c))
             }
@@ -1086,25 +1165,25 @@ parser! {
                 add_param_default(a, def, None)
             }
 
-        rule lambda_param() -> Param<'a>
+        rule lambda_param() -> Param<'input, 'a>
             = name:name() { Param { name, ..Default::default() } }
 
         // Literals
 
-        rule strings() -> String<'a>
+        rule strings() -> String<'input, 'a>
             = s:(str:tok(STRING, "STRING") t:&_ {(make_string(str), t)}
-                / str:fstring() t:&_ {(String::Formatted(str), t)})+ {
+                / str:fstring() t:&_ {(String::Formatted(str), t)} / str:tstring() t:&_ {(String::Templated(str), t)})+ {?
                 make_strings(s)
             }
 
-        rule list() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule list() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = lbrak:lbrak() e:star_named_expressions()? rbrak:rbrak() {
                 Expression::List(Box::new(
                     make_list(lbrak, e.unwrap_or_default(), rbrak))
                 )
             }
 
-        rule tuple() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule tuple() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = lpar:lpar() first:star_named_expression() &lit(",")
                 rest:(c:comma() e:star_named_expression() {(c, e)})*
                 trailing_comma:comma()? rpar:rpar() {
@@ -1114,42 +1193,42 @@ parser! {
             }
             / lpar:lpar() rpar:lit(")") {
                 Expression::Tuple(Box::new(Tuple::default().with_parens(
-                    lpar, RightParen { whitespace_before: Default::default(), rpar_tok: rpar }
+                    lpar, RightParen { rpar_tok: rpar }
                 )))}
 
-        rule set() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule set() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = lbrace:lbrace() e:star_named_expressions()? rbrace:rbrace() {
                 Expression::Set(Box::new(make_set(lbrace, e.unwrap_or_default(), rbrace)))
             }
 
         // Dicts
 
-        rule dict() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule dict() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = lbrace:lbrace() els:double_starred_keypairs()? rbrace:rbrace() {
                 Expression::Dict(Box::new(make_dict(lbrace, els.unwrap_or_default(), rbrace)))
             }
 
 
-        rule double_starred_keypairs() -> Vec<DictElement<'a>>
+        rule double_starred_keypairs() -> Vec<DictElement<'input, 'a>>
             = pairs:separated_trailer(<double_starred_kvpair()>, <comma()>) {
                     make_double_starred_keypairs(pairs.0, pairs.1, pairs.2)
             }
 
-        rule double_starred_kvpair() -> DictElement<'a>
+        rule double_starred_kvpair() -> DictElement<'input, 'a>
             = s:lit("**") e:bitwise_or() {
                 DictElement::Starred(make_double_starred_element(s, e))
             }
             / k:kvpair() { make_dict_element(k) }
 
-        rule kvpair() -> (Expression<'a>, TokenRef<'a>, Expression<'a>)
+        rule kvpair() -> (Expression<'input, 'a>, TokenRef<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>)
             = k:expression() colon:lit(":") v:expression() { (k, colon, v) }
 
         // Comprehensions & generators
 
-        rule for_if_clauses() -> CompFor<'a>
-            = c:for_if_clause()+ { merge_comp_fors(c) }
+        rule for_if_clauses() -> CompFor<'input, 'a>
+            = c:for_if_clause()+ {? merge_comp_fors(c) }
 
-        rule for_if_clause() -> CompFor<'a>
+        rule for_if_clause() -> CompFor<'input, 'a>
             = asy:_async() f:lit("for") tgt:star_targets() i:lit("in")
                 iter:disjunction() ifs:_comp_if()* {
                     make_for_if(Some(asy), f, tgt, i, iter, ifs)
@@ -1159,42 +1238,42 @@ parser! {
                 make_for_if(None, f, tgt, i, iter, ifs)
             }
 
-        rule _comp_if() -> CompIf<'a>
+        rule _comp_if() -> CompIf<'input, 'a>
             = kw:lit("if") cond:disjunction() {
                 make_comp_if(kw, cond)
             }
 
-        rule listcomp() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule listcomp() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = lbrak:lbrak() elt:named_expression() comp:for_if_clauses() rbrak:rbrak() {
                 Expression::ListComp(Box::new(make_list_comp(lbrak, elt, comp, rbrak)))
             }
 
-        rule setcomp() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule setcomp() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = l:lbrace() elt:named_expression() comp:for_if_clauses() r:rbrace() {
                 Expression::SetComp(Box::new(make_set_comp(l, elt, comp, r)))
             }
 
-        rule genexp() -> GeneratorExp<'a>
+        rule genexp() -> GeneratorExp<'input, 'a>
             = lpar:lpar() g:_bare_genexp() rpar:rpar() {
                 g.with_parens(lpar, rpar)
             }
 
-        rule _bare_genexp() -> GeneratorExp<'a>
+        rule _bare_genexp() -> GeneratorExp<'input, 'a>
             = elt:named_expression() comp:for_if_clauses() {
                 make_bare_genexp(elt, comp)
             }
 
-        rule dictcomp() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule dictcomp() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = lbrace:lbrace() elt:kvpair() comp:for_if_clauses() rbrace:rbrace() {
                 Expression::DictComp(Box::new(make_dict_comp(lbrace, elt, comp, rbrace)))
             }
 
         // Function call arguments
 
-        rule arguments() -> Vec<Arg<'a>>
+        rule arguments() -> Vec<Arg<'input, 'a>>
             = a:args() trail:comma()? &lit(")") {add_arguments_trailing_comma(a, trail)}
 
-        rule args() -> Vec<Arg<'a>>
+        rule args() -> Vec<Arg<'input, 'a>>
             = first:_posarg()
                 rest:(c:comma() a:_posarg() {(c, a)})*
                 kw:(c:comma() k:kwargs() {(c, k)})? {
@@ -1206,11 +1285,11 @@ parser! {
             }
             / kwargs()
 
-        rule _posarg() -> Arg<'a>
+        rule _posarg() -> Arg<'input, 'a>
             = a:(starred_expression() / e:named_expression() { make_arg(e) })
                 !lit("=") { a }
 
-        rule kwargs() -> Vec<Arg<'a>>
+        rule kwargs() -> Vec<Arg<'input, 'a>>
             = sitems:separated(<kwarg_or_starred()>, <comma()>)
                 scomma:comma()
                 ditems:separated(<kwarg_or_double_starred()>, <comma()>) {
@@ -1226,18 +1305,18 @@ parser! {
                     comma_separate(items.0, items.1, None)
             }
 
-        rule starred_expression() -> Arg<'a>
+        rule starred_expression() -> Arg<'input, 'a>
             = star:lit("*") e:expression() { make_star_arg(star, e) }
 
-        rule kwarg_or_starred() -> Arg<'a>
+        rule kwarg_or_starred() -> Arg<'input, 'a>
             = _kwarg()
             / starred_expression()
 
-        rule kwarg_or_double_starred() -> Arg<'a>
+        rule kwarg_or_double_starred() -> Arg<'input, 'a>
             = _kwarg()
             / star:lit("**") e:expression() { make_star_arg(star, e) }
 
-        rule _kwarg() -> Arg<'a>
+        rule _kwarg() -> Arg<'input, 'a>
             = n:name() eq:lit("=") v:expression() {
                 make_kwarg(n, eq, v)
             }
@@ -1245,7 +1324,7 @@ parser! {
         // Assignment targets
         // Generic targets
 
-        rule star_targets() -> AssignTargetExpression<'a>
+        rule star_targets() -> AssignTargetExpression<'input, 'a>
             = a:star_target() !lit(",") {a}
             / targets:separated_trailer(<t:star_target() {assign_target_to_element(t)}>, <comma()>) {
                 AssignTargetExpression::Tuple(Box::new(
@@ -1253,14 +1332,14 @@ parser! {
                 ))
             }
 
-        rule star_targets_list_seq() -> Vec<Element<'a>>
+        rule star_targets_list_seq() -> Vec<Element<'input, 'a>>
             = targets:separated_trailer(<t:star_target() { assign_target_to_element(t) }>, <comma()>) {
                 comma_separate(targets.0, targets.1, targets.2)
             }
 
         // This differs from star_targets below because it requires at least two items
         // in the tuple
-        rule star_targets_tuple_seq() -> Tuple<'a>
+        rule star_targets_tuple_seq() -> Tuple<'input, 'a>
             = first:(t:star_target() {assign_target_to_element(t)})
                 rest:(c:comma() t:star_target() {(c, assign_target_to_element(t))})+
                 trail:comma()? {
@@ -1271,7 +1350,7 @@ parser! {
             }
 
         #[cache]
-        rule star_target() -> AssignTargetExpression<'a>
+        rule star_target() -> AssignTargetExpression<'input, 'a>
             = star:lit("*") !lit("*") t:star_target() {
                 AssignTargetExpression::StarredElement(Box::new(
                     make_starred_element(star, assign_target_to_element(t))
@@ -1280,7 +1359,7 @@ parser! {
             / target_with_star_atom()
 
         #[cache]
-        rule target_with_star_atom() -> AssignTargetExpression<'a>
+        rule target_with_star_atom() -> AssignTargetExpression<'input, 'a>
             = a:t_primary() dot:lit(".") n:name() !t_lookahead() {
                 AssignTargetExpression::Attribute(Box::new(make_attribute(a, dot, n)))
             }
@@ -1291,7 +1370,7 @@ parser! {
             }
             / a:star_atom() {a}
 
-        rule star_atom() -> AssignTargetExpression<'a>
+        rule star_atom() -> AssignTargetExpression<'input, 'a>
             = a:name() { AssignTargetExpression::Name(Box::new(a)) }
             / lpar:lpar() a:target_with_star_atom() rpar:rpar() { a.with_parens(lpar, rpar) }
             / lpar:lpar() a:star_targets_tuple_seq()? rpar:rpar() {
@@ -1305,12 +1384,12 @@ parser! {
                 ))
             }
 
-        rule single_target() -> AssignTargetExpression<'a>
+        rule single_target() -> AssignTargetExpression<'input, 'a>
             = single_subscript_attribute_target()
             / n:name() { AssignTargetExpression::Name(Box::new(n)) }
             / lpar:lpar() t:single_target() rpar:rpar() { t.with_parens(lpar, rpar) }
 
-        rule single_subscript_attribute_target() -> AssignTargetExpression<'a>
+        rule single_subscript_attribute_target() -> AssignTargetExpression<'input, 'a>
             = a:t_primary() dot:lit(".") n:name() !t_lookahead() {
                 AssignTargetExpression::Attribute(Box::new(make_attribute(a, dot, n)))
             }
@@ -1322,7 +1401,7 @@ parser! {
 
 
         #[cache_left_rec]
-        rule t_primary() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule t_primary() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = value:t_primary() dot:lit(".") attr:name() &t_lookahead() {
                 Expression::Attribute(Box::new(make_attribute(value, dot, attr)))
             }
@@ -1342,12 +1421,12 @@ parser! {
 
         // Targets for del statements
 
-        rule del_targets() -> Vec<Element<'a>>
+        rule del_targets() -> Vec<Element<'input, 'a>>
             = t:separated_trailer(<u:del_target() {u.into()}>, <comma()>) {
                 comma_separate(t.0, t.1, t.2)
             }
 
-        rule del_target() -> DelTargetExpression<'a>
+        rule del_target() -> DelTargetExpression<'input, 'a>
             = a:t_primary() d:lit(".") n:name() !t_lookahead() {
                 DelTargetExpression::Attribute(Box::new(make_attribute(a, d, n)))
             }
@@ -1358,7 +1437,7 @@ parser! {
             }
             / del_t_atom()
 
-        rule del_t_atom() -> DelTargetExpression<'a>
+        rule del_t_atom() -> DelTargetExpression<'input, 'a>
             = n:name() { DelTargetExpression::Name(Box::new(n)) }
             / l:lpar() d:del_target() r:rpar() { d.with_parens(l, r) }
             / l:lpar() d:del_targets()? r:rpar() {
@@ -1372,19 +1451,19 @@ parser! {
 
         // F-strings
 
-        rule fstring() -> FormattedString<'a>
+        rule fstring() -> FormattedString<'input, 'a>
             = start:tok(FStringStart, "f\"")
                 parts:(_f_string() / _f_replacement())*
                 end:tok(FStringEnd, "\"") {
                     make_fstring(start.string, parts, end.string)
             }
 
-        rule _f_string() -> FormattedStringContent<'a>
+        rule _f_string() -> FormattedStringContent<'input, 'a>
             = t:tok(FStringString, "f-string contents") {
-                FormattedStringContent::Text(FormattedStringText { value: t.string })
+                FormattedStringContent::Text(make_fstringtext(t.string))
             }
 
-        rule _f_replacement() -> FormattedStringContent<'a>
+        rule _f_replacement() -> FormattedStringContent<'input, 'a>
             = lb:lit("{") e:_f_expr() eq:lit("=")?
                 conv:(t:lit("!") c:_f_conversion() {(t,c)})?
                 spec:(t:lit(":") s:_f_spec() {(t,s)})?
@@ -1394,7 +1473,7 @@ parser! {
                     ))
             }
 
-        rule _f_expr() -> Expression<'a>
+        rule _f_expr() -> Expression<'input, 'a>
             = (g:_bare_genexp() {Expression::GeneratorExp(Box::new(g))})
             / star_expressions()
             / yield_expr()
@@ -1402,49 +1481,77 @@ parser! {
         rule _f_conversion() -> &'a str
             = lit("r") {"r"} / lit("s") {"s"} / lit("a") {"a"}
 
-        rule _f_spec() -> Vec<FormattedStringContent<'a>>
+        rule _f_spec() -> Vec<FormattedStringContent<'input, 'a>>
             = (_f_string() / _f_replacement())*
 
+        // T-strings
+
+        rule tstring() -> TemplatedString<'input, 'a>
+            = start:tok(TStringStart, "t\"")
+                parts:(_t_string() / _t_replacement())*
+                end:tok(TStringEnd, "\"") {
+                    make_tstring(start.string, parts, end.string)
+            }
+
+        rule _t_string() -> TemplatedStringContent<'input, 'a>
+            = t:tok(TStringString, "t-string contents") {
+                TemplatedStringContent::Text(make_tstringtext(t.string))
+            }
+
+
+        rule _t_replacement() -> TemplatedStringContent<'input, 'a>
+            = lb:lit("{") e:annotated_rhs() eq:lit("=")?
+                conv:(t:lit("!") c:_f_conversion() {(t,c)})?
+                spec:(t:lit(":") s:_t_spec() {(t,s)})?
+                rb:lit("}") {
+                    TemplatedStringContent::Expression(Box::new(
+                        make_tstring_expression(lb, e, eq, conv, spec, rb)
+                    ))
+            }
+
+        rule _t_spec() -> Vec<TemplatedStringContent<'input, 'a>>
+            = (_t_string() / _t_replacement())*
+
         // CST helpers
 
-        rule comma() -> Comma<'a>
+        rule comma() -> Comma<'input, 'a>
             = c:lit(",") { make_comma(c) }
 
-        rule dots() -> Vec<Dot<'a>>
+        rule dots() -> Vec<Dot<'input, 'a>>
             = ds:((dot:lit(".") { make_dot(dot) })+
                 / tok:lit("...") {
-                    vec![make_dot(tok.clone()), make_dot(tok.clone()), make_dot(tok.clone())]}
+                    vec![make_dot(tok), make_dot(tok), make_dot(tok)]}
             )+ { ds.into_iter().flatten().collect() }
 
-        rule lpar() -> LeftParen<'a>
+        rule lpar() -> LeftParen<'input, 'a>
             = a:lit("(") { make_lpar(a) }
 
-        rule rpar() -> RightParen<'a>
+        rule rpar() -> RightParen<'input, 'a>
             = a:lit(")") { make_rpar(a) }
 
-        rule lbrak() -> LeftSquareBracket<'a>
+        rule lbrak() -> LeftSquareBracket<'input, 'a>
             = tok:lit("[") { make_left_bracket(tok) }
 
-        rule rbrak() -> RightSquareBracket<'a>
+        rule rbrak() -> RightSquareBracket<'input, 'a>
             = tok:lit("]") { make_right_bracket(tok) }
 
-        rule lbrace() -> LeftCurlyBrace<'a>
+        rule lbrace() -> LeftCurlyBrace<'input, 'a>
             = tok:lit("{") { make_left_brace(tok) }
 
-        rule rbrace() -> RightCurlyBrace<'a>
+        rule rbrace() -> RightCurlyBrace<'input, 'a>
             = tok:lit("}") { make_right_brace(tok) }
 
         /// matches any token, not just whitespace
-        rule _() -> TokenRef<'a>
+        rule _() -> TokenRef<'input, 'a>
             = [t] { t }
 
-        rule lit(lit: &'static str) -> TokenRef<'a>
+        rule lit(lit: &'static str) -> TokenRef<'input, 'a>
             = [t] {? if t.string == lit { Ok(t) } else { Err(lit) } }
 
-        rule tok(tok: TokType, err: &'static str) -> TokenRef<'a>
+        rule tok(tok: TokType, err: &'static str) -> TokenRef<'input, 'a>
             = [t] {? if t.r#type == tok { Ok(t) } else { Err(err) } }
 
-        rule name() -> Name<'a>
+        rule name() -> Name<'input, 'a>
             = !( lit("False") / lit("None") / lit("True") / lit("and") / lit("as") / lit("assert") / lit("async") / lit("await")
                 / lit("break") / lit("class") / lit("continue") / lit("def") / lit("del") / lit("elif") / lit("else")
                 / lit("except") / lit("finally") / lit("for") / lit("from") / lit("global") / lit("if") / lit("import")
@@ -1453,7 +1560,7 @@ parser! {
             )
             t:tok(NameTok, "NAME") {make_name(t)}
 
-        rule _async() -> TokenRef<'a>
+        rule _async() -> TokenRef<'input, 'a>
             = tok(Async, "ASYNC")
 
         rule separated_trailer<El, Sep>(el: rule<El>, sep: rule<Sep>) -> (El, Vec<(Sep, El)>, Option<Sep>)
@@ -1462,52 +1569,46 @@ parser! {
         rule separated<El, Sep>(el: rule<El>, sep: rule<Sep>) -> (El, Vec<(Sep, El)>)
             = e:el() rest:(s:sep() e:el() {(s, e)})* {(e, rest)}
 
-        rule traced<T>(e: rule<T>) -> T =
-            &(_* {
+                rule traced<T>(e: rule<T>) -> T =
+                    &(_* {
                 #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
                 {
                     println!("[PEG_INPUT_START]");
                     println!("{}", input);
                     println!("[PEG_TRACE_START]");
                 }
-            })
-            e:e()? {?
+                    })
+                    e:e()? {?
                 #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
-                println!("[PEG_TRACE_STOP]");
-                e.ok_or("")
-            }
+                    println!("[PEG_TRACE_STOP]");
+                    e.ok_or("")
+                    }
 
-    }
+                }
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-fn make_function_def<'a>(
-    async_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
-    def_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    name: Name<'a>,
-    open_paren_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    params: Option<Parameters<'a>>,
-    close_paren_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    returns: Option<Annotation<'a>>,
-    colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    body: Suite<'a>,
-) -> FunctionDef<'a> {
-    let asynchronous = async_tok.as_ref().map(|_| Asynchronous {
-        whitespace_after: Default::default(),
-    });
+fn make_function_def<'input, 'a>(
+    async_tok: Option<TokenRef<'input, 'a>>,
+    def_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    name: Name<'input, 'a>,
+    type_parameters: Option<TypeParameters<'input, 'a>>,
+    open_paren_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    params: Option<Parameters<'input, 'a>>,
+    close_paren_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    returns: Option<Annotation<'input, 'a>>,
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    body: Suite<'input, 'a>,
+) -> FunctionDef<'input, 'a> {
+    let asynchronous = async_tok.as_ref().map(|_| make_async());
     FunctionDef {
         name,
+        type_parameters,
         params: params.unwrap_or_default(),
         body,
         decorators: Default::default(),
         returns,
         asynchronous,
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        lines_after_decorators: vec![],
-        whitespace_after_def: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_name: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_params: Default::default(),
         async_tok,
         def_tok,
         open_paren_tok,
@@ -1516,25 +1617,22 @@ fn make_function_def<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_decorator<'a>(
-    at_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    name: Expression<'a>,
-    newline_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-) -> Decorator<'a> {
+fn make_decorator<'input, 'a>(
+    at_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    name: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    newline_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Decorator<'input, 'a> {
     Decorator {
         decorator: name,
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_at: Default::default(),
-        trailing_whitespace: Default::default(),
         newline_tok,
         at_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_comparison<'a>(
-    head: Expression<'a>,
-    tail: Vec<(CompOp<'a>, Expression<'a>)>,
-) -> Expression<'a> {
+fn make_comparison<'input, 'a>(
+    head: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    tail: Vec<(CompOp<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>)>,
+) -> Expression<'input, 'a> {
     let mut comparisons = vec![];
     for (operator, e) in tail {
         comparisons.push(ComparisonTarget {
@@ -1550,74 +1648,32 @@ fn make_comparison<'a>(
     }))
 }
 
-fn make_comparison_operator(tok: TokenRef) -> Result<CompOp> {
-    let whitespace_before = Default::default();
-    let whitespace_after = Default::default();
+fn make_comparison_operator<'input, 'a>(
+    tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Result<'a, CompOp<'input, 'a>> {
     match tok.string {
-        "<" => Ok(CompOp::LessThan {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        ">" => Ok(CompOp::GreaterThan {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "<=" => Ok(CompOp::LessThanEqual {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        ">=" => Ok(CompOp::GreaterThanEqual {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "==" => Ok(CompOp::Equal {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "!=" => Ok(CompOp::NotEqual {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "in" => Ok(CompOp::In {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "is" => Ok(CompOp::Is {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
+        "<" => Ok(CompOp::LessThan { tok }),
+        ">" => Ok(CompOp::GreaterThan { tok }),
+        "<=" => Ok(CompOp::LessThanEqual { tok }),
+        ">=" => Ok(CompOp::GreaterThanEqual { tok }),
+        "==" => Ok(CompOp::Equal { tok }),
+        "!=" => Ok(CompOp::NotEqual { tok }),
+        "in" => Ok(CompOp::In { tok }),
+        "is" => Ok(CompOp::Is { tok }),
         _ => Err(ParserError::OperatorError),
     }
 }
 
-fn make_comparison_operator_2<'a>(
-    first: TokenRef<'a>,
-    second: TokenRef<'a>,
-) -> Result<'a, CompOp<'a>> {
-    let whitespace_before = Default::default();
-    let whitespace_between = Default::default();
-    let whitespace_after = Default::default();
-
+fn make_comparison_operator_2<'input, 'a>(
+    first: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    second: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Result<'a, CompOp<'input, 'a>> {
     match (first.string, second.string) {
         ("is", "not") => Ok(CompOp::IsNot {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_between,
-            whitespace_after,
             is_tok: first,
             not_tok: second,
         }),
         ("not", "in") => Ok(CompOp::NotIn {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_between,
-            whitespace_after,
             not_tok: first,
             in_tok: second,
         }),
@@ -1625,10 +1681,10 @@ fn make_comparison_operator_2<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_boolean_op<'a>(
-    head: Expression<'a>,
-    tail: Vec<(TokenRef<'a>, Expression<'a>)>,
-) -> Result<'a, Expression<'a>> {
+fn make_boolean_op<'input, 'a>(
+    head: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    tail: Vec<(TokenRef<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>)>,
+) -> Result<'a, Expression<'input, 'a>> {
     if tail.is_empty() {
         return Ok(head);
     }
@@ -1646,29 +1702,21 @@ fn make_boolean_op<'a>(
     Ok(expr)
 }
 
-fn make_boolean_operator(tok: TokenRef) -> Result<BooleanOp> {
-    let whitespace_before = Default::default();
-    let whitespace_after = Default::default();
+fn make_boolean_operator<'input, 'a>(
+    tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Result<'a, BooleanOp<'input, 'a>> {
     match tok.string {
-        "and" => Ok(BooleanOp::And {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "or" => Ok(BooleanOp::Or {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
+        "and" => Ok(BooleanOp::And { tok }),
+        "or" => Ok(BooleanOp::Or { tok }),
         _ => Err(ParserError::OperatorError),
     }
 }
 
-fn make_binary_op<'a>(
-    left: Expression<'a>,
-    op: TokenRef<'a>,
-    right: Expression<'a>,
-) -> Result<'a, Expression<'a>> {
+fn make_binary_op<'input, 'a>(
+    left: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    op: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    right: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Result<'a, Expression<'input, 'a>> {
     let operator = make_binary_operator(op)?;
     Ok(Expression::BinaryOperation(Box::new(BinaryOperation {
         left: Box::new(left),
@@ -1679,81 +1727,29 @@ fn make_binary_op<'a>(
     })))
 }
 
-fn make_binary_operator(tok: TokenRef) -> Result<BinaryOp> {
-    let whitespace_before = Default::default();
-    let whitespace_after = Default::default();
-
+fn make_binary_operator<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> Result<'a, BinaryOp<'input, 'a>> {
     match tok.string {
-        "+" => Ok(BinaryOp::Add {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "-" => Ok(BinaryOp::Subtract {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "*" => Ok(BinaryOp::Multiply {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "/" => Ok(BinaryOp::Divide {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "//" => Ok(BinaryOp::FloorDivide {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "%" => Ok(BinaryOp::Modulo {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "**" => Ok(BinaryOp::Power {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "<<" => Ok(BinaryOp::LeftShift {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        ">>" => Ok(BinaryOp::RightShift {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "|" => Ok(BinaryOp::BitOr {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "&" => Ok(BinaryOp::BitAnd {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "^" => Ok(BinaryOp::BitXor {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "@" => Ok(BinaryOp::MatrixMultiply {
-            whitespace_after,
-            whitespace_before,
-            tok,
-        }),
+        "+" => Ok(BinaryOp::Add { tok }),
+        "-" => Ok(BinaryOp::Subtract { tok }),
+        "*" => Ok(BinaryOp::Multiply { tok }),
+        "/" => Ok(BinaryOp::Divide { tok }),
+        "//" => Ok(BinaryOp::FloorDivide { tok }),
+        "%" => Ok(BinaryOp::Modulo { tok }),
+        "**" => Ok(BinaryOp::Power { tok }),
+        "<<" => Ok(BinaryOp::LeftShift { tok }),
+        ">>" => Ok(BinaryOp::RightShift { tok }),
+        "|" => Ok(BinaryOp::BitOr { tok }),
+        "&" => Ok(BinaryOp::BitAnd { tok }),
+        "^" => Ok(BinaryOp::BitXor { tok }),
+        "@" => Ok(BinaryOp::MatrixMultiply { tok }),
         _ => Err(ParserError::OperatorError),
     }
 }
 
-fn make_unary_op<'a>(op: TokenRef<'a>, tail: Expression<'a>) -> Result<'a, Expression<'a>> {
+fn make_unary_op<'input, 'a>(
+    op: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    tail: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Result<'a, Expression<'input, 'a>> {
     let operator = make_unary_operator(op)?;
     Ok(Expression::UnaryOperation(Box::new(UnaryOperation {
         operator,
@@ -1763,69 +1759,54 @@ fn make_unary_op<'a>(op: TokenRef<'a>, tail: Expression<'a>) -> Result<'a, Expre
     })))
 }
 
-fn make_unary_operator(tok: TokenRef) -> Result<UnaryOp> {
-    let whitespace_after = Default::default();
+fn make_unary_operator<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> Result<'a, UnaryOp<'input, 'a>> {
     match tok.string {
-        "+" => Ok(UnaryOp::Plus {
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "-" => Ok(UnaryOp::Minus {
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "~" => Ok(UnaryOp::BitInvert {
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        }),
-        "not" => Ok(UnaryOp::Not {
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        }),
+        "+" => Ok(UnaryOp::Plus { tok }),
+        "-" => Ok(UnaryOp::Minus { tok }),
+        "~" => Ok(UnaryOp::BitInvert { tok }),
+        "not" => Ok(UnaryOp::Not { tok }),
         _ => Err(ParserError::OperatorError),
     }
 }
 
-fn make_number(num: TokenRef) -> Expression {
+fn make_number<'input, 'a>(num: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> Expression<'input, 'a> {
     super::numbers::parse_number(num.string)
 }
 
-fn make_indented_block<'a>(
-    nl: TokenRef<'a>,
-    indent: TokenRef<'a>,
-    statements: Vec<Statement<'a>>,
-    dedent: TokenRef<'a>,
-) -> Suite<'a> {
+fn make_indented_block<'input, 'a>(
+    nl: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    indent: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    statements: Vec<Statement<'input, 'a>>,
+    dedent: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Suite<'input, 'a> {
     Suite::IndentedBlock(IndentedBlock {
         body: statements,
-        header: Default::default(),
         indent: Default::default(),
-        footer: Default::default(),
         newline_tok: nl,
         indent_tok: indent,
         dedent_tok: dedent,
     })
 }
 
-struct SimpleStatementParts<'a> {
-    first_tok: TokenRef<'a>, // The first token of the first statement. Used for its whitespace
-    first_statement: SmallStatement<'a>,
-    rest: Vec<(TokenRef<'a>, SmallStatement<'a>)>, // semicolon, statement pairs
-    last_semi: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
-    nl: TokenRef<'a>,
+struct SimpleStatementParts<'input, 'a> {
+    first_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>, // The first token of the first statement. Used for its whitespace
+    first_statement: SmallStatement<'input, 'a>,
+    rest: Vec<(TokenRef<'input, 'a>, SmallStatement<'input, 'a>)>, // semicolon, statement pairs
+    last_semi: Option<TokenRef<'input, 'a>>,
+    nl: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
 }
 
-fn make_semicolon(tok: TokenRef) -> Semicolon {
-    Semicolon {
-        whitespace_before: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after: Default::default(),
-        tok,
-    }
+fn make_semicolon<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> Semicolon<'input, 'a> {
+    Semicolon { tok }
 }
 
-fn _make_simple_statement(
-    parts: SimpleStatementParts,
-) -> (TokenRef, Vec<SmallStatement>, TokenRef) {
+fn _make_simple_statement<'input, 'a>(
+    parts: SimpleStatementParts<'input, 'a>,
+) -> (
+    TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    Vec<SmallStatement<'input, 'a>>,
+    TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+) {
     let mut body = vec![];
 
     let mut current = parts.first_statement;
@@ -1841,42 +1822,39 @@ fn _make_simple_statement(
     (parts.first_tok, body, parts.nl)
 }
 
-fn make_simple_statement_suite(parts: SimpleStatementParts) -> Suite {
+fn make_simple_statement_suite<'input, 'a>(
+    parts: SimpleStatementParts<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Suite<'input, 'a> {
     let (first_tok, body, newline_tok) = _make_simple_statement(parts);
 
     Suite::SimpleStatementSuite(SimpleStatementSuite {
         body,
-        leading_whitespace: Default::default(),
-        trailing_whitespace: Default::default(),
         first_tok,
         newline_tok,
     })
 }
 
-fn make_simple_statement_line(parts: SimpleStatementParts) -> SimpleStatementLine {
+fn make_simple_statement_line<'input, 'a>(
+    parts: SimpleStatementParts<'input, 'a>,
+) -> SimpleStatementLine<'input, 'a> {
     let (first_tok, body, newline_tok) = _make_simple_statement(parts);
     SimpleStatementLine {
         body,
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        trailing_whitespace: Default::default(),
         first_tok,
         newline_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_if<'a>(
-    if_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    cond: Expression<'a>,
-    colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    block: Suite<'a>,
-    orelse: Option<OrElse<'a>>,
+fn make_if<'input, 'a>(
+    if_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    cond: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    block: Suite<'input, 'a>,
+    orelse: Option<OrElse<'input, 'a>>,
     is_elif: bool,
-) -> If<'a> {
+) -> If<'input, 'a> {
     If {
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_test: Default::default(),
         test: cond,
-        whitespace_after_test: Default::default(),
         body: block,
         orelse: orelse.map(Box::new),
         is_elif,
@@ -1885,23 +1863,29 @@ fn make_if<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_else<'a>(else_tok: TokenRef<'a>, colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>, block: Suite<'a>) -> Else<'a> {
+fn make_else<'input, 'a>(
+    else_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    block: Suite<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Else<'input, 'a> {
     Else {
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
         body: block,
         else_tok,
         colon_tok,
     }
 }
 
-struct StarEtc<'a>(Option<StarArg<'a>>, Vec<Param<'a>>, Option<Param<'a>>);
+struct StarEtc<'input, 'a>(
+    Option<StarArg<'input, 'a>>,
+    Vec<Param<'input, 'a>>,
+    Option<Param<'input, 'a>>,
+);
 
-fn make_parameters<'a>(
-    posonly: Option<(Vec<Param<'a>>, ParamSlash<'a>)>,
-    params: Vec<Param<'a>>,
-    star_etc: Option<StarEtc<'a>>,
-) -> Parameters<'a> {
+fn make_parameters<'input, 'a>(
+    posonly: Option<(Vec<Param<'input, 'a>>, ParamSlash<'input, 'a>)>,
+    params: Vec<Param<'input, 'a>>,
+    star_etc: Option<StarEtc<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> Parameters<'input, 'a> {
     let (posonly_params, posonly_ind) = match posonly {
         Some((a, b)) => (a, Some(b)),
         None => (vec![], None),
@@ -1920,11 +1904,11 @@ fn make_parameters<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn add_param_default<'a>(
-    param: Param<'a>,
-    def: Option<(AssignEqual<'a>, Expression<'a>)>,
-    comma_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
-) -> Param<'a> {
+fn add_param_default<'input, 'a>(
+    param: Param<'input, 'a>,
+    def: Option<(AssignEqual<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>)>,
+    comma_tok: Option<TokenRef<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> Param<'input, 'a> {
     let comma = comma_tok.map(make_comma);
 
     let (equal, default) = match def {
@@ -1939,7 +1923,10 @@ fn add_param_default<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn add_param_star<'a>(param: Param<'a>, star: TokenRef<'a>) -> Param<'a> {
+fn add_param_star<'input, 'a>(
+    param: Param<'input, 'a>,
+    star: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Param<'input, 'a> {
     let str = star.string;
     Param {
         star: Some(str),
@@ -1948,30 +1935,22 @@ fn add_param_star<'a>(param: Param<'a>, star: TokenRef<'a>) -> Param<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-fn make_assign_equal(tok: TokenRef) -> AssignEqual {
-    AssignEqual {
-        whitespace_before: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after: Default::default(),
-        tok,
-    }
+fn make_assign_equal<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> AssignEqual<'input, 'a> {
+    AssignEqual { tok }
 }
 
-fn make_comma(tok: TokenRef) -> Comma {
-    Comma {
-        whitespace_before: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after: Default::default(),
-        tok,
-    }
+fn make_comma<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> Comma<'input, 'a> {
+    Comma { tok }
 }
 
 fn concat<T>(a: Vec<T>, b: Vec<T>) -> Vec<T> {
     a.into_iter().chain(b.into_iter()).collect()
 }
 
-fn make_name_or_attr<'a>(
-    first_tok: Name<'a>,
-    mut tail: Vec<(TokenRef<'a>, Name<'a>)>,
-) -> NameOrAttribute<'a> {
+fn make_name_or_attr<'input, 'a>(
+    first_tok: Name<'input, 'a>,
+    mut tail: Vec<(TokenRef<'input, 'a>, Name<'input, 'a>)>,
+) -> NameOrAttribute<'input, 'a> {
     if let Some((dot, name)) = tail.pop() {
         let dot = make_dot(dot);
         return NameOrAttribute::A(Box::new(Attribute {
@@ -1986,25 +1965,21 @@ fn make_name_or_attr<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_name(tok: TokenRef) -> Name {
+fn make_name<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> Name<'input, 'a> {
     Name {
         value: tok.string,
         ..Default::default()
     }
 }
 
-fn make_dot(tok: TokenRef) -> Dot {
-    Dot {
-        whitespace_before: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after: Default::default(),
-        tok,
-    }
+fn make_dot<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> Dot<'input, 'a> {
+    Dot { tok }
 }
 
-fn make_import_alias<'a>(
-    name: NameOrAttribute<'a>,
-    asname: Option<(TokenRef<'a>, Name<'a>)>,
-) -> ImportAlias<'a> {
+fn make_import_alias<'input, 'a>(
+    name: NameOrAttribute<'input, 'a>,
+    asname: Option<(TokenRef<'input, 'a>, Name<'input, 'a>)>,
+) -> ImportAlias<'input, 'a> {
     ImportAlias {
         name,
         asname: asname.map(|(x, y)| make_as_name(x, AssignTargetExpression::Name(Box::new(y)))),
@@ -2012,28 +1987,26 @@ fn make_import_alias<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_as_name<'a>(as_tok: TokenRef<'a>, name: AssignTargetExpression<'a>) -> AsName<'a> {
-    AsName {
-        name,
-        whitespace_before_as: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_as: Default::default(),
-        as_tok,
-    }
+fn make_as_name<'input, 'a>(
+    as_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    name: AssignTargetExpression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> AsName<'input, 'a> {
+    AsName { name, as_tok }
 }
 
-type ParenthesizedImportNames<'a> = (
-    Option<LeftParen<'a>>,
-    ImportNames<'a>,
-    Option<RightParen<'a>>,
+type ParenthesizedImportNames<'input, 'a> = (
+    Option<LeftParen<'input, 'a>>,
+    ImportNames<'input, 'a>,
+    Option<RightParen<'input, 'a>>,
 );
 
-fn make_import_from<'a>(
-    from_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    dots: Vec<Dot<'a>>,
-    module: Option<NameOrAttribute<'a>>,
-    import_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    aliases: ParenthesizedImportNames<'a>,
-) -> ImportFrom<'a> {
+fn make_import_from<'input, 'a>(
+    from_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    dots: Vec<Dot<'input, 'a>>,
+    module: Option<NameOrAttribute<'input, 'a>>,
+    import_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    aliases: ParenthesizedImportNames<'input, 'a>,
+) -> ImportFrom<'input, 'a> {
     let (lpar, names, rpar) = aliases;
 
     ImportFrom {
@@ -2043,27 +2016,26 @@ fn make_import_from<'a>(
         lpar,
         rpar,
         semicolon: None,
-        whitespace_after_from: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_import: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_import: Default::default(),
         from_tok,
         import_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_import<'a>(import_tok: TokenRef<'a>, names: Vec<ImportAlias<'a>>) -> Import<'a> {
+fn make_import<'input, 'a>(
+    import_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    names: Vec<ImportAlias<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> Import<'input, 'a> {
     Import {
         names,
-        whitespace_after_import: Default::default(),
         semicolon: None,
         import_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_import_from_as_names<'a>(
-    first: ImportAlias<'a>,
-    tail: Vec<(Comma<'a>, ImportAlias<'a>)>,
-) -> Vec<ImportAlias<'a>> {
+fn make_import_from_as_names<'input, 'a>(
+    first: ImportAlias<'input, 'a>,
+    tail: Vec<(Comma<'input, 'a>, ImportAlias<'input, 'a>)>,
+) -> Vec<ImportAlias<'input, 'a>> {
     let mut ret = vec![];
     let mut cur = first;
     for (comma, alias) in tail {
@@ -2074,25 +2046,21 @@ fn make_import_from_as_names<'a>(
     ret
 }
 
-fn make_lpar(tok: TokenRef) -> LeftParen {
-    LeftParen {
-        whitespace_after: Default::default(),
-        lpar_tok: tok,
-    }
+fn make_lpar<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> LeftParen<'input, 'a> {
+    LeftParen { lpar_tok: tok }
 }
 
-fn make_rpar(tok: TokenRef) -> RightParen {
-    RightParen {
-        whitespace_before: Default::default(),
-        rpar_tok: tok,
-    }
+fn make_rpar<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> RightParen<'input, 'a> {
+    RightParen { rpar_tok: tok }
 }
 
-fn make_module<'a>(body: Vec<Statement<'a>>, tok: TokenRef<'a>, encoding: &str) -> Module<'a> {
+fn make_module<'input, 'a>(
+    body: Vec<Statement<'input, 'a>>,
+    tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    encoding: &str,
+) -> Module<'input, 'a> {
     Module {
         body,
-        header: Default::default(),
-        footer: Default::default(),
         eof_tok: tok,
         default_indent: "    ",
         default_newline: "\n",
@@ -2101,7 +2069,11 @@ fn make_module<'a>(body: Vec<Statement<'a>>, tok: TokenRef<'a>, encoding: &str)
     }
 }
 
-fn make_attribute<'a>(value: Expression<'a>, dot: TokenRef<'a>, attr: Name<'a>) -> Attribute<'a> {
+fn make_attribute<'input, 'a>(
+    value: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    dot: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    attr: Name<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Attribute<'input, 'a> {
     let dot = make_dot(dot);
     Attribute {
         attr,
@@ -2112,14 +2084,16 @@ fn make_attribute<'a>(value: Expression<'a>, dot: TokenRef<'a>, attr: Name<'a>)
     }
 }
 
-fn make_starred_element<'a>(star_tok: TokenRef<'a>, rest: Element<'a>) -> StarredElement<'a> {
+fn make_starred_element<'input, 'a>(
+    star_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    rest: Element<'input, 'a>,
+) -> StarredElement<'input, 'a> {
     let value = match rest {
         Element::Simple { value, .. } => value,
         _ => panic!("Internal error while making starred element"),
     };
     StarredElement {
         value: Box::new(value),
-        whitespace_before_value: Default::default(),
         lpar: Default::default(),
         rpar: Default::default(),
         comma: Default::default(),
@@ -2127,7 +2101,9 @@ fn make_starred_element<'a>(star_tok: TokenRef<'a>, rest: Element<'a>) -> Starre
     }
 }
 
-fn assign_target_to_element(expr: AssignTargetExpression) -> Element {
+fn assign_target_to_element<'input, 'a>(
+    expr: AssignTargetExpression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Element<'input, 'a> {
     match expr {
         AssignTargetExpression::Attribute(a) => Element::Simple {
             value: Expression::Attribute(a),
@@ -2153,18 +2129,13 @@ fn assign_target_to_element(expr: AssignTargetExpression) -> Element {
     }
 }
 
-fn make_assignment<'a>(
-    lhs: Vec<(AssignTargetExpression<'a>, TokenRef<'a>)>,
-    rhs: Expression<'a>,
-) -> Assign<'a> {
+fn make_assignment<'input, 'a>(
+    lhs: Vec<(AssignTargetExpression<'input, 'a>, TokenRef<'input, 'a>)>,
+    rhs: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Assign<'input, 'a> {
     let mut targets = vec![];
     for (target, equal_tok) in lhs {
-        targets.push(AssignTarget {
-            target,
-            whitespace_before_equal: Default::default(),
-            whitespace_after_equal: Default::default(),
-            equal_tok,
-        });
+        targets.push(AssignTarget { target, equal_tok });
     }
     Assign {
         targets,
@@ -2173,7 +2144,7 @@ fn make_assignment<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn expr_to_element(expr: Expression) -> Element {
+fn expr_to_element<'input, 'a>(expr: Expression<'input, 'a>) -> Element<'input, 'a> {
     match expr {
         Expression::StarredElement(inner_expr) => Element::Starred(inner_expr),
         _ => Element::Simple {
@@ -2183,13 +2154,13 @@ fn expr_to_element(expr: Expression) -> Element {
     }
 }
 
-fn make_tuple<'a>(
-    first: Element<'a>,
-    rest: Vec<(Comma<'a>, Element<'a>)>,
-    trailing_comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
-    lpar: Option<LeftParen<'a>>,
-    rpar: Option<RightParen<'a>>,
-) -> Tuple<'a> {
+fn make_tuple<'input, 'a>(
+    first: Element<'input, 'a>,
+    rest: Vec<(Comma<'input, 'a>, Element<'input, 'a>)>,
+    trailing_comma: Option<Comma<'input, 'a>>,
+    lpar: Option<LeftParen<'input, 'a>>,
+    rpar: Option<RightParen<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> Tuple<'input, 'a> {
     let elements = comma_separate(first, rest, trailing_comma);
 
     let lpar = lpar.map(|l| vec![l]).unwrap_or_default();
@@ -2202,7 +2173,10 @@ fn make_tuple<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_tuple_from_elements<'a>(first: Element<'a>, mut rest: Vec<Element<'a>>) -> Tuple<'a> {
+fn make_tuple_from_elements<'input, 'a>(
+    first: Element<'input, 'a>,
+    mut rest: Vec<Element<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> Tuple<'input, 'a> {
     rest.insert(0, first);
     Tuple {
         elements: rest,
@@ -2211,7 +2185,11 @@ fn make_tuple_from_elements<'a>(first: Element<'a>, mut rest: Vec<Element<'a>>)
     }
 }
 
-fn make_kwarg<'a>(name: Name<'a>, eq: TokenRef<'a>, value: Expression<'a>) -> Arg<'a> {
+fn make_kwarg<'input, 'a>(
+    name: Name<'input, 'a>,
+    eq: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    value: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Arg<'input, 'a> {
     let equal = Some(make_assign_equal(eq));
     let keyword = Some(name);
     Arg {
@@ -2220,13 +2198,14 @@ fn make_kwarg<'a>(name: Name<'a>, eq: TokenRef<'a>, value: Expression<'a>) -> Ar
         equal,
         comma: None,
         star: "",
-        whitespace_after_star: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_arg: Default::default(),
         star_tok: None,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_star_arg<'a>(star: TokenRef<'a>, expr: Expression<'a>) -> Arg<'a> {
+fn make_star_arg<'input, 'a>(
+    star: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    expr: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Arg<'input, 'a> {
     let str = star.string;
     Arg {
         value: expr,
@@ -2234,18 +2213,16 @@ fn make_star_arg<'a>(star: TokenRef<'a>, expr: Expression<'a>) -> Arg<'a> {
         equal: None,
         comma: None,
         star: str,
-        whitespace_after_star: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_arg: Default::default(),
         star_tok: Some(star),
     }
 }
 
-fn make_call<'a>(
-    func: Expression<'a>,
-    lpar_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    args: Vec<Arg<'a>>,
-    rpar_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-) -> Call<'a> {
+fn make_call<'input, 'a>(
+    func: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    lpar_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    args: Vec<Arg<'input, 'a>>,
+    rpar_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Call<'input, 'a> {
     let lpar = vec![];
     let rpar = vec![];
     let func = Box::new(func);
@@ -2255,14 +2232,15 @@ fn make_call<'a>(
         args,
         lpar,
         rpar,
-        whitespace_after_func: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_args: Default::default(),
         lpar_tok,
         rpar_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_genexp_call<'a>(func: Expression<'a>, mut genexp: GeneratorExp<'a>) -> Call<'a> {
+fn make_genexp_call<'input, 'a>(
+    func: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    mut genexp: GeneratorExp<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Call<'input, 'a> {
     // func ( (genexp) )
     //      ^
     //   lpar_tok
@@ -2285,53 +2263,43 @@ fn make_genexp_call<'a>(func: Expression<'a>, mut genexp: GeneratorExp<'a>) -> C
             equal: None,
             comma: None,
             star: "",
-            whitespace_after_star: Default::default(),
-            whitespace_after_arg: Default::default(),
             star_tok: None,
         }],
         lpar: vec![],
         rpar: vec![],
-        whitespace_after_func: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_args: Default::default(),
         lpar_tok,
         rpar_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_arg(expr: Expression) -> Arg {
+fn make_arg<'input, 'a>(expr: Expression<'input, 'a>) -> Arg<'input, 'a> {
     Arg {
         value: expr,
         keyword: Default::default(),
         equal: Default::default(),
         comma: Default::default(),
         star: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_star: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_arg: Default::default(),
         star_tok: None,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_comp_if<'a>(if_tok: TokenRef<'a>, test: Expression<'a>) -> CompIf<'a> {
-    CompIf {
-        test,
-        whitespace_before: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_test: Default::default(),
-        if_tok,
-    }
+fn make_comp_if<'input, 'a>(
+    if_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    test: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> CompIf<'input, 'a> {
+    CompIf { test, if_tok }
 }
 
-fn make_for_if<'a>(
-    async_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
-    for_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    target: AssignTargetExpression<'a>,
-    in_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    iter: Expression<'a>,
-    ifs: Vec<CompIf<'a>>,
-) -> CompFor<'a> {
+fn make_for_if<'input, 'a>(
+    async_tok: Option<TokenRef<'input, 'a>>,
+    for_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    target: AssignTargetExpression<'input, 'a>,
+    in_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    iter: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    ifs: Vec<CompIf<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> CompFor<'input, 'a> {
     let inner_for_in = None;
-    let asynchronous = async_tok.as_ref().map(|_| Asynchronous {
-        whitespace_after: Default::default(),
-    });
+    let asynchronous = async_tok.as_ref().map(|_| make_async());
 
     CompFor {
         target,
@@ -2339,17 +2307,16 @@ fn make_for_if<'a>(
         ifs,
         inner_for_in,
         asynchronous,
-        whitespace_before: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_for: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_in: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_in: Default::default(),
         async_tok,
         for_tok,
         in_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_bare_genexp<'a>(elt: Expression<'a>, for_in: CompFor<'a>) -> GeneratorExp<'a> {
+fn make_bare_genexp<'input, 'a>(
+    elt: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    for_in: CompFor<'input, 'a>,
+) -> GeneratorExp<'input, 'a> {
     GeneratorExp {
         elt: Box::new(elt),
         for_in: Box::new(for_in),
@@ -2358,50 +2325,43 @@ fn make_bare_genexp<'a>(elt: Expression<'a>, for_in: CompFor<'a>) -> GeneratorEx
     }
 }
 
-fn merge_comp_fors(comp_fors: Vec<CompFor>) -> CompFor {
+fn merge_comp_fors<'input, 'a>(
+    comp_fors: Vec<CompFor<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> GrammarResult<CompFor<'input, 'a>> {
+    if comp_fors.len() > MAX_RECURSION_DEPTH {
+        return Err("shallower comprehension");
+    }
     let mut it = comp_fors.into_iter().rev();
     let first = it.next().expect("cant merge empty comp_fors");
 
-    it.fold(first, |acc, curr| CompFor {
+    Ok(it.fold(first, |acc, curr| CompFor {
         inner_for_in: Some(Box::new(acc)),
         ..curr
-    })
+    }))
 }
 
-fn make_left_bracket(tok: TokenRef) -> LeftSquareBracket {
-    LeftSquareBracket {
-        whitespace_after: Default::default(),
-        tok,
-    }
+fn make_left_bracket<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> LeftSquareBracket<'input, 'a> {
+    LeftSquareBracket { tok }
 }
 
-fn make_right_bracket(tok: TokenRef) -> RightSquareBracket {
-    RightSquareBracket {
-        whitespace_before: Default::default(),
-        tok,
-    }
+fn make_right_bracket<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> RightSquareBracket<'input, 'a> {
+    RightSquareBracket { tok }
 }
 
-fn make_left_brace(tok: TokenRef) -> LeftCurlyBrace {
-    LeftCurlyBrace {
-        whitespace_after: Default::default(),
-        tok,
-    }
+fn make_left_brace<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> LeftCurlyBrace<'input, 'a> {
+    LeftCurlyBrace { tok }
 }
 
-fn make_right_brace(tok: TokenRef) -> RightCurlyBrace {
-    RightCurlyBrace {
-        whitespace_before: Default::default(),
-        tok,
-    }
+fn make_right_brace<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> RightCurlyBrace<'input, 'a> {
+    RightCurlyBrace { tok }
 }
 
-fn make_list_comp<'a>(
-    lbracket: LeftSquareBracket<'a>,
-    elt: Expression<'a>,
-    for_in: CompFor<'a>,
-    rbracket: RightSquareBracket<'a>,
-) -> ListComp<'a> {
+fn make_list_comp<'input, 'a>(
+    lbracket: LeftSquareBracket<'input, 'a>,
+    elt: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    for_in: CompFor<'input, 'a>,
+    rbracket: RightSquareBracket<'input, 'a>,
+) -> ListComp<'input, 'a> {
     ListComp {
         elt: Box::new(elt),
         for_in: Box::new(for_in),
@@ -2412,12 +2372,12 @@ fn make_list_comp<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_set_comp<'a>(
-    lbrace: LeftCurlyBrace<'a>,
-    elt: Expression<'a>,
-    for_in: CompFor<'a>,
-    rbrace: RightCurlyBrace<'a>,
-) -> SetComp<'a> {
+fn make_set_comp<'input, 'a>(
+    lbrace: LeftCurlyBrace<'input, 'a>,
+    elt: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    for_in: CompFor<'input, 'a>,
+    rbrace: RightCurlyBrace<'input, 'a>,
+) -> SetComp<'input, 'a> {
     SetComp {
         elt: Box::new(elt),
         for_in: Box::new(for_in),
@@ -2428,12 +2388,16 @@ fn make_set_comp<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_dict_comp<'a>(
-    lbrace: LeftCurlyBrace<'a>,
-    kvpair: (Expression<'a>, TokenRef<'a>, Expression<'a>),
-    for_in: CompFor<'a>,
-    rbrace: RightCurlyBrace<'a>,
-) -> DictComp<'a> {
+fn make_dict_comp<'input, 'a>(
+    lbrace: LeftCurlyBrace<'input, 'a>,
+    kvpair: (
+        Expression<'input, 'a>,
+        TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+        Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    ),
+    for_in: CompFor<'input, 'a>,
+    rbrace: RightCurlyBrace<'input, 'a>,
+) -> DictComp<'input, 'a> {
     let (key, colon_tok, value) = kvpair;
 
     DictComp {
@@ -2444,17 +2408,15 @@ fn make_dict_comp<'a>(
         rbrace,
         lpar: vec![],
         rpar: vec![],
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_colon: Default::default(),
         colon_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_list<'a>(
-    lbracket: LeftSquareBracket<'a>,
-    elements: Vec<Element<'a>>,
-    rbracket: RightSquareBracket<'a>,
-) -> List<'a> {
+fn make_list<'input, 'a>(
+    lbracket: LeftSquareBracket<'input, 'a>,
+    elements: Vec<Element<'input, 'a>>,
+    rbracket: RightSquareBracket<'input, 'a>,
+) -> List<'input, 'a> {
     List {
         elements,
         lbracket,
@@ -2464,11 +2426,11 @@ fn make_list<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_set<'a>(
-    lbrace: LeftCurlyBrace<'a>,
-    elements: Vec<Element<'a>>,
-    rbrace: RightCurlyBrace<'a>,
-) -> Set<'a> {
+fn make_set<'input, 'a>(
+    lbrace: LeftCurlyBrace<'input, 'a>,
+    elements: Vec<Element<'input, 'a>>,
+    rbrace: RightCurlyBrace<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Set<'input, 'a> {
     Set {
         elements,
         lbrace,
@@ -2478,13 +2440,13 @@ fn make_set<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn comma_separate<'a, T>(
+fn comma_separate<'input, 'a, T>(
     first: T,
-    rest: Vec<(Comma<'a>, T)>,
-    trailing_comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
+    rest: Vec<(Comma<'input, 'a>, T)>,
+    trailing_comma: Option<Comma<'input, 'a>>,
 ) -> Vec<T>
 where
-    T: WithComma<'a>,
+    T: WithComma<'input, 'a>,
 {
     let mut elements = vec![];
     let mut current = first;
@@ -2499,11 +2461,11 @@ where
     elements
 }
 
-fn make_dict<'a>(
-    lbrace: LeftCurlyBrace<'a>,
-    elements: Vec<DictElement<'a>>,
-    rbrace: RightCurlyBrace<'a>,
-) -> Dict<'a> {
+fn make_dict<'input, 'a>(
+    lbrace: LeftCurlyBrace<'input, 'a>,
+    elements: Vec<DictElement<'input, 'a>>,
+    rbrace: RightCurlyBrace<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Dict<'input, 'a> {
     Dict {
         elements,
         lbrace,
@@ -2513,70 +2475,77 @@ fn make_dict<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_double_starred_keypairs<'a>(
-    first: DictElement<'a>,
-    rest: Vec<(Comma<'a>, DictElement<'a>)>,
-    trailing_comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
-) -> Vec<DictElement<'a>> {
+fn make_double_starred_keypairs<'input, 'a>(
+    first: DictElement<'input, 'a>,
+    rest: Vec<(Comma<'input, 'a>, DictElement<'input, 'a>)>,
+    trailing_comma: Option<Comma<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> Vec<DictElement<'input, 'a>> {
     let mut elements = vec![];
     let mut current = first;
     for (comma, next) in rest {
         elements.push(current.with_comma(comma));
         current = next;
     }
-    if let Some(mut comma) = trailing_comma {
-        // don't consume trailing whitespace for trailing comma
-        comma.whitespace_after = ParenthesizableWhitespace::SimpleWhitespace(SimpleWhitespace(""));
+    if let Some(comma) = trailing_comma {
         current = current.with_comma(comma);
     }
     elements.push(current);
     elements
 }
 
-fn make_dict_element<'a>(el: (Expression<'a>, TokenRef<'a>, Expression<'a>)) -> DictElement<'a> {
+fn make_dict_element<'input, 'a>(
+    el: (
+        Expression<'input, 'a>,
+        TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+        Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    ),
+) -> DictElement<'input, 'a> {
     let (key, colon_tok, value) = el;
     DictElement::Simple {
         key,
         value,
         comma: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_colon: Default::default(),
         colon_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_double_starred_element<'a>(
-    star_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    value: Expression<'a>,
-) -> StarredDictElement<'a> {
+fn make_double_starred_element<'input, 'a>(
+    star_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    value: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> StarredDictElement<'input, 'a> {
     StarredDictElement {
         value,
         comma: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_value: Default::default(),
         star_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_index(value: Expression) -> BaseSlice {
-    BaseSlice::Index(Box::new(Index { value }))
+fn make_index<'input, 'a>(value: Expression<'input, 'a>) -> BaseSlice<'input, 'a> {
+    BaseSlice::Index(Box::new(Index {
+        value,
+        star: None,
+        star_tok: None,
+    }))
 }
 
-fn make_colon(tok: TokenRef) -> Colon {
-    let whitespace_before = Default::default();
-    let whitespace_after = Default::default();
-    Colon {
-        whitespace_before,
-        whitespace_after,
-        tok,
-    }
+fn make_index_from_arg<'input, 'a>(arg: Arg<'input, 'a>) -> BaseSlice<'input, 'a> {
+    BaseSlice::Index(Box::new(Index {
+        value: arg.value,
+        star: Some(arg.star),
+        star_tok: arg.star_tok,
+    }))
 }
 
-fn make_slice<'a>(
-    lower: Option<Expression<'a>>,
-    first_colon: TokenRef<'a>,
-    upper: Option<Expression<'a>>,
-    rest: Option<(TokenRef<'a>, Option<Expression<'a>>)>,
-) -> BaseSlice<'a> {
+fn make_colon<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> Colon<'input, 'a> {
+    Colon { tok }
+}
+
+fn make_slice<'input, 'a>(
+    lower: Option<Expression<'input, 'a>>,
+    first_colon: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    upper: Option<Expression<'input, 'a>>,
+    rest: Option<(TokenRef<'input, 'a>, Option<Expression<'input, 'a>>)>,
+) -> BaseSlice<'input, 'a> {
     let first_colon = make_colon(first_colon);
     let (second_colon, step) = if let Some((tok, step)) = rest {
         (Some(make_colon(tok)), step)
@@ -2592,11 +2561,11 @@ fn make_slice<'a>(
     }))
 }
 
-fn make_slices<'a>(
-    first: BaseSlice<'a>,
-    rest: Vec<(Comma<'a>, BaseSlice<'a>)>,
-    trailing_comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
-) -> Vec<SubscriptElement<'a>> {
+fn make_slices<'input, 'a>(
+    first: BaseSlice<'input, 'a>,
+    rest: Vec<(Comma<'input, 'a>, BaseSlice<'input, 'a>)>,
+    trailing_comma: Option<Comma<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> Vec<SubscriptElement<'input, 'a>> {
     let mut elements = vec![];
     let mut current = first;
     for (comma, next) in rest {
@@ -2613,13 +2582,12 @@ fn make_slices<'a>(
     elements
 }
 
-fn make_subscript<'a>(
-    value: Expression<'a>,
-    lbracket: LeftSquareBracket<'a>,
-    slice: Vec<SubscriptElement<'a>>,
-    rbracket: RightSquareBracket<'a>,
-) -> Subscript<'a> {
-    let lbracket_tok = lbracket.tok.clone();
+fn make_subscript<'input, 'a>(
+    value: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    lbracket: LeftSquareBracket<'input, 'a>,
+    slice: Vec<SubscriptElement<'input, 'a>>,
+    rbracket: RightSquareBracket<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Subscript<'input, 'a> {
     Subscript {
         value: Box::new(value),
         slice,
@@ -2627,37 +2595,31 @@ fn make_subscript<'a>(
         rbracket,
         lpar: Default::default(),
         rpar: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_value: Default::default(),
-        lbracket_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_ifexp<'a>(
-    body: Expression<'a>,
-    if_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    test: Expression<'a>,
-    else_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    orelse: Expression<'a>,
-) -> IfExp<'a> {
+fn make_ifexp<'input, 'a>(
+    body: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    if_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    test: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    else_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    orelse: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> IfExp<'input, 'a> {
     IfExp {
         test: Box::new(test),
         body: Box::new(body),
         orelse: Box::new(orelse),
         lpar: Default::default(),
         rpar: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_if: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_if: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_else: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_else: Default::default(),
         if_tok,
         else_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn add_arguments_trailing_comma<'a>(
-    mut args: Vec<Arg<'a>>,
-    trailing_comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
-) -> Vec<Arg<'a>> {
+fn add_arguments_trailing_comma<'input, 'a>(
+    mut args: Vec<Arg<'input, 'a>>,
+    trailing_comma: Option<Comma<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> Vec<Arg<'input, 'a>> {
     if let Some(comma) = trailing_comma {
         let last = args.pop().unwrap();
         args.push(last.with_comma(comma));
@@ -2665,12 +2627,12 @@ fn add_arguments_trailing_comma<'a>(
     args
 }
 
-fn make_lambda<'a>(
-    lambda_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    params: Parameters<'a>,
-    colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    expr: Expression<'a>,
-) -> Lambda<'a> {
+fn make_lambda<'input, 'a>(
+    lambda_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    params: Parameters<'input, 'a>,
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    expr: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Lambda<'input, 'a> {
     let colon = make_colon(colon_tok);
     Lambda {
         params: Box::new(params),
@@ -2678,26 +2640,26 @@ fn make_lambda<'a>(
         colon,
         lpar: Default::default(),
         rpar: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_lambda: Default::default(),
         lambda_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_annotation<'a>(tok: TokenRef<'a>, ann: Expression<'a>) -> Annotation<'a> {
+fn make_annotation<'input, 'a>(
+    tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    ann: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Annotation<'input, 'a> {
     Annotation {
         annotation: ann,
-        whitespace_before_indicator: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_indicator: Default::default(),
         tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_ann_assignment<'a>(
-    target: AssignTargetExpression<'a>,
-    col: TokenRef<'a>,
-    ann: Expression<'a>,
-    rhs: Option<(TokenRef<'a>, Expression<'a>)>,
-) -> AnnAssign<'a> {
+fn make_ann_assignment<'input, 'a>(
+    target: AssignTargetExpression<'input, 'a>,
+    col: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    ann: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    rhs: Option<(TokenRef<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>)>,
+) -> AnnAssign<'input, 'a> {
     let annotation = make_annotation(col, ann);
     let (eq, value) = rhs.map(|(x, y)| (Some(x), Some(y))).unwrap_or((None, None));
     let equal = eq.map(make_assign_equal);
@@ -2710,11 +2672,11 @@ fn make_ann_assignment<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_yield<'a>(
-    yield_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    f: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
-    e: Option<Expression<'a>>,
-) -> Yield<'a> {
+fn make_yield<'input, 'a>(
+    yield_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    f: Option<TokenRef<'input, 'a>>,
+    e: Option<Expression<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> Yield<'input, 'a> {
     let value = match (f, e) {
         (None, None) => None,
         (Some(f), Some(e)) => Some(YieldValue::From(Box::new(make_from(f, e)))),
@@ -2725,34 +2687,30 @@ fn make_yield<'a>(
         value: value.map(Box::new),
         lpar: Default::default(),
         rpar: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_yield: Default::default(),
         yield_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_from<'a>(tok: TokenRef<'a>, e: Expression<'a>) -> From<'a> {
-    From {
-        item: e,
-        whitespace_before_from: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_from: Default::default(),
-        tok,
-    }
+fn make_from<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>, e: Expression<'input, 'a>) -> From<'input, 'a> {
+    From { item: e, tok }
 }
 
-fn make_return<'a>(return_tok: TokenRef<'a>, value: Option<Expression<'a>>) -> Return<'a> {
+fn make_return<'input, 'a>(
+    return_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    value: Option<Expression<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> Return<'input, 'a> {
     Return {
         value,
-        whitespace_after_return: Default::default(),
         semicolon: Default::default(),
         return_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_assert<'a>(
-    assert_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    test: Expression<'a>,
-    rest: Option<(Comma<'a>, Expression<'a>)>,
-) -> Assert<'a> {
+fn make_assert<'input, 'a>(
+    assert_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    test: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    rest: Option<(Comma<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>)>,
+) -> Assert<'input, 'a> {
     let (comma, msg) = if let Some((c, msg)) = rest {
         (Some(c), Some(msg))
     } else {
@@ -2763,34 +2721,32 @@ fn make_assert<'a>(
         test,
         msg,
         comma,
-        whitespace_after_assert: Default::default(),
         semicolon: Default::default(),
         assert_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_raise<'a>(
-    raise_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    exc: Option<Expression<'a>>,
-    rest: Option<(TokenRef<'a>, Expression<'a>)>,
-) -> Raise<'a> {
+fn make_raise<'input, 'a>(
+    raise_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    exc: Option<Expression<'input, 'a>>,
+    rest: Option<(TokenRef<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>)>,
+) -> Raise<'input, 'a> {
     let cause = rest.map(|(t, e)| make_from(t, e));
 
     Raise {
         exc,
         cause,
-        whitespace_after_raise: Default::default(),
         semicolon: Default::default(),
         raise_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_global<'a>(
-    tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    init: Vec<(Name<'a>, Comma<'a>)>,
-    last: Name<'a>,
-) -> Global<'a> {
-    let mut names: Vec<NameItem<'a>> = init
+fn make_global<'input, 'a>(
+    tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    init: Vec<(Name<'input, 'a>, Comma<'input, 'a>)>,
+    last: Name<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Global<'input, 'a> {
+    let mut names: Vec<NameItem<'input, 'a>> = init
         .into_iter()
         .map(|(name, c)| NameItem {
             name,
@@ -2803,18 +2759,17 @@ fn make_global<'a>(
     });
     Global {
         names,
-        whitespace_after_global: Default::default(),
         semicolon: Default::default(),
         tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_nonlocal<'a>(
-    tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    init: Vec<(Name<'a>, Comma<'a>)>,
-    last: Name<'a>,
-) -> Nonlocal<'a> {
-    let mut names: Vec<NameItem<'a>> = init
+fn make_nonlocal<'input, 'a>(
+    tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    init: Vec<(Name<'input, 'a>, Comma<'input, 'a>)>,
+    last: Name<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Nonlocal<'input, 'a> {
+    let mut names: Vec<NameItem<'input, 'a>> = init
         .into_iter()
         .map(|(name, c)| NameItem {
             name,
@@ -2827,26 +2782,23 @@ fn make_nonlocal<'a>(
     });
     Nonlocal {
         names,
-        whitespace_after_nonlocal: Default::default(),
         semicolon: Default::default(),
         tok,
     }
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-fn make_for<'a>(
-    async_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
-    for_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    target: AssignTargetExpression<'a>,
-    in_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    iter: Expression<'a>,
-    colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    body: Suite<'a>,
-    orelse: Option<Else<'a>>,
-) -> For<'a> {
-    let asynchronous = async_tok.as_ref().map(|_| Asynchronous {
-        whitespace_after: Default::default(),
-    });
+fn make_for<'input, 'a>(
+    async_tok: Option<TokenRef<'input, 'a>>,
+    for_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    target: AssignTargetExpression<'input, 'a>,
+    in_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    iter: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    body: Suite<'input, 'a>,
+    orelse: Option<Else<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> For<'input, 'a> {
+    let asynchronous = async_tok.as_ref().map(|_| make_async());
 
     For {
         target,
@@ -2854,11 +2806,6 @@ fn make_for<'a>(
         body,
         orelse,
         asynchronous,
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_for: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_in: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_in: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
         async_tok,
         for_tok,
         in_tok,
@@ -2866,50 +2813,56 @@ fn make_for<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_while<'a>(
-    while_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    test: Expression<'a>,
-    colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    body: Suite<'a>,
-    orelse: Option<Else<'a>>,
-) -> While<'a> {
+fn make_while<'input, 'a>(
+    while_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    test: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    body: Suite<'input, 'a>,
+    orelse: Option<Else<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> While<'input, 'a> {
     While {
         test,
         body,
         orelse,
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_while: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
         while_tok,
         colon_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_await<'a>(await_tok: TokenRef<'a>, expression: Expression<'a>) -> Await<'a> {
+fn make_await<'input, 'a>(
+    await_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    expression: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Await<'input, 'a> {
     Await {
         expression: Box::new(expression),
         lpar: Default::default(),
         rpar: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_await: Default::default(),
         await_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_class_def<'a>(
-    class_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    name: Name<'a>,
-    args: Option<(LeftParen<'a>, Option<Vec<Arg<'a>>>, RightParen<'a>)>,
-    colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    body: Suite<'a>,
-) -> std::result::Result<ClassDef<'a>, &'static str> {
+fn make_class_def<'input, 'a>(
+    class_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    name: Name<'input, 'a>,
+    type_parameters: Option<TypeParameters<'input, 'a>>,
+    args: Option<(
+        LeftParen<'input, 'a>,
+        Option<Vec<Arg<'input, 'a>>>,
+        RightParen<'input, 'a>,
+    )>,
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    body: Suite<'input, 'a>,
+) -> std::result::Result<ClassDef<'input, 'a>, &'static str> {
     let mut bases = vec![];
     let mut keywords = vec![];
-    let mut parens_tok = None;
+    let mut lpar_tok = None;
+    let mut rpar_tok = None;
     let mut lpar = None;
     let mut rpar = None;
 
     if let Some((lpar_, args, rpar_)) = args {
-        parens_tok = Some((lpar_.lpar_tok.clone(), rpar_.rpar_tok.clone()));
+        lpar_tok = Some(lpar_.lpar_tok);
+        rpar_tok = Some(rpar_.rpar_tok);
         lpar = Some(lpar_);
         rpar = Some(rpar_);
         if let Some(args) = args {
@@ -2932,54 +2885,100 @@ fn make_class_def<'a>(
     }
     Ok(ClassDef {
         name,
+        type_parameters,
         body,
         bases,
         keywords,
         decorators: vec![],
         lpar,
         rpar,
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        lines_after_decorators: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_class: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_name: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
         class_tok,
-        parens_tok,
+        lpar_tok,
+        rpar_tok,
         colon_tok,
     })
 }
 
-fn make_string(tok: TokenRef) -> String {
+fn make_string<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> String<'input, 'a> {
     String::Simple(SimpleString {
         value: tok.string,
         ..Default::default()
     })
 }
 
-fn make_strings<'a>(s: Vec<(String<'a>, TokenRef<'a>)>) -> String<'a> {
+fn make_strings<'input, 'a>(
+    s: Vec<(String<'input, 'a>, TokenRef<'input, 'a>)>,
+) -> GrammarResult<String<'input, 'a>> {
+    if s.len() > MAX_RECURSION_DEPTH {
+        return Err("shorter concatenated string");
+    }
     let mut strings = s.into_iter().rev();
     let (first, _) = strings.next().expect("no strings to make a string of");
-    strings.fold(first, |acc, (str, tok)| {
-        let ret: String<'a> = String::Concatenated(ConcatenatedString {
+    Ok(strings.fold(first, |acc, (str, tok)| {
+        let ret: String<'input, 'a> = String::Concatenated(ConcatenatedString {
             left: Box::new(str),
             right: Box::new(acc),
-            whitespace_between: Default::default(),
             lpar: Default::default(),
             rpar: Default::default(),
             right_tok: tok,
         });
         ret
-    })
+    }))
 }
 
-fn make_fstring_expression<'a>(
-    lbrace_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    expression: Expression<'a>,
-    eq: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
-    conversion_pair: Option<(TokenRef<'a>, &'a str)>,
-    format_pair: Option<(TokenRef<'a>, Vec<FormattedStringContent<'a>>)>,
-    rbrace_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-) -> FormattedStringExpression<'a> {
+fn make_tstring_expression<'input, 'a>(
+    lbrace_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    expression: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    eq: Option<TokenRef<'input, 'a>>,
+    conversion_pair: Option<(TokenRef<'input, 'a>, &'a str)>,
+    format_pair: Option<(
+        TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+        Vec<TemplatedStringContent<'input, 'a>>,
+    )>,
+    rbrace_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+) -> TemplatedStringExpression<'input, 'a> {
+    let equal: Option<AssignEqual<'_, '_>> = eq.map(make_assign_equal);
+    let (conversion_tok, conversion) = if let Some((t, c)) = conversion_pair {
+        (Some(t), Some(c))
+    } else {
+        (None, None)
+    };
+    let (format_tok, format_spec) = if let Some((t, f)) = format_pair {
+        (Some(t), Some(f))
+    } else {
+        (None, None)
+    };
+    let after_expr_tok = if equal.is_some() {
+        None
+    } else if let Some(tok) = conversion_tok {
+        Some(tok)
+    } else if let Some(tok) = format_tok {
+        Some(tok)
+    } else {
+        Some(rbrace_tok)
+    };
+
+    TemplatedStringExpression {
+        expression,
+        conversion,
+        format_spec,
+        equal,
+        lbrace_tok,
+        after_expr_tok,
+    }
+}
+
+fn make_fstring_expression<'input, 'a>(
+    lbrace_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    expression: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    eq: Option<TokenRef<'input, 'a>>,
+    conversion_pair: Option<(TokenRef<'input, 'a>, &'a str)>,
+    format_pair: Option<(
+        TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+        Vec<FormattedStringContent<'input, 'a>>,
+    )>,
+    rbrace_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+) -> FormattedStringExpression<'input, 'a> {
     let equal = eq.map(make_assign_equal);
     let (conversion_tok, conversion) = if let Some((t, c)) = conversion_pair {
         (Some(t), Some(c))
@@ -3005,19 +3004,17 @@ fn make_fstring_expression<'a>(
         expression,
         conversion,
         format_spec,
-        whitespace_before_expression: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_expression: Default::default(),
         equal,
         lbrace_tok,
         after_expr_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_fstring<'a>(
+fn make_fstring<'input, 'a>(
     start: &'a str,
-    parts: Vec<FormattedStringContent<'a>>,
+    parts: Vec<FormattedStringContent<'input, 'a>>,
     end: &'a str,
-) -> FormattedString<'a> {
+) -> FormattedString<'input, 'a> {
     FormattedString {
         start,
         parts,
@@ -3027,180 +3024,126 @@ fn make_fstring<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_finally<'a>(
-    finally_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    body: Suite<'a>,
-) -> Finally<'a> {
+fn make_tstring<'input, 'a>(
+    start: &'a str,
+    parts: Vec<TemplatedStringContent<'input, 'a>>,
+    end: &'a str,
+) -> TemplatedString<'input, 'a> {
+    TemplatedString {
+        start,
+        parts,
+        end,
+        lpar: Default::default(),
+        rpar: Default::default(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn make_finally<'input, 'a>(
+    finally_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    body: Suite<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Finally<'input, 'a> {
     Finally {
         body,
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
         finally_tok,
         colon_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_except<'a>(
-    except_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    exp: Option<Expression<'a>>,
-    as_: Option<(TokenRef<'a>, Name<'a>)>,
-    colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    body: Suite<'a>,
-) -> ExceptHandler<'a> {
+fn make_except<'input, 'a>(
+    except_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    exp: Option<Expression<'input, 'a>>,
+    as_: Option<(TokenRef<'input, 'a>, Name<'input, 'a>)>,
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    body: Suite<'input, 'a>,
+) -> ExceptHandler<'input, 'a> {
     // TODO: AsName should come from outside
     let name = as_.map(|(x, y)| make_as_name(x, AssignTargetExpression::Name(Box::new(y))));
     ExceptHandler {
         body,
         r#type: exp,
         name,
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_except: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
         except_tok,
         colon_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_except_star<'a>(
-    except_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    star_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    exp: Expression<'a>,
-    as_: Option<(TokenRef<'a>, Name<'a>)>,
-    colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    body: Suite<'a>,
-) -> ExceptStarHandler<'a> {
+fn make_except_star<'input, 'a>(
+    except_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    star_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    exp: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    as_: Option<(TokenRef<'input, 'a>, Name<'input, 'a>)>,
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    body: Suite<'input, 'a>,
+) -> ExceptStarHandler<'input, 'a> {
     // TODO: AsName should come from outside
     let name = as_.map(|(x, y)| make_as_name(x, AssignTargetExpression::Name(Box::new(y))));
     ExceptStarHandler {
         body,
         r#type: exp,
         name,
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_except: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_star: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
         except_tok,
         colon_tok,
         star_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_try<'a>(
-    try_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    body: Suite<'a>,
-    handlers: Vec<ExceptHandler<'a>>,
-    orelse: Option<Else<'a>>,
-    finalbody: Option<Finally<'a>>,
-) -> Try<'a> {
+fn make_try<'input, 'a>(
+    try_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    body: Suite<'input, 'a>,
+    handlers: Vec<ExceptHandler<'input, 'a>>,
+    orelse: Option<Else<'input, 'a>>,
+    finalbody: Option<Finally<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> Try<'input, 'a> {
     Try {
         body,
         handlers,
         orelse,
         finalbody,
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
         try_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_try_star<'a>(
-    try_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    body: Suite<'a>,
-    handlers: Vec<ExceptStarHandler<'a>>,
-    orelse: Option<Else<'a>>,
-    finalbody: Option<Finally<'a>>,
-) -> TryStar<'a> {
+fn make_try_star<'input, 'a>(
+    try_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    body: Suite<'input, 'a>,
+    handlers: Vec<ExceptStarHandler<'input, 'a>>,
+    orelse: Option<Else<'input, 'a>>,
+    finalbody: Option<Finally<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> TryStar<'input, 'a> {
     TryStar {
         body,
         handlers,
         orelse,
         finalbody,
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
         try_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_aug_op(tok: TokenRef) -> Result<AugOp> {
-    let whitespace_before = Default::default();
-    let whitespace_after = Default::default();
-
+fn make_aug_op<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> Result<'a, AugOp<'input, 'a>> {
     Ok(match tok.string {
-        "+=" => AugOp::AddAssign {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        },
-        "-=" => AugOp::SubtractAssign {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        },
-        "*=" => AugOp::MultiplyAssign {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        },
-        "@=" => AugOp::MatrixMultiplyAssign {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        },
-        "/=" => AugOp::DivideAssign {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        },
-        "%=" => AugOp::ModuloAssign {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        },
-        "&=" => AugOp::BitAndAssign {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        },
-        "|=" => AugOp::BitOrAssign {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        },
-        "^=" => AugOp::BitXorAssign {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        },
-        "<<=" => AugOp::LeftShiftAssign {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        },
-        ">>=" => AugOp::RightShiftAssign {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        },
-        "**=" => AugOp::PowerAssign {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        },
-        "//=" => AugOp::FloorDivideAssign {
-            whitespace_before,
-            whitespace_after,
-            tok,
-        },
+        "+=" => AugOp::AddAssign { tok },
+        "-=" => AugOp::SubtractAssign { tok },
+        "*=" => AugOp::MultiplyAssign { tok },
+        "@=" => AugOp::MatrixMultiplyAssign { tok },
+        "/=" => AugOp::DivideAssign { tok },
+        "%=" => AugOp::ModuloAssign { tok },
+        "&=" => AugOp::BitAndAssign { tok },
+        "|=" => AugOp::BitOrAssign { tok },
+        "^=" => AugOp::BitXorAssign { tok },
+        "<<=" => AugOp::LeftShiftAssign { tok },
+        ">>=" => AugOp::RightShiftAssign { tok },
+        "**=" => AugOp::PowerAssign { tok },
+        "//=" => AugOp::FloorDivideAssign { tok },
         _ => return Err(ParserError::OperatorError),
     })
 }
 
-fn make_aug_assign<'a>(
-    target: AssignTargetExpression<'a>,
-    operator: AugOp<'a>,
-    value: Expression<'a>,
-) -> AugAssign<'a> {
+fn make_aug_assign<'input, 'a>(
+    target: AssignTargetExpression<'input, 'a>,
+    operator: AugOp<'input, 'a>,
+    value: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> AugAssign<'input, 'a> {
     AugAssign {
         target,
         operator,
@@ -3209,11 +3152,11 @@ fn make_aug_assign<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_with_item<'a>(
-    item: Expression<'a>,
-    as_: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
-    n: Option<AssignTargetExpression<'a>>,
-) -> WithItem<'a> {
+fn make_with_item<'input, 'a>(
+    item: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    as_: Option<TokenRef<'input, 'a>>,
+    n: Option<AssignTargetExpression<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> WithItem<'input, 'a> {
     let asname = match (as_, n) {
         (Some(as_), Some(n)) => Some(make_as_name(as_, n)),
         (None, None) => None,
@@ -3226,47 +3169,44 @@ fn make_with_item<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_with<'a>(
-    async_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
-    with_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    lpar: Option<LeftParen<'a>>,
-    items: Vec<WithItem<'a>>,
-    rpar: Option<RightParen<'a>>,
-    colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    body: Suite<'a>,
-) -> With<'a> {
-    let asynchronous = async_tok.as_ref().map(|_| Asynchronous {
-        whitespace_after: Default::default(),
-    });
+fn make_with<'input, 'a>(
+    async_tok: Option<TokenRef<'input, 'a>>,
+    with_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    lpar: Option<LeftParen<'input, 'a>>,
+    items: Vec<WithItem<'input, 'a>>,
+    rpar: Option<RightParen<'input, 'a>>,
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    body: Suite<'input, 'a>,
+) -> With<'input, 'a> {
+    let asynchronous = async_tok.as_ref().map(|_| make_async());
     With {
         items,
         body,
         asynchronous,
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
         lpar,
         rpar,
-        whitespace_after_with: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
         async_tok,
         with_tok,
         colon_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_del<'a>(tok: TokenRef<'a>, target: DelTargetExpression<'a>) -> Del<'a> {
+fn make_del<'input, 'a>(
+    tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    target: DelTargetExpression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Del<'input, 'a> {
     Del {
         target,
-        whitespace_after_del: Default::default(),
         semicolon: Default::default(),
         tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_del_tuple<'a>(
-    lpar: Option<LeftParen<'a>>,
-    elements: Vec<Element<'a>>,
-    rpar: Option<RightParen<'a>>,
-) -> DelTargetExpression<'a> {
+fn make_del_tuple<'input, 'a>(
+    lpar: Option<LeftParen<'input, 'a>>,
+    elements: Vec<Element<'input, 'a>>,
+    rpar: Option<RightParen<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> DelTargetExpression<'input, 'a> {
     DelTargetExpression::Tuple(Box::new(Tuple {
         elements,
         lpar: lpar.map(|x| vec![x]).unwrap_or_default(),
@@ -3274,35 +3214,32 @@ fn make_del_tuple<'a>(
     }))
 }
 
-fn make_named_expr<'a>(name: Name<'a>, tok: TokenRef<'a>, expr: Expression<'a>) -> NamedExpr<'a> {
+fn make_named_expr<'input, 'a>(
+    name: Name<'input, 'a>,
+    tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    expr: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> NamedExpr<'input, 'a> {
     NamedExpr {
         target: Box::new(Expression::Name(Box::new(name))),
         value: Box::new(expr),
         lpar: Default::default(),
         rpar: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_walrus: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_walrus: Default::default(),
         walrus_tok: tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_match<'a>(
-    match_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    subject: Expression<'a>,
-    colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    indent_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    cases: Vec<MatchCase<'a>>,
-    dedent_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-) -> Match<'a> {
+fn make_match<'input, 'a>(
+    match_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    subject: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    indent_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    cases: Vec<MatchCase<'input, 'a>>,
+    dedent_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+) -> Match<'input, 'a> {
     Match {
         subject,
         cases,
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_match: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_colon: Default::default(),
         indent: Default::default(),
-        footer: Default::default(),
         match_tok,
         colon_tok,
         indent_tok,
@@ -3310,13 +3247,13 @@ fn make_match<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-fn make_case<'a>(
-    case_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    pattern: MatchPattern<'a>,
-    guard: Option<(TokenRef<'a>, Expression<'a>)>,
-    colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    body: Suite<'a>,
-) -> MatchCase<'a> {
+fn make_case<'input, 'a>(
+    case_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    pattern: MatchPattern<'input, 'a>,
+    guard: Option<(TokenRef<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>)>,
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    body: Suite<'input, 'a>,
+) -> MatchCase<'input, 'a> {
     let (if_tok, guard) = match guard {
         Some((if_tok, guard)) => (Some(if_tok), Some(guard)),
         None => (None, None),
@@ -3325,30 +3262,25 @@ fn make_case<'a>(
         pattern,
         guard,
         body,
-        leading_lines: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_case: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_if: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_if: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
         case_tok,
         if_tok,
         colon_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_match_value(value: Expression) -> MatchPattern {
+fn make_match_value<'input, 'a>(value: Expression<'input, 'a>) -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a> {
     MatchPattern::Value(MatchValue { value })
 }
 
-fn make_match_singleton(value: Name) -> MatchPattern {
+fn make_match_singleton<'input, 'a>(value: Name<'input, 'a>) -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a> {
     MatchPattern::Singleton(MatchSingleton { value })
 }
 
-fn make_list_pattern<'a>(
-    lbracket: Option<LeftSquareBracket<'a>>,
-    patterns: Vec<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a>>,
-    rbracket: Option<RightSquareBracket<'a>>,
-) -> MatchSequence<'a> {
+fn make_list_pattern<'input, 'a>(
+    lbracket: Option<LeftSquareBracket<'input, 'a>>,
+    patterns: Vec<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'input, 'a>>,
+    rbracket: Option<RightSquareBracket<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> MatchSequence<'input, 'a> {
     MatchSequence::MatchList(MatchList {
         patterns,
         lbracket,
@@ -3358,34 +3290,28 @@ fn make_list_pattern<'a>(
     })
 }
 
-fn make_as_pattern<'a>(
-    pattern: Option<MatchPattern<'a>>,
-    as_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
-    name: Option<Name<'a>>,
-) -> MatchPattern<'a> {
+fn make_as_pattern<'input, 'a>(
+    pattern: Option<MatchPattern<'input, 'a>>,
+    as_tok: Option<TokenRef<'input, 'a>>,
+    name: Option<Name<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a> {
     MatchPattern::As(Box::new(MatchAs {
         pattern,
         name,
         lpar: Default::default(),
         rpar: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_as: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_as: Default::default(),
         as_tok,
     }))
 }
 
-fn make_bit_or(tok: TokenRef) -> BitOr {
-    BitOr {
-        whitespace_before: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after: Default::default(),
-        tok,
-    }
+fn make_bit_or<'input, 'a>(tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>) -> BitOr<'input, 'a> {
+    BitOr { tok }
 }
 
-fn make_or_pattern<'a>(
-    first: MatchPattern<'a>,
-    rest: Vec<(TokenRef<'a>, MatchPattern<'a>)>,
-) -> MatchPattern<'a> {
+fn make_or_pattern<'input, 'a>(
+    first: MatchPattern<'input, 'a>,
+    rest: Vec<(TokenRef<'input, 'a>, MatchPattern<'input, 'a>)>,
+) -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a> {
     if rest.is_empty() {
         return first;
     }
@@ -3411,25 +3337,29 @@ fn make_or_pattern<'a>(
     }))
 }
 
-fn ensure_real_number(tok: TokenRef) -> GrammarResult<Expression> {
+fn ensure_real_number<'input, 'a>(
+    tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+) -> GrammarResult<Expression<'input, 'a>> {
     match make_number(tok) {
         e @ (Expression::Integer(_) | Expression::Float(_)) => Ok(e),
         _ => Err("real number"),
     }
 }
 
-fn ensure_imaginary_number(tok: TokenRef) -> GrammarResult<Expression> {
+fn ensure_imaginary_number<'input, 'a>(
+    tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+) -> GrammarResult<Expression<'input, 'a>> {
     match make_number(tok) {
         e @ Expression::Imaginary(_) => Ok(e),
         _ => Err("imaginary number"),
     }
 }
 
-fn make_tuple_pattern<'a>(
-    lpar: LeftParen<'a>,
-    patterns: Vec<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a>>,
-    rpar: RightParen<'a>,
-) -> MatchSequence<'a> {
+fn make_tuple_pattern<'input, 'a>(
+    lpar: LeftParen<'input, 'a>,
+    patterns: Vec<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'input, 'a>>,
+    rpar: RightParen<'input, 'a>,
+) -> MatchSequence<'input, 'a> {
     MatchSequence::MatchTuple(MatchTuple {
         patterns,
         lpar: vec![lpar],
@@ -3437,40 +3367,44 @@ fn make_tuple_pattern<'a>(
     })
 }
 
-fn make_open_sequence_pattern<'a>(
-    first: StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a>,
-    comma: Comma<'a>,
-    mut rest: Vec<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a>>,
-) -> Vec<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'a>> {
+fn make_open_sequence_pattern<'input, 'a>(
+    first: StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'input, 'a>,
+    comma: Comma<'input, 'a>,
+    mut rest: Vec<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> Vec<StarrableMatchSequenceElement<'input, 'a>> {
     rest.insert(0, first.with_comma(comma));
     rest
 }
 
-fn make_match_sequence_element(value: MatchPattern) -> MatchSequenceElement {
+fn make_match_sequence_element<'input, 'a>(
+    value: MatchPattern<'input, 'a>,
+) -> MatchSequenceElement<'input, 'a> {
     MatchSequenceElement {
         value,
         comma: Default::default(),
     }
 }
 
-fn make_match_star<'a>(star_tok: TokenRef<'a>, name: Option<Name<'a>>) -> MatchStar<'a> {
+fn make_match_star<'input, 'a>(
+    star_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    name: Option<Name<'input, 'a>>,
+) -> MatchStar<'input, 'a> {
     MatchStar {
         name,
         comma: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_name: Default::default(),
         star_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_match_mapping<'a>(
-    lbrace: LeftCurlyBrace<'a>,
-    mut elements: Vec<MatchMappingElement<'a>>,
-    el_comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
-    star_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
-    rest: Option<Name<'a>>,
-    trailing_comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
-    rbrace: RightCurlyBrace<'a>,
-) -> MatchPattern<'a> {
+fn make_match_mapping<'input, 'a>(
+    lbrace: LeftCurlyBrace<'input, 'a>,
+    mut elements: Vec<MatchMappingElement<'input, 'a>>,
+    el_comma: Option<Comma<'input, 'a>>,
+    star_tok: Option<TokenRef<'input, 'a>>,
+    rest: Option<Name<'input, 'a>>,
+    trailing_comma: Option<Comma<'input, 'a>>,
+    rbrace: RightCurlyBrace<'input, 'a>,
+) -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a> {
     if let Some(c) = el_comma {
         if let Some(el) = elements.pop() {
             elements.push(el.with_comma(c));
@@ -3485,35 +3419,32 @@ fn make_match_mapping<'a>(
         rbrace,
         lpar: Default::default(),
         rpar: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_rest: Default::default(),
         star_tok,
     })
 }
 
-fn make_match_mapping_element<'a>(
-    key: Expression<'a>,
-    colon_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    pattern: MatchPattern<'a>,
-) -> MatchMappingElement<'a> {
+fn make_match_mapping_element<'input, 'a>(
+    key: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    pattern: MatchPattern<'input, 'a>,
+) -> MatchMappingElement<'input, 'a> {
     MatchMappingElement {
         key,
         pattern,
         comma: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_colon: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_colon: Default::default(),
         colon_tok,
     }
 }
 
-fn make_class_pattern<'a>(
-    cls: NameOrAttribute<'a>,
-    lpar_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    mut patterns: Vec<MatchSequenceElement<'a>>,
-    pat_comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
-    mut kwds: Vec<MatchKeywordElement<'a>>,
-    kwd_comma: Option<Comma<'a>>,
-    rpar_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-) -> MatchPattern<'a> {
+fn make_class_pattern<'input, 'a>(
+    cls: NameOrAttribute<'input, 'a>,
+    lpar_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    mut patterns: Vec<MatchSequenceElement<'input, 'a>>,
+    pat_comma: Option<Comma<'input, 'a>>,
+    mut kwds: Vec<MatchKeywordElement<'input, 'a>>,
+    kwd_comma: Option<Comma<'input, 'a>>,
+    rpar_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+) -> MatchPattern<'input, 'a> {
     if let Some(c) = pat_comma {
         if let Some(el) = patterns.pop() {
             patterns.push(el.with_comma(c));
@@ -3532,25 +3463,134 @@ fn make_class_pattern<'a>(
         kwds,
         lpar: Default::default(),
         rpar: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_cls: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_patterns: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_kwds: Default::default(),
         lpar_tok,
         rpar_tok,
     })
 }
 
-fn make_match_keyword_element<'a>(
-    key: Name<'a>,
-    equal_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
-    pattern: MatchPattern<'a>,
-) -> MatchKeywordElement<'a> {
+fn make_match_keyword_element<'input, 'a>(
+    key: Name<'input, 'a>,
+    equal_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    pattern: MatchPattern<'input, 'a>,
+) -> MatchKeywordElement<'input, 'a> {
     MatchKeywordElement {
         key,
         pattern,
         comma: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_before_equal: Default::default(),
-        whitespace_after_equal: Default::default(),
         equal_tok,
     }
 }
+
+struct TypeParamBound<'input, 'a>(TokenRef<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>);
+
+fn make_type_param_bound<'input, 'a>(
+    colon_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    e: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> TypeParamBound<'input, 'a> {
+    TypeParamBound(colon_tok, e)
+}
+
+fn make_param_spec<'input, 'a>(
+    star_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    name: Name<'input, 'a>,
+    def: Option<(AssignEqual<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>)>,
+) -> TypeParam<'input, 'a> {
+    let (equal, default) = match def {
+        Some((a, b)) => (Some(a), Some(b)),
+        None => (None, None),
+    };
+    TypeParam {
+        param: TypeVarLike::ParamSpec(ParamSpec { name, star_tok }),
+        comma: Default::default(),
+        equal: equal,
+        star: "",
+        default: default,
+        star_tok: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn make_type_var_tuple<'input, 'a>(
+    star_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    name: Name<'input, 'a>,
+    def: Option<(
+        AssignEqual<'input, 'a>,
+        Option<TokenRef<'input, 'a>>,
+        Expression<'input, 'a>,
+    )>,
+) -> TypeParam<'input, 'a> {
+    let (equal, default_star, default) = match def {
+        Some((a, b, c)) => (Some(a), b, Some(c)),
+        None => (None, None, None),
+    };
+    let star = match default_star {
+        Some(a) => a.string,
+        None => "",
+    };
+
+    TypeParam {
+        param: TypeVarLike::TypeVarTuple(TypeVarTuple { name, star_tok }),
+        comma: Default::default(),
+        equal: equal,
+        star: star,
+        default: default,
+        star_tok: default_star,
+    }
+}
+
+fn make_type_var<'input, 'a>(
+    name: Name<'input, 'a>,
+    bound: Option<TypeParamBound<'input, 'a>>,
+    def: Option<(AssignEqual<'input, 'a>, Expression<'input, 'a>)>,
+) -> TypeParam<'input, 'a> {
+    let (bound, colon) = match bound {
+        Some(TypeParamBound(c, e)) => (Some(Box::new(e)), Some(make_colon(c))),
+        _ => (None, None),
+    };
+    let (equal, default) = match def {
+        Some((a, b)) => (Some(a), Some(b)),
+        None => (None, None),
+    };
+    TypeParam {
+        param: TypeVarLike::TypeVar(TypeVar { name, bound, colon }),
+        comma: Default::default(),
+        equal: equal,
+        star: "",
+        default: default,
+        star_tok: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn make_type_parameters<'input, 'a>(
+    lbracket: LeftSquareBracket<'input, 'a>,
+    params: Vec<TypeParam<'input, 'a>>,
+    rbracket: RightSquareBracket<'input, 'a>,
+) -> TypeParameters<'input, 'a> {
+    TypeParameters {
+        lbracket,
+        params,
+        rbracket,
+    }
+}
+
+fn make_type_alias<'input, 'a>(
+    type_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    name: Name<'input, 'a>,
+    type_parameters: Option<TypeParameters<'input, 'a>>,
+    equals_tok: TokenRef<'input, 'a>,
+    value: Expression<'input, 'a>,
+) -> TypeAlias<'input, 'a> {
+    let lbracket_tok = if let Some(tp) = &type_parameters {
+        Some(tp.lbracket.tok)
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    TypeAlias {
+        type_tok,
+        name,
+        type_parameters,
+        equals_tok,
+        value: Box::new(value),
+        semicolon: Default::default(),
+        lbracket_tok,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/parser/mod.rs b/native/libcst/src/parser/mod.rs
index 05937ab3..4e9b4654 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -8,4 +8,5 @@ mod grammar;
 mod numbers;
 
 pub use errors::ParserError;
+pub(crate) use grammar::TokVec;
 pub use grammar::{python, Result};
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/parser/numbers.rs b/native/libcst/src/parser/numbers.rs
index 286a33c7..95db532b 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/parser/numbers.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/parser/numbers.rs
@@ -3,61 +3,57 @@
 // This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 // LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree
 
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use regex::Regex;
 
-use crate::{Expression, Float, Imaginary, Integer};
+use crate::nodes::deflated::{Expression, Float, Imaginary, Integer};
 
 static HEX: &str = r"0[xX](?:_?[0-9a-fA-F])+";
 static BIN: &str = r"0[bB](?:_?[01])+";
 static OCT: &str = r"0[oO](?:_?[0-7])+";
 static DECIMAL: &str = r"(?:0(?:_?0)*|[1-9](?:_?[0-9])*)";
 
-static INTEGER_RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| {
-    Regex::new(format!("^({}|{}|{}|{})$", HEX, BIN, OCT, DECIMAL).as_str()).expect("regex")
-});
-
 static EXPONENT: &str = r"[eE][-+]?[0-9](?:_?[0-9])*";
 // Note: these don't exactly match the python implementation (exponent is not included)
 static POINT_FLOAT: &str = r"([0-9](?:_?[0-9])*\.(?:[0-9](?:_?[0-9])*)?|\.[0-9](?:_?[0-9])*)";
 static EXP_FLOAT: &str = r"[0-9](?:_?[0-9])*";
 
-static FLOAT_RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| {
-    Regex::new(
-        format!(
-            "^({}({})?|{}{})$",
-            POINT_FLOAT, EXPONENT, EXP_FLOAT, EXPONENT
+thread_local! {
+    static INTEGER_RE: Regex =
+        Regex::new(format!("^({}|{}|{}|{})$", HEX, BIN, OCT, DECIMAL).as_str()).expect("regex");
+    static FLOAT_RE: Regex =
+        Regex::new(
+            format!(
+                "^({}({})?|{}{})$",
+                POINT_FLOAT, EXPONENT, EXP_FLOAT, EXPONENT
+            )
+            .as_str(),
         )
-        .as_str(),
-    )
-    .expect("regex")
-});
-
-static IMAGINARY_RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| {
-    Regex::new(
-        format!(
-            r"^([0-9](?:_?[0-9])*[jJ]|({}({})?|{}{})[jJ])$",
-            POINT_FLOAT, EXPONENT, EXP_FLOAT, EXPONENT
+        .expect("regex");
+    static IMAGINARY_RE: Regex =
+        Regex::new(
+            format!(
+                r"^([0-9](?:_?[0-9])*[jJ]|({}({})?|{}{})[jJ])$",
+                POINT_FLOAT, EXPONENT, EXP_FLOAT, EXPONENT
+            )
+            .as_str(),
         )
-        .as_str(),
-    )
-    .expect("regex")
-});
+        .expect("regex");
+}
 
 pub(crate) fn parse_number(raw: &str) -> Expression {
-    if INTEGER_RE.is_match(raw) {
+    if INTEGER_RE.with(|r| r.is_match(raw)) {
         Expression::Integer(Box::new(Integer {
             value: raw,
             lpar: Default::default(),
             rpar: Default::default(),
         }))
-    } else if FLOAT_RE.is_match(raw) {
+    } else if FLOAT_RE.with(|r| r.is_match(raw)) {
         Expression::Float(Box::new(Float {
             value: raw,
             lpar: Default::default(),
             rpar: Default::default(),
         }))
-    } else if IMAGINARY_RE.is_match(raw) {
+    } else if IMAGINARY_RE.with(|r| r.is_match(raw)) {
         Expression::Imaginary(Box::new(Imaginary {
             value: raw,
             lpar: Default::default(),
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/py.rs b/native/libcst/src/py.rs
index 960fac3a..68c03744 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/py.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/py.rs
@@ -6,25 +6,26 @@
 use crate::nodes::traits::py::TryIntoPy;
 use pyo3::prelude::*;
 
-#[pymodule]
+#[pymodule(gil_used = false)]
 #[pyo3(name = "native")]
-pub fn libcst_native(_py: Python, m: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
+pub fn libcst_native(_py: Python, m: &Bound<PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
     #[pyfn(m)]
-    fn parse_module(source: String, encoding: Option<&str>) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+    #[pyo3(signature = (source, encoding=None))]
+    fn parse_module(source: String, encoding: Option<&str>) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
         let m = crate::parse_module(source.as_str(), encoding)?;
-        Python::with_gil(|py| m.try_into_py(py))
+        Python::attach(|py| m.try_into_py(py))
     }
 
     #[pyfn(m)]
-    fn parse_expression(source: String) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+    fn parse_expression(source: String) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
         let expr = crate::parse_expression(source.as_str())?;
-        Python::with_gil(|py| expr.try_into_py(py))
+        Python::attach(|py| expr.try_into_py(py))
     }
 
     #[pyfn(m)]
-    fn parse_statement(source: String) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+    fn parse_statement(source: String) -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
         let stm = crate::parse_statement(source.as_str())?;
-        Python::with_gil(|py| stm.try_into_py(py))
+        Python::attach(|py| stm.try_into_py(py))
     }
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/core/mod.rs b/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/core/mod.rs
index 9a869555..120b6163 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/core/mod.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/core/mod.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@
 /// [RustPython's parser]: https://crates.io/crates/rustpython-parser
 mod string_types;
 
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use regex::Regex;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
@@ -67,8 +66,9 @@ use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::fmt::Formatter;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
+use crate::tokenizer::core::string_types::FTStringType;
 use crate::tokenizer::{
-    core::string_types::{FStringNode, StringQuoteChar, StringQuoteSize},
+    core::string_types::{FTStringNode, StringQuoteChar, StringQuoteSize},
     operators::OPERATOR_RE,
     text_position::{TextPosition, TextPositionSnapshot},
     whitespace_parser::State as WhitespaceState,
@@ -83,25 +83,27 @@ const MAX_INDENT: usize = 100;
 // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/71763
 const MAX_CHAR: char = '\u{10ffff}';
 
-static SPACE_TAB_FORMFEED_RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\A[ \f\t]+").expect("regex"));
-static ANY_NON_NEWLINE_RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\A[^\r\n]+").expect("regex"));
-static STRING_PREFIX_RE: Lazy<Regex> =
-    Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\A(?i)(u|[bf]r|r[bf]|r|b|f)").expect("regex"));
-static POTENTIAL_IDENTIFIER_TAIL_RE: Lazy<Regex> =
-    Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\A([a-zA-Z0-9_]|[^\x00-\x7f])+").expect("regex"));
-static DECIMAL_DOT_DIGIT_RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\A\.[0-9]").expect("regex"));
-static DECIMAL_TAIL_RE: Lazy<Regex> =
-    Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\A[0-9](_?[0-9])*").expect("regex"));
-static HEXADECIMAL_TAIL_RE: Lazy<Regex> =
-    Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\A(_?[0-9a-fA-F])+").expect("regex"));
-static OCTAL_TAIL_RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\A(_?[0-7])+").expect("regex"));
-static BINARY_TAIL_RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\A(_?[01])+").expect("regex"));
+thread_local! {
+    static SPACE_TAB_FORMFEED_RE: Regex = Regex::new(r"\A[ \f\t]+").expect("regex");
+    static ANY_NON_NEWLINE_RE: Regex = Regex::new(r"\A[^\r\n]+").expect("regex");
+    static STRING_PREFIX_RE: Regex =
+        Regex::new(r"\A(?i)(u|[bf]r|r[bft]|r|b|f|t)").expect("regex");
+    static POTENTIAL_IDENTIFIER_TAIL_RE: Regex =
+        Regex::new(r"\A([a-zA-Z0-9_]|[^\x00-\x7f])+").expect("regex");
+    static DECIMAL_DOT_DIGIT_RE: Regex = Regex::new(r"\A\.[0-9]").expect("regex");
+    static DECIMAL_TAIL_RE: Regex =
+        Regex::new(r"\A[0-9](_?[0-9])*").expect("regex");
+    static HEXADECIMAL_TAIL_RE: Regex =
+        Regex::new(r"\A(_?[0-9a-fA-F])+").expect("regex");
+    static OCTAL_TAIL_RE: Regex = Regex::new(r"\A(_?[0-7])+").expect("regex");
+    static BINARY_TAIL_RE: Regex = Regex::new(r"\A(_?[01])+").expect("regex");
 
-/// Used to verify identifiers when there's a non-ascii character in them.
-// This changes across unicode revisions. We'd need to ship our own unicode tables to 100% match a
-// given Python version's behavior.
-static UNICODE_IDENTIFIER_RE: Lazy<Regex> =
-    Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\A[\p{XID_Start}_]\p{XID_Continue}*\z").expect("regex"));
+    /// Used to verify identifiers when there's a non-ascii character in them.
+    // This changes across unicode revisions. We'd need to ship our own unicode tables to 100% match a
+    // given Python version's behavior.
+    static UNICODE_IDENTIFIER_RE: Regex =
+        Regex::new(r"\A[\p{XID_Start}_]\p{XID_Continue}*\z").expect("regex");
+}
 
 #[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum TokType {
@@ -114,13 +116,12 @@ pub enum TokType {
     Dedent,
     Async,
     Await,
-    // TODO; add support for these
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
     FStringStart,
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
     FStringString,
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
     FStringEnd,
+    TStringStart,
+    TStringString,
+    TStringEnd,
     EndMarker,
 }
 
@@ -225,8 +226,8 @@ pub struct TokState<'t> {
     ///
     /// Supporting this at the tokenizer-level is pretty nasty and adds a lot of complexity.
     /// Eventually, we should probably support this at the parser-level instead.
-    split_fstring: bool,
-    fstring_stack: Vec<FStringNode>,
+    split_ftstring: bool,
+    ftstring_stack: Vec<FTStringNode>,
 
     missing_nl_before_eof: bool,
 }
@@ -236,7 +237,7 @@ pub struct TokConfig {
     /// identifiers, depending on if they're being used in the context of an async function. This
     /// breaks async comprehensions outside of async functions.
     pub async_hacks: bool,
-    pub split_fstring: bool,
+    pub split_ftstring: bool,
     // Not currently supported:
     // type_comments: bool,
 }
@@ -275,8 +276,8 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
             async_def: false,
             async_def_indent: 0,
             async_def_nl: false,
-            split_fstring: config.split_fstring,
-            fstring_stack: Vec::new(),
+            split_ftstring: config.split_ftstring,
+            ftstring_stack: Vec::new(),
             missing_nl_before_eof: text.is_empty() || text.as_bytes()[text.len() - 1] != b'\n',
         }
     }
@@ -288,18 +289,18 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
     /// Implementation of `next()`, wrapped by next() to allow for easier error handling. Roughly
     /// equivalent to `tok_get` in the C source code.
     fn next_inner(&mut self) -> Result<TokType, TokError<'t>> {
-        if self.split_fstring {
-            if let Some(tos) = self.fstring_stack.last() {
+        if self.split_ftstring {
+            if let Some(tos) = self.ftstring_stack.last() {
                 if !tos.is_in_expr() {
                     self.start_pos = (&self.text_pos).into();
                     let is_in_format_spec = tos.is_in_format_spec();
                     let is_raw_string = tos.is_raw_string;
                     if let Some(tok) =
-                        self.maybe_consume_fstring_string(is_in_format_spec, is_raw_string)?
+                        self.maybe_consume_ftstring_string(is_in_format_spec, is_raw_string)?
                     {
                         return Ok(tok);
                     }
-                    if let Some(tok) = self.maybe_consume_fstring_end() {
+                    if let Some(tok) = self.maybe_consume_ftstring_end() {
                         return Ok(tok);
                     }
                 }
@@ -320,11 +321,11 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
 
         'again: loop {
             // Skip spaces
-            self.text_pos.consume(&*SPACE_TAB_FORMFEED_RE);
+            SPACE_TAB_FORMFEED_RE.with(|v| self.text_pos.consume(v));
 
             // Skip comment, unless it's a type comment
             if self.text_pos.peek() == Some('#') {
-                self.text_pos.consume(&*ANY_NON_NEWLINE_RE);
+                ANY_NON_NEWLINE_RE.with(|v| self.text_pos.consume(v));
                 // type_comment is not supported
             }
 
@@ -334,10 +335,7 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
             return match self.text_pos.peek() {
                 // Check for EOF now
                 None => {
-                    if self.missing_nl_before_eof
-                        && self.text_pos.byte_column_number() != self.bol_width
-                        && !self.blank_line
-                    {
+                    if self.missing_nl_before_eof && !self.blank_line {
                         self.at_bol = true;
                         self.missing_nl_before_eof = false;
                         Ok(TokType::Newline)
@@ -368,8 +366,12 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
                 Some('\n') => {
                     self.text_pos.next();
                     self.at_bol = true;
-                    if self.split_fstring
-                        && !self.fstring_stack.iter().all(|node| node.allow_multiline())
+                    if self.split_ftstring
+                        && self
+                            .ftstring_stack
+                            .last()
+                            .map(|node| node.allow_multiline())
+                            == Some(false)
                     {
                         Err(TokError::UnterminatedString)
                     } else if self.blank_line || !self.paren_stack.is_empty() {
@@ -391,7 +393,7 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
                 }
 
                 // Number starting with period
-                Some('.') if self.text_pos.matches(&*DECIMAL_DOT_DIGIT_RE) => {
+                Some('.') if DECIMAL_DOT_DIGIT_RE.with(|r| self.text_pos.matches(r)) => {
                     self.consume_number(NumberState::Fraction)
                 }
 
@@ -425,7 +427,7 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
 
                 Some(ch @ '(') | Some(ch @ '[') | Some(ch @ '{') => {
                     self.text_pos.next();
-                    if let Some(tos) = self.fstring_stack.last_mut() {
+                    if let Some(tos) = self.ftstring_stack.last_mut() {
                         tos.open_parentheses();
                     }
                     self.paren_stack.push((ch, self.text_pos.line_number()));
@@ -434,7 +436,7 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
 
                 Some(closing @ ')') | Some(closing @ ']') | Some(closing @ '}') => {
                     self.text_pos.next();
-                    if let Some(tos) = self.fstring_stack.last_mut() {
+                    if let Some(tos) = self.ftstring_stack.last_mut() {
                         tos.close_parentheses();
                     }
                     if let Some((opening, line_number)) = self.paren_stack.pop() {
@@ -459,7 +461,7 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
 
                 Some(':')
                     if self
-                        .fstring_stack
+                        .ftstring_stack
                         .last()
                         .map(|tos| tos.parentheses_count - tos.format_spec_count == 1)
                         .unwrap_or(false) =>
@@ -470,16 +472,16 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
                     //
                     // >>> f'{x:=10}'    # Valid, passes '=10' to formatter
                     let tos = self
-                        .fstring_stack
+                        .ftstring_stack
                         .last_mut()
-                        .expect("fstring_stack is not empty");
+                        .expect("ftstring_stack is not empty");
                     tos.format_spec_count += 1;
                     self.text_pos.next();
                     Ok(TokType::Op)
                 }
 
                 // Operator
-                Some(_) if self.text_pos.consume(&*OPERATOR_RE) => Ok(TokType::Op),
+                Some(_) if OPERATOR_RE.with(|r| self.text_pos.consume(r)) => Ok(TokType::Op),
 
                 // Bad character
                 // If nothing works, fall back to this error. CPython returns an OP in this case,
@@ -629,20 +631,27 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
     }
 
     fn consume_identifier_or_prefixed_string(&mut self) -> Result<TokType, TokError<'t>> {
-        // Process the various legal combinations of b"", r"", u"", and f"".
-        if self.text_pos.consume(&*STRING_PREFIX_RE) {
+        // Process the various legal combinations of b"", r"", u"",f"", and t"".
+        if STRING_PREFIX_RE.with(|r| self.text_pos.consume(r)) {
             if let Some('"') | Some('\'') = self.text_pos.peek() {
                 // We found a string, not an identifier. Bail!
-                if self.split_fstring
-                    && self
+                if self.split_ftstring {
+                    let res = match self
                         .text_pos
                         .slice_from_start_pos(&self.start_pos)
-                        .contains(&['f', 'F'][..])
-                {
-                    return self.consume_fstring_start();
-                } else {
-                    return self.consume_string();
+                        .chars()
+                        .find(|c| matches!(c, 'f' | 'F' | 't' | 'T'))
+                    {
+                        Some('f' | 'F') => Some(FTStringType::FString),
+                        Some('t' | 'T') => Some(FTStringType::TString),
+                        _ => None,
+                    };
+                    if let Some(str_type) = res {
+                        // Consume the prefix and return the start token
+                        return self.consume_prefixed_string_start(str_type);
+                    }
                 }
+                return self.consume_string();
             }
         } else {
             // the next character must be a potential identifier start, aka `[a-zA-Z_]|[^\x00-\x7f]`
@@ -652,7 +661,7 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
                 Some('a'..='z') | Some('A'..='Z') | Some('_') | Some('\u{80}'..=MAX_CHAR)
             ));
         }
-        self.text_pos.consume(&*POTENTIAL_IDENTIFIER_TAIL_RE);
+        POTENTIAL_IDENTIFIER_TAIL_RE.with(|r| self.text_pos.consume(r));
         let identifier_str = self.text_pos.slice_from_start_pos(&self.start_pos);
         if !verify_identifier(identifier_str) {
             // TODO: async/await
@@ -698,7 +707,7 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
                     match self.text_pos.peek() {
                         Some('x') | Some('X') => {
                             self.text_pos.next();
-                            if !self.text_pos.consume(&*HEXADECIMAL_TAIL_RE)
+                            if !HEXADECIMAL_TAIL_RE.with(|r| self.text_pos.consume(r))
                                 || self.text_pos.peek() == Some('_')
                             {
                                 Err(TokError::BadHexadecimal)
@@ -708,7 +717,7 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
                         }
                         Some('o') | Some('O') => {
                             self.text_pos.next();
-                            if !self.text_pos.consume(&*OCTAL_TAIL_RE)
+                            if !OCTAL_TAIL_RE.with(|r| self.text_pos.consume(r))
                                 || self.text_pos.peek() == Some('_')
                             {
                                 return Err(TokError::BadOctal);
@@ -722,7 +731,7 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
                         }
                         Some('b') | Some('B') => {
                             self.text_pos.next();
-                            if !self.text_pos.consume(&*BINARY_TAIL_RE)
+                            if !BINARY_TAIL_RE.with(|r| self.text_pos.consume(r))
                                 || self.text_pos.peek() == Some('_')
                             {
                                 return Err(TokError::BadBinary);
@@ -826,7 +835,7 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
 
     /// Processes a decimal tail. This is the bit after the dot or after an E in a float.
     fn consume_decimal_tail(&mut self) -> Result<(), TokError<'t>> {
-        let result = self.text_pos.consume(&*DECIMAL_TAIL_RE);
+        let result = DECIMAL_TAIL_RE.with(|r| self.text_pos.consume(r));
         // Assumption: If we've been called, the first character is an integer, so we must have a
         // regex match
         debug_assert!(result, "try_decimal_tail was called on a non-digit char");
@@ -885,23 +894,43 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
         Ok(TokType::String)
     }
 
-    fn consume_fstring_start(&mut self) -> Result<TokType, TokError<'t>> {
+    fn consume_prefixed_string_start(
+        &mut self,
+        str_type: FTStringType,
+    ) -> Result<TokType, TokError<'t>> {
+        // Consumes everything after the (f|t) but before the actual string.
         let (quote_char, quote_size) = self.consume_open_quote();
         let is_raw_string = self
             .text_pos
             .slice_from_start_pos(&self.start_pos)
             .contains(&['r', 'R'][..]);
-        self.fstring_stack
-            .push(FStringNode::new(quote_char, quote_size, is_raw_string));
-        Ok(TokType::FStringStart)
+        self.ftstring_stack.push(FTStringNode::new(
+            quote_char,
+            quote_size,
+            is_raw_string,
+            str_type.clone(),
+        ));
+
+        match str_type {
+            FTStringType::FString => Ok(TokType::FStringStart),
+            FTStringType::TString => Ok(TokType::TStringStart),
+        }
     }
 
-    fn maybe_consume_fstring_string(
+    fn maybe_consume_ftstring_string(
         &mut self,
         is_in_format_spec: bool,
         is_raw_string: bool,
     ) -> Result<Option<TokType>, TokError<'t>> {
-        let allow_multiline = self.fstring_stack.iter().all(|node| node.allow_multiline());
+        let allow_multiline = self
+            .ftstring_stack
+            .last()
+            .map(|node| node.allow_multiline())
+            == Some(true);
+        let str_type = self
+            .ftstring_stack
+            .last()
+            .map(|node| node.string_type.clone());
         let mut in_named_unicode: bool = false;
         let mut ok_result = Ok(None); // value to return if we reach the end and don't error out
         'outer: loop {
@@ -913,8 +942,8 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
                     return Err(TokError::UnterminatedString);
                 }
                 (ch @ Some('\''), _) | (ch @ Some('"'), _) => {
-                    // see if this actually terminates something in fstring_stack
-                    for node in self.fstring_stack.iter() {
+                    // see if this actually terminates the most recent fstring
+                    if let Some(node) = self.ftstring_stack.last() {
                         if ch == Some(node.quote_char.into()) {
                             match node.quote_size {
                                 StringQuoteSize::Single => {
@@ -940,7 +969,25 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
                             // skip escaped char (e.g. \', \", or newline/line continuation)
                             self.text_pos.next();
                         }
-                    } else {
+                    } else if let Some(
+                        '\n'
+                        | '\\'
+                        | '\''
+                        | '"'
+                        | 'a'
+                        | 'b'
+                        | 'f'
+                        | 'n'
+                        | 'r'
+                        | 't'
+                        | 'v'
+                        | 'x'
+                        | '0'..='9'
+                        | 'N'
+                        | 'u'
+                        | 'U',
+                    ) = self.text_pos.peek()
+                    {
                         // skip escaped char
                         let next_ch = self.text_pos.next();
                         // check if this is a \N sequence
@@ -953,6 +1000,13 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
                         }
                     }
                 }
+                (Some('\\'), _) if is_raw_string => {
+                    self.text_pos.next();
+                    // skip escaped end-of-string marker or backslash
+                    if let Some('"' | '\'' | '\\') = self.text_pos.peek() {
+                        self.text_pos.next();
+                    }
+                }
                 (Some('{'), _) => {
                     if is_in_format_spec {
                         // don't actually consume the {, and generate an OP for it instead
@@ -978,34 +1032,33 @@ impl<'t> TokState<'t> {
                     self.text_pos.next();
                 }
             }
-            ok_result = Ok(Some(TokType::FStringString));
+            ok_result = match str_type {
+                Some(FTStringType::FString) => Ok(Some(TokType::FStringString)),
+                Some(FTStringType::TString) => Ok(Some(TokType::TStringString)),
+                None => unreachable!("We should always have a string type"),
+            };
         }
         ok_result
     }
 
-    fn maybe_consume_fstring_end(&mut self) -> Option<TokType> {
+    fn maybe_consume_ftstring_end(&mut self) -> Option<TokType> {
         let ch = self.text_pos.peek();
-        let mut match_idx = None;
-        for (idx, node) in self.fstring_stack.iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Some(node) = self.ftstring_stack.last() {
             if ch == Some(node.quote_char.into()) {
                 if node.quote_size == StringQuoteSize::Triple {
-                    if self.text_pos.consume(node.quote_char.triple_str()) {
-                        match_idx = Some(idx);
-                        break;
-                    }
+                    self.text_pos.consume(node.quote_char.triple_str());
                 } else {
                     self.text_pos.next(); // already matched
-                    match_idx = Some(idx);
-                    break;
                 }
+                let tok_type = match node.string_type {
+                    FTStringType::FString => TokType::FStringEnd,
+                    FTStringType::TString => TokType::TStringEnd,
+                };
+                self.ftstring_stack.pop();
+                return Some(tok_type);
             }
         }
-        if let Some(match_idx) = match_idx {
-            self.fstring_stack.truncate(match_idx);
-            Some(TokType::FStringEnd)
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
+        None
     }
 }
 
@@ -1040,7 +1093,7 @@ fn verify_identifier(name: &str) -> bool {
     // TODO: If `name` is non-ascii, must first normalize name to NFKC.
     // Common case: If the entire string is ascii, we can avoid the more expensive regex check,
     // since the tokenizer already validates ascii characters before calling us.
-    name.is_ascii() || UNICODE_IDENTIFIER_RE.is_match(name)
+    name.is_ascii() || UNICODE_IDENTIFIER_RE.with(|r| r.is_match(name))
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/core/string_types.rs b/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/core/string_types.rs
index 8f9e0cf0..09a51851 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/core/string_types.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/core/string_types.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,13 @@ impl TryFrom<Option<char>> for StringQuoteChar {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct FStringNode {
+pub enum FTStringType {
+    FString,
+    TString,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct FTStringNode {
     pub quote_char: StringQuoteChar,
     pub quote_size: StringQuoteSize,
     pub parentheses_count: usize,
@@ -75,13 +81,16 @@ pub struct FStringNode {
     // In the syntax there can be multiple format_spec's nested: {x:{y:3}}
     pub format_spec_count: usize,
     pub is_raw_string: bool,
+    // ftstring type; either f-string or a t-string
+    pub string_type: FTStringType,
 }
 
-impl FStringNode {
+impl FTStringNode {
     pub fn new(
         quote_char: StringQuoteChar,
         quote_size: StringQuoteSize,
         is_raw_string: bool,
+        string_type: FTStringType,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             quote_char,
@@ -90,6 +99,7 @@ impl FStringNode {
             string_start: None,
             format_spec_count: 0,
             is_raw_string,
+            string_type,
         }
     }
 
@@ -98,15 +108,14 @@ impl FStringNode {
     }
 
     pub fn close_parentheses(&mut self) {
-        self.parentheses_count -= 1;
-        if self.parentheses_count == 0 {
-            // No parentheses means that the format spec is also finished.
-            self.format_spec_count = 0;
+        if self.is_in_format_spec() {
+            self.format_spec_count -= 1;
         }
+        self.parentheses_count -= 1;
     }
 
     pub fn allow_multiline(&self) -> bool {
-        self.quote_size == StringQuoteSize::Triple
+        self.quote_size == StringQuoteSize::Triple || self.is_in_expr()
     }
 
     pub fn is_in_expr(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/operators.rs b/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/operators.rs
index e5ef1526..51352900 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/operators.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/operators.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 // code or that we retain the original work's copyright information.
 // https://docs.python.org/3/license.html#zero-clause-bsd-license-for-code-in-the-python-release-documentation
 
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use regex::Regex;
 
 /// A list of strings that make up all the possible operators in a specific version of Python.
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ pub const OPERATORS: &[&str] = &[
     "->",  // RARROW
     "...", // ELLIPSIS
     ":=",  // COLONEQUAL
-    // Not a real operator, but needed to support the split_fstring feature
+    // Not a real operator, but needed to support the split_ftstring feature
     "!",
     // The fake operator added by PEP 401. Technically only valid if used with:
     //
@@ -69,7 +68,8 @@ pub const OPERATORS: &[&str] = &[
     "<>",
 ];
 
-pub static OPERATOR_RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| {
+thread_local! {
+pub static OPERATOR_RE: Regex = {
     // sort operators so that we try to match the longest ones first
     let mut sorted_operators: Box<[&str]> = OPERATORS.into();
     sorted_operators.sort_unstable_by_key(|op| usize::MAX - op.len());
@@ -82,4 +82,5 @@ pub static OPERATOR_RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| {
             .join("|")
     ))
     .expect("regex")
-});
+};
+}
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/tests.rs b/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/tests.rs
index 300e6d29..20188f47 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/tests.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/tests.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::tokenizer::core::{TokConfig, TokError, TokState, TokType};
 fn default_config() -> TokConfig {
     TokConfig {
         async_hacks: false,
-        split_fstring: false,
+        split_ftstring: false,
     }
 }
 
@@ -519,12 +519,54 @@ fn test_string_prefix() {
             (TokType::String, "''"),
         ]),
     );
+
+    // raw string escapes
+    assert_eq!(
+        tokenize_all("r'\\''", &default_config()),
+        Ok(vec![(TokType::String, "r'\\''")]),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        tokenize_all(r#"r"\"""#, &default_config()),
+        Ok(vec![(TokType::String, r#"r"\"""#)]),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        tokenize_all(r#"r'\\'"#, &default_config()),
+        Ok(vec![(TokType::String, r#"r'\\'"#)]),
+    );
+    let config = TokConfig {
+        split_ftstring: true,
+        ..default_config()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        tokenize_all("rf'\\''", &config),
+        Ok(vec![
+            (TokType::FStringStart, "rf'"),
+            (TokType::FStringString, "\\'"),
+            (TokType::FStringEnd, "'"),
+        ]),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        tokenize_all(r#"rf"\"""#, &config),
+        Ok(vec![
+            (TokType::FStringStart, "rf\""),
+            (TokType::FStringString, r#"\""#),
+            (TokType::FStringEnd, "\""),
+        ]),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        tokenize_all(r#"rf'\\'"#, &config),
+        Ok(vec![
+            (TokType::FStringStart, "rf'"),
+            (TokType::FStringString, r#"\\"#),
+            (TokType::FStringEnd, "'"),
+        ]),
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_split_fstring() {
+fn test_split_ftstring() {
     let config = TokConfig {
-        split_fstring: true,
+        split_ftstring: true,
         ..default_config()
     };
 
@@ -617,6 +659,34 @@ fn test_split_fstring() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_fstring_escapes() {
+    let config = TokConfig {
+        split_ftstring: true,
+        ..default_config()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        tokenize_all("f'\\{{\\}}'", &config),
+        Ok(vec![
+            (TokType::FStringStart, "f'"),
+            (TokType::FStringString, "\\{{\\}}"),
+            (TokType::FStringEnd, "'"),
+        ])
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        tokenize_all(r#"f"regexp_like(path, '.*\{file_type}$')""#, &config),
+        Ok(vec![
+            (TokType::FStringStart, "f\""),
+            (TokType::FStringString, "regexp_like(path, '.*\\"),
+            (TokType::Op, "{"),
+            (TokType::Name, "file_type"),
+            (TokType::Op, "}"),
+            (TokType::FStringString, "$')"),
+            (TokType::FStringEnd, "\""),
+        ])
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_operator() {
     assert_eq!(
@@ -648,6 +718,19 @@ fn test_fake_newline() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_fake_newline_when_at_bol() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        tokenize_with_end_marker("(\n \\\n)", &default_config()),
+        Ok(vec![
+            (TokType::Op, "("),
+            (TokType::Op, ")"),
+            (TokType::Newline, ""),
+            (TokType::EndMarker, "")
+        ])
+    )
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_no_fake_newline_for_empty_input() {
     assert_eq!(
@@ -744,3 +827,93 @@ fn test_inconsistent_indentation_at_eof() {
         ])
     )
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_nested_f_string_specs() {
+    let config = TokConfig {
+        split_ftstring: true,
+        ..default_config()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        tokenize_all("f'{_:{_:}{_}}'", &config),
+        Ok(vec![
+            (TokType::FStringStart, "f'"),
+            (TokType::Op, "{"),
+            (TokType::Name, "_"),
+            (TokType::Op, ":"),
+            (TokType::Op, "{"),
+            (TokType::Name, "_"),
+            (TokType::Op, ":"),
+            (TokType::Op, "}"),
+            (TokType::Op, "{"),
+            (TokType::Name, "_"),
+            (TokType::Op, "}"),
+            (TokType::Op, "}"),
+            (TokType::FStringEnd, "'")
+        ])
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_nested_f_strings() {
+    let config = TokConfig {
+        split_ftstring: true,
+        ..default_config()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        tokenize_all("f'{f'{2}'}'", &config),
+        Ok(vec![
+            (TokType::FStringStart, "f'"),
+            (TokType::Op, "{"),
+            (TokType::FStringStart, "f'"),
+            (TokType::Op, "{"),
+            (TokType::Number, "2"),
+            (TokType::Op, "}"),
+            (TokType::FStringEnd, "'"),
+            (TokType::Op, "}"),
+            (TokType::FStringEnd, "'")
+        ])
+    )
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_can_tokenize_t_string_basic() {
+    let config = TokConfig {
+        split_ftstring: true,
+        ..default_config()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        tokenize_all("t'Nothing to see here, move along'", &config),
+        Ok(vec![
+            (TokType::TStringStart, "t'"),
+            (TokType::TStringString, "Nothing to see here, move along"),
+            (TokType::TStringEnd, "'")
+        ])
+    )
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_can_tokenize_f_and_t_strings() {
+    let config = TokConfig {
+        split_ftstring: true,
+        ..default_config()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        tokenize_all("t\"TMiddle{f'FMiddle{t'{2}'}'}\"", &config),
+        Ok(vec![
+            (TokType::TStringStart, "t\""),
+            (TokType::TStringString, "TMiddle"),
+            (TokType::Op, "{"),
+            (TokType::FStringStart, "f'"),
+            (TokType::FStringString, "FMiddle"),
+            (TokType::Op, "{"),
+            (TokType::TStringStart, "t'"),
+            (TokType::Op, "{"),
+            (TokType::Number, "2"),
+            (TokType::Op, "}"),
+            (TokType::TStringEnd, "'"),
+            (TokType::Op, "}"),
+            (TokType::FStringEnd, "'"),
+            (TokType::Op, "}"),
+            (TokType::TStringEnd, "\"")
+        ])
+    )
+}
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/text_position/mod.rs b/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/text_position/mod.rs
index 9c394d52..42a7b682 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/text_position/mod.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/text_position/mod.rs
@@ -5,15 +5,12 @@
 
 mod char_width;
 
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use regex::Regex;
 use std::fmt;
 
 use crate::tokenizer::debug_utils::EllipsisDebug;
 use char_width::NewlineNormalizedCharWidths;
 
-static CR_OR_LF_RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"[\r\n]").expect("regex"));
-
 pub trait TextPattern {
     fn match_len(&self, text: &str) -> Option<usize>;
 }
@@ -98,7 +95,7 @@ impl<'t> TextPosition<'t> {
         match match_len {
             Some(match_len) => {
                 assert!(
-                    !CR_OR_LF_RE.is_match(&rest_of_text[..match_len]),
+                    !rest_of_text[..match_len].contains(|x| x == '\r' || x == '\n'),
                     "matches pattern must not match a newline",
                 );
                 true
@@ -117,6 +114,10 @@ impl<'t> TextPosition<'t> {
                 .inner_char_column_number
                 .checked_sub(1)
                 .expect("cannot back up past the beginning of a line.");
+            self.inner_byte_column_number = self
+                .inner_byte_column_number
+                .checked_sub(cw.byte_width)
+                .expect("cannot back up past the beginning of a line.");
             self.inner_byte_idx -= cw.byte_width;
         } else {
             panic!("Tried to backup past the beginning of the text.")
@@ -217,6 +218,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for TextPosition<'_> {
             .field("char_widths", &EllipsisDebug)
             .field("inner_byte_idx", &self.inner_byte_idx)
             .field("inner_char_column_number", &self.inner_char_column_number)
+            .field("inner_byte_column_number", &self.inner_byte_column_number)
             .field("inner_line_number", &self.inner_line_number)
             .finish()
     }
diff --git a/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/whitespace_parser.rs b/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/whitespace_parser.rs
index f09ce789..3f96bab2 100644
--- a/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/whitespace_parser.rs
+++ b/native/libcst/src/tokenizer/whitespace_parser.rs
@@ -7,19 +7,13 @@ use crate::nodes::{
     Comment, EmptyLine, Fakeness, Newline, ParenthesizableWhitespace, ParenthesizedWhitespace,
     SimpleWhitespace, TrailingWhitespace,
 };
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use regex::Regex;
+use memchr::{memchr2, memchr2_iter};
 use thiserror::Error;
 
 use crate::Token;
 
 use super::TokType;
 
-static SIMPLE_WHITESPACE_RE: Lazy<Regex> =
-    Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\A([ \f\t]|\\(\r\n?|\n))*").expect("regex"));
-static NEWLINE_RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\A(\r\n?|\n)").expect("regex"));
-static COMMENT_RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"\A#[^\r\n]*").expect("regex"));
-
 #[allow(clippy::upper_case_acronyms, clippy::enum_variant_names)]
 #[derive(Error, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum WhitespaceError {
@@ -73,15 +67,44 @@ impl<'a> Config<'a> {
                 break;
             }
         }
-        let default_newline = Regex::new(r"\r\n?|\n")
-            .expect("regex")
-            .find(input)
-            .map(|m| m.as_str())
-            .unwrap_or("\n");
+
+        let mut lines = Vec::new();
+        let mut start = 0;
+        let mut newline_positions = memchr2_iter(b'\n', b'\r', input.as_bytes());
+
+        while let Some(newline_position) = newline_positions.next() {
+            let newline_character = input.as_bytes()[newline_position] as char;
+
+            let len = if newline_character == '\r'
+                && input.as_bytes().get(newline_position + 1) == Some(&b'\n')
+            {
+                // Skip the next '\n'
+                newline_positions.next();
+                2
+            } else {
+                1
+            };
+
+            let end = newline_position + len;
+            lines.push(&input[start..end]);
+            start = end;
+        }
+
+        // Push the last line if it isn't terminated by a newline character
+        if start < input.len() {
+            lines.push(&input[start..]);
+        }
+
+        let default_newline = match lines.first().map(|line| line.as_bytes()).unwrap_or(&[]) {
+            [.., b'\r', b'\n'] => "\r\n",
+            [.., b'\n'] => "\n",
+            [.., b'\r'] => "\r",
+            _ => "\n",
+        };
 
         Self {
             input,
-            lines: input.split_inclusive(default_newline).collect(),
+            lines,
             default_newline,
             default_indent,
         }
@@ -200,32 +223,35 @@ pub fn parse_empty_lines<'a>(
 }
 
 pub fn parse_comment<'a>(config: &Config<'a>, state: &mut State) -> Result<Option<Comment<'a>>> {
-    if let Some(comment_match) =
-        COMMENT_RE.find(config.get_line_after_column(state.line, state.column_byte)?)
-    {
-        let comment_str = comment_match.as_str();
-        advance_this_line(
-            config,
-            state,
-            comment_str.chars().count(),
-            comment_str.len(),
-        )?;
-        return Ok(Some(Comment(comment_str)));
+    let newline_after = config.get_line_after_column(state.line, state.column_byte)?;
+    if newline_after.as_bytes().first() != Some(&b'#') {
+        return Ok(None);
     }
-    Ok(None)
+    let comment_str = if let Some(idx) = memchr2(b'\n', b'\r', newline_after.as_bytes()) {
+        &newline_after[..idx]
+    } else {
+        newline_after
+    };
+    advance_this_line(
+        config,
+        state,
+        comment_str.chars().count(),
+        comment_str.len(),
+    )?;
+    Ok(Some(Comment(comment_str)))
 }
 
 pub fn parse_newline<'a>(config: &Config<'a>, state: &mut State) -> Result<Option<Newline<'a>>> {
-    if let Some(newline_match) =
-        NEWLINE_RE.find(config.get_line_after_column(state.line, state.column_byte)?)
-    {
-        let newline_str = newline_match.as_str();
-        advance_this_line(
-            config,
-            state,
-            newline_str.chars().count(),
-            newline_str.len(),
-        )?;
+    let newline_after = config.get_line_after_column(state.line, state.column_byte)?;
+    let len = match newline_after.as_bytes() {
+        [b'\n', ..] => 1,
+        [b'\r', b'\n', ..] => 2,
+        [b'\r', ..] => 1,
+        _ => 0,
+    };
+    if len > 0 {
+        let newline_str = &newline_after[..len];
+        advance_this_line(config, state, len, len)?;
         if state.column_byte != config.get_line(state.line)?.len() {
             return Err(WhitespaceError::InternalError(format!(
                 "Found newline at ({}, {}) but it's not EOL",
@@ -348,12 +374,18 @@ pub fn parse_simple_whitespace<'a>(
     state: &mut State,
 ) -> Result<SimpleWhitespace<'a>> {
     let capture_ws = |line, col| -> Result<&'a str> {
-        let x = config.get_line_after_column(line, col);
-        let x = x?;
-        Ok(SIMPLE_WHITESPACE_RE
-            .find(x)
-            .expect("SIMPLE_WHITESPACE_RE supports 0-length matches, so it must always match")
-            .as_str())
+        let line = config.get_line_after_column(line, col)?;
+        let bytes = line.as_bytes();
+        let mut idx = 0;
+        while idx < bytes.len() {
+            match bytes[idx..] {
+                [b' ' | b'\t' | b'\x0c', ..] => idx += 1,
+                [b'\\', b'\r', b'\n', ..] => idx += 3,
+                [b'\\', b'\r' | b'\n', ..] => idx += 2,
+                _ => break,
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(&line[..idx])
     };
     let start_offset = state.byte_offset;
     let mut prev_line: &str;
@@ -404,3 +436,92 @@ pub fn parse_parenthesized_whitespace<'a>(
         Ok(None)
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::{tokenize, Comment, Config, Result, SimpleWhitespace};
+
+    use super::{parse_comment, parse_simple_whitespace};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn config_mixed_newlines() -> Result<'static, ()> {
+        let source = "'' % {\n'test1': '',\r  'test2': '',\r\n}";
+        let tokens = tokenize(source)?;
+
+        let config = Config::new(source, &tokens);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            &config.lines,
+            &["'' % {\n", "'test1': '',\r", "  'test2': '',\r\n", "}"]
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn _parse_simple_whitespace(src: &str) -> Result<SimpleWhitespace> {
+        let tokens = tokenize(src)?;
+        let config = Config::new(src, &tokens);
+        let mut state = Default::default();
+        Ok(parse_simple_whitespace(&config, &mut state)?)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn simple_whitespace_line_continuations() -> Result<'static, ()> {
+        assert_eq!(
+            _parse_simple_whitespace("  \\\n  # foo")?,
+            SimpleWhitespace("  \\\n  ")
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            _parse_simple_whitespace("  \\\r  # foo")?,
+            SimpleWhitespace("  \\\r  ")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            _parse_simple_whitespace("  \\\r\n  # foo")?,
+            SimpleWhitespace("  \\\r\n  ")
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            _parse_simple_whitespace("  \\\r\n\\\n  # foo")?,
+            SimpleWhitespace("  \\\r\n\\\n  ")
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn simple_whitespace_mixed() -> Result<'static, ()> {
+        assert_eq!(
+            _parse_simple_whitespace(" \t\x0clol")?,
+            SimpleWhitespace(" \t\x0c"),
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn _parse_comment(src: &str) -> Result<Option<Comment>> {
+        let tokens = tokenize(src)?;
+        let config = Config::new(src, &tokens);
+        let mut state = Default::default();
+        Ok(parse_comment(&config, &mut state)?)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn single_comment() -> Result<'static, ()> {
+        assert_eq!(_parse_comment("# foo\n# bar")?, Some(Comment("# foo")));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn comment_until_eof() -> Result<'static, ()> {
+        assert_eq!(_parse_comment("#")?, Some(Comment("#")));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_comment() -> Result<'static, ()> {
+        assert_eq!(_parse_comment("foo")?, None);
+        assert_eq!(_parse_comment("\n")?, None);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/native/libcst/tests/.gitattributes b/native/libcst/tests/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e50e9b7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native/libcst/tests/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+fixtures/mixed_newlines.py autocrlf=false
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/expr.py b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/expr.py
index c1c4e9b7..abb78ab9 100644
--- a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/expr.py
+++ b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/expr.py
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ lambda a, b, c=True, *vararg, d=(v1 << 2), e='str', **kwargs : a + b
 manylambdas = lambda x=lambda y=lambda z=1: z: y(): x()
 foo = (lambda port_id, ignore_missing: {"port1": port1_resource, "port2": port2_resource}[port_id])
 1 if True else 2
+_ if 0else  _
 str or None if True else str or bytes or None
 (str or None) if True else (str or bytes or None)
 str or None if (1 if True else 2) else str or bytes or None
diff --git a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/fun_with_func_defs.py b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/fun_with_func_defs.py
index 1a78d687..9e048a75 100644
--- a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/fun_with_func_defs.py
+++ b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/fun_with_func_defs.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 def f(a, /,): pass
+def f(a, / ,): pass
+def f(a, / ): pass
 def f(a, /, c, d, e): pass
 def f(a, /, c, *, d, e): pass
 def f(a, /, c, *, d, e, **kwargs): pass
@@ -24,6 +26,10 @@ def f(a, /, c, d, e):
 def f(a, /, c, *, d, e):
     pass
 
+def foo(a, *
+    , bar):
+    pass
+
 
 def f(
     a,
@@ -43,6 +49,11 @@ def f(
 ):
     pass
 
+def say_hello(
+    self, user: str, /
+):
+    print('Hello ' + user)
+
 
 def f(a=1, /, b=2, c=4):
     pass
diff --git a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/malicious_match.py b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/malicious_match.py
index cabf4689..54840022 100644
--- a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/malicious_match.py
+++ b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/malicious_match.py
@@ -36,4 +36,7 @@ match x:
     case Foo  |    Bar |  (  Baz):  pass
     case x,y  ,  * more   :pass
     case y.z: pass
+    case 1, 2: pass
+    case ( Foo  (   )    ) : pass
+    case (lol)  if (  True , )  :pass
 
diff --git a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/mixed_newlines.py b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/mixed_newlines.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..935a8b45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/mixed_newlines.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+"" % {
+  'test1': '',
  'test2': '',
+}
diff --git a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/pep646.py b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/pep646.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6af0e6f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/pep646.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# see https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/31018/files#diff-3f516b60719dd445d33225e4f316b36e85c9c51a843a0147349d11a005c55937
+
+A[*b]
+A[  *  b  ]
+A[ *  b ,  ]
+A[*b] = 1
+del A[*b]
+
+A[* b ,  * b]
+A[ b, *b]
+A[* b, b]
+A[ *  b,b, b]
+A[b, *b, b]
+
+A[*A[b, *b, b], b]
+A[b, ...]
+A[*A[b, ...]]
+
+A[ * ( 1,2,3)]
+A[ * [ 1,2,3]]
+
+A[1:2, *t]
+A[1:, *t, 1:2]
+A[:, *t, :]
+A[*t, :, *t]
+
+A[* returns_list()]
+A[*returns_list(), * returns_list(), b]
+
+def f1(*args: *b): pass
+def f2(*args: *b, arg1): pass
+def f3(*args: *b, arg1: int): pass
+def f4(*args: *b, arg1: int = 1): pass
+
+def f(*args: *tuple[int, ...]): pass
+def f(*args: *tuple[int, *Ts]): pass
+def f() -> tuple[int, *tuple[int, ...]]: pass
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/super_strings.py b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/super_strings.py
index 76b1b2dd..369270ab 100644
--- a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/super_strings.py
+++ b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/super_strings.py
@@ -26,3 +26,33 @@ _ = f"something {{**not** an expression}} {but(this._is)} {{and this isn't.}} en
 _(f"ok { expr = !r: aosidjhoi } end")
 
 print(f"{self.ERASE_CURRENT_LINE}{self._human_seconds(elapsed_time)} {percent:.{self.pretty_precision}f}% complete, {self.estimate_completion(elapsed_time, finished, left)} estimated for {left} files to go...")
+
+f"{"\n".join()}"
+
+f"___{
+    x
+}___"
+
+f"___{(
+    x
+)}___"
+
+f'\{{\}}'
+f"regexp_like(path, '.*\{file_type}$')"
+f"\lfoo"
+
+f"{_:{_:}{a}}"
+
+f"foo {f"bar {x}"} baz"
+f'some words {a+b:.3f} more words {c+d=} final words'
+f"{'':*^{1:{1}}}"
+f"{'':*^{1:{1:{1}}}}"
+f"{f"{f"{f"{f"{f"{1+1}"}"}"}"}"}"
+
+
+t'Nothing to see here, move along'
+t"User {action}: {amount:.2f} {item}"
+t"<p>HTML is code {too}</p>"
+t"value={value!r}"
+t"This wrinkles my brain {value:.{precision}f}"
+_ = t"everything" + t" is {tstrings}"
diff --git a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/terrible_tries.py b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/terrible_tries.py
index 91d6831e..eb5429cc 100644
--- a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/terrible_tries.py
+++ b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/terrible_tries.py
@@ -69,3 +69,25 @@ except foo:
     pass
 
     #9
+
+try:
+    pass
+except (foo, bar):
+    pass
+
+try:
+    pass
+except foo, bar:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    pass
+except (foo, bar), baz:
+    pass
+else:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    pass
+except* something, somethingelse:
+    pass
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/trailing_whitespace.py b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/trailing_whitespace.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a01c197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/trailing_whitespace.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+
+
+x = 42
+print(x)
+          
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/tuple_shenanigans.py b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/tuple_shenanigans.py
index f31c6452..136d79d2 100644
--- a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/tuple_shenanigans.py
+++ b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/tuple_shenanigans.py
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # alright here we go.
 
 ()
+(())
+(((())), ())
 ( # evil >:)
   # evil >:(
 ) # ...
diff --git a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/type_parameters.py b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/type_parameters.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef6a39eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/type_parameters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# fmt: off
+
+type TA = int
+
+type TA1[A] = lambda A: A
+
+class Outer[A]:
+    type TA1[A] = None
+
+type TA1[A, B] = dict[A, B]
+
+class Outer[A]:
+    def inner[B](self):
+        type TA1[C] = TA1[A, B] | int
+        return TA1
+
+def more_generic[T, *Ts, **P]():
+    type TA[T2, *Ts2, **P2] = tuple[Callable[P, tuple[T, *Ts]], Callable[P2, tuple[T2, *Ts2]]]
+    return TA
+
+type Recursive = Recursive
+
+def func[A](A): return A
+
+class ClassA:
+    def func[__A](self, __A): return __A
+
+class ClassA[A, B](dict[A, B]):
+    ...
+
+class ClassA[A]:
+    def funcB[B](self):
+        class ClassC[C]:
+            def funcD[D](self):
+                return lambda: (A, B, C, D)
+        return ClassC
+
+class Child[T](Base[lambda: (int, outer_var, T)]): ...
+
+type Alias[T: ([T for T in (T, [1])[1]], T)] = [T for T in T.__name__]
+type Alias[T: [lambda: T for T in (T, [1])[1]]] = [lambda: T for T in T.__name__]
+
+class Foo[T: Foo, U: (Foo, Foo)]:
+    pass
+
+def func[T](a: T = "a", *, b: T = "b"):
+    return (a, b)
+
+def func1[A: str, B: str | int, C: (int, str)]():
+    return (A, B, C)
+
+type   A [  T ,  *  V ]  =foo;type B=A
+
+def AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA [  T :  int  ,*Ts  ,  ** TT  ]  ():pass
+class AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA [  T :  int  ,*Ts  ,  ** TT  ] :pass
+
+def yikes[A:int,*B,**C](*d:*tuple[A,*B,...])->A:pass
+
+def func[T=int, **U=float, *V=None](): pass
+
+class C[T=int, **U=float, *V=None]: pass
+
+type Alias[T = int, **U = float, *V = None] = int
+
+default = tuple[int, str]
+type Alias[*Ts = *default] = Ts
+type Foo[  * T = * default  ] = int
+type Foo[*T=*default ]=int
+type Foo [     *  T   =     *   default ] = int
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/with_wickedness.py b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/with_wickedness.py
index 7cb5c67d..ee6ff7b6 100644
--- a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/with_wickedness.py
+++ b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/with_wickedness.py
@@ -1,13 +1,52 @@
 # with_wickedness
 
-with foo : ...
+with foo :
+    pass
+
+with foo, bar:
+    pass
+
+with (foo, bar):
+    pass
+
+with (foo, bar,):
+    pass
+
+with foo, bar as bar:
+    pass
+
+with (foo, bar as bar):
+    pass
+
+with (foo, bar as bar,):
+    pass
 
 async def f():
-    async with foo as bar:
+    async with foo:
 
         with bar:
             pass
 
-    async  with  foo(1+1)  as  bar  , 1  as (a, b, ) , 2 as [a, b] , 3 as a[b]  :
+    async with foo :
         pass
 
+    async with foo, bar:
+        pass
+
+    async with (foo, bar):
+        pass
+
+    async with (foo, bar,):
+        pass
+
+    async with foo, bar as bar:
+        pass
+
+    async with (foo, bar as bar):
+        pass
+
+    async with (foo, bar as bar,):
+        pass
+
+    async  with  foo(1+1)  as  bar  , 1  as (a, b, ) , 2 as [a, b] , 3 as a[b]  :
+        pass
diff --git a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/wonky_walrus.py b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/wonky_walrus.py
index d0916ab8..d506b169 100644
--- a/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/wonky_walrus.py
+++ b/native/libcst/tests/fixtures/wonky_walrus.py
@@ -10,4 +10,6 @@ while f := x():
 if f := x(): pass
 
 f(y:=1)
-f(x,  y   :=    1     )
\ No newline at end of file
+f(x,  y   :=    1     )
+
+_[_:=10]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/native/libcst_derive/Cargo.toml b/native/libcst_derive/Cargo.toml
index 95bf4d2d..bf9959ab 100644
--- a/native/libcst_derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/native/libcst_derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,19 @@
 [package]
 name = "libcst_derive"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "1.8.6"
 edition = "2018"
+description = "Proc macro helpers for libcst."
+license = "MIT"
+repository = "https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST"
+documentation = "https://libcst.rtfd.org"
+keywords = ["macros", "python"]
 
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
 
 [dependencies]
-syn = "1.0"
+syn = "2.0"
 quote = "1.0"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+trybuild = "1.0"
diff --git a/native/libcst_derive/LICENSE b/native/libcst_derive/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5594616f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native/libcst_derive/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+All contributions towards LibCST are MIT licensed.
+
+Some Python files have been derived from the standard library and are therefore
+PSF licensed. Modifications on these files are dual licensed (both MIT and
+PSF). These files are:
+
+- libcst/_parser/base_parser.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/utils.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/pgen2/generator.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/pgen2/grammar_parser.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/python/py_token.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/python/tokenize.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_fstring.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_tokenize.py
+- libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_utils.py
+- native/libcst/src/tokenizer/core/mod.rs
+- native/libcst/src/tokenizer/core/string_types.rs
+
+Some Python files have been taken from dataclasses and are therefore Apache
+licensed. Modifications on these files are licensed under Apache 2.0 license.
+These files are:
+
+- libcst/_add_slots.py
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2
+
+1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation
+("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and
+otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and
+its associated documentation.
+
+2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby
+grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce,
+analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works,
+distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version,
+provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright,
+i.e., "Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
+2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved"
+are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee.
+
+3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on
+or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make
+the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then
+Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of
+the changes made to Python.
+
+4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS"
+basis.  PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND
+DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
+FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT
+INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+
+5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON
+FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS
+A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON,
+OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
+
+6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material
+breach of its terms and conditions.
+
+7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any
+relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and
+Licensee.  This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF
+trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote
+products or services of Licensee, or any third party.
+
+8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee
+agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License
+Agreement.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+APACHE LICENSE, VERSION 2.0
+
+http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
diff --git a/native/libcst_derive/src/cstnode.rs b/native/libcst_derive/src/cstnode.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cdb6947e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native/libcst_derive/src/cstnode.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+// Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+//
+// This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+// LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree
+
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
+use syn::{
+    self,
+    parse::{Parse, ParseStream},
+    parse_quote,
+    punctuated::{Pair, Punctuated},
+    spanned::Spanned,
+    token::Comma,
+    AngleBracketedGenericArguments, Attribute, Data, DataEnum, DataStruct, DeriveInput, Field,
+    Fields, FieldsNamed, FieldsUnnamed, GenericArgument, Generics, Ident, Meta, Path,
+    PathArguments, PathSegment, Token, Type, TypePath, Visibility,
+};
+
+pub(crate) struct CSTNodeParams {
+    traits: Punctuated<SupportedTrait, Token![,]>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum SupportedTrait {
+    ParenthesizedNode,
+    Codegen,
+    Inflate,
+    NoIntoPy,
+    Default,
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn impl_cst_node(ast: DeriveInput, args: CSTNodeParams) -> TokenStream {
+    match ast.data {
+        Data::Enum(e) => impl_enum(args, ast.attrs, ast.vis, ast.ident, ast.generics, e),
+        Data::Struct(s) => impl_struct(args, ast.attrs, ast.vis, ast.ident, ast.generics, s),
+        Data::Union(u) => quote_spanned! {
+            u.union_token.span() =>
+            compile_error!("Union type is not supported")
+        }
+        .into(),
+    }
+}
+
+impl CSTNodeParams {
+    fn has_trait(&self, treyt: &SupportedTrait) -> bool {
+        self.traits.iter().any(|x| x == treyt)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Parse for SupportedTrait {
+    fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+        if input.peek(Ident) {
+            let id: Ident = input.parse()?;
+            return match id.to_string().as_str() {
+                "ParenthesizedNode" => Ok(Self::ParenthesizedNode),
+                "Codegen" => Ok(Self::Codegen),
+                "Inflate" => Ok(Self::Inflate),
+                "NoIntoPy" => Ok(Self::NoIntoPy),
+                "Default" => Ok(Self::Default),
+                _ => Err(input.error("Not a supported trait to derive for cst_node")),
+            };
+        }
+        Err(input.error("Pass in trait names to be derived"))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Parse for CSTNodeParams {
+    fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            traits: input.parse_terminated(SupportedTrait::parse, Token![,])?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+// enum Foo<'a> {
+//     Variant(Box<Variant<'a>>),
+// }
+// =>
+// enum Foo<'a> {
+//     Variant(Box<Variant<'a>>),
+// }
+// enum DeflatedFoo<'r, 'a> {
+//     Variant(Box<DeflatedVariant<'r, 'a>>),
+// }
+
+fn impl_enum(
+    args: CSTNodeParams,
+    mut attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
+    vis: Visibility,
+    ident: Ident,
+    generics: Generics,
+    mut e: DataEnum,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let deflated_vis = vis.clone();
+    let deflated_ident = format_ident!("Deflated{}", &ident);
+    let deflated_generics: Generics = parse_quote!(<'r, 'a>);
+    let mut deflated_variant_tokens = vec![];
+
+    for var in e.variants.iter_mut() {
+        let (inflated_fields, deflated_fields) = impl_fields(var.fields.clone());
+        var.fields = deflated_fields;
+        deflated_variant_tokens.push(var.to_token_stream());
+        var.fields = inflated_fields;
+    }
+    add_inflated_attrs(&args, &mut attrs);
+    let inflated = DeriveInput {
+        attrs,
+        vis,
+        ident,
+        generics,
+        data: Data::Enum(e),
+    };
+
+    let deflated_attrs = get_deflated_attrs(&args);
+
+    let gen = quote! {
+        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+        #inflated
+
+        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+        #(#deflated_attrs)*
+        #deflated_vis enum #deflated_ident#deflated_generics {
+            #(#deflated_variant_tokens,)*
+        }
+    };
+    gen.into()
+}
+
+fn get_deflated_attrs(args: &CSTNodeParams) -> Vec<Attribute> {
+    let mut deflated_attrs: Vec<Attribute> = vec![];
+    if args.has_trait(&SupportedTrait::Inflate) {
+        deflated_attrs.push(parse_quote!(#[derive(Inflate)]));
+    }
+    if args.has_trait(&SupportedTrait::ParenthesizedNode) {
+        deflated_attrs.push(parse_quote!(#[derive(ParenthesizedDeflatedNode)]))
+    }
+    if args.has_trait(&SupportedTrait::Default) {
+        deflated_attrs.push(parse_quote!(#[derive(Default)]));
+    }
+    deflated_attrs
+}
+
+fn add_inflated_attrs(args: &CSTNodeParams, attrs: &mut Vec<Attribute>) {
+    if args.has_trait(&SupportedTrait::Codegen) {
+        attrs.push(parse_quote!(#[derive(Codegen)]));
+    }
+    if args.has_trait(&SupportedTrait::ParenthesizedNode) {
+        attrs.push(parse_quote!(#[derive(ParenthesizedNode)]));
+    }
+    if args.has_trait(&SupportedTrait::Default) {
+        attrs.push(parse_quote!(#[derive(Default)]));
+    }
+    if !args.has_trait(&SupportedTrait::NoIntoPy) {
+        attrs.push(parse_quote!(#[cfg_attr(feature = "py", derive(TryIntoPy))]));
+    }
+}
+
+// pub struct Foo<'a> {
+//     pub bar: Bar<'a>,
+//     pub value: &'a str,
+//     pub whitespace_after: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
+//     pub(crate) tok: Option<TokenRef>,
+// }
+// =>
+// pub struct Foo<'a> {
+//     pub bar: Bar<'a>,
+//     pub value: &'a str,
+//     pub whitespace_after: SimpleWhitespace<'a>,
+// }
+// struct DeflatedFoo<'r, 'a> {
+//     pub bar: DeflatedBar<'r, 'a>,
+//     pub value: &'a str,
+//     pub tok: Option<TokenRef<'r, 'a>>
+// }
+
+fn impl_struct(
+    args: CSTNodeParams,
+    mut attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
+    vis: Visibility,
+    ident: Ident,
+    generics: Generics,
+    mut s: DataStruct,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let deflated_vis = vis.clone();
+    let deflated_ident = format_ident!("Deflated{}", &ident);
+    let deflated_generics: Generics = parse_quote!(<'r, 'a>);
+
+    let (inflated_fields, deflated_fields) = impl_fields(s.fields);
+    s.fields = inflated_fields;
+
+    add_inflated_attrs(&args, &mut attrs);
+
+    let inflated = DeriveInput {
+        attrs,
+        vis,
+        ident,
+        generics,
+        data: Data::Struct(s),
+    };
+
+    let deflated_attrs = get_deflated_attrs(&args);
+
+    let gen = quote! {
+        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+        #inflated
+
+        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+        #(#deflated_attrs)*
+        #deflated_vis struct #deflated_ident#deflated_generics
+        #deflated_fields
+
+    };
+    gen.into()
+}
+
+fn impl_fields(fields: Fields) -> (Fields, Fields) {
+    match &fields {
+        Fields::Unnamed(fs) => {
+            let deflated_fields = impl_unnamed_fields(fs.clone());
+            (fields, Fields::Unnamed(deflated_fields))
+        }
+        Fields::Named(fs) => impl_named_fields(fs.clone()),
+        Fields::Unit => (Fields::Unit, Fields::Unit),
+    }
+}
+
+fn impl_unnamed_fields(mut deflated_fields: FieldsUnnamed) -> FieldsUnnamed {
+    let mut added_lifetime = false;
+    deflated_fields.unnamed = deflated_fields
+        .unnamed
+        .into_pairs()
+        .map(|pair| {
+            let (deflated, lifetime) = make_into_deflated(pair);
+            added_lifetime |= lifetime;
+            deflated
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Make sure all Deflated* types have 'r 'a lifetime params
+    if !added_lifetime {
+        deflated_fields.unnamed.push(parse_quote! {
+            std::marker::PhantomData<&'r &'a ()>
+        });
+    }
+    deflated_fields
+}
+
+fn impl_named_fields(mut fields: FieldsNamed) -> (Fields, Fields) {
+    let mut deflated_fields = fields.clone();
+    let mut added_lifetime = false;
+    // Drop whitespace fields from deflated fields
+    // And add lifetimes to tokenref fields
+    deflated_fields.named = deflated_fields
+        .named
+        .into_pairs()
+        .filter(|pair| {
+            let id = pair.value().ident.as_ref().unwrap().to_string();
+            !id.contains("whitespace")
+                && id != "footer"
+                && id != "header"
+                && id != "leading_lines"
+                && id != "lines_after_decorators"
+        })
+        .map(|pair| {
+            if is_builtin(pair.value()) {
+                pair
+            } else {
+                let (deflated, lifetime) = make_into_deflated(pair);
+                added_lifetime |= lifetime;
+                deflated
+            }
+        })
+        .map(|pair| {
+            let (mut val, punct) = pair.into_tuple();
+            val.attrs = val.attrs.into_iter().filter(is_not_intopy_attr).collect();
+            Pair::new(val, punct)
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Make sure all Deflated* types have 'r 'a lifetime params
+    if !added_lifetime {
+        deflated_fields.named.push(parse_quote! {
+            _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<&'r &'a ()>
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Drop tokenref fields from inflated fields
+    fields.named = fields
+        .named
+        .into_pairs()
+        .filter(|pair| !is_token_ref(pair.value()))
+        .collect();
+
+    (Fields::Named(fields), Fields::Named(deflated_fields))
+}
+
+fn is_builtin(field: &Field) -> bool {
+    get_pathseg(&field.ty)
+        .map(|seg| {
+            let segstr = seg.ident.to_string();
+            segstr == "str" || segstr == "bool" || segstr == "String"
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+fn is_token_ref(field: &Field) -> bool {
+    if let Some(seg) = rightmost_path_segment(&field.ty) {
+        return format!("{}", seg.ident) == "TokenRef";
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+// foo::bar -> foo::Deflatedbar<'r, 'a>
+fn make_into_deflated(mut pair: Pair<Field, Comma>) -> (Pair<Field, Comma>, bool) {
+    let mut added_lifetime = true;
+    if let Some(seg) = rightmost_path_segment_mut(&mut pair.value_mut().ty) {
+        let seg_name = seg.ident.to_string();
+        if seg_name != "TokenRef" {
+            seg.ident = format_ident!("Deflated{}", seg_name);
+        }
+        match seg.arguments {
+            PathArguments::None => {
+                seg.arguments = PathArguments::AngleBracketed(parse_quote!(<'r, 'a>));
+            }
+            PathArguments::AngleBracketed(AngleBracketedGenericArguments {
+                ref mut args, ..
+            }) => {
+                args.insert(0, parse_quote!('r));
+            }
+            _ => todo!(),
+        }
+    } else {
+        added_lifetime = false;
+    }
+    (pair, added_lifetime)
+}
+
+// foo::bar::baz<quux<'a>> -> baz<quux<'a>>
+fn get_pathseg(ty: &Type) -> Option<&PathSegment> {
+    match ty {
+        Type::Path(TypePath { path, .. }) => path.segments.last(),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+// foo::bar::baz<quux<'a>> -> quux<'a>
+fn rightmost_path_segment(ty: &Type) -> Option<&PathSegment> {
+    let mut candidate = get_pathseg(ty);
+    loop {
+        if let Some(pathseg) = candidate {
+            if let PathArguments::AngleBracketed(AngleBracketedGenericArguments { args, .. }) =
+                &pathseg.arguments
+            {
+                if let Some(GenericArgument::Type(t)) = args.last() {
+                    candidate = get_pathseg(t);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    candidate
+}
+
+fn get_pathseg_mut(ty: &mut Type) -> Option<&mut PathSegment> {
+    match ty {
+        Type::Path(TypePath { path, .. }) => path.segments.last_mut(),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn has_more_mut(candidate: &Option<&mut PathSegment>) -> bool {
+    if let Some(PathArguments::AngleBracketed(AngleBracketedGenericArguments {
+        ref args, ..
+    })) = candidate.as_ref().map(|c| &c.arguments)
+    {
+        matches!(args.last(), Some(GenericArgument::Type(_)))
+    } else {
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+fn rightmost_path_segment_mut(ty: &mut Type) -> Option<&mut PathSegment> {
+    let mut candidate = get_pathseg_mut(ty);
+
+    while has_more_mut(&candidate) {
+        candidate = match candidate.unwrap().arguments {
+            PathArguments::AngleBracketed(AngleBracketedGenericArguments {
+                ref mut args, ..
+            }) => {
+                if let Some(GenericArgument::Type(t)) = args.last_mut() {
+                    get_pathseg_mut(t)
+                } else {
+                    unreachable!();
+                }
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+    }
+
+    candidate
+}
+
+fn is_not_intopy_attr(attr: &Attribute) -> bool {
+    let path = attr.path();
+    // support #[cfg_attr(feature = "py", skip_py)]
+    if path.is_ident("cfg_attr") {
+        return match attr.parse_args_with(|input: ParseStream| {
+            let _: Meta = input.parse()?;
+            let _: Token![,] = input.parse()?;
+            let nested_path: Path = input.parse()?;
+            let _: Option<Token![,]> = input.parse()?;
+            Ok(nested_path)
+        }) {
+            Ok(nested_path) => !is_intopy_attr_path(&nested_path),
+            Err(_) => false,
+        };
+    }
+    !is_intopy_attr_path(path)
+}
+
+fn is_intopy_attr_path(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    path.is_ident("skip_py") || path.is_ident("no_py_default")
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn trybuild() {
+    let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
+    t.pass("tests/pass/*.rs");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_is_not_intopy_attr() {
+    assert!(!is_not_intopy_attr(&parse_quote!(#[skip_py])));
+    assert!(!is_not_intopy_attr(&parse_quote!(#[no_py_default])));
+    assert!(!is_not_intopy_attr(
+        &parse_quote!(#[cfg_attr(foo="bar",skip_py)])
+    ));
+    assert!(!is_not_intopy_attr(
+        &parse_quote!(#[cfg_attr(foo="bar",no_py_default)])
+    ));
+    assert!(is_not_intopy_attr(&parse_quote!(#[skippy])));
+    assert!(is_not_intopy_attr(
+        &parse_quote!(#[cfg_attr(foo="bar",skippy)])
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/native/libcst_derive/src/inflate.rs b/native/libcst_derive/src/inflate.rs
index e457b068..9a166bdc 100644
--- a/native/libcst_derive/src/inflate.rs
+++ b/native/libcst_derive/src/inflate.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 // LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree
 
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
-use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
+use quote::{format_ident, quote, quote_spanned};
 use syn::{self, spanned::Spanned, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput, Fields, FieldsUnnamed};
 
 pub(crate) fn impl_inflate(ast: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
@@ -55,11 +55,19 @@ fn impl_inflate_enum(ast: &DeriveInput, e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
     }
     let ident = &ast.ident;
     let generics = &ast.generics;
+    let ident_str = ident.to_string();
+    let inflated_ident = format_ident!(
+        "{}",
+        ident_str
+            .strip_prefix("Deflated")
+            .expect("Cannot implement Inflate on a non-Deflated item")
+    );
     let gen = quote! {
-        impl<'a> Inflate<'a> for #ident #generics {
-            fn inflate(mut self, config: & crate::tokenizer::whitespace_parser::Config<'a>) -> std::result::Result<Self, crate::tokenizer::whitespace_parser::WhitespaceError> {
+        impl#generics Inflate<'a> for #ident #generics {
+            type Inflated = #inflated_ident <'a>;
+            fn inflate(mut self, config: & crate::tokenizer::whitespace_parser::Config<'a>) -> std::result::Result<Self::Inflated, crate::tokenizer::whitespace_parser::WhitespaceError> {
                 match self {
-                    #(Self::#varnames(x) => Ok(Self::#varnames(x.inflate(config)?)),)*
+                    #(Self::#varnames(x) => Ok(Self::Inflated::#varnames(x.inflate(config)?)),)*
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/native/libcst_derive/src/into_py.rs b/native/libcst_derive/src/into_py.rs
index e1d85132..f5470aa1 100644
--- a/native/libcst_derive/src/into_py.rs
+++ b/native/libcst_derive/src/into_py.rs
@@ -38,12 +38,14 @@ fn impl_into_py_enum(ast: &DeriveInput, e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
                 let kwargs_toks = fields_to_kwargs(&var.fields, true);
                 toks.push(quote! {
                     Self::#varname { #(#fieldnames,)* .. } => {
+                        use pyo3::types::PyAnyMethods;
+
                         let libcst = pyo3::types::PyModule::import(py, "libcst")?;
                         let kwargs = #kwargs_toks ;
                         Ok(libcst
                             .getattr(stringify!(#varname))
                             .expect(stringify!(no #varname found in libcst))
-                            .call((), Some(kwargs))?
+                            .call((), Some(&kwargs))?
                             .into())
                     }
                 })
@@ -87,12 +89,13 @@ fn impl_into_py_struct(ast: &DeriveInput, e: &DataStruct) -> TokenStream {
         #[automatically_derived]
         impl#generics crate::nodes::traits::py::TryIntoPy<pyo3::PyObject> for #ident #generics {
             fn try_into_py(self, py: pyo3::Python) -> pyo3::PyResult<pyo3::PyObject> {
+                use pyo3::types::PyAnyMethods;
                 let libcst = pyo3::types::PyModule::import(py, "libcst")?;
                 let kwargs = #kwargs_toks ;
                 Ok(libcst
                     .getattr(stringify!(#ident))
                     .expect(stringify!(no #ident found in libcst))
-                    .call((), Some(kwargs))?
+                    .call((), Some(&kwargs))?
                     .into())
             }
         }
@@ -170,11 +173,11 @@ fn fields_to_kwargs(fields: &Fields, is_enum: bool) -> quote::__private::TokenSt
                 .filter(|x| x.is_some())
                 .map(|x| x.as_ref().unwrap())
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .into_py_dict(py)
+                .into_py_dict(py)?
         }
     }
 }
 
 fn has_attr(attrs: &[Attribute], name: &'static str) -> bool {
-    attrs.iter().any(|attr| attr.path.is_ident(name))
+    attrs.iter().any(|attr| attr.path().is_ident(name))
 }
diff --git a/native/libcst_derive/src/lib.rs b/native/libcst_derive/src/lib.rs
index 3686eaa2..b7aafeba 100644
--- a/native/libcst_derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/native/libcst_derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,11 @@ mod codegen;
 use codegen::impl_codegen;
 mod into_py;
 use into_py::impl_into_py;
+mod cstnode;
+use cstnode::{impl_cst_node, CSTNodeParams};
 
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use syn::{parse_macro_input, DeriveInput};
 
 #[proc_macro_derive(Inflate)]
 pub fn inflate_derive(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
@@ -22,11 +25,16 @@ pub fn inflate_derive(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 
 #[proc_macro_derive(ParenthesizedNode)]
 pub fn parenthesized_node_derive(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-    impl_parenthesized_node(&syn::parse(input).unwrap())
+    impl_parenthesized_node(&syn::parse(input).unwrap(), false)
+}
+
+#[proc_macro_derive(ParenthesizedDeflatedNode)]
+pub fn parenthesized_deflated_node_derive(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    impl_parenthesized_node(&syn::parse(input).unwrap(), true)
 }
 
 #[proc_macro_derive(Codegen)]
-pub fn parenthesized_node_codegen(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn codegen_derive(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     impl_codegen(&syn::parse(input).unwrap())
 }
 
@@ -34,3 +42,9 @@ pub fn parenthesized_node_codegen(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 pub fn into_py(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     impl_into_py(&syn::parse(input).unwrap())
 }
+
+#[proc_macro_attribute]
+pub fn cst_node(args: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let args = parse_macro_input!(args as CSTNodeParams);
+    impl_cst_node(parse_macro_input!(input as DeriveInput), args)
+}
diff --git a/native/libcst_derive/src/parenthesized_node.rs b/native/libcst_derive/src/parenthesized_node.rs
index 9165dd1b..edc4b380 100644
--- a/native/libcst_derive/src/parenthesized_node.rs
+++ b/native/libcst_derive/src/parenthesized_node.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,14 @@
 
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
-use syn::{spanned::Spanned, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput, Fields, FieldsUnnamed};
+use syn::{
+    parse_quote, spanned::Spanned, Data, DataEnum, DeriveInput, Fields, FieldsUnnamed, Ident,
+};
 
-pub(crate) fn impl_parenthesized_node(ast: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
+pub(crate) fn impl_parenthesized_node(ast: &DeriveInput, deflated: bool) -> TokenStream {
     match &ast.data {
-        Data::Enum(e) => impl_enum(ast, e),
-        Data::Struct(_) => impl_struct(ast),
+        Data::Enum(e) => impl_enum(ast, e, deflated),
+        Data::Struct(_) => impl_struct(ast, deflated),
         Data::Union(u) => quote_spanned! {
             u.union_token.span() =>
             compile_error!("Union type is not supported")
@@ -19,18 +21,43 @@ pub(crate) fn impl_parenthesized_node(ast: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     }
 }
 
-fn impl_struct(ast: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
+fn idents(deflated: bool) -> (Ident, Ident, Ident) {
+    let treyt: Ident = if deflated {
+        parse_quote!(ParenthesizedDeflatedNode)
+    } else {
+        parse_quote!(ParenthesizedNode)
+    };
+    let leftparen: Ident = if deflated {
+        parse_quote!(DeflatedLeftParen)
+    } else {
+        parse_quote!(LeftParen)
+    };
+    let rightparen: Ident = if deflated {
+        parse_quote!(DeflatedRightParen)
+    } else {
+        parse_quote!(RightParen)
+    };
+    (treyt, leftparen, rightparen)
+}
+
+fn impl_struct(ast: &DeriveInput, deflated: bool) -> TokenStream {
     let ident = &ast.ident;
-    let generics = &ast.generics;
+    let generics = if deflated {
+        parse_quote!(<'r, 'a>)
+    } else {
+        ast.generics.clone()
+    };
+
+    let (treyt, leftparen, rightparen) = idents(deflated);
     let gen = quote! {
-        impl<'a> ParenthesizedNode<'a> for #ident #generics {
-            fn lpar(&self) -> &Vec<LeftParen<'a>> {
+        impl#generics #treyt#generics for #ident #generics {
+            fn lpar(&self) -> &Vec<#leftparen#generics> {
                 &self.lpar
             }
-            fn rpar(&self) -> &Vec<RightParen<'a>> {
+            fn rpar(&self) -> &Vec<#rightparen#generics> {
                 &self.rpar
             }
-            fn with_parens(self, left: LeftParen<'a>, right: RightParen<'a>) -> Self {
+            fn with_parens(self, left: #leftparen#generics, right: #rightparen#generics) -> Self {
                 let mut lpar = self.lpar;
                 let mut rpar = self.rpar;
                 lpar.insert(0, left);
@@ -43,7 +70,7 @@ fn impl_struct(ast: &DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     gen.into()
 }
 
-fn impl_enum(ast: &DeriveInput, e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
+fn impl_enum(ast: &DeriveInput, e: &DataEnum, deflated: bool) -> TokenStream {
     let mut varnames = vec![];
     for var in e.variants.iter() {
         match &var.fields {
@@ -74,20 +101,25 @@ fn impl_enum(ast: &DeriveInput, e: &DataEnum) -> TokenStream {
         }
     }
     let ident = &ast.ident;
-    let generics = &ast.generics;
+    let generics = if deflated {
+        parse_quote!(<'r, 'a>)
+    } else {
+        ast.generics.clone()
+    };
+    let (treyt, leftparen, rightparen) = idents(deflated);
     let gen = quote! {
-        impl<'a> ParenthesizedNode<'a> for #ident #generics {
-            fn lpar(&self) -> &Vec<LeftParen<'a>> {
+        impl#generics #treyt#generics for #ident #generics {
+            fn lpar(&self) -> &Vec<#leftparen#generics> {
                 match self {
                     #(Self::#varnames(x) => x.lpar(),)*
                 }
             }
-            fn rpar(&self) -> &Vec<RightParen<'a>> {
+            fn rpar(&self) -> &Vec<#rightparen#generics> {
                 match self {
                     #(Self::#varnames(x) => x.rpar(),)*
                 }
             }
-            fn with_parens(self, left: LeftParen<'a>, right: RightParen<'a>) -> Self {
+            fn with_parens(self, left: #leftparen#generics, right: #rightparen#generics) -> Self {
                 match self {
                     #(Self::#varnames(x) => Self::#varnames(x.with_parens(left, right)),)*
                 }
diff --git a/native/libcst_derive/tests/pass/minimal_cst.rs b/native/libcst_derive/tests/pass/minimal_cst.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..104b2e11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native/libcst_derive/tests/pass/minimal_cst.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+//
+// This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+// LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree
+
+use libcst_derive::{cst_node, Codegen};
+
+pub enum Error {}
+
+type TokenRef<'r, 'a> = &'r &'a str;
+pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
+
+pub struct Config<'a> {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    foo: &'a str,
+}
+pub trait Inflate<'a>
+where
+    Self: Sized,
+{
+    type Inflated;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated>;
+}
+
+impl<'a, T: Inflate<'a> + ?Sized> Inflate<'a> for Box<T> {
+    type Inflated = Box<T::Inflated>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        match (*self).inflate(config) {
+            Ok(a) => Ok(Box::new(a)),
+            Err(e) => Err(e),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct CodegenState<'a> {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    foo: &'a str,
+}
+pub trait Codegen<'a> {
+    fn codegen(&self, state: &mut CodegenState<'a>);
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+pub struct WS<'a> {
+    pub last_line: &'a str,
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+pub struct Parameters<'a> {
+    pub params: Vec<Param<'a>>,
+    pub foo: Param<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedParameters<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Parameters<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        let params = vec![];
+        #[allow(clippy::blacklisted_name)]
+        let foo = self.foo.inflate(config)?;
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { params, foo })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+pub struct Param<'a> {
+    pub star: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub(crate) star_tok: Option<TokenRef<'a>>,
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedParam<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = Param<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, _config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        Ok(Self::Inflated { star: self.star })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for Param<'a> {
+    fn codegen(&self, _state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {}
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+pub struct BitOr<'a> {
+    pub whitespace_before: WS<'a>,
+    pub whitespace_after: WS<'a>,
+
+    pub(crate) tok: TokenRef<'a>,
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+pub enum CompOp<'a> {
+    LessThan {
+        whitespace_before: WS<'a>,
+        tok: TokenRef<'a>,
+    },
+    GreaterThan {
+        whitespace_after: WS<'a>,
+        tok: TokenRef<'a>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl<'r, 'a> Inflate<'a> for DeflatedCompOp<'r, 'a> {
+    type Inflated = CompOp<'a>;
+    fn inflate(self, _config: &Config<'a>) -> Result<Self::Inflated> {
+        Ok(match self {
+            Self::LessThan { tok: _, .. } => Self::Inflated::LessThan {
+                whitespace_before: WS { last_line: "yo" },
+            },
+            Self::GreaterThan { tok: _, .. } => Self::Inflated::GreaterThan {
+                whitespace_after: WS { last_line: "" },
+            },
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Codegen<'a> for CompOp<'a> {
+    fn codegen(&self, _state: &mut CodegenState<'a>) {}
+}
+
+#[cst_node(Codegen)]
+enum Expr<'a> {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    One(Box<Param<'a>>),
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    Two(CompOp<'a>),
+}
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/native/libcst_derive/tests/pass/simple.rs b/native/libcst_derive/tests/pass/simple.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..838f3914
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native/libcst_derive/tests/pass/simple.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+//
+// This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+// LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree
+
+use libcst_derive::cst_node;
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+pub struct WS<'a>(&'a str);
+
+type TokenRef<'r, 'a> = &'r &'a str;
+
+#[cst_node]
+pub enum Foo<'a> {
+    One(One<'a>),
+    Two(Box<Two<'a>>),
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+pub struct One<'a> {
+    pub two: Box<Two<'a>>,
+    pub header: WS<'a>,
+
+    pub(crate) newline_tok: TokenRef<'a>,
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+pub struct Two<'a> {
+    pub whitespace_before: WS<'a>,
+    pub(crate) tok: TokenRef<'a>,
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+struct Thin<'a> {
+    pub whitespace: WS<'a>,
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+struct Value<'a> {
+    pub value: &'a str,
+}
+
+#[cst_node]
+struct Empty {}
+
+#[cst_node]
+enum Smol<'a> {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    Thin(Thin<'a>),
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    Empty(Empty),
+}
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 986a2339..f29b2474 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -1,12 +1,131 @@
-[tool.black]
-target-version = ["py36"]
-exclude = "native/.*"
+[build-system]
+requires = ["setuptools", "setuptools-scm", "setuptools-rust", "wheel"]
 
-[tool.ufmt]
-excludes = ["native/", "stubs/"]
+[project]
+name = "libcst"
+description = "A concrete syntax tree with AST-like properties for Python 3.0 through 3.14 programs."
+readme = "README.rst"
+dynamic = ["version"]
+license = { file = "LICENSE" }
+classifiers = [
+    "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
+    "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: Free Threading",
+    "Typing :: Typed",
+]
+requires-python = ">=3.9"
+dependencies = [
+    "pyyaml>=5.2; python_version < '3.13'",
+    "pyyaml-ft>=8.0.0; python_version == '3.13'",
+    "pyyaml>=6.0.3; python_version >= '3.14'",
+    "typing-extensions; python_version < '3.10'",
+]
+
+[project.urls]
+Documentation = "https://libcst.readthedocs.io/en/latest/"
+Github = "https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST"
+Changelog = "https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md"
+
+[dependency-groups]
+dev = [
+    "black==25.1.0",
+    "coverage[toml]>=4.5.4",
+    "build>=0.10.0",
+    "fixit==2.1.0",
+    "flake8==7.2.0",
+    "hypothesis>=4.36.0",
+    "hypothesmith>=0.0.4",
+    "maturin>=1.7.0,<1.8",
+    "poethepoet>=0.35.0",
+    "prompt-toolkit>=2.0.9",
+    "pyre-check==0.9.18; platform_system != 'Windows'",
+    "setuptools_scm>=6.0.1",
+    "ufmt==2.8.0",
+    "usort==1.0.8.post1",
+    "setuptools-rust>=1.5.2",
+    "slotscheck>=0.7.1",
+]
+docs = [
+    {include-group = "dev"},
+    "Sphinx>=5.1.1",
+    "sphinx-rtd-theme>=0.4.3",
+    "jupyter>=1.0.0",
+    "nbsphinx>=0.4.2",
+    "jinja2==3.1.6",
+]
+
+[tool.black]
+target-version = ["py39"]
+extend-exclude = '^/native/' # Prepend "^/" to specify root file/folder. See https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage_and_configuration/the_basics.html#configuration-format
+
+[tool.coverage.report]
+fail_under = 93
+precision = 1
+show_missing = true
+skip_covered = true
+omit = ["*/_parser/*"] # temporary while I remove the parser
+
+[tool.uv]
+cache-keys = [
+    { file = "pyproject.toml" },
+    { git = {commit = true, tags = true}},
+    { file = "**/*.rs"},
+    { file = "**/Cargo.toml"},
+    { file = "**/Cargo.lock"},
+]
+
+[tool.poe.tasks]
+fixtures = ["regenerate-fixtures", "_assert_no_changes"]
+regenerate-fixtures = "python scripts/regenerate-fixtures.py"
+_assert_no_changes = "git diff --exit-code"
+
+format = "ufmt format libcst scripts"
+_flake8 = "flake8 libcst"
+_ufmt = "ufmt check libcst scripts"
+_slotscheck = "python -m slotscheck libcst"
+_check_copyright = "python scripts/check_copyright.py"
+lint = ["_flake8", "_ufmt", "_slotscheck", "_check_copyright"]
+test = "python -m coverage run -m libcst.tests"
+typecheck = "pyre check"
+docs = "sphinx-build -ab html docs/source docs/build"
 
 [tool.slotscheck]
 exclude-modules = '^libcst\.(testing|tests)'
 
-[build-system]
-requires = ["setuptools", "wheel", "setuptools-rust"]
+[tool.ufmt]
+excludes = ["native/", "stubs/"]
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel]
+build-verbosity = 1
+environment = { PATH = "$PATH:$HOME/.cargo/bin", LIBCST_NO_LOCAL_SCHEME="1" }
+skip = [
+    "pp*",
+    "*-win32",
+    "*-musllinux_i686",
+    "*-musllinux_ppc64le",
+    "*-musllinux_s390x",
+    "*-musllinux_armv7l",
+]
+enable = ["cpython-freethreading"]
+test-command = [
+    "python --version",
+    "python -m libcst.tool list",
+    # TODO: remove the gil once thread-safety issues are resolved
+    "python -X gil=1 -m libcst.tool codemod remove_unused_imports.RemoveUnusedImportsCommand {project}/libcst/_nodes",
+]
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
+environment-pass = ["LIBCST_NO_LOCAL_SCHEME"]
+before-all = "yum install -y libatomic; curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | env -u CARGO_HOME sh -s -- --default-toolchain stable --profile minimal -y"
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.macos]
+before-all = "rustup target add aarch64-apple-darwin x86_64-apple-darwin"
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.windows]
+before-all = "rustup target add x86_64-pc-windows-msvc i686-pc-windows-msvc aarch64-pc-windows-msvc"
diff --git a/requirements-dev.txt b/requirements-dev.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 640b8af7..00000000
--- a/requirements-dev.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-black==22.3.0
-coverage>=4.5.4
-fixit==0.1.1
-flake8>=3.7.8
-git+https://github.com/jimmylai/sphinx.git@slots_type_annotation
-hypothesis>=4.36.0
-hypothesmith>=0.0.4
-jupyter>=1.0.0
-maturin>=0.8.3,<0.9
-nbsphinx>=0.4.2
-prompt-toolkit>=2.0.9
-pyre-check==0.9.9; platform_system != "Windows"
-setuptools_scm>=6.0.1
-sphinx-rtd-theme>=0.4.3
-ufmt==1.3
-usort==1.0.0rc1
-setuptools-rust>=0.12.1
-slotscheck>=0.7.1
-jinja2==3.0.3
diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index cf8ff05c..00000000
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-dataclasses>=0.6.0; python_version < '3.7'
-typing_extensions>=3.7.4.2
-typing_inspect>=0.4.0
-pyyaml>=5.2
diff --git a/scripts/check_copyright.py b/scripts/check_copyright.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47d90ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/check_copyright.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+import re
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+from subprocess import run
+from typing import Iterable, List, Pattern
+
+# Use the copyright header from this file as the benchmark for all files
+EXPECTED_HEADER: str = "\n".join(
+    line for line in Path(__file__).read_text().splitlines()[:4]
+)
+
+EXCEPTION_PATTERNS: List[Pattern[str]] = [
+    re.compile(pattern)
+    for pattern in (
+        r"^native/libcst/tests/fixtures/",
+        r"^libcst/_add_slots\.py$",
+        r"^libcst/tests/test_(e2e|fuzz)\.py$",
+        r"^libcst/_parser/base_parser\.py$",
+        r"^libcst/_parser/parso/utils\.py$",
+        r"^libcst/_parser/parso/pgen2/(generator|grammar_parser)\.py$",
+        r"^libcst/_parser/parso/python/(py_token|tokenize)\.py$",
+        r"^libcst/_parser/parso/tests/test_(fstring|tokenize|utils)\.py$",
+    )
+]
+
+
+def tracked_files() -> Iterable[Path]:
+    proc = run(
+        ["git", "ls-tree", "-r", "--name-only", "HEAD"],
+        check=True,
+        capture_output=True,
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    yield from (
+        path
+        for line in proc.stdout.splitlines()
+        if not any(pattern.search(line) for pattern in EXCEPTION_PATTERNS)
+        if (path := Path(line)) and path.is_file() and path.suffix in (".py", ".sh")
+    )
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    error = False
+    for path in tracked_files():
+        content = path.read_text("utf-8")
+        if EXPECTED_HEADER not in content:
+            print(f"Missing or incomplete copyright in {path}")
+            error = True
+    sys.exit(1 if error else 0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/scripts/regenerate-fixtures.py b/scripts/regenerate-fixtures.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b67b304
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/regenerate-fixtures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+"""
+Regenerate test fixtures, eg. after upgrading Pyre
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+from subprocess import run
+
+from libcst.metadata import TypeInferenceProvider
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    CWD = Path.cwd()
+    repo_root = Path(__file__).parent.parent
+    test_root = repo_root / "libcst" / "tests" / "pyre"
+
+    try:
+        os.chdir(test_root)
+        run(["pyre", "-n", "start", "--no-watchman"], check=True)
+
+        for file_path in test_root.glob("*.py"):
+            json_path = file_path.with_suffix(".json")
+            print(f"generating {file_path} -> {json_path}")
+
+            path_str = file_path.as_posix()
+            cache = TypeInferenceProvider.gen_cache(test_root, [path_str], timeout=None)
+            result = cache[path_str]
+            json_path.write_text(json.dumps(result, sort_keys=True, indent=2))
+
+    finally:
+        run(["pyre", "-n", "stop"], check=True)
+        os.chdir(CWD)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 4fa892dd..12180cbc 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -3,24 +3,18 @@
 # This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
-
-from os import environ, path
+from os import environ
 
 import setuptools
 from setuptools_rust import Binding, RustExtension
 
 
-# Grab the readme so that our package stays in sync with github.
-this_directory: str = path.abspath(path.dirname(__file__))
-with open(path.join(this_directory, "README.rst"), encoding="utf-8") as f:
-    long_description: str = f.read()
-
-
 def no_local_scheme(version: str) -> str:
     return ""
 
 
 setuptools.setup(
+    setup_requires=["setuptools-rust", "setuptools_scm"],
     use_scm_version={
         "write_to": "libcst/_version.py",
         **(
@@ -29,12 +23,6 @@ setuptools.setup(
             else {}
         ),
     },
-    name="libcst",
-    description="A concrete syntax tree with AST-like properties for Python 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, and 3.10 programs.",
-    long_description=long_description,
-    long_description_content_type="text/x-rst",
-    url="https://github.com/Instagram/LibCST",
-    license="MIT",
     packages=setuptools.find_packages(),
     package_data={
         "libcst": ["py.typed"],
@@ -42,16 +30,6 @@ setuptools.setup(
         "libcst.codemod.tests": ["*"],
     },
     test_suite="libcst",
-    python_requires=">=3.7",
-    setup_requires=["setuptools_scm"],
-    install_requires=[dep.strip() for dep in open("requirements.txt").readlines()],
-    extras_require={
-        "dev": [
-            dep.strip()
-            for dep in open("requirements-dev.txt").readlines()
-            if "=" in dep
-        ],
-    },
     rust_extensions=[
         RustExtension(
             "libcst.native",
@@ -59,13 +37,5 @@ setuptools.setup(
             binding=Binding.PyO3,
         )
     ],
-    classifiers=[
-        "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
-        "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries",
-        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7",
-        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8",
-        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
-        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
-    ],
     zip_safe=False,  # for mypy compatibility https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installed_packages.html
 )
diff --git a/stubs/hypothesis.pyi b/stubs/hypothesis.pyi
index 0568b4d1..a8c27975 100644
--- a/stubs/hypothesis.pyi
+++ b/stubs/hypothesis.pyi
@@ -1 +1,5 @@
-# pyre-placeholder-stub
+# pyre-unsafe
+
+from typing import Any
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any: ...
diff --git a/stubs/hypothesmith.pyi b/stubs/hypothesmith.pyi
index 0568b4d1..a8c27975 100644
--- a/stubs/hypothesmith.pyi
+++ b/stubs/hypothesmith.pyi
@@ -1 +1,5 @@
-# pyre-placeholder-stub
+# pyre-unsafe
+
+from typing import Any
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any: ...
diff --git a/stubs/setuptools.pyi b/stubs/setuptools.pyi
index 0568b4d1..a8c27975 100644
--- a/stubs/setuptools.pyi
+++ b/stubs/setuptools.pyi
@@ -1 +1,5 @@
-# pyre-placeholder-stub
+# pyre-unsafe
+
+from typing import Any
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any: ...
diff --git a/stubs/typing_inspect.pyi b/stubs/typing_inspect.pyi
index 0568b4d1..a8c27975 100644
--- a/stubs/typing_inspect.pyi
+++ b/stubs/typing_inspect.pyi
@@ -1 +1,5 @@
-# pyre-placeholder-stub
+# pyre-unsafe
+
+from typing import Any
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any: ...
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f271e1ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,2866 @@
+version = 1
+revision = 2
+requires-python = ">=3.9"
+resolution-markers = [
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+    "python_full_version >= '3.11' and python_full_version < '3.13'",
+    "python_full_version == '3.10.*'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.10'",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "alabaster"
+version = "0.7.16"
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+resolution-markers = [
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diff --git a/zizmor.yml b/zizmor.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..faf5a0f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zizmor.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
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\ No newline at end of file