reorganize compiler crates

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,22 +1,12 @@
 [package]
-name = "rustpython-compiler-core"
+name = "rustpython-compiler"
 version = "0.1.2"
-description = "Compiler for python code into bytecode for the rustpython VM."
+description = "A usability wrapper around rustpython-parser and rustpython-compiler-core"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
-license = "MIT"
 edition = "2021"
 
 [dependencies]
-indexmap = "1.8.1"
-itertools = "0.10.3"
-rustpython-bytecode = { path = "../bytecode", version = "0.1.1" }
-rustpython-ast = { path = "../ast", features = ["unparse"] }
-num-complex = { version = "0.4.0", features = ["serde"] }
-num-traits = "0.2.14"
-log = "0.4.16"
-ahash = "0.7.6"
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-rustpython-parser = { path = "../parser" }
-insta = "1.14.0"
+thiserror = "1.0"
+rustpython-codegen = { path = "codegen" }
+rustpython-parser = { path = "parser" }
+rustpython-bytecode = { path = "bytecode" }

ast/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[package]
+name = "rustpython-ast"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["RustPython Team"]
+edition = "2021"
+
+[features]
+default = ["constant-optimization", "fold"]
+constant-optimization = ["fold"]
+fold = []
+unparse = ["rustpython-common"]
+
+[dependencies]
+num-bigint = "0.4.3"
+rustpython-common = { path = "../../common", optional = true }
+rustpython-bytecode = { path = "../bytecode"}

ast/Python.asdl

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+-- ASDL's 4 builtin types are:
+-- identifier, int, string, constant
+
+module Python
+{
+    mod = Module(stmt* body, type_ignore* type_ignores)
+        | Interactive(stmt* body)
+        | Expression(expr body)
+        | FunctionType(expr* argtypes, expr returns)
+
+    stmt = FunctionDef(identifier name, arguments args,
+                       stmt* body, expr* decorator_list, expr? returns,
+                       string? type_comment)
+          | AsyncFunctionDef(identifier name, arguments args,
+                             stmt* body, expr* decorator_list, expr? returns,
+                             string? type_comment)
+
+          | ClassDef(identifier name,
+             expr* bases,
+             keyword* keywords,
+             stmt* body,
+             expr* decorator_list)
+          | Return(expr? value)
+
+          | Delete(expr* targets)
+          | Assign(expr* targets, expr value, string? type_comment)
+          | AugAssign(expr target, operator op, expr value)
+          -- 'simple' indicates that we annotate simple name without parens
+          | AnnAssign(expr target, expr annotation, expr? value, int simple)
+
+          -- use 'orelse' because else is a keyword in target languages
+          | For(expr target, expr iter, stmt* body, stmt* orelse, string? type_comment)
+          | AsyncFor(expr target, expr iter, stmt* body, stmt* orelse, string? type_comment)
+          | While(expr test, stmt* body, stmt* orelse)
+          | If(expr test, stmt* body, stmt* orelse)
+          | With(withitem* items, stmt* body, string? type_comment)
+          | AsyncWith(withitem* items, stmt* body, string? type_comment)
+
+          | Match(expr subject, match_case* cases)
+
+          | Raise(expr? exc, expr? cause)
+          | Try(stmt* body, excepthandler* handlers, stmt* orelse, stmt* finalbody)
+          | Assert(expr test, expr? msg)
+
+          | Import(alias* names)
+          | ImportFrom(identifier? module, alias* names, int? level)
+
+          | Global(identifier* names)
+          | Nonlocal(identifier* names)
+          | Expr(expr value)
+          | Pass | Break | Continue
+
+          -- col_offset is the byte offset in the utf8 string the parser uses
+          attributes (int lineno, int col_offset, int? end_lineno, int? end_col_offset)
+
+          -- BoolOp() can use left & right?
+    expr = BoolOp(boolop op, expr* values)
+         | NamedExpr(expr target, expr value)
+         | BinOp(expr left, operator op, expr right)
+         | UnaryOp(unaryop op, expr operand)
+         | Lambda(arguments args, expr body)
+         | IfExp(expr test, expr body, expr orelse)
+         | Dict(expr* keys, expr* values)
+         | Set(expr* elts)
+         | ListComp(expr elt, comprehension* generators)
+         | SetComp(expr elt, comprehension* generators)
+         | DictComp(expr key, expr value, comprehension* generators)
+         | GeneratorExp(expr elt, comprehension* generators)
+         -- the grammar constrains where yield expressions can occur
+         | Await(expr value)
+         | Yield(expr? value)
+         | YieldFrom(expr value)
+         -- need sequences for compare to distinguish between
+         -- x < 4 < 3 and (x < 4) < 3
+         | Compare(expr left, cmpop* ops, expr* comparators)
+         | Call(expr func, expr* args, keyword* keywords)
+         | FormattedValue(expr value, int conversion, expr? format_spec)
+         | JoinedStr(expr* values)
+         | Constant(constant value, string? kind)
+
+         -- the following expression can appear in assignment context
+         | Attribute(expr value, identifier attr, expr_context ctx)
+         | Subscript(expr value, expr slice, expr_context ctx)
+         | Starred(expr value, expr_context ctx)
+         | Name(identifier id, expr_context ctx)
+         | List(expr* elts, expr_context ctx)
+         | Tuple(expr* elts, expr_context ctx)
+
+         -- can appear only in Subscript
+         | Slice(expr? lower, expr? upper, expr? step)
+
+          -- col_offset is the byte offset in the utf8 string the parser uses
+          attributes (int lineno, int col_offset, int? end_lineno, int? end_col_offset)
+
+    expr_context = Load | Store | Del
+
+    boolop = And | Or
+
+    operator = Add | Sub | Mult | MatMult | Div | Mod | Pow | LShift
+                 | RShift | BitOr | BitXor | BitAnd | FloorDiv
+
+    unaryop = Invert | Not | UAdd | USub
+
+    cmpop = Eq | NotEq | Lt | LtE | Gt | GtE | Is | IsNot | In | NotIn
+
+    comprehension = (expr target, expr iter, expr* ifs, int is_async)
+
+    excepthandler = ExceptHandler(expr? type, identifier? name, stmt* body)
+                    attributes (int lineno, int col_offset, int? end_lineno, int? end_col_offset)
+
+    arguments = (arg* posonlyargs, arg* args, arg? vararg, arg* kwonlyargs,
+                 expr* kw_defaults, arg? kwarg, expr* defaults)
+
+    arg = (identifier arg, expr? annotation, string? type_comment)
+           attributes (int lineno, int col_offset, int? end_lineno, int? end_col_offset)
+
+    -- keyword arguments supplied to call (NULL identifier for **kwargs)
+    keyword = (identifier? arg, expr value)
+               attributes (int lineno, int col_offset, int? end_lineno, int? end_col_offset)
+
+    -- import name with optional 'as' alias.
+    alias = (identifier name, identifier? asname)
+             attributes (int lineno, int col_offset, int? end_lineno, int? end_col_offset)
+
+    withitem = (expr context_expr, expr? optional_vars)
+
+    match_case = (pattern pattern, expr? guard, stmt* body)
+
+    pattern = MatchValue(expr value)
+            | MatchSingleton(constant value)
+            | MatchSequence(pattern* patterns)
+            | MatchMapping(expr* keys, pattern* patterns, identifier? rest)
+            | MatchClass(expr cls, pattern* patterns, identifier* kwd_attrs, pattern* kwd_patterns)
+
+            | MatchStar(identifier? name)
+            -- The optional "rest" MatchMapping parameter handles capturing extra mapping keys
+
+            | MatchAs(pattern? pattern, identifier? name)
+            | MatchOr(pattern* patterns)
+
+             attributes (int lineno, int col_offset, int end_lineno, int end_col_offset)
+
+    type_ignore = TypeIgnore(int lineno, string tag)
+}

ast/asdl.py

@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Parser for ASDL [1] definition files. Reads in an ASDL description and parses
+# it into an AST that describes it.
+#
+# The EBNF we're parsing here: Figure 1 of the paper [1]. Extended to support
+# modules and attributes after a product. Words starting with Capital letters
+# are terminals. Literal tokens are in "double quotes". Others are
+# non-terminals. Id is either TokenId or ConstructorId.
+#
+# module        ::= "module" Id "{" [definitions] "}"
+# definitions   ::= { TypeId "=" type }
+# type          ::= product | sum
+# product       ::= fields ["attributes" fields]
+# fields        ::= "(" { field, "," } field ")"
+# field         ::= TypeId ["?" | "*"] [Id]
+# sum           ::= constructor { "|" constructor } ["attributes" fields]
+# constructor   ::= ConstructorId [fields]
+#
+# [1] "The Zephyr Abstract Syntax Description Language" by Wang, et. al. See
+#     http://asdl.sourceforge.net/
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+from collections import namedtuple
+import re
+
+__all__ = [
+    'builtin_types', 'parse', 'AST', 'Module', 'Type', 'Constructor',
+    'Field', 'Sum', 'Product', 'VisitorBase', 'Check', 'check']
+
+# The following classes define nodes into which the ASDL description is parsed.
+# Note: this is a "meta-AST". ASDL files (such as Python.asdl) describe the AST
+# structure used by a programming language. But ASDL files themselves need to be
+# parsed. This module parses ASDL files and uses a simple AST to represent them.
+# See the EBNF at the top of the file to understand the logical connection
+# between the various node types.
+
+builtin_types = {'identifier', 'string', 'int', 'constant'}
+
+class AST:
+    def __repr__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+class Module(AST):
+    def __init__(self, name, dfns):
+        self.name = name
+        self.dfns = dfns
+        self.types = {type.name: type.value for type in dfns}
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Module({0.name}, {0.dfns})'.format(self)
+
+class Type(AST):
+    def __init__(self, name, value):
+        self.name = name
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Type({0.name}, {0.value})'.format(self)
+
+class Constructor(AST):
+    def __init__(self, name, fields=None):
+        self.name = name
+        self.fields = fields or []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Constructor({0.name}, {0.fields})'.format(self)
+
+class Field(AST):
+    def __init__(self, type, name=None, seq=False, opt=False):
+        self.type = type
+        self.name = name
+        self.seq = seq
+        self.opt = opt
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.seq:
+            extra = "*"
+        elif self.opt:
+            extra = "?"
+        else:
+            extra = ""
+
+        return "{}{} {}".format(self.type, extra, self.name)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.seq:
+            extra = ", seq=True"
+        elif self.opt:
+            extra = ", opt=True"
+        else:
+            extra = ""
+        if self.name is None:
+            return 'Field({0.type}{1})'.format(self, extra)
+        else:
+            return 'Field({0.type}, {0.name}{1})'.format(self, extra)
+
+class Sum(AST):
+    def __init__(self, types, attributes=None):
+        self.types = types
+        self.attributes = attributes or []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.attributes:
+            return 'Sum({0.types}, {0.attributes})'.format(self)
+        else:
+            return 'Sum({0.types})'.format(self)
+
+class Product(AST):
+    def __init__(self, fields, attributes=None):
+        self.fields = fields
+        self.attributes = attributes or []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.attributes:
+            return 'Product({0.fields}, {0.attributes})'.format(self)
+        else:
+            return 'Product({0.fields})'.format(self)
+
+# A generic visitor for the meta-AST that describes ASDL. This can be used by
+# emitters. Note that this visitor does not provide a generic visit method, so a
+# subclass needs to define visit methods from visitModule to as deep as the
+# interesting node.
+# We also define a Check visitor that makes sure the parsed ASDL is well-formed.
+
+class VisitorBase(object):
+    """Generic tree visitor for ASTs."""
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.cache = {}
+
+    def visit(self, obj, *args):
+        klass = obj.__class__
+        meth = self.cache.get(klass)
+        if meth is None:
+            methname = "visit" + klass.__name__
+            meth = getattr(self, methname, None)
+            self.cache[klass] = meth
+        if meth:
+            try:
+                meth(obj, *args)
+            except Exception as e:
+                print("Error visiting %r: %s" % (obj, e))
+                raise
+
+class Check(VisitorBase):
+    """A visitor that checks a parsed ASDL tree for correctness.
+
+    Errors are printed and accumulated.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(Check, self).__init__()
+        self.cons = {}
+        self.errors = 0
+        self.types = {}
+
+    def visitModule(self, mod):
+        for dfn in mod.dfns:
+            self.visit(dfn)
+
+    def visitType(self, type):
+        self.visit(type.value, str(type.name))
+
+    def visitSum(self, sum, name):
+        for t in sum.types:
+            self.visit(t, name)
+
+    def visitConstructor(self, cons, name):
+        key = str(cons.name)
+        conflict = self.cons.get(key)
+        if conflict is None:
+            self.cons[key] = name
+        else:
+            print('Redefinition of constructor {}'.format(key))
+            print('Defined in {} and {}'.format(conflict, name))
+            self.errors += 1
+        for f in cons.fields:
+            self.visit(f, key)
+
+    def visitField(self, field, name):
+        key = str(field.type)
+        l = self.types.setdefault(key, [])
+        l.append(name)
+
+    def visitProduct(self, prod, name):
+        for f in prod.fields:
+            self.visit(f, name)
+
+def check(mod):
+    """Check the parsed ASDL tree for correctness.
+
+    Return True if success. For failure, the errors are printed out and False
+    is returned.
+    """
+    v = Check()
+    v.visit(mod)
+
+    for t in v.types:
+        if t not in mod.types and not t in builtin_types:
+            v.errors += 1
+            uses = ", ".join(v.types[t])
+            print('Undefined type {}, used in {}'.format(t, uses))
+    return not v.errors
+
+# The ASDL parser itself comes next. The only interesting external interface
+# here is the top-level parse function.
+
+def parse(filename):
+    """Parse ASDL from the given file and return a Module node describing it."""
+    with open(filename, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        parser = ASDLParser()
+        return parser.parse(f.read())
+
+# Types for describing tokens in an ASDL specification.
+class TokenKind:
+    """TokenKind is provides a scope for enumerated token kinds."""
+    (ConstructorId, TypeId, Equals, Comma, Question, Pipe, Asterisk,
+     LParen, RParen, LBrace, RBrace) = range(11)
+
+    operator_table = {
+        '=': Equals, ',': Comma,    '?': Question, '|': Pipe,    '(': LParen,
+        ')': RParen, '*': Asterisk, '{': LBrace,   '}': RBrace}
+
+Token = namedtuple('Token', 'kind value lineno')
+
+class ASDLSyntaxError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, msg, lineno=None):
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.lineno = lineno or '<unknown>'
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return 'Syntax error on line {0.lineno}: {0.msg}'.format(self)
+
+def tokenize_asdl(buf):
+    """Tokenize the given buffer. Yield Token objects."""
+    for lineno, line in enumerate(buf.splitlines(), 1):
+        for m in re.finditer(r'\s*(\w+|--.*|.)', line.strip()):
+            c = m.group(1)
+            if c[0].isalpha():
+                # Some kind of identifier
+                if c[0].isupper():
+                    yield Token(TokenKind.ConstructorId, c, lineno)
+                else:
+                    yield Token(TokenKind.TypeId, c, lineno)
+            elif c[:2] == '--':
+                # Comment
+                break
+            else:
+                # Operators
+                try:
+                    op_kind = TokenKind.operator_table[c]
+                except KeyError:
+                    raise ASDLSyntaxError('Invalid operator %s' % c, lineno)
+                yield Token(op_kind, c, lineno)
+
+class ASDLParser:
+    """Parser for ASDL files.
+
+    Create, then call the parse method on a buffer containing ASDL.
+    This is a simple recursive descent parser that uses tokenize_asdl for the
+    lexing.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._tokenizer = None
+        self.cur_token = None
+
+    def parse(self, buf):
+        """Parse the ASDL in the buffer and return an AST with a Module root.
+        """
+        self._tokenizer = tokenize_asdl(buf)
+        self._advance()
+        return self._parse_module()
+
+    def _parse_module(self):
+        if self._at_keyword('module'):
+            self._advance()
+        else:
+            raise ASDLSyntaxError(
+                'Expected "module" (found {})'.format(self.cur_token.value),
+                self.cur_token.lineno)
+        name = self._match(self._id_kinds)
+        self._match(TokenKind.LBrace)
+        defs = self._parse_definitions()
+        self._match(TokenKind.RBrace)
+        return Module(name, defs)
+
+    def _parse_definitions(self):
+        defs = []
+        while self.cur_token.kind == TokenKind.TypeId:
+            typename = self._advance()
+            self._match(TokenKind.Equals)
+            type = self._parse_type()
+            defs.append(Type(typename, type))
+        return defs
+
+    def _parse_type(self):
+        if self.cur_token.kind == TokenKind.LParen:
+            # If we see a (, it's a product
+            return self._parse_product()
+        else:
+            # Otherwise it's a sum. Look for ConstructorId
+            sumlist = [Constructor(self._match(TokenKind.ConstructorId),
+                                   self._parse_optional_fields())]
+            while self.cur_token.kind  == TokenKind.Pipe:
+                # More constructors
+                self._advance()
+                sumlist.append(Constructor(
+                                self._match(TokenKind.ConstructorId),
+                                self._parse_optional_fields()))
+            return Sum(sumlist, self._parse_optional_attributes())
+
+    def _parse_product(self):
+        return Product(self._parse_fields(), self._parse_optional_attributes())
+
+    def _parse_fields(self):
+        fields = []
+        self._match(TokenKind.LParen)
+        while self.cur_token.kind == TokenKind.TypeId:
+            typename = self._advance()
+            is_seq, is_opt = self._parse_optional_field_quantifier()
+            id = (self._advance() if self.cur_token.kind in self._id_kinds
+                                  else None)
+            fields.append(Field(typename, id, seq=is_seq, opt=is_opt))
+            if self.cur_token.kind == TokenKind.RParen:
+                break
+            elif self.cur_token.kind == TokenKind.Comma:
+                self._advance()
+        self._match(TokenKind.RParen)
+        return fields
+
+    def _parse_optional_fields(self):
+        if self.cur_token.kind == TokenKind.LParen:
+            return self._parse_fields()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _parse_optional_attributes(self):
+        if self._at_keyword('attributes'):
+            self._advance()
+            return self._parse_fields()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _parse_optional_field_quantifier(self):
+        is_seq, is_opt = False, False
+        if self.cur_token.kind == TokenKind.Asterisk:
+            is_seq = True
+            self._advance()
+        elif self.cur_token.kind == TokenKind.Question:
+            is_opt = True
+            self._advance()
+        return is_seq, is_opt
+
+    def _advance(self):
+        """ Return the value of the current token and read the next one into
+            self.cur_token.
+        """
+        cur_val = None if self.cur_token is None else self.cur_token.value
+        try:
+            self.cur_token = next(self._tokenizer)
+        except StopIteration:
+            self.cur_token = None
+        return cur_val
+
+    _id_kinds = (TokenKind.ConstructorId, TokenKind.TypeId)
+
+    def _match(self, kind):
+        """The 'match' primitive of RD parsers.
+
+        * Verifies that the current token is of the given kind (kind can
+          be a tuple, in which the kind must match one of its members).
+        * Returns the value of the current token
+        * Reads in the next token
+        """
+        if (isinstance(kind, tuple) and self.cur_token.kind in kind or
+            self.cur_token.kind == kind
+            ):
+            value = self.cur_token.value
+            self._advance()
+            return value
+        else:
+            raise ASDLSyntaxError(
+                'Unmatched {} (found {})'.format(kind, self.cur_token.kind),
+                self.cur_token.lineno)
+
+    def _at_keyword(self, keyword):
+        return (self.cur_token.kind == TokenKind.TypeId and
+                self.cur_token.value == keyword)

ast/asdl_rs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,726 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python
+"""Generate Rust code from an ASDL description."""
+
+import sys
+import json
+import textwrap
+
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import asdl
+
+TABSIZE = 4
+AUTOGEN_MESSAGE = "// File automatically generated by {}.\n"
+
+builtin_type_mapping = {
+    "identifier": "Ident",
+    "string": "String",
+    "int": "usize",
+    "constant": "Constant",
+}
+assert builtin_type_mapping.keys() == asdl.builtin_types
+
+
+def get_rust_type(name):
+    """Return a string for the C name of the type.
+
+    This function special cases the default types provided by asdl.
+    """
+    if name in asdl.builtin_types:
+        return builtin_type_mapping[name]
+    elif name.islower():
+        return "".join(part.capitalize() for part in name.split("_"))
+    else:
+        return name
+
+
+def is_simple(sum):
+    """Return True if a sum is a simple.
+
+    A sum is simple if its types have no fields, e.g.
+    unaryop = Invert | Not | UAdd | USub
+    """
+    for t in sum.types:
+        if t.fields:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+
+def asdl_of(name, obj):
+    if isinstance(obj, asdl.Product) or isinstance(obj, asdl.Constructor):
+        fields = ", ".join(map(str, obj.fields))
+        if fields:
+            fields = "({})".format(fields)
+        return "{}{}".format(name, fields)
+    else:
+        if is_simple(obj):
+            types = " | ".join(type.name for type in obj.types)
+        else:
+            sep = "\n{}| ".format(" " * (len(name) + 1))
+            types = sep.join(asdl_of(type.name, type) for type in obj.types)
+        return "{} = {}".format(name, types)
+
+
+class EmitVisitor(asdl.VisitorBase):
+    """Visit that emits lines"""
+
+    def __init__(self, file):
+        self.file = file
+        self.identifiers = set()
+        super(EmitVisitor, self).__init__()
+
+    def emit_identifier(self, name):
+        name = str(name)
+        if name in self.identifiers:
+            return
+        self.emit("_Py_IDENTIFIER(%s);" % name, 0)
+        self.identifiers.add(name)
+
+    def emit(self, line, depth):
+        if line:
+            line = (" " * TABSIZE * depth) + line
+        self.file.write(line + "\n")
+
+
+class TypeInfo:
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+        self.has_userdata = None
+        self.children = set()
+        self.boxed = False
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<TypeInfo: {self.name}>"
+
+    def determine_userdata(self, typeinfo, stack):
+        if self.name in stack:
+            return None
+        stack.add(self.name)
+        for child, child_seq in self.children:
+            if child in asdl.builtin_types:
+                continue
+            childinfo = typeinfo[child]
+            child_has_userdata = childinfo.determine_userdata(typeinfo, stack)
+            if self.has_userdata is None and child_has_userdata is True:
+                self.has_userdata = True
+
+        stack.remove(self.name)
+        return self.has_userdata
+
+
+class FindUserdataTypesVisitor(asdl.VisitorBase):
+    def __init__(self, typeinfo):
+        self.typeinfo = typeinfo
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def visitModule(self, mod):
+        for dfn in mod.dfns:
+            self.visit(dfn)
+        stack = set()
+        for info in self.typeinfo.values():
+            info.determine_userdata(self.typeinfo, stack)
+
+    def visitType(self, type):
+        self.typeinfo[type.name] = TypeInfo(type.name)
+        self.visit(type.value, type.name)
+
+    def visitSum(self, sum, name):
+        info = self.typeinfo[name]
+        if is_simple(sum):
+            info.has_userdata = False
+        else:
+            if len(sum.types) > 1:
+                info.boxed = True
+            if sum.attributes:
+                # attributes means Located, which has the `custom: U` field
+                info.has_userdata = True
+        for variant in sum.types:
+            self.add_children(name, variant.fields)
+
+    def visitProduct(self, product, name):
+        info = self.typeinfo[name]
+        if product.attributes:
+            # attributes means Located, which has the `custom: U` field
+            info.has_userdata = True
+        if len(product.fields) > 2:
+            info.boxed = True
+        self.add_children(name, product.fields)
+
+    def add_children(self, name, fields):
+        self.typeinfo[name].children.update((field.type, field.seq) for field in fields)
+
+
+def rust_field(field_name):
+    if field_name == "type":
+        return "type_"
+    else:
+        return field_name
+
+
+class TypeInfoEmitVisitor(EmitVisitor):
+    def __init__(self, file, typeinfo):
+        self.typeinfo = typeinfo
+        super().__init__(file)
+
+    def has_userdata(self, typ):
+        return self.typeinfo[typ].has_userdata
+
+    def get_generics(self, typ, *generics):
+        if self.has_userdata(typ):
+            return [f"<{g}>" for g in generics]
+        else:
+            return ["" for g in generics]
+
+
+class StructVisitor(TypeInfoEmitVisitor):
+    """Visitor to generate typedefs for AST."""
+
+    def visitModule(self, mod):
+        for dfn in mod.dfns:
+            self.visit(dfn)
+
+    def visitType(self, type, depth=0):
+        self.visit(type.value, type.name, depth)
+
+    def visitSum(self, sum, name, depth):
+        if is_simple(sum):
+            self.simple_sum(sum, name, depth)
+        else:
+            self.sum_with_constructors(sum, name, depth)
+
+    def emit_attrs(self, depth):
+        self.emit("#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]", depth)
+
+    def simple_sum(self, sum, name, depth):
+        rustname = get_rust_type(name)
+        self.emit_attrs(depth)
+        self.emit(f"pub enum {rustname} {{", depth)
+        for variant in sum.types:
+            self.emit(f"{variant.name},", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+        self.emit("", depth)
+
+    def sum_with_constructors(self, sum, name, depth):
+        typeinfo = self.typeinfo[name]
+        generics, generics_applied = self.get_generics(name, "U = ()", "U")
+        enumname = rustname = get_rust_type(name)
+        # all the attributes right now are for location, so if it has attrs we
+        # can just wrap it in Located<>
+        if sum.attributes:
+            enumname = rustname + "Kind"
+        self.emit_attrs(depth)
+        self.emit(f"pub enum {enumname}{generics} {{", depth)
+        for t in sum.types:
+            self.visit(t, typeinfo, depth + 1)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+        if sum.attributes:
+            self.emit(
+                f"pub type {rustname}<U = ()> = Located<{enumname}{generics_applied}, U>;",
+                depth,
+            )
+        self.emit("", depth)
+
+    def visitConstructor(self, cons, parent, depth):
+        if cons.fields:
+            self.emit(f"{cons.name} {{", depth)
+            for f in cons.fields:
+                self.visit(f, parent, "", depth + 1)
+            self.emit("},", depth)
+        else:
+            self.emit(f"{cons.name},", depth)
+
+    def visitField(self, field, parent, vis, depth):
+        typ = get_rust_type(field.type)
+        fieldtype = self.typeinfo.get(field.type)
+        if fieldtype and fieldtype.has_userdata:
+            typ = f"{typ}<U>"
+        # don't box if we're doing Vec<T>, but do box if we're doing Vec<Option<Box<T>>>
+        if fieldtype and fieldtype.boxed and (not field.seq or field.opt):
+            typ = f"Box<{typ}>"
+        if field.opt:
+            typ = f"Option<{typ}>"
+        if field.seq:
+            typ = f"Vec<{typ}>"
+        name = rust_field(field.name)
+        self.emit(f"{vis}{name}: {typ},", depth)
+
+    def visitProduct(self, product, name, depth):
+        typeinfo = self.typeinfo[name]
+        generics, generics_applied = self.get_generics(name, "U = ()", "U")
+        dataname = rustname = get_rust_type(name)
+        if product.attributes:
+            dataname = rustname + "Data"
+        self.emit_attrs(depth)
+        has_expr = any(f.type != "identifier" for f in product.fields)
+        if has_expr:
+            datadef = f"{dataname}{generics}"
+        else:
+            datadef = dataname
+        self.emit(f"pub struct {datadef} {{", depth)
+        for f in product.fields:
+            self.visit(f, typeinfo, "pub ", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+        if product.attributes:
+            # attributes should just be location info
+            if not has_expr:
+                generics_applied = ""
+            self.emit(
+                f"pub type {rustname}<U = ()> = Located<{dataname}{generics_applied}, U>;",
+                depth,
+            )
+        self.emit("", depth)
+
+
+class FoldTraitDefVisitor(TypeInfoEmitVisitor):
+    def visitModule(self, mod, depth):
+        self.emit("pub trait Fold<U> {", depth)
+        self.emit("type TargetU;", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("type Error;", depth + 1)
+        self.emit(
+            "fn map_user(&mut self, user: U) -> Result<Self::TargetU, Self::Error>;",
+            depth + 2,
+        )
+        for dfn in mod.dfns:
+            self.visit(dfn, depth + 2)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+
+    def visitType(self, type, depth):
+        name = type.name
+        apply_u, apply_target_u = self.get_generics(name, "U", "Self::TargetU")
+        enumname = get_rust_type(name)
+        self.emit(
+            f"fn fold_{name}(&mut self, node: {enumname}{apply_u}) -> Result<{enumname}{apply_target_u}, Self::Error> {{",
+            depth,
+        )
+        self.emit(f"fold_{name}(self, node)", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+
+
+class FoldImplVisitor(TypeInfoEmitVisitor):
+    def visitModule(self, mod, depth):
+        self.emit(
+            "fn fold_located<U, F: Fold<U> + ?Sized, T, MT>(folder: &mut F, node: Located<T, U>, f: impl FnOnce(&mut F, T) -> Result<MT, F::Error>) -> Result<Located<MT, F::TargetU>, F::Error> {",
+            depth,
+        )
+        self.emit(
+            "Ok(Located { custom: folder.map_user(node.custom)?, location: node.location, node: f(folder, node.node)? })",
+            depth + 1,
+        )
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+        for dfn in mod.dfns:
+            self.visit(dfn, depth)
+
+    def visitType(self, type, depth=0):
+        self.visit(type.value, type.name, depth)
+
+    def visitSum(self, sum, name, depth):
+        apply_t, apply_u, apply_target_u = self.get_generics(
+            name, "T", "U", "F::TargetU"
+        )
+        enumname = get_rust_type(name)
+        is_located = bool(sum.attributes)
+
+        self.emit(f"impl<T, U> Foldable<T, U> for {enumname}{apply_t} {{", depth)
+        self.emit(f"type Mapped = {enumname}{apply_u};", depth + 1)
+        self.emit(
+            "fn fold<F: Fold<T, TargetU = U> + ?Sized>(self, folder: &mut F) -> Result<Self::Mapped, F::Error> {",
+            depth + 1,
+        )
+        self.emit(f"folder.fold_{name}(self)", depth + 2)
+        self.emit("}", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+
+        self.emit(
+            f"pub fn fold_{name}<U, F: Fold<U> + ?Sized>(#[allow(unused)] folder: &mut F, node: {enumname}{apply_u}) -> Result<{enumname}{apply_target_u}, F::Error> {{",
+            depth,
+        )
+        if is_located:
+            self.emit("fold_located(folder, node, |folder, node| {", depth)
+            enumname += "Kind"
+        self.emit("match node {", depth + 1)
+        for cons in sum.types:
+            fields_pattern = self.make_pattern(cons.fields)
+            self.emit(
+                f"{enumname}::{cons.name} {{ {fields_pattern} }} => {{", depth + 2
+            )
+            self.gen_construction(f"{enumname}::{cons.name}", cons.fields, depth + 3)
+            self.emit("}", depth + 2)
+        self.emit("}", depth + 1)
+        if is_located:
+            self.emit("})", depth)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+
+    def visitProduct(self, product, name, depth):
+        apply_t, apply_u, apply_target_u = self.get_generics(
+            name, "T", "U", "F::TargetU"
+        )
+        structname = get_rust_type(name)
+        is_located = bool(product.attributes)
+
+        self.emit(f"impl<T, U> Foldable<T, U> for {structname}{apply_t} {{", depth)
+        self.emit(f"type Mapped = {structname}{apply_u};", depth + 1)
+        self.emit(
+            "fn fold<F: Fold<T, TargetU = U> + ?Sized>(self, folder: &mut F) -> Result<Self::Mapped, F::Error> {",
+            depth + 1,
+        )
+        self.emit(f"folder.fold_{name}(self)", depth + 2)
+        self.emit("}", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+
+        self.emit(
+            f"pub fn fold_{name}<U, F: Fold<U> + ?Sized>(#[allow(unused)] folder: &mut F, node: {structname}{apply_u}) -> Result<{structname}{apply_target_u}, F::Error> {{",
+            depth,
+        )
+        if is_located:
+            self.emit("fold_located(folder, node, |folder, node| {", depth)
+            structname += "Data"
+        fields_pattern = self.make_pattern(product.fields)
+        self.emit(f"let {structname} {{ {fields_pattern} }} = node;", depth + 1)
+        self.gen_construction(structname, product.fields, depth + 1)
+        if is_located:
+            self.emit("})", depth)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+
+    def make_pattern(self, fields):
+        return ",".join(rust_field(f.name) for f in fields)
+
+    def gen_construction(self, cons_path, fields, depth):
+        self.emit(f"Ok({cons_path} {{", depth)
+        for field in fields:
+            name = rust_field(field.name)
+            self.emit(f"{name}: Foldable::fold({name}, folder)?,", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("})", depth)
+
+
+class FoldModuleVisitor(TypeInfoEmitVisitor):
+    def visitModule(self, mod):
+        depth = 0
+        self.emit('#[cfg(feature = "fold")]', depth)
+        self.emit("pub mod fold {", depth)
+        self.emit("use super::*;", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("use crate::fold_helpers::Foldable;", depth + 1)
+        FoldTraitDefVisitor(self.file, self.typeinfo).visit(mod, depth + 1)
+        FoldImplVisitor(self.file, self.typeinfo).visit(mod, depth + 1)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+
+
+class ClassDefVisitor(EmitVisitor):
+    def visitModule(self, mod):
+        for dfn in mod.dfns:
+            self.visit(dfn)
+
+    def visitType(self, type, depth=0):
+        self.visit(type.value, type.name, depth)
+
+    def visitSum(self, sum, name, depth):
+        structname = "NodeKind" + get_rust_type(name)
+        self.emit(
+            f'#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = {json.dumps(name)}, base = "AstNode")]',
+            depth,
+        )
+        self.emit(f"struct {structname};", depth)
+        self.emit("#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]", depth)
+        self.emit(f"impl {structname} {{}}", depth)
+        for cons in sum.types:
+            self.visit(cons, sum.attributes, structname, depth)
+
+    def visitConstructor(self, cons, attrs, base, depth):
+        self.gen_classdef(cons.name, cons.fields, attrs, depth, base)
+
+    def visitProduct(self, product, name, depth):
+        self.gen_classdef(name, product.fields, product.attributes, depth)
+
+    def gen_classdef(self, name, fields, attrs, depth, base="AstNode"):
+        structname = "Node" + get_rust_type(name)
+        self.emit(
+            f'#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = {json.dumps(name)}, base = {json.dumps(base)})]',
+            depth,
+        )
+        self.emit(f"struct {structname};", depth)
+        self.emit("#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]", depth)
+        self.emit(f"impl {structname} {{", depth)
+        self.emit(f"#[extend_class]", depth + 1)
+        self.emit(
+            "fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {",
+            depth + 1,
+        )
+        fields = ",".join(
+            f"ctx.new_str(ascii!({json.dumps(f.name)})).into()" for f in fields
+        )
+        self.emit(
+            f"class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_list(vec![{fields}]).into());",
+            depth + 2,
+        )
+        attrs = ",".join(
+            f"ctx.new_str(ascii!({json.dumps(attr.name)})).into()" for attr in attrs
+        )
+        self.emit(
+            f"class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![{attrs}]).into());",
+            depth + 2,
+        )
+        self.emit("}", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+
+
+class ExtendModuleVisitor(EmitVisitor):
+    def visitModule(self, mod):
+        depth = 0
+        self.emit(
+            "pub fn extend_module_nodes(vm: &VirtualMachine, module: &PyObject) {",
+            depth,
+        )
+        self.emit("extend_module!(vm, module, {", depth + 1)
+        for dfn in mod.dfns:
+            self.visit(dfn, depth + 2)
+        self.emit("})", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+
+    def visitType(self, type, depth):
+        self.visit(type.value, type.name, depth)
+
+    def visitSum(self, sum, name, depth):
+        rust_name = get_rust_type(name)
+        self.emit(
+            f"{json.dumps(name)} => NodeKind{rust_name}::make_class(&vm.ctx),", depth
+        )
+        for cons in sum.types:
+            self.visit(cons, depth)
+
+    def visitConstructor(self, cons, depth):
+        self.gen_extension(cons.name, depth)
+
+    def visitProduct(self, product, name, depth):
+        self.gen_extension(name, depth)
+
+    def gen_extension(self, name, depth):
+        rust_name = get_rust_type(name)
+        self.emit(f"{json.dumps(name)} => Node{rust_name}::make_class(&vm.ctx),", depth)
+
+
+class TraitImplVisitor(EmitVisitor):
+    def visitModule(self, mod):
+        for dfn in mod.dfns:
+            self.visit(dfn)
+
+    def visitType(self, type, depth=0):
+        self.visit(type.value, type.name, depth)
+
+    def visitSum(self, sum, name, depth):
+        enumname = get_rust_type(name)
+        if sum.attributes:
+            enumname += "Kind"
+
+        self.emit(f"impl NamedNode for ast::{enumname} {{", depth)
+        self.emit(f"const NAME: &'static str = {json.dumps(name)};", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+        self.emit(f"impl Node for ast::{enumname} {{", depth)
+        self.emit(
+            "fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {", depth + 1
+        )
+        self.emit("match self {", depth + 2)
+        for variant in sum.types:
+            self.constructor_to_object(variant, enumname, depth + 3)
+        self.emit("}", depth + 2)
+        self.emit("}", depth + 1)
+        self.emit(
+            "fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {",
+            depth + 1,
+        )
+        self.gen_sum_fromobj(sum, name, enumname, depth + 2)
+        self.emit("}", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+
+    def constructor_to_object(self, cons, enumname, depth):
+        fields_pattern = self.make_pattern(cons.fields)
+        self.emit(f"ast::{enumname}::{cons.name} {{ {fields_pattern} }} => {{", depth)
+        self.make_node(cons.name, cons.fields, depth + 1)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+
+    def visitProduct(self, product, name, depth):
+        structname = get_rust_type(name)
+        if product.attributes:
+            structname += "Data"
+
+        self.emit(f"impl NamedNode for ast::{structname} {{", depth)
+        self.emit(f"const NAME: &'static str = {json.dumps(name)};", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+        self.emit(f"impl Node for ast::{structname} {{", depth)
+        self.emit(
+            "fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {", depth + 1
+        )
+        fields_pattern = self.make_pattern(product.fields)
+        self.emit(f"let ast::{structname} {{ {fields_pattern} }} = self;", depth + 2)
+        self.make_node(name, product.fields, depth + 2)
+        self.emit("}", depth + 1)
+        self.emit(
+            "fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {",
+            depth + 1,
+        )
+        self.gen_product_fromobj(product, name, structname, depth + 2)
+        self.emit("}", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+
+    def make_node(self, variant, fields, depth):
+        rust_variant = get_rust_type(variant)
+        self.emit(
+            f"let _node = AstNode.into_ref_with_type(_vm, Node{rust_variant}::static_type().to_owned()).unwrap();",
+            depth,
+        )
+        if fields:
+            self.emit("let _dict = _node.as_object().dict().unwrap();", depth)
+        for f in fields:
+            self.emit(
+                f"_dict.set_item({json.dumps(f.name)}, {rust_field(f.name)}.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();",
+                depth,
+            )
+        self.emit("_node.into()", depth)
+
+    def make_pattern(self, fields):
+        return ",".join(rust_field(f.name) for f in fields)
+
+    def gen_sum_fromobj(self, sum, sumname, enumname, depth):
+        if sum.attributes:
+            self.extract_location(sumname, depth)
+
+        self.emit("let _cls = _object.class();", depth)
+        self.emit("Ok(", depth)
+        for cons in sum.types:
+            self.emit(f"if _cls.is(Node{cons.name}::static_type()) {{", depth)
+            self.gen_construction(f"{enumname}::{cons.name}", cons, sumname, depth + 1)
+            self.emit("} else", depth)
+
+        self.emit("{", depth)
+        msg = f'format!("expected some sort of {sumname}, but got {{}}",_object.repr(_vm)?)'
+        self.emit(f"return Err(_vm.new_type_error({msg}));", depth + 1)
+        self.emit("})", depth)
+
+    def gen_product_fromobj(self, product, prodname, structname, depth):
+        if product.attributes:
+            self.extract_location(prodname, depth)
+
+        self.emit("Ok(", depth)
+        self.gen_construction(structname, product, prodname, depth + 1)
+        self.emit(")", depth)
+
+    def gen_construction(self, cons_path, cons, name, depth):
+        self.emit(f"ast::{cons_path} {{", depth)
+        for field in cons.fields:
+            self.emit(
+                f"{rust_field(field.name)}: {self.decode_field(field, name)},",
+                depth + 1,
+            )
+        self.emit("}", depth)
+
+    def extract_location(self, typename, depth):
+        row = self.decode_field(asdl.Field("int", "lineno"), typename)
+        column = self.decode_field(asdl.Field("int", "col_offset"), typename)
+        self.emit(f"let _location = ast::Location::new({row}, {column});", depth)
+
+    def wrap_located_node(self, depth):
+        self.emit(f"let node = ast::Located::new(_location, node);", depth)
+
+    def decode_field(self, field, typename):
+        name = json.dumps(field.name)
+        if field.opt and not field.seq:
+            return f"get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, {name})?.map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj)).transpose()?"
+        else:
+            return f"Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, {name}, {json.dumps(typename)})?)?"
+
+
+class ChainOfVisitors:
+    def __init__(self, *visitors):
+        self.visitors = visitors
+
+    def visit(self, object):
+        for v in self.visitors:
+            v.visit(object)
+            v.emit("", 0)
+
+
+def write_ast_def(mod, typeinfo, f):
+    f.write(
+        textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+        #![allow(clippy::derive_partial_eq_without_eq)]
+        
+        pub use crate::constant::*;
+        pub use crate::location::Location;
+
+        type Ident = String;
+        \n
+    """
+        )
+    )
+    StructVisitor(f, typeinfo).emit_attrs(0)
+    f.write(
+        textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+        pub struct Located<T, U = ()> {
+            pub location: Location,
+            pub custom: U,
+            pub node: T,
+        }
+    
+        impl<T> Located<T> {
+            pub fn new(location: Location, node: T) -> Self {
+                Self { location, custom: (), node }
+            }
+        }
+        \n
+    """.lstrip()
+        )
+    )
+
+    c = ChainOfVisitors(StructVisitor(f, typeinfo), FoldModuleVisitor(f, typeinfo))
+    c.visit(mod)
+
+
+def write_ast_mod(mod, f):
+    f.write(
+        textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+        #![allow(clippy::all)]
+
+        use super::*;
+        use crate::common::ascii;
+
+    """
+        )
+    )
+
+    c = ChainOfVisitors(ClassDefVisitor(f), TraitImplVisitor(f), ExtendModuleVisitor(f))
+    c.visit(mod)
+
+
+def main(input_filename, ast_mod_filename, ast_def_filename, dump_module=False):
+    auto_gen_msg = AUTOGEN_MESSAGE.format("/".join(Path(__file__).parts[-2:]))
+    mod = asdl.parse(input_filename)
+    if dump_module:
+        print("Parsed Module:")
+        print(mod)
+    if not asdl.check(mod):
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    typeinfo = {}
+    FindUserdataTypesVisitor(typeinfo).visit(mod)
+
+    with ast_def_filename.open("w") as def_file, ast_mod_filename.open("w") as mod_file:
+        def_file.write(auto_gen_msg)
+        write_ast_def(mod, typeinfo, def_file)
+
+        mod_file.write(auto_gen_msg)
+        write_ast_mod(mod, mod_file)
+
+    print(f"{ast_def_filename}, {ast_mod_filename} regenerated.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("input_file", type=Path)
+    parser.add_argument("-M", "--mod-file", type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("-D", "--def-file", type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("-d", "--dump-module", action="store_true")
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    main(args.input_file, args.mod_file, args.def_file, args.dump_module)

ast/src/constant.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+use num_bigint::BigInt;
+pub use rustpython_bytecode::ConversionFlag;
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Constant {
+    None,
+    Bool(bool),
+    Str(String),
+    Bytes(Vec<u8>),
+    Int(BigInt),
+    Tuple(Vec<Constant>),
+    Float(f64),
+    Complex { real: f64, imag: f64 },
+    Ellipsis,
+}
+
+impl From<String> for Constant {
+    fn from(s: String) -> Constant {
+        Self::Str(s)
+    }
+}
+impl From<Vec<u8>> for Constant {
+    fn from(b: Vec<u8>) -> Constant {
+        Self::Bytes(b)
+    }
+}
+impl From<bool> for Constant {
+    fn from(b: bool) -> Constant {
+        Self::Bool(b)
+    }
+}
+impl From<BigInt> for Constant {
+    fn from(i: BigInt) -> Constant {
+        Self::Int(i)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "rustpython-common")]
+impl std::fmt::Display for Constant {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Constant::None => f.pad("None"),
+            Constant::Bool(b) => f.pad(if *b { "True" } else { "False" }),
+            Constant::Str(s) => rustpython_common::str::repr(s).fmt(f),
+            Constant::Bytes(b) => f.pad(&rustpython_common::bytes::repr(b)),
+            Constant::Int(i) => i.fmt(f),
+            Constant::Tuple(tup) => {
+                if let [elt] = &**tup {
+                    write!(f, "({},)", elt)
+                } else {
+                    f.write_str("(")?;
+                    for (i, elt) in tup.iter().enumerate() {
+                        if i != 0 {
+                            f.write_str(", ")?;
+                        }
+                        elt.fmt(f)?;
+                    }
+                    f.write_str(")")
+                }
+            }
+            Constant::Float(fp) => f.pad(&rustpython_common::float_ops::to_string(*fp)),
+            Constant::Complex { real, imag } => {
+                if *real == 0.0 {
+                    write!(f, "{}j", imag)
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "({}{:+}j)", real, imag)
+                }
+            }
+            Constant::Ellipsis => f.pad("..."),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "constant-optimization")]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct ConstantOptimizer {}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "constant-optimization")]
+impl ConstantOptimizer {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {}
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "constant-optimization")]
+impl<U> crate::fold::Fold<U> for ConstantOptimizer {
+    type TargetU = U;
+    type Error = std::convert::Infallible;
+    #[inline]
+    fn map_user(&mut self, user: U) -> Result<Self::TargetU, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(user)
+    }
+    fn fold_expr(&mut self, node: crate::Expr<U>) -> Result<crate::Expr<U>, Self::Error> {
+        match node.node {
+            crate::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, ctx } => {
+                let elts = elts
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|x| self.fold_expr(x))
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+                let expr = if elts
+                    .iter()
+                    .all(|e| matches!(e.node, crate::ExprKind::Constant { .. }))
+                {
+                    let tuple = elts
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(|e| match e.node {
+                            crate::ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => value,
+                            _ => unreachable!(),
+                        })
+                        .collect();
+                    crate::ExprKind::Constant {
+                        value: Constant::Tuple(tuple),
+                        kind: None,
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    crate::ExprKind::Tuple { elts, ctx }
+                };
+                Ok(crate::Expr {
+                    node: expr,
+                    custom: node.custom,
+                    location: node.location,
+                })
+            }
+            _ => crate::fold::fold_expr(self, node),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[cfg(feature = "constant-optimization")]
+    #[test]
+    fn test_constant_opt() {
+        use super::*;
+        use crate::fold::Fold;
+        use crate::*;
+
+        let location = Location::new(0, 0);
+        let custom = ();
+        let ast = Located {
+            location,
+            custom,
+            node: ExprKind::Tuple {
+                ctx: ExprContext::Load,
+                elts: vec![
+                    Located {
+                        location,
+                        custom,
+                        node: ExprKind::Constant {
+                            value: BigInt::from(1).into(),
+                            kind: None,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    Located {
+                        location,
+                        custom,
+                        node: ExprKind::Constant {
+                            value: BigInt::from(2).into(),
+                            kind: None,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    Located {
+                        location,
+                        custom,
+                        node: ExprKind::Tuple {
+                            ctx: ExprContext::Load,
+                            elts: vec![
+                                Located {
+                                    location,
+                                    custom,
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
+                                        value: BigInt::from(3).into(),
+                                        kind: None,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                                Located {
+                                    location,
+                                    custom,
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
+                                        value: BigInt::from(4).into(),
+                                        kind: None,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                                Located {
+                                    location,
+                                    custom,
+                                    node: ExprKind::Constant {
+                                        value: BigInt::from(5).into(),
+                                        kind: None,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            ],
+                        },
+                    },
+                ],
+            },
+        };
+        let new_ast = ConstantOptimizer::new()
+            .fold_expr(ast)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|e| match e {});
+        assert_eq!(
+            new_ast,
+            Located {
+                location,
+                custom,
+                node: ExprKind::Constant {
+                    value: Constant::Tuple(vec![
+                        BigInt::from(1).into(),
+                        BigInt::from(2).into(),
+                        Constant::Tuple(vec![
+                            BigInt::from(3).into(),
+                            BigInt::from(4).into(),
+                            BigInt::from(5).into(),
+                        ])
+                    ]),
+                    kind: None
+                },
+            }
+        );
+    }
+}

ast/src/fold_helpers.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+use crate::constant;
+use crate::fold::Fold;
+
+pub(crate) trait Foldable<T, U> {
+    type Mapped;
+    fn fold<F: Fold<T, TargetU = U> + ?Sized>(
+        self,
+        folder: &mut F,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Mapped, F::Error>;
+}
+
+impl<T, U, X> Foldable<T, U> for Vec<X>
+where
+    X: Foldable<T, U>,
+{
+    type Mapped = Vec<X::Mapped>;
+    fn fold<F: Fold<T, TargetU = U> + ?Sized>(
+        self,
+        folder: &mut F,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Mapped, F::Error> {
+        self.into_iter().map(|x| x.fold(folder)).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U, X> Foldable<T, U> for Option<X>
+where
+    X: Foldable<T, U>,
+{
+    type Mapped = Option<X::Mapped>;
+    fn fold<F: Fold<T, TargetU = U> + ?Sized>(
+        self,
+        folder: &mut F,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Mapped, F::Error> {
+        self.map(|x| x.fold(folder)).transpose()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U, X> Foldable<T, U> for Box<X>
+where
+    X: Foldable<T, U>,
+{
+    type Mapped = Box<X::Mapped>;
+    fn fold<F: Fold<T, TargetU = U> + ?Sized>(
+        self,
+        folder: &mut F,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Mapped, F::Error> {
+        (*self).fold(folder).map(Box::new)
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! simple_fold {
+    ($($t:ty),+$(,)?) => {
+        $(impl<T, U> $crate::fold_helpers::Foldable<T, U> for $t {
+            type Mapped = Self;
+            #[inline]
+            fn fold<F: Fold<T, TargetU = U> + ?Sized>(
+                self,
+                _folder: &mut F,
+            ) -> Result<Self::Mapped, F::Error> {
+                Ok(self)
+            }
+        })+
+    };
+}
+
+simple_fold!(usize, String, bool, constant::Constant);

ast/src/impls.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+use crate::{Constant, ExprKind};
+
+impl<U> ExprKind<U> {
+    /// Returns a short name for the node suitable for use in error messages.
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            ExprKind::BoolOp { .. } | ExprKind::BinOp { .. } | ExprKind::UnaryOp { .. } => {
+                "operator"
+            }
+            ExprKind::Subscript { .. } => "subscript",
+            ExprKind::Await { .. } => "await expression",
+            ExprKind::Yield { .. } | ExprKind::YieldFrom { .. } => "yield expression",
+            ExprKind::Compare { .. } => "comparison",
+            ExprKind::Attribute { .. } => "attribute",
+            ExprKind::Call { .. } => "function call",
+            ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => match value {
+                Constant::Str(_)
+                | Constant::Int(_)
+                | Constant::Float(_)
+                | Constant::Complex { .. }
+                | Constant::Bytes(_) => "literal",
+                Constant::Tuple(_) => "tuple",
+                Constant::Bool(b) => {
+                    if *b {
+                        "True"
+                    } else {
+                        "False"
+                    }
+                }
+                Constant::None => "None",
+                Constant::Ellipsis => "ellipsis",
+            },
+            ExprKind::List { .. } => "list",
+            ExprKind::Tuple { .. } => "tuple",
+            ExprKind::Dict { .. } => "dict display",
+            ExprKind::Set { .. } => "set display",
+            ExprKind::ListComp { .. } => "list comprehension",
+            ExprKind::DictComp { .. } => "dict comprehension",
+            ExprKind::SetComp { .. } => "set comprehension",
+            ExprKind::GeneratorExp { .. } => "generator expression",
+            ExprKind::Starred { .. } => "starred",
+            ExprKind::Slice { .. } => "slice",
+            ExprKind::JoinedStr { values } => {
+                if values
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|e| matches!(e.node, ExprKind::JoinedStr { .. }))
+                {
+                    "f-string expression"
+                } else {
+                    "literal"
+                }
+            }
+            ExprKind::FormattedValue { .. } => "f-string expression",
+            ExprKind::Name { .. } => "name",
+            ExprKind::Lambda { .. } => "lambda",
+            ExprKind::IfExp { .. } => "conditional expression",
+            ExprKind::NamedExpr { .. } => "named expression",
+        }
+    }
+}

ast/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+mod ast_gen;
+mod constant;
+#[cfg(feature = "fold")]
+mod fold_helpers;
+mod impls;
+mod location;
+#[cfg(feature = "unparse")]
+mod unparse;
+
+pub use ast_gen::*;
+pub use location::Location;
+
+pub type Suite<U = ()> = Vec<Stmt<U>>;

ast/src/location.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+//! Datatypes to support source location information.
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+/// A location somewhere in the sourcecode.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Location {
+    row: usize,
+    column: usize,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Location {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "line {} column {}", self.row, self.column)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Location {
+    pub fn visualize<'a>(
+        &self,
+        line: &'a str,
+        desc: impl fmt::Display + 'a,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a {
+        struct Visualize<'a, D: fmt::Display> {
+            loc: Location,
+            line: &'a str,
+            desc: D,
+        }
+        impl<D: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Visualize<'_, D> {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "{}\n{}{arrow:>pad$}",
+                    self.desc,
+                    self.line,
+                    pad = self.loc.column,
+                    arrow = "^",
+                )
+            }
+        }
+        Visualize {
+            loc: *self,
+            line,
+            desc,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Location {
+    pub fn new(row: usize, column: usize) -> Self {
+        Location { row, column }
+    }
+
+    pub fn row(&self) -> usize {
+        self.row
+    }
+
+    pub fn column(&self) -> usize {
+        self.column
+    }
+
+    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
+        self.row = 1;
+        self.column = 1;
+    }
+
+    pub fn go_right(&mut self) {
+        self.column += 1;
+    }
+
+    pub fn go_left(&mut self) {
+        self.column -= 1;
+    }
+
+    pub fn newline(&mut self) {
+        self.row += 1;
+        self.column = 1;
+    }
+}

ast/src/unparse.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+use crate::{
+    Arg, Arguments, Boolop, Cmpop, Comprehension, Constant, ConversionFlag, Expr, ExprKind,
+    Operator,
+};
+use std::fmt;
+
+mod precedence {
+    macro_rules! precedence {
+        ($($op:ident,)*) => {
+            precedence!(@0, $($op,)*);
+        };
+        (@$i:expr, $op1:ident, $($op:ident,)*) => {
+            pub const $op1: u8 = $i;
+            precedence!(@$i + 1, $($op,)*);
+        };
+        (@$i:expr,) => {};
+    }
+    precedence!(
+        TUPLE, TEST, OR, AND, NOT, CMP, // "EXPR" =
+        BOR, BXOR, BAND, SHIFT, ARITH, TERM, FACTOR, POWER, AWAIT, ATOM,
+    );
+    pub const EXPR: u8 = BOR;
+}
+
+#[repr(transparent)]
+struct Unparser<'a> {
+    f: fmt::Formatter<'a>,
+}
+impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
+    fn new<'b>(f: &'b mut fmt::Formatter<'a>) -> &'b mut Unparser<'a> {
+        unsafe { &mut *(f as *mut fmt::Formatter<'a> as *mut Unparser<'a>) }
+    }
+
+    fn p(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.f.write_str(s)
+    }
+    fn p_if(&mut self, cond: bool, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        if cond {
+            self.f.write_str(s)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn p_delim(&mut self, first: &mut bool, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.p_if(!std::mem::take(first), s)
+    }
+    fn write_fmt(&mut self, f: fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.f.write_fmt(f)
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_expr<U>(&mut self, ast: &Expr<U>, level: u8) -> fmt::Result {
+        macro_rules! opprec {
+            ($opty:ident, $x:expr, $enu:path, $($var:ident($op:literal, $prec:ident)),*$(,)?) => {
+                match $x {
+                    $(<$enu>::$var => (opprec!(@space $opty, $op), precedence::$prec),)*
+                }
+            };
+            (@space bin, $op:literal) => {
+                concat!(" ", $op, " ")
+            };
+            (@space un, $op:literal) => {
+                $op
+            };
+        }
+        macro_rules! group_if {
+            ($lvl:expr, $body:block) => {{
+                let group = level > $lvl;
+                self.p_if(group, "(")?;
+                let ret = $body;
+                self.p_if(group, ")")?;
+                ret
+            }};
+        }
+        match &ast.node {
+            ExprKind::BoolOp { op, values } => {
+                let (op, prec) = opprec!(bin, op, Boolop, And("and", AND), Or("or", OR));
+                group_if!(prec, {
+                    let mut first = true;
+                    for val in values {
+                        self.p_delim(&mut first, op)?;
+                        self.unparse_expr(val, prec + 1)?;
+                    }
+                })
+            }
+            ExprKind::NamedExpr { target, value } => {
+                group_if!(precedence::TUPLE, {
+                    self.unparse_expr(target, precedence::ATOM)?;
+                    self.p(" := ")?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::ATOM)?;
+                })
+            }
+            ExprKind::BinOp { left, op, right } => {
+                let rassoc = matches!(op, Operator::Pow);
+                let (op, prec) = opprec!(
+                    bin,
+                    op,
+                    Operator,
+                    Add("+", ARITH),
+                    Sub("-", ARITH),
+                    Mult("*", TERM),
+                    MatMult("@", TERM),
+                    Div("/", TERM),
+                    Mod("%", TERM),
+                    Pow("**", POWER),
+                    LShift("<<", SHIFT),
+                    RShift(">>", SHIFT),
+                    BitOr("|", BOR),
+                    BitXor("^", BXOR),
+                    BitAnd("&", BAND),
+                    FloorDiv("//", TERM),
+                );
+                group_if!(prec, {
+                    self.unparse_expr(left, prec + rassoc as u8)?;
+                    self.p(op)?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(right, prec + !rassoc as u8)?;
+                })
+            }
+            ExprKind::UnaryOp { op, operand } => {
+                let (op, prec) = opprec!(
+                    un,
+                    op,
+                    crate::Unaryop,
+                    Invert("~", FACTOR),
+                    Not("not ", NOT),
+                    UAdd("+", FACTOR),
+                    USub("-", FACTOR)
+                );
+                group_if!(prec, {
+                    self.p(op)?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(operand, prec)?;
+                })
+            }
+            ExprKind::Lambda { args, body } => {
+                group_if!(precedence::TEST, {
+                    let npos = args.args.len() + args.posonlyargs.len();
+                    self.p(if npos > 0 { "lambda " } else { "lambda" })?;
+                    self.unparse_args(args)?;
+                    write!(self, ": {}", **body)?;
+                })
+            }
+            ExprKind::IfExp { test, body, orelse } => {
+                group_if!(precedence::TEST, {
+                    self.unparse_expr(body, precedence::TEST + 1)?;
+                    self.p(" if ")?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(test, precedence::TEST + 1)?;
+                    self.p(" else ")?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(orelse, precedence::TEST)?;
+                })
+            }
+            ExprKind::Dict { keys, values } => {
+                self.p("{")?;
+                let mut first = true;
+                let (packed, unpacked) = values.split_at(keys.len());
+                for (k, v) in keys.iter().zip(packed) {
+                    self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+                    write!(self, "{}: {}", *k, *v)?;
+                }
+                for d in unpacked {
+                    self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+                    write!(self, "**{}", *d)?;
+                }
+                self.p("}")?;
+            }
+            ExprKind::Set { elts } => {
+                self.p("{")?;
+                let mut first = true;
+                for v in elts {
+                    self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(v, precedence::TEST)?;
+                }
+                self.p("}")?;
+            }
+            ExprKind::ListComp { elt, generators } => {
+                self.p("[")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(elt, precedence::TEST)?;
+                self.unparse_comp(generators)?;
+                self.p("]")?;
+            }
+            ExprKind::SetComp { elt, generators } => {
+                self.p("{")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(elt, precedence::TEST)?;
+                self.unparse_comp(generators)?;
+                self.p("}")?;
+            }
+            ExprKind::DictComp {
+                key,
+                value,
+                generators,
+            } => {
+                self.p("{")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(key, precedence::TEST)?;
+                self.p(": ")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::TEST)?;
+                self.unparse_comp(generators)?;
+                self.p("}")?;
+            }
+            ExprKind::GeneratorExp { elt, generators } => {
+                self.p("(")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(elt, precedence::TEST)?;
+                self.unparse_comp(generators)?;
+                self.p(")")?;
+            }
+            ExprKind::Await { value } => {
+                group_if!(precedence::AWAIT, {
+                    self.p("await ")?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::ATOM)?;
+                })
+            }
+            ExprKind::Yield { value } => {
+                if let Some(value) = value {
+                    write!(self, "(yield {})", **value)?;
+                } else {
+                    self.p("(yield)")?;
+                }
+            }
+            ExprKind::YieldFrom { value } => {
+                write!(self, "(yield from {})", **value)?;
+            }
+            ExprKind::Compare {
+                left,
+                ops,
+                comparators,
+            } => {
+                group_if!(precedence::CMP, {
+                    let new_lvl = precedence::CMP + 1;
+                    self.unparse_expr(left, new_lvl)?;
+                    for (op, cmp) in ops.iter().zip(comparators) {
+                        let op = match op {
+                            Cmpop::Eq => " == ",
+                            Cmpop::NotEq => " != ",
+                            Cmpop::Lt => " < ",
+                            Cmpop::LtE => " <= ",
+                            Cmpop::Gt => " > ",
+                            Cmpop::GtE => " >= ",
+                            Cmpop::Is => " is ",
+                            Cmpop::IsNot => " is not ",
+                            Cmpop::In => " in ",
+                            Cmpop::NotIn => " not in ",
+                        };
+                        self.p(op)?;
+                        self.unparse_expr(cmp, new_lvl)?;
+                    }
+                })
+            }
+            ExprKind::Call {
+                func,
+                args,
+                keywords,
+            } => {
+                self.unparse_expr(func, precedence::ATOM)?;
+                self.p("(")?;
+                if let (
+                    [Expr {
+                        node: ExprKind::GeneratorExp { elt, generators },
+                        ..
+                    }],
+                    [],
+                ) = (&**args, &**keywords)
+                {
+                    // make sure a single genexp doesn't get double parens
+                    self.unparse_expr(elt, precedence::TEST)?;
+                    self.unparse_comp(generators)?;
+                } else {
+                    let mut first = true;
+                    for arg in args {
+                        self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+                        self.unparse_expr(arg, precedence::TEST)?;
+                    }
+                    for kw in keywords {
+                        self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+                        if let Some(arg) = &kw.node.arg {
+                            self.p(arg)?;
+                            self.p("=")?;
+                        } else {
+                            self.p("**")?;
+                        }
+                        self.unparse_expr(&kw.node.value, precedence::TEST)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                self.p(")")?;
+            }
+            ExprKind::FormattedValue {
+                value,
+                conversion,
+                format_spec,
+            } => self.unparse_formatted(value, *conversion, format_spec.as_deref())?,
+            ExprKind::JoinedStr { values } => self.unparse_joinedstr(values, false)?,
+            ExprKind::Constant { value, kind } => {
+                if let Some(kind) = kind {
+                    self.p(kind)?;
+                }
+                assert_eq!(f64::MAX_10_EXP, 308);
+                let inf_str = "1e309";
+                match value {
+                    Constant::Float(f) if f.is_infinite() => self.p(inf_str)?,
+                    Constant::Complex { real, imag }
+                        if real.is_infinite() || imag.is_infinite() =>
+                    {
+                        self.p(&value.to_string().replace("inf", inf_str))?
+                    }
+                    _ => fmt::Display::fmt(value, &mut self.f)?,
+                }
+            }
+            ExprKind::Attribute { value, attr, .. } => {
+                self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::ATOM)?;
+                let period = if let ExprKind::Constant {
+                    value: Constant::Int(_),
+                    ..
+                } = &value.node
+                {
+                    " ."
+                } else {
+                    "."
+                };
+                self.p(period)?;
+                self.p(attr)?;
+            }
+            ExprKind::Subscript { value, slice, .. } => {
+                self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::ATOM)?;
+                let mut lvl = precedence::TUPLE;
+                if let ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } = &slice.node {
+                    if elts
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|expr| matches!(expr.node, ExprKind::Starred { .. }))
+                    {
+                        lvl += 1
+                    }
+                }
+                self.p("[")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(slice, lvl)?;
+                self.p("]")?;
+            }
+            ExprKind::Starred { value, .. } => {
+                self.p("*")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::EXPR)?;
+            }
+            ExprKind::Name { id, .. } => self.p(id)?,
+            ExprKind::List { elts, .. } => {
+                self.p("[")?;
+                let mut first = true;
+                for elt in elts {
+                    self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(elt, precedence::TEST)?;
+                }
+                self.p("]")?;
+            }
+            ExprKind::Tuple { elts, .. } => {
+                if elts.is_empty() {
+                    self.p("()")?;
+                } else {
+                    group_if!(precedence::TUPLE, {
+                        let mut first = true;
+                        for elt in elts {
+                            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+                            self.unparse_expr(elt, precedence::TEST)?;
+                        }
+                        self.p_if(elts.len() == 1, ",")?;
+                    })
+                }
+            }
+            ExprKind::Slice { lower, upper, step } => {
+                if let Some(lower) = lower {
+                    self.unparse_expr(lower, precedence::TEST)?;
+                }
+                self.p(":")?;
+                if let Some(upper) = upper {
+                    self.unparse_expr(upper, precedence::TEST)?;
+                }
+                if let Some(step) = step {
+                    self.p(":")?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(step, precedence::TEST)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_args<U>(&mut self, args: &Arguments<U>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut first = true;
+        let defaults_start = args.posonlyargs.len() + args.args.len() - args.defaults.len();
+        for (i, arg) in args.posonlyargs.iter().chain(&args.args).enumerate() {
+            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+            self.unparse_arg(arg)?;
+            if let Some(i) = i.checked_sub(defaults_start) {
+                write!(self, "={}", &args.defaults[i])?;
+            }
+            self.p_if(i + 1 == args.posonlyargs.len(), ", /")?;
+        }
+        if args.vararg.is_some() || !args.kwonlyargs.is_empty() {
+            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+            self.p("*")?;
+        }
+        if let Some(vararg) = &args.vararg {
+            self.unparse_arg(vararg)?;
+        }
+        let defaults_start = args.kwonlyargs.len() - args.kw_defaults.len();
+        for (i, kwarg) in args.kwonlyargs.iter().enumerate() {
+            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+            self.unparse_arg(kwarg)?;
+            if let Some(default) = i
+                .checked_sub(defaults_start)
+                .and_then(|i| args.kw_defaults.get(i))
+            {
+                write!(self, "={}", default)?;
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(kwarg) = &args.kwarg {
+            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+            self.p("**")?;
+            self.unparse_arg(kwarg)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn unparse_arg<U>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<U>) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.p(&arg.node.arg)?;
+        if let Some(ann) = &arg.node.annotation {
+            write!(self, ": {}", **ann)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_comp<U>(&mut self, generators: &[Comprehension<U>]) -> fmt::Result {
+        for comp in generators {
+            self.p(if comp.is_async > 0 {
+                " async for "
+            } else {
+                " for "
+            })?;
+            self.unparse_expr(&comp.target, precedence::TUPLE)?;
+            self.p(" in ")?;
+            self.unparse_expr(&comp.iter, precedence::TEST + 1)?;
+            for cond in &comp.ifs {
+                self.p(" if ")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(cond, precedence::TEST + 1)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_fstring_body<U>(&mut self, values: &[Expr<U>], is_spec: bool) -> fmt::Result {
+        for value in values {
+            self.unparse_fstring_elem(value, is_spec)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_formatted<U>(
+        &mut self,
+        val: &Expr<U>,
+        conversion: usize,
+        spec: Option<&Expr<U>>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        let buffered = to_string_fmt(|f| Unparser::new(f).unparse_expr(val, precedence::TEST + 1));
+        let brace = if buffered.starts_with('{') {
+            // put a space to avoid escaping the bracket
+            "{ "
+        } else {
+            "{"
+        };
+        self.p(brace)?;
+        self.p(&buffered)?;
+        drop(buffered);
+
+        if conversion != ConversionFlag::None as usize {
+            self.p("!")?;
+            let buf = &[conversion as u8];
+            let c = std::str::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
+            self.p(c)?;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(spec) = spec {
+            self.p(":")?;
+            self.unparse_fstring_elem(spec, true)?;
+        }
+
+        self.p("}")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_fstring_elem<U>(&mut self, expr: &Expr<U>, is_spec: bool) -> fmt::Result {
+        match &expr.node {
+            ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => {
+                if let Constant::Str(s) = value {
+                    self.unparse_fstring_str(s)
+                } else {
+                    unreachable!()
+                }
+            }
+            ExprKind::JoinedStr { values } => self.unparse_joinedstr(values, is_spec),
+            ExprKind::FormattedValue {
+                value,
+                conversion,
+                format_spec,
+            } => self.unparse_formatted(value, *conversion, format_spec.as_deref()),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_fstring_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        let s = s.replace('{', "{{").replace('}', "}}");
+        self.p(&s)
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_joinedstr<U>(&mut self, values: &[Expr<U>], is_spec: bool) -> fmt::Result {
+        if is_spec {
+            self.unparse_fstring_body(values, is_spec)
+        } else {
+            self.p("f")?;
+            let body = to_string_fmt(|f| Unparser::new(f).unparse_fstring_body(values, is_spec));
+            fmt::Display::fmt(&rustpython_common::str::repr(&body), &mut self.f)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<U> fmt::Display for Expr<U> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        Unparser::new(f).unparse_expr(self, precedence::TEST)
+    }
+}
+
+fn to_string_fmt(f: impl FnOnce(&mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result) -> String {
+    use std::cell::Cell;
+    struct Fmt<F>(Cell<Option<F>>);
+    impl<F: FnOnce(&mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result> fmt::Display for Fmt<F> {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+            self.0.take().unwrap()(f)
+        }
+    }
+    Fmt(Cell::new(Some(f))).to_string()
+}

bytecode/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[package]
+name = "rustpython-bytecode"
+description = "RustPython specific bytecode."
+version = "0.1.2"
+authors = ["RustPython Team"]
+edition = "2021"
+repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
+license = "MIT"
+
+
+[dependencies]
+bincode = "1.3.3"
+bitflags = "1.3.2"
+lz4_flex = "0.9.2"
+num-bigint = { version = "0.4.3", features = ["serde"] }
+num-complex = { version = "0.4.0", features = ["serde"] }
+serde = { version = "1.0.136", features = ["derive"] }
+itertools = "0.10.3"
+bstr = "0.2.17"
+static_assertions = "1.1.0"

parser/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+[package]
+name = "rustpython-parser"
+version = "0.1.2"
+description = "Parser for python code."
+authors = [ "RustPython Team" ]
+build = "build.rs"
+repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
+license = "MIT"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[build-dependencies]
+anyhow = "1.0.45"
+lalrpop = { version = "0.19.8", optional = true }
+phf_codegen = "0.10"
+tiny-keccak = { version = "2", features = ["sha3"] }
+
+[dependencies]
+ahash = "0.7.6"
+itertools = "0.10.3"
+lalrpop-util = "0.19.8"
+log = "0.4.16"
+num-bigint = "0.4.3"
+num-traits = "0.2.14"
+phf = "0.10.1"
+rustpython-ast = { path = "../ast" }
+unic-emoji-char = "0.9.0"
+unic-ucd-ident  = "0.9.0"
+unicode_names2 = "0.5.0"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+insta = "1.14.0"

parser/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# RustPython/parser
+
+This directory has the code for python lexing, parsing and generating Abstract Syntax Trees (AST).
+
+The steps are:
+- Lexical analysis: splits the source code into tokens.
+- Parsing and generating the AST: transforms those tokens into an AST. Uses `LALRPOP`, a Rust parser generator framework.
+
+This crate is published on [https://docs.rs/rustpython-parser](https://docs.rs/rustpython-parser).
+
+We wrote [a blog post](https://rustpython.github.io/2020/04/02/thing-explainer-parser.html) with screenshots and an explanation to help you understand the steps by seeing them in action.
+
+For more information on LALRPOP, here is a link to the [LALRPOP book](https://github.com/lalrpop/lalrpop).
+
+There is a readme in the `src` folder with the details of each file.
+
+
+## Directory content
+
+`build.rs`: The build script.
+`Cargo.toml`: The config file.
+
+The `src` directory has:
+
+**lib.rs**   
+This is the crate's root.
+
+**lexer.rs**   
+This module takes care of lexing python source text. This means source code is translated into separate tokens.
+
+**parser.rs**   
+A python parsing module. Use this module to parse python code into an AST. There are three ways to parse python code. You could parse a whole program, a single statement, or a single expression.
+
+**ast.rs**   
+ Implements abstract syntax tree (AST) nodes for the python language. Roughly equivalent to [the python AST](https://docs.python.org/3/library/ast.html).
+
+**python.lalrpop**   
+Python grammar.
+
+**token.rs**   
+Different token definitions. Loosely based on token.h from CPython source.
+
+**errors.rs**   
+Define internal parse error types. The goal is to provide a matching and a safe error API, masking errors from LALR.
+
+**fstring.rs**   
+Format strings.
+
+**function.rs**   
+Collection of functions for parsing parameters, arguments.
+
+**location.rs**   
+Datatypes to support source location information.
+
+**mode.rs**   
+Execution mode check. Allowed modes are `exec`, `eval` or `single`.
+
+
+## How to use
+
+For example, one could do this:
+```
+  use rustpython_parser::{parser, ast};
+  let python_source = "print('Hello world')";
+  let python_ast = parser::parse_expression(python_source).unwrap();
+```

parser/build.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, BufWriter, Write};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use tiny_keccak::{Hasher, Sha3};
+
+fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    const SOURCE: &str = "python.lalrpop";
+    const TARGET: &str = "python.rs";
+
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={SOURCE}");
+
+    try_lalrpop(SOURCE, TARGET)?;
+    gen_phf();
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn requires_lalrpop(source: &str, target: &str) -> bool {
+    let target = if let Ok(target) = File::open(target) {
+        target
+    } else {
+        println!("cargo:warning=python.rs doesn't exist. regenerate.");
+        return true;
+    };
+
+    let sha_prefix = "// sha3: ";
+    let sha3_line = BufReader::with_capacity(128, target)
+        .lines()
+        .find_map(|line| {
+            let line = line.unwrap();
+            line.starts_with(sha_prefix).then_some(line)
+        })
+        .expect("no sha3 line?");
+    let expected_sha3_str = sha3_line.strip_prefix(sha_prefix).unwrap();
+
+    let actual_sha3 = {
+        let mut hasher = Sha3::v256();
+        let mut f = BufReader::new(File::open(source).unwrap());
+        let mut line = String::new();
+        while f.read_line(&mut line).unwrap() != 0 {
+            if line.ends_with('\n') {
+                line.pop();
+                if line.ends_with('\r') {
+                    line.pop();
+                }
+            }
+            hasher.update(line.as_bytes());
+            hasher.update(b"\n");
+            line.clear();
+        }
+        let mut hash = [0u8; 32];
+        hasher.finalize(&mut hash);
+        hash
+    };
+    let eq = sha_equal(expected_sha3_str, &actual_sha3);
+    if !eq {
+        println!("cargo:warning=python.rs hash expected: {expected_sha3_str}");
+        let mut actual_sha3_str = String::new();
+        for byte in actual_sha3 {
+            write!(actual_sha3_str, "{byte:02x}").unwrap();
+        }
+        println!("cargo:warning=python.rs hash   actual: {actual_sha3_str}");
+    }
+    !eq
+}
+
+fn try_lalrpop(source: &str, target: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    if !requires_lalrpop(source, target) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "lalrpop")]
+    {
+        lalrpop::process_root().expect("running lalrpop failed");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "lalrpop"))]
+    panic!("try: cargo build --manifest-path=compiler/parser/Cargo.toml --features=lalrpop");
+}
+
+fn sha_equal(expected_sha3_str: &str, actual_sha3: &[u8; 32]) -> bool {
+    if expected_sha3_str.len() != 64 {
+        panic!("lalrpop version? hash bug is fixed in 0.19.8");
+    }
+
+    let mut expected_sha3 = [0u8; 32];
+    for (i, b) in expected_sha3.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        *b = u8::from_str_radix(&expected_sha3_str[i * 2..][..2], 16).unwrap();
+    }
+    *actual_sha3 == expected_sha3
+}
+
+fn gen_phf() {
+    let out_dir = PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("OUT_DIR").unwrap());
+    let mut kwds = phf_codegen::Map::new();
+    let kwds = kwds
+        // Alphabetical keywords:
+        .entry("...", "Tok::Ellipsis")
+        .entry("False", "Tok::False")
+        .entry("None", "Tok::None")
+        .entry("True", "Tok::True")
+        // moreso "standard" keywords
+        .entry("and", "Tok::And")
+        .entry("as", "Tok::As")
+        .entry("assert", "Tok::Assert")
+        .entry("async", "Tok::Async")
+        .entry("await", "Tok::Await")
+        .entry("break", "Tok::Break")
+        .entry("class", "Tok::Class")
+        .entry("continue", "Tok::Continue")
+        .entry("def", "Tok::Def")
+        .entry("del", "Tok::Del")
+        .entry("elif", "Tok::Elif")
+        .entry("else", "Tok::Else")
+        .entry("except", "Tok::Except")
+        .entry("finally", "Tok::Finally")
+        .entry("for", "Tok::For")
+        .entry("from", "Tok::From")
+        .entry("global", "Tok::Global")
+        .entry("if", "Tok::If")
+        .entry("import", "Tok::Import")
+        .entry("in", "Tok::In")
+        .entry("is", "Tok::Is")
+        .entry("lambda", "Tok::Lambda")
+        .entry("nonlocal", "Tok::Nonlocal")
+        .entry("not", "Tok::Not")
+        .entry("or", "Tok::Or")
+        .entry("pass", "Tok::Pass")
+        .entry("raise", "Tok::Raise")
+        .entry("return", "Tok::Return")
+        .entry("try", "Tok::Try")
+        .entry("while", "Tok::While")
+        .entry("with", "Tok::With")
+        .entry("yield", "Tok::Yield")
+        .build();
+    writeln!(
+        BufWriter::new(File::create(out_dir.join("keywords.rs")).unwrap()),
+        "{kwds}",
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+}

parser/src/error.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+//! Define internal parse error types
+//! The goal is to provide a matching and a safe error API, maksing errors from LALR
+use lalrpop_util::ParseError as LalrpopError;
+
+use crate::ast::Location;
+use crate::token::Tok;
+
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt;
+
+/// Represents an error during lexical scanning.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct LexicalError {
+    pub error: LexicalErrorType,
+    pub location: Location,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum LexicalErrorType {
+    StringError,
+    UnicodeError,
+    NestingError,
+    IndentationError,
+    TabError,
+    TabsAfterSpaces,
+    DefaultArgumentError,
+    PositionalArgumentError,
+    DuplicateKeywordArgumentError,
+    UnrecognizedToken { tok: char },
+    FStringError(FStringErrorType),
+    LineContinuationError,
+    Eof,
+    OtherError(String),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for LexicalErrorType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            LexicalErrorType::StringError => write!(f, "Got unexpected string"),
+            LexicalErrorType::FStringError(error) => write!(f, "Got error in f-string: {}", error),
+            LexicalErrorType::UnicodeError => write!(f, "Got unexpected unicode"),
+            LexicalErrorType::NestingError => write!(f, "Got unexpected nesting"),
+            LexicalErrorType::IndentationError => {
+                write!(f, "unindent does not match any outer indentation level")
+            }
+            LexicalErrorType::TabError => {
+                write!(f, "inconsistent use of tabs and spaces in indentation")
+            }
+            LexicalErrorType::TabsAfterSpaces => {
+                write!(f, "Tabs not allowed as part of indentation after spaces")
+            }
+            LexicalErrorType::DefaultArgumentError => {
+                write!(f, "non-default argument follows default argument")
+            }
+            LexicalErrorType::DuplicateKeywordArgumentError => {
+                write!(f, "keyword argument repeated")
+            }
+            LexicalErrorType::PositionalArgumentError => {
+                write!(f, "positional argument follows keyword argument")
+            }
+            LexicalErrorType::UnrecognizedToken { tok } => {
+                write!(f, "Got unexpected token {}", tok)
+            }
+            LexicalErrorType::LineContinuationError => {
+                write!(f, "unexpected character after line continuation character")
+            }
+            LexicalErrorType::Eof => write!(f, "unexpected EOF while parsing"),
+            LexicalErrorType::OtherError(msg) => write!(f, "{}", msg),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// TODO: consolidate these with ParseError
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct FStringError {
+    pub error: FStringErrorType,
+    pub location: Location,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum FStringErrorType {
+    UnclosedLbrace,
+    UnopenedRbrace,
+    ExpectedRbrace,
+    InvalidExpression(Box<ParseErrorType>),
+    InvalidConversionFlag,
+    EmptyExpression,
+    MismatchedDelimiter,
+    ExpressionNestedTooDeeply,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for FStringErrorType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            FStringErrorType::UnclosedLbrace => write!(f, "Unclosed '{{'"),
+            FStringErrorType::UnopenedRbrace => write!(f, "Unopened '}}'"),
+            FStringErrorType::ExpectedRbrace => write!(f, "Expected '}}' after conversion flag."),
+            FStringErrorType::InvalidExpression(error) => {
+                write!(f, "Invalid expression: {}", error)
+            }
+            FStringErrorType::InvalidConversionFlag => write!(f, "Invalid conversion flag"),
+            FStringErrorType::EmptyExpression => write!(f, "Empty expression"),
+            FStringErrorType::MismatchedDelimiter => write!(f, "Mismatched delimiter"),
+            FStringErrorType::ExpressionNestedTooDeeply => {
+                write!(f, "expressions nested too deeply")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<FStringError> for LalrpopError<Location, Tok, LexicalError> {
+    fn from(err: FStringError) -> Self {
+        lalrpop_util::ParseError::User {
+            error: LexicalError {
+                error: LexicalErrorType::FStringError(err.error),
+                location: err.location,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents an error during parsing
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct ParseError {
+    pub error: ParseErrorType,
+    pub location: Location,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ParseErrorType {
+    /// Parser encountered an unexpected end of input
+    Eof,
+    /// Parser encountered an extra token
+    ExtraToken(Tok),
+    /// Parser encountered an invalid token
+    InvalidToken,
+    /// Parser encountered an unexpected token
+    UnrecognizedToken(Tok, Option<String>),
+    /// Maps to `User` type from `lalrpop-util`
+    Lexical(LexicalErrorType),
+}
+
+/// Convert `lalrpop_util::ParseError` to our internal type
+impl From<LalrpopError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>> for ParseError {
+    fn from(err: LalrpopError<Location, Tok, LexicalError>) -> Self {
+        match err {
+            // TODO: Are there cases where this isn't an EOF?
+            LalrpopError::InvalidToken { location } => ParseError {
+                error: ParseErrorType::Eof,
+                location,
+            },
+            LalrpopError::ExtraToken { token } => ParseError {
+                error: ParseErrorType::ExtraToken(token.1),
+                location: token.0,
+            },
+            LalrpopError::User { error } => ParseError {
+                error: ParseErrorType::Lexical(error.error),
+                location: error.location,
+            },
+            LalrpopError::UnrecognizedToken { token, expected } => {
+                // Hacky, but it's how CPython does it. See PyParser_AddToken,
+                // in particular "Only one possible expected token" comment.
+                let expected = (expected.len() == 1).then(|| expected[0].clone());
+                ParseError {
+                    error: ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(token.1, expected),
+                    location: token.0,
+                }
+            }
+            LalrpopError::UnrecognizedEOF { location, .. } => ParseError {
+                error: ParseErrorType::Eof,
+                location,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ParseError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{} at {}", self.error, self.location)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ParseErrorType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            ParseErrorType::Eof => write!(f, "Got unexpected EOF"),
+            ParseErrorType::ExtraToken(ref tok) => write!(f, "Got extraneous token: {:?}", tok),
+            ParseErrorType::InvalidToken => write!(f, "Got invalid token"),
+            ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(ref tok, ref expected) => {
+                if *tok == Tok::Indent {
+                    write!(f, "unexpected indent")
+                } else if expected.as_deref() == Some("Indent") {
+                    write!(f, "expected an indented block")
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "invalid syntax. Got unexpected token {}", tok)
+                }
+            }
+            ParseErrorType::Lexical(ref error) => write!(f, "{}", error),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for ParseErrorType {}
+
+impl ParseErrorType {
+    pub fn is_indentation_error(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::IndentationError) => true,
+            ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(token, expected) => {
+                *token == Tok::Indent || expected.clone() == Some("Indent".to_owned())
+            }
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn is_tab_error(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            self,
+            ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::TabError)
+                | ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::TabsAfterSpaces)
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::ops::Deref for ParseError {
+    type Target = ParseErrorType;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.error
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for ParseError {
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        None
+    }
+}

parser/src/fstring.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+use self::FStringErrorType::*;
+use crate::{
+    ast::{Constant, ConversionFlag, Expr, ExprKind, Location},
+    error::{FStringError, FStringErrorType, ParseError},
+    parser::parse_expression,
+};
+use std::{iter, mem, str};
+
+struct FStringParser<'a> {
+    chars: iter::Peekable<str::Chars<'a>>,
+    str_location: Location,
+    recurse_lvl: u8,
+}
+
+impl<'a> FStringParser<'a> {
+    fn new(source: &'a str, str_location: Location, recurse_lvl: u8) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            chars: source.chars().peekable(),
+            str_location,
+            recurse_lvl,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn expr(&self, node: ExprKind) -> Expr {
+        Expr::new(self.str_location, node)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_formatted_value(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Expr>, FStringErrorType> {
+        let mut expression = String::new();
+        let mut spec = None;
+        let mut delims = Vec::new();
+        let mut conversion = ConversionFlag::None;
+        let mut self_documenting = false;
+        let mut trailing_seq = String::new();
+
+        while let Some(ch) = self.chars.next() {
+            match ch {
+                // can be integrated better with the remainign code, but as a starting point ok
+                // in general I would do here a tokenizing of the fstrings to omit this peeking.
+                '!' if self.chars.peek() == Some(&'=') => {
+                    expression.push_str("!=");
+                    self.chars.next();
+                }
+
+                '=' if self.chars.peek() == Some(&'=') => {
+                    expression.push_str("==");
+                    self.chars.next();
+                }
+
+                '>' if self.chars.peek() == Some(&'=') => {
+                    expression.push_str(">=");
+                    self.chars.next();
+                }
+
+                '<' if self.chars.peek() == Some(&'=') => {
+                    expression.push_str("<=");
+                    self.chars.next();
+                }
+
+                '!' if delims.is_empty() && self.chars.peek() != Some(&'=') => {
+                    if expression.trim().is_empty() {
+                        return Err(EmptyExpression);
+                    }
+
+                    conversion = match self.chars.next() {
+                        Some('s') => ConversionFlag::Str,
+                        Some('a') => ConversionFlag::Ascii,
+                        Some('r') => ConversionFlag::Repr,
+                        Some(_) => {
+                            return Err(InvalidConversionFlag);
+                        }
+                        None => {
+                            return Err(ExpectedRbrace);
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    if let Some(&peek) = self.chars.peek() {
+                        if peek != '}' && peek != ':' {
+                            return Err(ExpectedRbrace);
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        return Err(ExpectedRbrace);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // match a python 3.8 self documenting expression
+                // format '{' PYTHON_EXPRESSION '=' FORMAT_SPECIFIER? '}'
+                '=' if self.chars.peek() != Some(&'=') && delims.is_empty() => {
+                    self_documenting = true;
+                }
+
+                ':' if delims.is_empty() => {
+                    let mut nested = 0;
+                    let mut spec_constructor = Vec::new();
+                    let mut constant_piece = String::new();
+                    let mut formatted_value_piece = String::new();
+                    while let Some(&next) = self.chars.peek() {
+                        match next {
+                            '{' if nested > 0 => {
+                                nested += 1;
+                                formatted_value_piece.push(next);
+                            }
+                            '}' if nested > 0 => {
+                                nested -= 1;
+                                if nested == 0 {
+                                    formatted_value_piece.push(next);
+                                    spec_constructor.push(
+                                        self.expr(ExprKind::FormattedValue {
+                                            value: Box::new(
+                                                FStringParser::new(
+                                                    &formatted_value_piece,
+                                                    Location::default(),
+                                                    &self.recurse_lvl + 1,
+                                                )
+                                                .parse()?,
+                                            ),
+                                            conversion: ConversionFlag::None as _,
+                                            format_spec: None,
+                                        }),
+                                    );
+                                    formatted_value_piece.clear();
+                                } else {
+                                    formatted_value_piece.push(next);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            _ if nested > 0 => {
+                                formatted_value_piece.push(next);
+                            }
+                            '{' => {
+                                nested += 1;
+                                spec_constructor.push(self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
+                                    value: constant_piece.to_owned().into(),
+                                    kind: None,
+                                }));
+                                constant_piece.clear();
+                                formatted_value_piece.push(next);
+                                formatted_value_piece.push(' ');
+                            }
+                            '}' => break,
+                            _ => {
+                                constant_piece.push(next);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        self.chars.next();
+                    }
+                    spec_constructor.push(self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
+                        value: constant_piece.to_owned().into(),
+                        kind: None,
+                    }));
+                    constant_piece.clear();
+                    if nested > 0 {
+                        return Err(UnclosedLbrace);
+                    }
+                    spec = Some(Box::new(self.expr(ExprKind::JoinedStr {
+                        values: spec_constructor,
+                    })))
+                }
+                '(' | '{' | '[' => {
+                    expression.push(ch);
+                    delims.push(ch);
+                }
+                ')' => {
+                    if delims.pop() != Some('(') {
+                        return Err(MismatchedDelimiter);
+                    }
+                    expression.push(ch);
+                }
+                ']' => {
+                    if delims.pop() != Some('[') {
+                        return Err(MismatchedDelimiter);
+                    }
+                    expression.push(ch);
+                }
+                '}' if !delims.is_empty() => {
+                    if delims.pop() != Some('{') {
+                        return Err(MismatchedDelimiter);
+                    }
+                    expression.push(ch);
+                }
+                '}' => {
+                    if expression.is_empty() {
+                        return Err(EmptyExpression);
+                    }
+                    let ret = if !self_documenting {
+                        vec![self.expr(ExprKind::FormattedValue {
+                            value: Box::new(
+                                parse_fstring_expr(&expression)
+                                    .map_err(|e| InvalidExpression(Box::new(e.error)))?,
+                            ),
+                            conversion: conversion as _,
+                            format_spec: spec,
+                        })]
+                    } else {
+                        vec![
+                            self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
+                                value: Constant::Str(expression.clone() + "="),
+                                kind: None,
+                            }),
+                            self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
+                                value: trailing_seq.into(),
+                                kind: None,
+                            }),
+                            self.expr(ExprKind::FormattedValue {
+                                value: Box::new(
+                                    parse_fstring_expr(&expression)
+                                        .map_err(|e| InvalidExpression(Box::new(e.error)))?,
+                                ),
+                                conversion: (if conversion == ConversionFlag::None && spec.is_none()
+                                {
+                                    ConversionFlag::Repr
+                                } else {
+                                    conversion
+                                }) as _,
+                                format_spec: spec,
+                            }),
+                        ]
+                    };
+                    return Ok(ret);
+                }
+                '"' | '\'' => {
+                    expression.push(ch);
+                    for next in &mut self.chars {
+                        expression.push(next);
+                        if next == ch {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                ' ' if self_documenting => {
+                    trailing_seq.push(ch);
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    if self_documenting {
+                        return Err(ExpectedRbrace);
+                    }
+                    expression.push(ch);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Err(UnclosedLbrace)
+    }
+
+    fn parse(mut self) -> Result<Expr, FStringErrorType> {
+        if self.recurse_lvl >= 2 {
+            return Err(ExpressionNestedTooDeeply);
+        }
+
+        let mut content = String::new();
+        let mut values = vec![];
+
+        while let Some(ch) = self.chars.next() {
+            match ch {
+                '{' => {
+                    if let Some('{') = self.chars.peek() {
+                        self.chars.next();
+                        content.push('{');
+                    } else {
+                        if !content.is_empty() {
+                            values.push(self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
+                                value: mem::take(&mut content).into(),
+                                kind: None,
+                            }));
+                        }
+
+                        values.extend(self.parse_formatted_value()?);
+                    }
+                }
+                '}' => {
+                    if let Some('}') = self.chars.peek() {
+                        self.chars.next();
+                        content.push('}');
+                    } else {
+                        return Err(UnopenedRbrace);
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    content.push(ch);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !content.is_empty() {
+            values.push(self.expr(ExprKind::Constant {
+                value: content.into(),
+                kind: None,
+            }))
+        }
+
+        Ok(self.expr(ExprKind::JoinedStr { values }))
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_fstring_expr(source: &str) -> Result<Expr, ParseError> {
+    let fstring_body = format!("({})", source);
+    parse_expression(&fstring_body)
+}
+
+/// Parse an fstring from a string, located at a certain position in the sourcecode.
+/// In case of errors, we will get the location and the error returned.
+pub fn parse_located_fstring(source: &str, location: Location) -> Result<Expr, FStringError> {
+    FStringParser::new(source, location, 0)
+        .parse()
+        .map_err(|error| FStringError { error, location })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn parse_fstring(source: &str) -> Result<Expr, FStringErrorType> {
+        FStringParser::new(source, Location::default(), 0).parse()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_fstring() {
+        let source = "{a}{ b }{{foo}}";
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
+
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_fstring_nested_spec() {
+        let source = "{foo:{spec}}";
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
+
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_fstring_not_nested_spec() {
+        let source = "{foo:spec}";
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
+
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_empty_fstring() {
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_fstring("").unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_base() {
+        let src = "{user=}";
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(src).unwrap();
+
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_base_more() {
+        let src = "mix {user=} with text and {second=}";
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(src).unwrap();
+
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_format() {
+        let src = "{user=:>10}";
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(src).unwrap();
+
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_invalid_fstring() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_fstring("{5!a"), Err(ExpectedRbrace));
+        assert_eq!(parse_fstring("{5!a1}"), Err(ExpectedRbrace));
+        assert_eq!(parse_fstring("{5!"), Err(ExpectedRbrace));
+        assert_eq!(parse_fstring("abc{!a 'cat'}"), Err(EmptyExpression));
+        assert_eq!(parse_fstring("{!a"), Err(EmptyExpression));
+        assert_eq!(parse_fstring("{ !a}"), Err(EmptyExpression));
+
+        assert_eq!(parse_fstring("{5!}"), Err(InvalidConversionFlag));
+        assert_eq!(parse_fstring("{5!x}"), Err(InvalidConversionFlag));
+
+        assert_eq!(parse_fstring("{a:{a:{b}}}"), Err(ExpressionNestedTooDeeply));
+
+        assert_eq!(parse_fstring("{a:b}}"), Err(UnopenedRbrace));
+        assert_eq!(parse_fstring("}"), Err(UnopenedRbrace));
+        assert_eq!(parse_fstring("{a:{b}"), Err(UnclosedLbrace));
+        assert_eq!(parse_fstring("{"), Err(UnclosedLbrace));
+
+        assert_eq!(parse_fstring("{}"), Err(EmptyExpression));
+
+        // TODO: check for InvalidExpression enum?
+        assert!(parse_fstring("{class}").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_fstring_not_equals() {
+        let source = "{1 != 2}";
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_fstring_equals() {
+        let source = "{42 == 42}";
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_fstring_selfdoc_prec_space() {
+        let source = "{x   =}";
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_fstring_selfdoc_trailing_space() {
+        let source = "{x=   }";
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_fstring_yield_expr() {
+        let source = "{yield}";
+        let parse_ast = parse_fstring(source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+}

parser/src/function.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+use ahash::RandomState;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use crate::ast;
+use crate::error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType};
+
+pub struct ArgumentList {
+    pub args: Vec<ast::Expr>,
+    pub keywords: Vec<ast::Keyword>,
+}
+
+type ParameterDefs = (Vec<ast::Arg>, Vec<ast::Arg>, Vec<ast::Expr>);
+type ParameterDef = (ast::Arg, Option<ast::Expr>);
+
+pub fn parse_params(
+    params: (Vec<ParameterDef>, Vec<ParameterDef>),
+) -> Result<ParameterDefs, LexicalError> {
+    let mut posonly = Vec::with_capacity(params.0.len());
+    let mut names = Vec::with_capacity(params.1.len());
+    let mut defaults = vec![];
+
+    let mut try_default = |name: &ast::Arg, default| {
+        if let Some(default) = default {
+            defaults.push(default);
+        } else if !defaults.is_empty() {
+            // Once we have started with defaults, all remaining arguments must
+            // have defaults
+            return Err(LexicalError {
+                error: LexicalErrorType::DefaultArgumentError,
+                location: name.location,
+            });
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    };
+
+    for (name, default) in params.0 {
+        try_default(&name, default)?;
+        posonly.push(name);
+    }
+
+    for (name, default) in params.1 {
+        try_default(&name, default)?;
+        names.push(name);
+    }
+
+    Ok((posonly, names, defaults))
+}
+
+type FunctionArgument = (Option<(ast::Location, Option<String>)>, ast::Expr);
+
+pub fn parse_args(func_args: Vec<FunctionArgument>) -> Result<ArgumentList, LexicalError> {
+    let mut args = vec![];
+    let mut keywords = vec![];
+
+    let mut keyword_names = HashSet::with_capacity_and_hasher(func_args.len(), RandomState::new());
+    for (name, value) in func_args {
+        match name {
+            Some((location, name)) => {
+                if let Some(keyword_name) = &name {
+                    if keyword_names.contains(keyword_name) {
+                        return Err(LexicalError {
+                            error: LexicalErrorType::DuplicateKeywordArgumentError,
+                            location,
+                        });
+                    }
+
+                    keyword_names.insert(keyword_name.clone());
+                }
+
+                keywords.push(ast::Keyword::new(
+                    location,
+                    ast::KeywordData {
+                        arg: name,
+                        value: Box::new(value),
+                    },
+                ));
+            }
+            None => {
+                // Allow starred args after keyword arguments.
+                if !keywords.is_empty() && !is_starred(&value) {
+                    return Err(LexicalError {
+                        error: LexicalErrorType::PositionalArgumentError,
+                        location: value.location,
+                    });
+                }
+
+                args.push(value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(ArgumentList { args, keywords })
+}
+
+fn is_starred(exp: &ast::Expr) -> bool {
+    matches!(exp.node, ast::ExprKind::Starred { .. })
+}

parser/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//! This crate can be used to parse python sourcecode into a so
+//! called AST (abstract syntax tree).
+//!
+//! The stages involved in this process are lexical analysis and
+//! parsing. The lexical analysis splits the sourcecode into
+//! tokens, and the parsing transforms those tokens into an AST.
+//!
+//! For example, one could do this:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use rustpython_parser::{parser, ast};
+//!
+//! let python_source = "print('Hello world')";
+//! let python_ast = parser::parse_expression(python_source).unwrap();
+//!
+//! ```
+
+#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/RustPython/RustPython/main/logo.png")]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/rustpython-parser/")]
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate log;
+pub use rustpython_ast as ast;
+
+pub mod error;
+mod fstring;
+mod function;
+pub mod lexer;
+pub mod mode;
+pub mod parser;
+#[rustfmt::skip]
+mod python;
+mod string;
+pub mod token;

parser/src/mode.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use crate::token::Tok;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum Mode {
+    Module,
+    Interactive,
+    Expression,
+}
+
+impl Mode {
+    pub(crate) fn to_marker(self) -> Tok {
+        match self {
+            Self::Module => Tok::StartModule,
+            Self::Interactive => Tok::StartInteractive,
+            Self::Expression => Tok::StartExpression,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::str::FromStr for Mode {
+    type Err = ModeParseError;
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, ModeParseError> {
+        match s {
+            "exec" | "single" => Ok(Mode::Module),
+            "eval" => Ok(Mode::Expression),
+            _ => Err(ModeParseError { _priv: () }),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ModeParseError {
+    _priv: (),
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for ModeParseError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, r#"mode should be "exec", "eval", or "single""#)
+    }
+}

parser/src/parser.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+//! Python parsing.
+//!
+//! Use this module to parse python code into an AST.
+//! There are three ways to parse python code. You could
+//! parse a whole program, a single statement, or a single
+//! expression.
+
+use std::iter;
+
+use crate::ast;
+use crate::error::ParseError;
+use crate::lexer;
+pub use crate::mode::Mode;
+use crate::python;
+
+/*
+ * Parse python code.
+ * Grammar may be inspired by antlr grammar for python:
+ * https://github.com/antlr/grammars-v4/tree/master/python3
+ */
+
+/// Parse a full python program, containing usually multiple lines.
+pub fn parse_program(source: &str) -> Result<ast::Suite, ParseError> {
+    parse(source, Mode::Module).map(|top| match top {
+        ast::Mod::Module { body, .. } => body,
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    })
+}
+
+/// Parses a python expression
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```
+/// extern crate num_bigint;
+/// use rustpython_parser::{parser, ast};
+/// let expr = parser::parse_expression("1 + 2").unwrap();
+///
+/// assert_eq!(
+///     expr,
+///     ast::Expr {
+///         location: ast::Location::new(1, 3),
+///         custom: (),
+///         node: ast::ExprKind::BinOp {
+///             left: Box::new(ast::Expr {
+///                 location: ast::Location::new(1, 1),
+///                 custom: (),
+///                 node: ast::ExprKind::Constant {
+///                     value: ast::Constant::Int(1.into()),
+///                     kind: None,
+///                 }
+///             }),
+///             op: ast::Operator::Add,
+///             right: Box::new(ast::Expr {
+///                 location: ast::Location::new(1, 5),
+///                 custom: (),
+///                 node: ast::ExprKind::Constant {
+///                     value: ast::Constant::Int(2.into()),
+///                     kind: None,
+///                 }
+///             })
+///         }
+///     },
+/// );
+///
+/// ```
+pub fn parse_expression(source: &str) -> Result<ast::Expr, ParseError> {
+    parse(source, Mode::Expression).map(|top| match top {
+        ast::Mod::Expression { body } => *body,
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    })
+}
+
+// Parse a given source code
+pub fn parse(source: &str, mode: Mode) -> Result<ast::Mod, ParseError> {
+    let lxr = lexer::make_tokenizer(source);
+    let marker_token = (Default::default(), mode.to_marker(), Default::default());
+    let tokenizer = iter::once(Ok(marker_token)).chain(lxr);
+
+    python::TopParser::new()
+        .parse(tokenizer)
+        .map_err(ParseError::from)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_empty() {
+        let parse_ast = parse_program("").unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_string() {
+        let source = String::from("'Hello world'");
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_f_string() {
+        let source = String::from("f'Hello world'");
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_print_hello() {
+        let source = String::from("print('Hello world')");
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_print_2() {
+        let source = String::from("print('Hello world', 2)");
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_kwargs() {
+        let source = String::from("my_func('positional', keyword=2)");
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_if_elif_else() {
+        let source = String::from("if 1: 10\nelif 2: 20\nelse: 30");
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_lambda() {
+        let source = "lambda x, y: x * y"; // lambda(x, y): x * y";
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_tuples() {
+        let source = "a, b = 4, 5";
+
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source).unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_class() {
+        let source = "\
+class Foo(A, B):
+ def __init__(self):
+  pass
+ def method_with_default(self, arg='default'):
+  pass";
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_program(source).unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_dict_comprehension() {
+        let source = String::from("{x1: x2 for y in z}");
+        let parse_ast = parse_expression(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_list_comprehension() {
+        let source = String::from("[x for y in z]");
+        let parse_ast = parse_expression(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_double_list_comprehension() {
+        let source = String::from("[x for y, y2 in z for a in b if a < 5 if a > 10]");
+        let parse_ast = parse_expression(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_generator_comprehension() {
+        let source = String::from("(x for y in z)");
+        let parse_ast = parse_expression(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_named_expression_generator_comprehension() {
+        let source = String::from("(x := y + 1 for y in z)");
+        let parse_ast = parse_expression(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_if_else_generator_comprehension() {
+        let source = String::from("(x if y else y for y in z)");
+        let parse_ast = parse_expression(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+}

parser/src/python.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#![allow(clippy::all)]
+#![allow(unused)]
+include!("../python.rs");

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__fstring__tests__fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_base.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/fstring.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 0,
+        column: 0,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: JoinedStr {
+        values: [
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "user=",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: FormattedValue {
+                    value: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 2,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Name {
+                            id: "user",
+                            ctx: Load,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    conversion: 114,
+                    format_spec: None,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__fstring__tests__fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_base_more.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/fstring.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 0,
+        column: 0,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: JoinedStr {
+        values: [
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "mix ",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "user=",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: FormattedValue {
+                    value: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 2,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Name {
+                            id: "user",
+                            ctx: Load,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    conversion: 114,
+                    format_spec: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        " with text and ",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "second=",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: FormattedValue {
+                    value: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 2,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Name {
+                            id: "second",
+                            ctx: Load,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    conversion: 114,
+                    format_spec: None,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__fstring__tests__fstring_parse_selfdocumenting_format.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/fstring.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 0,
+        column: 0,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: JoinedStr {
+        values: [
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "user=",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: FormattedValue {
+                    value: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 2,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Name {
+                            id: "user",
+                            ctx: Load,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    conversion: 0,
+                    format_spec: Some(
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 0,
+                                column: 0,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: JoinedStr {
+                                values: [
+                                    Located {
+                                        location: Location {
+                                            row: 0,
+                                            column: 0,
+                                        },
+                                        custom: (),
+                                        node: Constant {
+                                            value: Str(
+                                                ">10",
+                                            ),
+                                            kind: None,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ),
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__fstring__tests__parse_empty_fstring.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/fstring.rs
+expression: "parse_fstring(\"\").unwrap()"
+
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 0,
+        column: 0,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: JoinedStr {
+        values: [],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__fstring__tests__parse_fstring.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/fstring.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 0,
+        column: 0,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: JoinedStr {
+        values: [
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: FormattedValue {
+                    value: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 2,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Name {
+                            id: "a",
+                            ctx: Load,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    conversion: 0,
+                    format_spec: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: FormattedValue {
+                    value: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 3,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Name {
+                            id: "b",
+                            ctx: Load,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    conversion: 0,
+                    format_spec: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "{foo}",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__fstring__tests__parse_fstring_equals.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/fstring.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 0,
+        column: 0,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: JoinedStr {
+        values: [
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: FormattedValue {
+                    value: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 5,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Compare {
+                            left: Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 1,
+                                    column: 2,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: Constant {
+                                    value: Int(
+                                        42,
+                                    ),
+                                    kind: None,
+                                },
+                            },
+                            ops: [
+                                Eq,
+                            ],
+                            comparators: [
+                                Located {
+                                    location: Location {
+                                        row: 1,
+                                        column: 8,
+                                    },
+                                    custom: (),
+                                    node: Constant {
+                                        value: Int(
+                                            42,
+                                        ),
+                                        kind: None,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            ],
+                        },
+                    },
+                    conversion: 0,
+                    format_spec: None,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__fstring__tests__parse_fstring_nested_spec.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/fstring.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 0,
+        column: 0,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: JoinedStr {
+        values: [
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: FormattedValue {
+                    value: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 2,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Name {
+                            id: "foo",
+                            ctx: Load,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    conversion: 0,
+                    format_spec: Some(
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 0,
+                                column: 0,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: JoinedStr {
+                                values: [
+                                    Located {
+                                        location: Location {
+                                            row: 0,
+                                            column: 0,
+                                        },
+                                        custom: (),
+                                        node: Constant {
+                                            value: Str(
+                                                "",
+                                            ),
+                                            kind: None,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    Located {
+                                        location: Location {
+                                            row: 0,
+                                            column: 0,
+                                        },
+                                        custom: (),
+                                        node: FormattedValue {
+                                            value: Located {
+                                                location: Location {
+                                                    row: 0,
+                                                    column: 0,
+                                                },
+                                                custom: (),
+                                                node: JoinedStr {
+                                                    values: [
+                                                        Located {
+                                                            location: Location {
+                                                                row: 0,
+                                                                column: 0,
+                                                            },
+                                                            custom: (),
+                                                            node: FormattedValue {
+                                                                value: Located {
+                                                                    location: Location {
+                                                                        row: 1,
+                                                                        column: 3,
+                                                                    },
+                                                                    custom: (),
+                                                                    node: Name {
+                                                                        id: "spec",
+                                                                        ctx: Load,
+                                                                    },
+                                                                },
+                                                                conversion: 0,
+                                                                format_spec: None,
+                                                            },
+                                                        },
+                                                    ],
+                                                },
+                                            },
+                                            conversion: 0,
+                                            format_spec: None,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    Located {
+                                        location: Location {
+                                            row: 0,
+                                            column: 0,
+                                        },
+                                        custom: (),
+                                        node: Constant {
+                                            value: Str(
+                                                "",
+                                            ),
+                                            kind: None,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ),
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__fstring__tests__parse_fstring_not_equals.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/fstring.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 0,
+        column: 0,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: JoinedStr {
+        values: [
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: FormattedValue {
+                    value: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 4,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Compare {
+                            left: Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 1,
+                                    column: 2,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: Constant {
+                                    value: Int(
+                                        1,
+                                    ),
+                                    kind: None,
+                                },
+                            },
+                            ops: [
+                                NotEq,
+                            ],
+                            comparators: [
+                                Located {
+                                    location: Location {
+                                        row: 1,
+                                        column: 7,
+                                    },
+                                    custom: (),
+                                    node: Constant {
+                                        value: Int(
+                                            2,
+                                        ),
+                                        kind: None,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            ],
+                        },
+                    },
+                    conversion: 0,
+                    format_spec: None,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__fstring__tests__parse_fstring_not_nested_spec.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/fstring.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 0,
+        column: 0,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: JoinedStr {
+        values: [
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: FormattedValue {
+                    value: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 2,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Name {
+                            id: "foo",
+                            ctx: Load,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    conversion: 0,
+                    format_spec: Some(
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 0,
+                                column: 0,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: JoinedStr {
+                                values: [
+                                    Located {
+                                        location: Location {
+                                            row: 0,
+                                            column: 0,
+                                        },
+                                        custom: (),
+                                        node: Constant {
+                                            value: Str(
+                                                "spec",
+                                            ),
+                                            kind: None,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                ],
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ),
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__fstring__tests__parse_fstring_selfdoc_prec_space.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/fstring.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 0,
+        column: 0,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: JoinedStr {
+        values: [
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "x   =",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: FormattedValue {
+                    value: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 2,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Name {
+                            id: "x",
+                            ctx: Load,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    conversion: 114,
+                    format_spec: None,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__fstring__tests__parse_fstring_selfdoc_trailing_space.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/fstring.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 0,
+        column: 0,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: JoinedStr {
+        values: [
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "x=",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "   ",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: FormattedValue {
+                    value: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 2,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Name {
+                            id: "x",
+                            ctx: Load,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    conversion: 114,
+                    format_spec: None,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__fstring__tests__parse_fstring_yield_expr.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/fstring.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 0,
+        column: 0,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: JoinedStr {
+        values: [
+            Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 0,
+                    column: 0,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: FormattedValue {
+                    value: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 2,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Yield {
+                            value: None,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    conversion: 0,
+                    format_spec: None,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_class.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_program(&source).unwrap()
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 1,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: ClassDef {
+            name: "Foo",
+            bases: [
+                Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 11,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "A",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 14,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "B",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+            ],
+            keywords: [],
+            body: [
+                Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 2,
+                        column: 2,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: FunctionDef {
+                        name: "__init__",
+                        args: Arguments {
+                            posonlyargs: [],
+                            args: [
+                                Located {
+                                    location: Location {
+                                        row: 2,
+                                        column: 15,
+                                    },
+                                    custom: (),
+                                    node: ArgData {
+                                        arg: "self",
+                                        annotation: None,
+                                        type_comment: None,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            ],
+                            vararg: None,
+                            kwonlyargs: [],
+                            kw_defaults: [],
+                            kwarg: None,
+                            defaults: [],
+                        },
+                        body: [
+                            Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 3,
+                                    column: 3,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: Pass,
+                            },
+                        ],
+                        decorator_list: [],
+                        returns: None,
+                        type_comment: None,
+                    },
+                },
+                Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 4,
+                        column: 2,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: FunctionDef {
+                        name: "method_with_default",
+                        args: Arguments {
+                            posonlyargs: [],
+                            args: [
+                                Located {
+                                    location: Location {
+                                        row: 4,
+                                        column: 26,
+                                    },
+                                    custom: (),
+                                    node: ArgData {
+                                        arg: "self",
+                                        annotation: None,
+                                        type_comment: None,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                                Located {
+                                    location: Location {
+                                        row: 4,
+                                        column: 32,
+                                    },
+                                    custom: (),
+                                    node: ArgData {
+                                        arg: "arg",
+                                        annotation: None,
+                                        type_comment: None,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            ],
+                            vararg: None,
+                            kwonlyargs: [],
+                            kw_defaults: [],
+                            kwarg: None,
+                            defaults: [
+                                Located {
+                                    location: Location {
+                                        row: 4,
+                                        column: 37,
+                                    },
+                                    custom: (),
+                                    node: Constant {
+                                        value: Str(
+                                            "default",
+                                        ),
+                                        kind: None,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            ],
+                        },
+                        body: [
+                            Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 5,
+                                    column: 3,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: Pass,
+                            },
+                        ],
+                        decorator_list: [],
+                        returns: None,
+                        type_comment: None,
+                    },
+                },
+            ],
+            decorator_list: [],
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_dict_comprehension.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 1,
+        column: 1,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: DictComp {
+        key: Located {
+            location: Location {
+                row: 1,
+                column: 2,
+            },
+            custom: (),
+            node: Name {
+                id: "x1",
+                ctx: Load,
+            },
+        },
+        value: Located {
+            location: Location {
+                row: 1,
+                column: 6,
+            },
+            custom: (),
+            node: Name {
+                id: "x2",
+                ctx: Load,
+            },
+        },
+        generators: [
+            Comprehension {
+                target: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 13,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "y",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                iter: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 18,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "z",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                ifs: [],
+                is_async: 0,
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_double_list_comprehension.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 1,
+        column: 1,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: ListComp {
+        elt: Located {
+            location: Location {
+                row: 1,
+                column: 2,
+            },
+            custom: (),
+            node: Name {
+                id: "x",
+                ctx: Load,
+            },
+        },
+        generators: [
+            Comprehension {
+                target: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 8,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Tuple {
+                        elts: [
+                            Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 1,
+                                    column: 8,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: Name {
+                                    id: "y",
+                                    ctx: Load,
+                                },
+                            },
+                            Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 1,
+                                    column: 11,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: Name {
+                                    id: "y2",
+                                    ctx: Load,
+                                },
+                            },
+                        ],
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                iter: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 17,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "z",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                ifs: [],
+                is_async: 0,
+            },
+            Comprehension {
+                target: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 23,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "a",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                iter: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 28,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "b",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                ifs: [
+                    Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 35,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Compare {
+                            left: Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 1,
+                                    column: 33,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: Name {
+                                    id: "a",
+                                    ctx: Load,
+                                },
+                            },
+                            ops: [
+                                Lt,
+                            ],
+                            comparators: [
+                                Located {
+                                    location: Location {
+                                        row: 1,
+                                        column: 37,
+                                    },
+                                    custom: (),
+                                    node: Constant {
+                                        value: Int(
+                                            5,
+                                        ),
+                                        kind: None,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            ],
+                        },
+                    },
+                    Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 44,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Compare {
+                            left: Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 1,
+                                    column: 42,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: Name {
+                                    id: "a",
+                                    ctx: Load,
+                                },
+                            },
+                            ops: [
+                                Gt,
+                            ],
+                            comparators: [
+                                Located {
+                                    location: Location {
+                                        row: 1,
+                                        column: 46,
+                                    },
+                                    custom: (),
+                                    node: Constant {
+                                        value: Int(
+                                            10,
+                                        ),
+                                        kind: None,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            ],
+                        },
+                    },
+                ],
+                is_async: 0,
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_empty.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+[]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_f_string.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 3,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Expr {
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 3,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: JoinedStr {
+                    values: [
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 3,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Str(
+                                    "Hello world",
+                                ),
+                                kind: None,
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_generator_comprehension.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 1,
+        column: 1,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: GeneratorExp {
+        elt: Located {
+            location: Location {
+                row: 1,
+                column: 2,
+            },
+            custom: (),
+            node: Name {
+                id: "x",
+                ctx: Load,
+            },
+        },
+        generators: [
+            Comprehension {
+                target: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 8,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "y",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                iter: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 13,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "z",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                ifs: [],
+                is_async: 0,
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_if_elif_else.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 1,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: If {
+            test: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 4,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Int(
+                        1,
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+            body: [
+                Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 7,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Expr {
+                        value: Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 7,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Int(
+                                    10,
+                                ),
+                                kind: None,
+                            },
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            ],
+            orelse: [
+                Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 2,
+                        column: 1,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: If {
+                        test: Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 2,
+                                column: 6,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Int(
+                                    2,
+                                ),
+                                kind: None,
+                            },
+                        },
+                        body: [
+                            Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 2,
+                                    column: 9,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: Expr {
+                                    value: Located {
+                                        location: Location {
+                                            row: 2,
+                                            column: 9,
+                                        },
+                                        custom: (),
+                                        node: Constant {
+                                            value: Int(
+                                                20,
+                                            ),
+                                            kind: None,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            },
+                        ],
+                        orelse: [
+                            Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 3,
+                                    column: 7,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: Expr {
+                                    value: Located {
+                                        location: Location {
+                                            row: 3,
+                                            column: 7,
+                                        },
+                                        custom: (),
+                                        node: Constant {
+                                            value: Int(
+                                                30,
+                                            ),
+                                            kind: None,
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            },
+                        ],
+                    },
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_if_else_generator_comprehension.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 1,
+        column: 1,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: GeneratorExp {
+        elt: Located {
+            location: Location {
+                row: 1,
+                column: 4,
+            },
+            custom: (),
+            node: IfExp {
+                test: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 7,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "y",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                body: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 2,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "x",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                orelse: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 14,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "y",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+        },
+        generators: [
+            Comprehension {
+                target: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 20,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "y",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                iter: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 25,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "z",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                ifs: [],
+                is_async: 0,
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_kwargs.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 1,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Expr {
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 8,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Call {
+                    func: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 1,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Name {
+                            id: "my_func",
+                            ctx: Load,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    args: [
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 10,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Str(
+                                    "positional",
+                                ),
+                                kind: None,
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    keywords: [
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 23,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: KeywordData {
+                                arg: Some(
+                                    "keyword",
+                                ),
+                                value: Located {
+                                    location: Location {
+                                        row: 1,
+                                        column: 31,
+                                    },
+                                    custom: (),
+                                    node: Constant {
+                                        value: Int(
+                                            2,
+                                        ),
+                                        kind: None,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_lambda.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 1,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Expr {
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 1,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Lambda {
+                    args: Arguments {
+                        posonlyargs: [],
+                        args: [
+                            Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 1,
+                                    column: 8,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: ArgData {
+                                    arg: "x",
+                                    annotation: None,
+                                    type_comment: None,
+                                },
+                            },
+                            Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 1,
+                                    column: 11,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: ArgData {
+                                    arg: "y",
+                                    annotation: None,
+                                    type_comment: None,
+                                },
+                            },
+                        ],
+                        vararg: None,
+                        kwonlyargs: [],
+                        kw_defaults: [],
+                        kwarg: None,
+                        defaults: [],
+                    },
+                    body: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 16,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: BinOp {
+                            left: Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 1,
+                                    column: 14,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: Name {
+                                    id: "x",
+                                    ctx: Load,
+                                },
+                            },
+                            op: Mult,
+                            right: Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 1,
+                                    column: 18,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: Name {
+                                    id: "y",
+                                    ctx: Load,
+                                },
+                            },
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_list_comprehension.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 1,
+        column: 1,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: ListComp {
+        elt: Located {
+            location: Location {
+                row: 1,
+                column: 2,
+            },
+            custom: (),
+            node: Name {
+                id: "x",
+                ctx: Load,
+            },
+        },
+        generators: [
+            Comprehension {
+                target: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 8,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "y",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                iter: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 13,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "z",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                ifs: [],
+                is_async: 0,
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_named_expression_generator_comprehension.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+Located {
+    location: Location {
+        row: 1,
+        column: 1,
+    },
+    custom: (),
+    node: GeneratorExp {
+        elt: Located {
+            location: Location {
+                row: 1,
+                column: 2,
+            },
+            custom: (),
+            node: NamedExpr {
+                target: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 2,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "x",
+                        ctx: Store,
+                    },
+                },
+                value: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 9,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: BinOp {
+                        left: Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 7,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Name {
+                                id: "y",
+                                ctx: Load,
+                            },
+                        },
+                        op: Add,
+                        right: Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 11,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Int(
+                                    1,
+                                ),
+                                kind: None,
+                            },
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+        },
+        generators: [
+            Comprehension {
+                target: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 17,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "y",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                iter: Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 22,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Name {
+                        id: "z",
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+                ifs: [],
+                is_async: 0,
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_print_2.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 1,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Expr {
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 6,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Call {
+                    func: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 1,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Name {
+                            id: "print",
+                            ctx: Load,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    args: [
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 8,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Str(
+                                    "Hello world",
+                                ),
+                                kind: None,
+                            },
+                        },
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 22,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Int(
+                                    2,
+                                ),
+                                kind: None,
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    keywords: [],
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_print_hello.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 1,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Expr {
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 6,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Call {
+                    func: Located {
+                        location: Location {
+                            row: 1,
+                            column: 1,
+                        },
+                        custom: (),
+                        node: Name {
+                            id: "print",
+                            ctx: Load,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    args: [
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 8,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Str(
+                                    "Hello world",
+                                ),
+                                kind: None,
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    keywords: [],
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_string.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 2,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Expr {
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 2,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "Hello world",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__parser__tests__parse_tuples.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/parser.rs
+expression: parse_program(&source).unwrap()
+
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 1,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Assign {
+            targets: [
+                Located {
+                    location: Location {
+                        row: 1,
+                        column: 1,
+                    },
+                    custom: (),
+                    node: Tuple {
+                        elts: [
+                            Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 1,
+                                    column: 1,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: Name {
+                                    id: "a",
+                                    ctx: Load,
+                                },
+                            },
+                            Located {
+                                location: Location {
+                                    row: 1,
+                                    column: 4,
+                                },
+                                custom: (),
+                                node: Name {
+                                    id: "b",
+                                    ctx: Load,
+                                },
+                            },
+                        ],
+                        ctx: Load,
+                    },
+                },
+            ],
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 8,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Tuple {
+                    elts: [
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 8,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Int(
+                                    4,
+                                ),
+                                kind: None,
+                            },
+                        },
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 11,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Int(
+                                    5,
+                                ),
+                                kind: None,
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    ctx: Load,
+                },
+            },
+            type_comment: None,
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__string__tests__parse_f_string_concat_1.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/string.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 2,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Expr {
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 2,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: JoinedStr {
+                    values: [
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 2,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Str(
+                                    "Hello world",
+                                ),
+                                kind: None,
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__string__tests__parse_f_string_concat_2.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/string.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 2,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Expr {
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 2,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: JoinedStr {
+                    values: [
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 2,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Str(
+                                    "Hello world",
+                                ),
+                                kind: None,
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__string__tests__parse_f_string_concat_3.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/string.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 2,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Expr {
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 2,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: JoinedStr {
+                    values: [
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 2,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Str(
+                                    "Hello world",
+                                ),
+                                kind: None,
+                            },
+                        },
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 12,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: FormattedValue {
+                                value: Located {
+                                    location: Location {
+                                        row: 1,
+                                        column: 3,
+                                    },
+                                    custom: (),
+                                    node: Constant {
+                                        value: Str(
+                                            "!",
+                                        ),
+                                        kind: None,
+                                    },
+                                },
+                                conversion: 0,
+                                format_spec: None,
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__string__tests__parse_string_concat.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/string.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 2,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Expr {
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 2,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "Hello world",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__string__tests__parse_u_f_string_concat_1.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/string.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 3,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Expr {
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 3,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: JoinedStr {
+                    values: [
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 3,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Str(
+                                    "Hello world",
+                                ),
+                                kind: Some(
+                                    "u",
+                                ),
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__string__tests__parse_u_f_string_concat_2.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/string.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 3,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Expr {
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 3,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: JoinedStr {
+                    values: [
+                        Located {
+                            location: Location {
+                                row: 1,
+                                column: 3,
+                            },
+                            custom: (),
+                            node: Constant {
+                                value: Str(
+                                    "Hello world!",
+                                ),
+                                kind: Some(
+                                    "u",
+                                ),
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__string__tests__parse_u_string_concat_1.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/string.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 2,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Expr {
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 2,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "Hello world",
+                    ),
+                    kind: None,
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/snapshots/rustpython_parser__string__tests__parse_u_string_concat_2.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+---
+source: parser/src/string.rs
+expression: parse_ast
+---
+[
+    Located {
+        location: Location {
+            row: 1,
+            column: 3,
+        },
+        custom: (),
+        node: Expr {
+            value: Located {
+                location: Location {
+                    row: 1,
+                    column: 3,
+                },
+                custom: (),
+                node: Constant {
+                    value: Str(
+                        "Hello world",
+                    ),
+                    kind: Some(
+                        "u",
+                    ),
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    },
+]

parser/src/string.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+use crate::{
+    ast::{Constant, Expr, ExprKind, Location},
+    error::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType},
+    fstring::parse_located_fstring,
+    token::StringKind,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+pub fn parse_strings(values: Vec<(Location, (String, StringKind))>) -> Result<Expr, LexicalError> {
+    // Preserve the initial location and kind.
+    let initial_location = values[0].0;
+    let initial_kind = (values[0].1 .1 == StringKind::U).then(|| "u".to_owned());
+
+    // Determine whether the list of values contains any f-strings. (If not, we can return a
+    // single Constant at the end, rather than a JoinedStr.)
+    let mut has_fstring = false;
+
+    // De-duplicate adjacent constants.
+    let mut deduped: Vec<Expr> = vec![];
+    let mut current: Vec<String> = vec![];
+
+    let take_current = |current: &mut Vec<String>| -> Expr {
+        Expr::new(
+            initial_location,
+            ExprKind::Constant {
+                value: Constant::Str(current.drain(..).join("")),
+                kind: initial_kind.clone(),
+            },
+        )
+    };
+
+    for (location, (string, string_kind)) in values {
+        match string_kind {
+            StringKind::Normal | StringKind::U => current.push(string),
+            StringKind::F => {
+                has_fstring = true;
+                let values = if let ExprKind::JoinedStr { values } =
+                    parse_located_fstring(&string, location)
+                        .map_err(|e| LexicalError {
+                            location,
+                            error: LexicalErrorType::FStringError(e.error),
+                        })?
+                        .node
+                {
+                    values
+                } else {
+                    unreachable!("parse_located_fstring returned a non-JoinedStr.")
+                };
+                for value in values {
+                    match value.node {
+                        ExprKind::FormattedValue { .. } => {
+                            if !current.is_empty() {
+                                deduped.push(take_current(&mut current));
+                            }
+                            deduped.push(value)
+                        }
+                        ExprKind::Constant { value, .. } => {
+                            if let Constant::Str(value) = value {
+                                current.push(value);
+                            } else {
+                                unreachable!("Unexpected non-string constant.");
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => unreachable!("Unexpected non-string expression."),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if !current.is_empty() {
+        deduped.push(take_current(&mut current));
+    }
+
+    Ok(if has_fstring {
+        Expr::new(initial_location, ExprKind::JoinedStr { values: deduped })
+    } else {
+        deduped
+            .into_iter()
+            .exactly_one()
+            .expect("String must be concatenated to a single element.")
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::parser::parse_program;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_string_concat() {
+        let source = String::from("'Hello ' 'world'");
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_u_string_concat_1() {
+        let source = String::from("'Hello ' u'world'");
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_u_string_concat_2() {
+        let source = String::from("u'Hello ' 'world'");
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_f_string_concat_1() {
+        let source = String::from("'Hello ' f'world'");
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_f_string_concat_2() {
+        let source = String::from("'Hello ' f'world'");
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_f_string_concat_3() {
+        let source = String::from("'Hello ' f'world{\"!\"}'");
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_u_f_string_concat_1() {
+        let source = String::from("u'Hello ' f'world'");
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_u_f_string_concat_2() {
+        let source = String::from("u'Hello ' f'world' '!'");
+        let parse_ast = parse_program(&source).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_ast);
+    }
+}

parser/src/token.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+//! Different token definitions.
+//! Loosely based on token.h from CPython source:
+use num_bigint::BigInt;
+use std::fmt::{self, Write};
+
+/// Python source code can be tokenized in a sequence of these tokens.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Tok {
+    Name { name: String },
+    Int { value: BigInt },
+    Float { value: f64 },
+    Complex { real: f64, imag: f64 },
+    String { value: String, kind: StringKind },
+    Bytes { value: Vec<u8> },
+    Newline,
+    Indent,
+    Dedent,
+    StartModule,
+    StartInteractive,
+    StartExpression,
+    EndOfFile,
+    Lpar,
+    Rpar,
+    Lsqb,
+    Rsqb,
+    Colon,
+    Comma,
+    Semi,
+    Plus,
+    Minus,
+    Star,
+    Slash,
+    Vbar,  // '|'
+    Amper, // '&'
+    Less,
+    Greater,
+    Equal,
+    Dot,
+    Percent,
+    Lbrace,
+    Rbrace,
+    EqEqual,
+    NotEqual,
+    LessEqual,
+    GreaterEqual,
+    Tilde,
+    CircumFlex,
+    LeftShift,
+    RightShift,
+    DoubleStar,
+    DoubleStarEqual, // '**='
+    PlusEqual,
+    MinusEqual,
+    StarEqual,
+    SlashEqual,
+    PercentEqual,
+    AmperEqual, // '&='
+    VbarEqual,
+    CircumflexEqual, // '^='
+    LeftShiftEqual,
+    RightShiftEqual,
+    DoubleSlash, // '//'
+    DoubleSlashEqual,
+    ColonEqual,
+    At,
+    AtEqual,
+    Rarrow,
+    Ellipsis,
+
+    // Keywords (alphabetically):
+    False,
+    None,
+    True,
+
+    And,
+    As,
+    Assert,
+    Async,
+    Await,
+    Break,
+    Class,
+    Continue,
+    Def,
+    Del,
+    Elif,
+    Else,
+    Except,
+    Finally,
+    For,
+    From,
+    Global,
+    If,
+    Import,
+    In,
+    Is,
+    Lambda,
+    Nonlocal,
+    Not,
+    Or,
+    Pass,
+    Raise,
+    Return,
+    Try,
+    While,
+    With,
+    Yield,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum StringKind {
+    Normal,
+    F,
+    U,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Tok {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        use Tok::*;
+        match self {
+            Name { name } => write!(f, "'{}'", name),
+            Int { value } => write!(f, "'{}'", value),
+            Float { value } => write!(f, "'{}'", value),
+            Complex { real, imag } => write!(f, "{}j{}", real, imag),
+            String { value, kind } => {
+                match kind {
+                    StringKind::F => f.write_str("f")?,
+                    StringKind::U => f.write_str("u")?,
+                    StringKind::Normal => {}
+                }
+                write!(f, "{:?}", value)
+            }
+            Bytes { value } => {
+                write!(f, "b\"")?;
+                for i in value {
+                    match i {
+                        9 => f.write_str("\\t")?,
+                        10 => f.write_str("\\n")?,
+                        13 => f.write_str("\\r")?,
+                        32..=126 => f.write_char(*i as char)?,
+                        _ => write!(f, "\\x{:02x}", i)?,
+                    }
+                }
+                f.write_str("\"")
+            }
+            Newline => f.write_str("Newline"),
+            Indent => f.write_str("Indent"),
+            Dedent => f.write_str("Dedent"),
+            StartModule => f.write_str("StartProgram"),
+            StartInteractive => f.write_str("StartInteractive"),
+            StartExpression => f.write_str("StartExpression"),
+            EndOfFile => f.write_str("EOF"),
+            Lpar => f.write_str("'('"),
+            Rpar => f.write_str("')'"),
+            Lsqb => f.write_str("'['"),
+            Rsqb => f.write_str("']'"),
+            Colon => f.write_str("':'"),
+            Comma => f.write_str("','"),
+            Semi => f.write_str("';'"),
+            Plus => f.write_str("'+'"),
+            Minus => f.write_str("'-'"),
+            Star => f.write_str("'*'"),
+            Slash => f.write_str("'/'"),
+            Vbar => f.write_str("'|'"),
+            Amper => f.write_str("'&'"),
+            Less => f.write_str("'<'"),
+            Greater => f.write_str("'>'"),
+            Equal => f.write_str("'='"),
+            Dot => f.write_str("'.'"),
+            Percent => f.write_str("'%'"),
+            Lbrace => f.write_str("'{'"),
+            Rbrace => f.write_str("'}'"),
+            EqEqual => f.write_str("'=='"),
+            NotEqual => f.write_str("'!='"),
+            LessEqual => f.write_str("'<='"),
+            GreaterEqual => f.write_str("'>='"),
+            Tilde => f.write_str("'~'"),
+            CircumFlex => f.write_str("'^'"),
+            LeftShift => f.write_str("'<<'"),
+            RightShift => f.write_str("'>>'"),
+            DoubleStar => f.write_str("'**'"),
+            DoubleStarEqual => f.write_str("'**='"),
+            PlusEqual => f.write_str("'+='"),
+            MinusEqual => f.write_str("'-='"),
+            StarEqual => f.write_str("'*='"),
+            SlashEqual => f.write_str("'/='"),
+            PercentEqual => f.write_str("'%='"),
+            AmperEqual => f.write_str("'&='"),
+            VbarEqual => f.write_str("'|='"),
+            CircumflexEqual => f.write_str("'^='"),
+            LeftShiftEqual => f.write_str("'<<='"),
+            RightShiftEqual => f.write_str("'>>='"),
+            DoubleSlash => f.write_str("'//'"),
+            DoubleSlashEqual => f.write_str("'//='"),
+            At => f.write_str("'@'"),
+            AtEqual => f.write_str("'@='"),
+            Rarrow => f.write_str("'->'"),
+            Ellipsis => f.write_str("'...'"),
+            False => f.write_str("'False'"),
+            None => f.write_str("'None'"),
+            True => f.write_str("'True'"),
+            And => f.write_str("'and'"),
+            As => f.write_str("'as'"),
+            Assert => f.write_str("'assert'"),
+            Async => f.write_str("'async'"),
+            Await => f.write_str("'await'"),
+            Break => f.write_str("'break'"),
+            Class => f.write_str("'class'"),
+            Continue => f.write_str("'continue'"),
+            Def => f.write_str("'def'"),
+            Del => f.write_str("'del'"),
+            Elif => f.write_str("'elif'"),
+            Else => f.write_str("'else'"),
+            Except => f.write_str("'except'"),
+            Finally => f.write_str("'finally'"),
+            For => f.write_str("'for'"),
+            From => f.write_str("'from'"),
+            Global => f.write_str("'global'"),
+            If => f.write_str("'if'"),
+            Import => f.write_str("'import'"),
+            In => f.write_str("'in'"),
+            Is => f.write_str("'is'"),
+            Lambda => f.write_str("'lambda'"),
+            Nonlocal => f.write_str("'nonlocal'"),
+            Not => f.write_str("'not'"),
+            Or => f.write_str("'or'"),
+            Pass => f.write_str("'pass'"),
+            Raise => f.write_str("'raise'"),
+            Return => f.write_str("'return'"),
+            Try => f.write_str("'try'"),
+            While => f.write_str("'while'"),
+            With => f.write_str("'with'"),
+            Yield => f.write_str("'yield'"),
+            ColonEqual => f.write_str("':='"),
+        }
+    }
+}

porcelain/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "rustpython-compiler"
-version = "0.1.2"
-description = "A usability wrapper around rustpython-parser and rustpython-compiler-core"
-authors = ["RustPython Team"]
-edition = "2021"
-
-[dependencies]
-thiserror = "1.0"
-rustpython-compiler-core = { path = ".." }
-rustpython-parser = { path = "../../parser" }
-rustpython-bytecode = { path = "../../bytecode" }

porcelain/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,124 +0,0 @@
-use rustpython_bytecode::CodeObject;
-use rustpython_compiler_core::{compile, symboltable};
-use rustpython_parser::{
-    ast::{fold::Fold, ConstantOptimizer, Location},
-    parser,
-};
-use std::fmt;
-
-pub use compile::{CompileOpts, Mode};
-pub use symboltable::{Symbol, SymbolScope, SymbolTable, SymbolTableType};
-
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
-pub enum CompileErrorType {
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    Compile(#[from] rustpython_compiler_core::error::CompileErrorType),
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    Parse(#[from] rustpython_parser::error::ParseErrorType),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
-pub struct CompileError {
-    pub error: CompileErrorType,
-    pub statement: Option<String>,
-    pub source_path: String,
-    pub location: Location,
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for CompileError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        let loc = self.location;
-        if let Some(ref stmt) = self.statement {
-            // visualize the error when location and statement are provided
-            write!(
-                f,
-                "{}",
-                loc.visualize(stmt, &format_args!("{} at {}", self.error, loc))
-            )
-        } else {
-            write!(f, "{} at {}", self.error, loc)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl CompileError {
-    fn from_compile(error: rustpython_compiler_core::error::CompileError, source: &str) -> Self {
-        CompileError {
-            error: error.error.into(),
-            location: error.location,
-            source_path: error.source_path,
-            statement: get_statement(source, error.location),
-        }
-    }
-    fn from_parse(
-        error: rustpython_parser::error::ParseError,
-        source: &str,
-        source_path: String,
-    ) -> Self {
-        CompileError {
-            error: error.error.into(),
-            location: error.location,
-            source_path,
-            statement: get_statement(source, error.location),
-        }
-    }
-    fn from_symtable(
-        error: symboltable::SymbolTableError,
-        source: &str,
-        source_path: String,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self::from_compile(error.into_compile_error(source_path), source)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Compile a given sourcecode into a bytecode object.
-pub fn compile(
-    source: &str,
-    mode: compile::Mode,
-    source_path: String,
-    opts: CompileOpts,
-) -> Result<CodeObject, CompileError> {
-    let parser_mode = match mode {
-        compile::Mode::Exec => parser::Mode::Module,
-        compile::Mode::Eval => parser::Mode::Expression,
-        compile::Mode::Single | compile::Mode::BlockExpr => parser::Mode::Interactive,
-    };
-    let mut ast = match parser::parse(source, parser_mode) {
-        Ok(x) => x,
-        Err(e) => return Err(CompileError::from_parse(e, source, source_path)),
-    };
-    if opts.optimize > 0 {
-        ast = ConstantOptimizer::new()
-            .fold_mod(ast)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|e| match e {});
-    }
-    compile::compile_top(&ast, source_path, mode, opts)
-        .map_err(|e| CompileError::from_compile(e, source))
-}
-
-pub fn compile_symtable(
-    source: &str,
-    mode: compile::Mode,
-    source_path: &str,
-) -> Result<symboltable::SymbolTable, CompileError> {
-    let parse_err = |e| CompileError::from_parse(e, source, source_path.to_owned());
-    let res = match mode {
-        compile::Mode::Exec | compile::Mode::Single | compile::Mode::BlockExpr => {
-            let ast = parser::parse_program(source).map_err(parse_err)?;
-            symboltable::make_symbol_table(&ast)
-        }
-        compile::Mode::Eval => {
-            let expr = parser::parse_expression(source).map_err(parse_err)?;
-            symboltable::make_symbol_table_expr(&expr)
-        }
-    };
-    res.map_err(|e| CompileError::from_symtable(e, source, source_path.to_owned()))
-}
-
-fn get_statement(source: &str, loc: Location) -> Option<String> {
-    if loc.column() == 0 || loc.row() == 0 {
-        return None;
-    }
-    let line = source.split('\n').nth(loc.row() - 1)?.to_owned();
-    Some(line + "\n")
-}