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bpo-34977: Add Windows App Store package (GH-11027)

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Also adds the PC/layout script for generating layouts on Windows.
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Doc/using/windows.rst
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@ -12,9 +12,6 @@
This document aims to give an overview of Windows-specific behaviour you should
know about when using Python on Microsoft Windows.
Installing Python
=================
Unlike most Unix systems and services, Windows does not include a system
supported installation of Python. To make Python available, the CPython team
has compiled Windows installers (MSI packages) with every `release
@ -24,15 +21,37 @@ core interpreter and library being used by a single user. The installer is also
able to install for all users of a single machine, and a separate ZIP file is
available for application-local distributions.
Supported Versions
------------------
As specified in :pep:`11`, a Python release only supports a Windows platform
while Microsoft considers the platform under extended support. This means that
Python |version| supports Windows Vista and newer. If you require Windows XP
support then please install Python 3.4.
Installation Steps
There are a number of different installers available for Windows, each with
certain benefits and downsides.
:ref:`windows-full` contains all components and is the best option for
developers using Python for any kind of project.
:ref:`windows-store` is a simple installation of Python that is suitable for
running scripts and packages, and using IDLE or other development environments.
It requires Windows 10, but can be safely installed without corrupting other
programs. It also provides many convenient commands for launching Python and
its tools.
:ref:`windows-nuget` are lightweight installations intended for continuous
integration systems. It can be used to build Python packages or run scripts,
but is not updateable and has no user interface tools.
:ref:`windows-embeddable` is a minimal package of Python suitable for
embedding into a larger application.
.. _windows-full:
The full installer
==================
Installation steps
------------------
Four Python |version| installers are available for download - two each for the
@ -264,39 +283,199 @@ settings and replace any that have been removed or modified.
"Uninstall" will remove Python entirely, with the exception of the
:ref:`launcher`, which has its own entry in Programs and Features.
Other Platforms
---------------
With ongoing development of Python, some platforms that used to be supported
earlier are no longer supported (due to the lack of users or developers).
Check :pep:`11` for details on all unsupported platforms.
.. _windows-store:
* `Windows CE <http://pythonce.sourceforge.net/>`_ is still supported.
* The `Cygwin <https://cygwin.com/>`_ installer offers to install the Python
interpreter as well (cf. `Cygwin package source
<ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/pc/gnuwin32/cygwin/mirrors/cygnus/
release/python>`_, `Maintainer releases
<http://www.tishler.net/jason/software/python/>`_)
The Microsoft Store package
===========================
See `Python for Windows <https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/>`_
for detailed information about platforms with pre-compiled installers.
.. versionadded:: 3.7.2
.. seealso::
.. note::
The Microsoft Store package is currently considered unstable while its
interactions with other tools and other copies of Python are evaluated.
While Python itself is stable, this installation method may change its
behavior and capabilities during Python 3.7 releases.
`Python on XP <http://dooling.com/index.php/2006/03/14/python-on-xp-7-minutes-to-hello-world/>`_
"7 Minutes to "Hello World!""
by Richard Dooling, 2006
The Microsoft Store package is an easily installable Python interpreter that
is intended mainly for interactive use, for example, by students.
`Installing on Windows <http://www.diveintopython.net/installing_python/windows.html>`_
in "`Dive into Python: Python from novice to pro
<http://www.diveintopython.net/>`_"
by Mark Pilgrim, 2004,
ISBN 1-59059-356-1
To install the package, ensure you have the latest Windows 10 updates and
search the Microsoft Store app for "Python |version|". Ensure that the app
you select is published by the Python Software Foundation, and install it.
`For Windows users <https://python.swaroopch.com/installation.html#installation-on-windows>`_
in "Installing Python"
in "`A Byte of Python <https://python.swaroopch.com/>`_"
by Swaroop C H, 2003
.. warning::
Python will always be available for free on the Microsoft Store. If you
are asked to pay for it, you have not selected the correct package.
After installation, Python may be launched by finding it in Start.
Alternatively, it will be available from any Command Prompt or PowerShell
session by typing ``python``. Further, pip and IDLE may be used by typing
``pip`` or ``idle``. IDLE can also be found in Start.
All three commands are also available with version number suffixes, for
example, as ``python3.exe`` and ``python3.x.exe`` as well as
``python.exe`` (where ``3.x`` is the specific version you want to launch,
such as |version|).
Virtual environments can be created with ``python -m venv`` and activated
and used as normal.
If you have installed another version of Python and added it to your
``PATH`` variable, it will be available as ``python.exe`` rather than the
one from the Microsoft Store. To access the new installation, use
``python3.exe`` or ``python3.x.exe``.
To remove Python, open Settings and use Apps and Features, or else find
Python in Start and right-click to select Uninstall. Uninstalling will
remove all packages you installed directly into this Python installation, but
will not remove any virtual environments
Known Issues
------------
Currently, the ``py.exe`` launcher cannot be used to start Python when it
has been installed from the Microsoft Store.
Because of restrictions on Microsoft Store apps, Python scripts may not have
full write access to shared locations such as ``TEMP`` and the registry.
Instead, it will write to a private copy. If your scripts must modify the
shared locations, you will need to install the full installer.
.. _windows-nuget:
The nuget.org packages
======================
.. versionadded:: 3.5.2
The nuget.org package is a reduced size Python environment intended for use on
continuous integration and build systems that do not have a system-wide
install of Python. While nuget is "the package manager for .NET", it also works
perfectly fine for packages containing build-time tools.
Visit `nuget.org <https://www.nuget.org/>`_ for the most up-to-date information
on using nuget. What follows is a summary that is sufficient for Python
developers.
The ``nuget.exe`` command line tool may be downloaded directly from
``https://aka.ms/nugetclidl``, for example, using curl or PowerShell. With the
tool, the latest version of Python for 64-bit or 32-bit machines is installed
using::
nuget.exe install python -ExcludeVersion -OutputDirectory .
nuget.exe install pythonx86 -ExcludeVersion -OutputDirectory .
To select a particular version, add a ``-Version 3.x.y``. The output directory
may be changed from ``.``, and the package will be installed into a
subdirectory. By default, the subdirectory is named the same as the package,
and without the ``-ExcludeVersion`` option this name will include the specific
version installed. Inside the subdirectory is a ``tools`` directory that
contains the Python installation::
# Without -ExcludeVersion
> .\python.3.5.2\tools\python.exe -V
Python 3.5.2
# With -ExcludeVersion
> .\python\tools\python.exe -V
Python 3.5.2
In general, nuget packages are not upgradeable, and newer versions should be
installed side-by-side and referenced using the full path. Alternatively,
delete the package directory manually and install it again. Many CI systems
will do this automatically if they do not preserve files between builds.
Alongside the ``tools`` directory is a ``build\native`` directory. This
contains a MSBuild properties file ``python.props`` that can be used in a
C++ project to reference the Python install. Including the settings will
automatically use the headers and import libraries in your build.
The package information pages on nuget.org are
`www.nuget.org/packages/python <https://www.nuget.org/packages/python>`_
for the 64-bit version and `www.nuget.org/packages/pythonx86
<https://www.nuget.org/packages/pythonx86>`_ for the 32-bit version.
.. _windows-embeddable:
The embeddable package
======================
.. versionadded:: 3.5
The embedded distribution is a ZIP file containing a minimal Python environment.
It is intended for acting as part of another application, rather than being
directly accessed by end-users.
When extracted, the embedded distribution is (almost) fully isolated from the
user's system, including environment variables, system registry settings, and
installed packages. The standard library is included as pre-compiled and
optimized ``.pyc`` files in a ZIP, and ``python3.dll``, ``python37.dll``,
``python.exe`` and ``pythonw.exe`` are all provided. Tcl/tk (including all
dependants, such as Idle), pip and the Python documentation are not included.
.. note::
The embedded distribution does not include the `Microsoft C Runtime
<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=48145>`_ and it is
the responsibility of the application installer to provide this. The
runtime may have already been installed on a user's system previously or
automatically via Windows Update, and can be detected by finding
``ucrtbase.dll`` in the system directory.
Third-party packages should be installed by the application installer alongside
the embedded distribution. Using pip to manage dependencies as for a regular
Python installation is not supported with this distribution, though with some
care it may be possible to include and use pip for automatic updates. In
general, third-party packages should be treated as part of the application
("vendoring") so that the developer can ensure compatibility with newer
versions before providing updates to users.
The two recommended use cases for this distribution are described below.
Python Application
------------------
An application written in Python does not necessarily require users to be aware
of that fact. The embedded distribution may be used in this case to include a
private version of Python in an install package. Depending on how transparent it
should be (or conversely, how professional it should appear), there are two
options.
Using a specialized executable as a launcher requires some coding, but provides
the most transparent experience for users. With a customized launcher, there are
no obvious indications that the program is running on Python: icons can be
customized, company and version information can be specified, and file
associations behave properly. In most cases, a custom launcher should simply be
able to call ``Py_Main`` with a hard-coded command line.
The simpler approach is to provide a batch file or generated shortcut that
directly calls the ``python.exe`` or ``pythonw.exe`` with the required
command-line arguments. In this case, the application will appear to be Python
and not its actual name, and users may have trouble distinguishing it from other
running Python processes or file associations.
With the latter approach, packages should be installed as directories alongside
the Python executable to ensure they are available on the path. With the
specialized launcher, packages can be located in other locations as there is an
opportunity to specify the search path before launching the application.
Embedding Python
----------------
Applications written in native code often require some form of scripting
language, and the embedded Python distribution can be used for this purpose. In
general, the majority of the application is in native code, and some part will
either invoke ``python.exe`` or directly use ``python3.dll``. For either case,
extracting the embedded distribution to a subdirectory of the application
installation is sufficient to provide a loadable Python interpreter.
As with the application use, packages can be installed to any location as there
is an opportunity to specify search paths before initializing the interpreter.
Otherwise, there is no fundamental differences between using the embedded
distribution and a regular installation.
Alternative bundles
@ -441,6 +620,8 @@ appropriate version of Python. It will prefer per-user installations over
system-wide ones, and orders by language version rather than using the most
recently installed version.
The launcher was originally specified in :pep:`397`.
Getting started
---------------
@ -922,95 +1103,19 @@ For extension modules, consult :ref:`building-on-windows`.
by Trent Apted et al, 2007
Embedded Distribution
=====================
.. versionadded:: 3.5
The embedded distribution is a ZIP file containing a minimal Python environment.
It is intended for acting as part of another application, rather than being
directly accessed by end-users.
When extracted, the embedded distribution is (almost) fully isolated from the
user's system, including environment variables, system registry settings, and
installed packages. The standard library is included as pre-compiled and
optimized ``.pyc`` files in a ZIP, and ``python3.dll``, ``python37.dll``,
``python.exe`` and ``pythonw.exe`` are all provided. Tcl/tk (including all
dependants, such as Idle), pip and the Python documentation are not included.
.. note::
The embedded distribution does not include the `Microsoft C Runtime
<https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=48145>`_ and it is
the responsibility of the application installer to provide this. The
runtime may have already been installed on a user's system previously or
automatically via Windows Update, and can be detected by finding
``ucrtbase.dll`` in the system directory.
Third-party packages should be installed by the application installer alongside
the embedded distribution. Using pip to manage dependencies as for a regular
Python installation is not supported with this distribution, though with some
care it may be possible to include and use pip for automatic updates. In
general, third-party packages should be treated as part of the application
("vendoring") so that the developer can ensure compatibility with newer
versions before providing updates to users.
The two recommended use cases for this distribution are described below.
Python Application
------------------
An application written in Python does not necessarily require users to be aware
of that fact. The embedded distribution may be used in this case to include a
private version of Python in an install package. Depending on how transparent it
should be (or conversely, how professional it should appear), there are two
options.
Using a specialized executable as a launcher requires some coding, but provides
the most transparent experience for users. With a customized launcher, there are
no obvious indications that the program is running on Python: icons can be
customized, company and version information can be specified, and file
associations behave properly. In most cases, a custom launcher should simply be
able to call ``Py_Main`` with a hard-coded command line.
The simpler approach is to provide a batch file or generated shortcut that
directly calls the ``python.exe`` or ``pythonw.exe`` with the required
command-line arguments. In this case, the application will appear to be Python
and not its actual name, and users may have trouble distinguishing it from other
running Python processes or file associations.
With the latter approach, packages should be installed as directories alongside
the Python executable to ensure they are available on the path. With the
specialized launcher, packages can be located in other locations as there is an
opportunity to specify the search path before launching the application.
Embedding Python
----------------
Applications written in native code often require some form of scripting
language, and the embedded Python distribution can be used for this purpose. In
general, the majority of the application is in native code, and some part will
either invoke ``python.exe`` or directly use ``python3.dll``. For either case,
extracting the embedded distribution to a subdirectory of the application
installation is sufficient to provide a loadable Python interpreter.
As with the application use, packages can be installed to any location as there
is an opportunity to specify search paths before initializing the interpreter.
Otherwise, there is no fundamental differences between using the embedded
distribution and a regular installation.
Other resources
Other Platforms
===============
.. seealso::
With ongoing development of Python, some platforms that used to be supported
earlier are no longer supported (due to the lack of users or developers).
Check :pep:`11` for details on all unsupported platforms.
`Python Programming On Win32 <http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9781565926219.do>`_
"Help for Windows Programmers"
by Mark Hammond and Andy Robinson, O'Reilly Media, 2000,
ISBN 1-56592-621-8
* `Windows CE <http://pythonce.sourceforge.net/>`_ is still supported.
* The `Cygwin <https://cygwin.com/>`_ installer offers to install the Python
interpreter as well (cf. `Cygwin package source
<ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/pc/gnuwin32/cygwin/mirrors/cygnus/
release/python>`_, `Maintainer releases
<http://www.tishler.net/jason/software/python/>`_)
`A Python for Windows Tutorial <http://www.imladris.com/Scripts/PythonForWindows.html>`_
by Amanda Birmingham, 2004
:pep:`397` - Python launcher for Windows
The proposal for the launcher to be included in the Python distribution.
See `Python for Windows <https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/>`_
for detailed information about platforms with pre-compiled installers.