Check result of utc_to_seconds and skip fold probe in pure Python (GH-91582) (GH-92748)

The `utc_to_seconds` call can fail, here's a minimal reproducer on
Linux:

TZ=UTC python -c "from datetime import *; datetime.fromtimestamp(253402300799 + 1)"

The old behavior still raised an error in a similar way, but only
because subsequent calculations happened to fail as well. Better to fail
fast.

This also refactors the tests to split out the `fromtimestamp` and
`utcfromtimestamp` tests, and to get us closer to the actual desired
limits of the functions. As part of this, we also changed the way we
detect platforms where the same limits don't necessarily apply (e.g.
Windows).

As part of refactoring the tests to hit this condition explicitly (even
though the user-facing behvior doesn't change in any way we plan to
guarantee), I noticed that there was a difference in the places that
`datetime.utcfromtimestamp` fails in the C and pure Python versions, which
was fixed by skipping the "probe for fold" logic for UTC specifically —
since UTC doesn't have any folds or gaps, we were never going to find a
fold value anyway. This should prevent some failures in the pure python
`utcfromtimestamp` method on timestamps close to 0001-01-01.

There are two separate news entries for this because one is a
potentially user-facing change, the other is an internal code
correctness change that, if anything, changes some error messages. The
two happen to be coupled because of the test refactoring, but they are
probably best thought of as independent changes.

Fixes GH-91581
(cherry picked from commit 83c0247d47)

Co-authored-by: Paul Ganssle <1377457+pganssle@users.noreply.github.com>

Lib/test/datetimetester.py

@@ -2467,45 +2467,101 @@ class TestDateTime(TestDate):
             self.assertEqual(t.microsecond, 7812)
 
     def test_timestamp_limits(self):
-        # minimum timestamp
+        with self.subTest("minimum UTC"):
+            min_dt = self.theclass.min.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+            min_ts = min_dt.timestamp()
+
+            # This test assumes that datetime.min == 0000-01-01T00:00:00.00
+            # If that assumption changes, this value can change as well
+            self.assertEqual(min_ts, -62135596800)
+
+        with self.subTest("maximum UTC"):
+            # Zero out microseconds to avoid rounding issues
+            max_dt = self.theclass.max.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc,
+                                               microsecond=0)
+            max_ts = max_dt.timestamp()
+
+            # This test assumes that datetime.max == 9999-12-31T23:59:59.999999
+            # If that assumption changes, this value can change as well
+            self.assertEqual(max_ts, 253402300799.0)
+
+    def test_fromtimestamp_limits(self):
+        try:
+            self.theclass.fromtimestamp(-2**32 - 1)
+        except (OSError, OverflowError):
+            self.skipTest("Test not valid on this platform")
+
+        # XXX: Replace these with datetime.{min,max}.timestamp() when we solve
+        # the issue with gh-91012
+        min_dt = self.theclass.min + timedelta(days=1)
+        min_ts = min_dt.timestamp()
+
+        max_dt = self.theclass.max.replace(microsecond=0)
+        max_ts = ((self.theclass.max - timedelta(hours=23)).timestamp() +
+                  timedelta(hours=22, minutes=59, seconds=59).total_seconds())
+
+        for (test_name, ts, expected) in [
+                ("minimum", min_ts, min_dt),
+                ("maximum", max_ts, max_dt),
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(test_name, ts=ts, expected=expected):
+                actual = self.theclass.fromtimestamp(ts)
+
+                self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+        # Test error conditions
+        test_cases = [
+            ("Too small by a little", min_ts - timedelta(days=1, hours=12).total_seconds()),
+            ("Too small by a lot", min_ts - timedelta(days=400).total_seconds()),
+            ("Too big by a little", max_ts + timedelta(days=1).total_seconds()),
+            ("Too big by a lot", max_ts + timedelta(days=400).total_seconds()),
+        ]
+
+        for test_name, ts in test_cases:
+            with self.subTest(test_name, ts=ts):
+                with self.assertRaises((ValueError, OverflowError)):
+                    # converting a Python int to C time_t can raise a
+                    # OverflowError, especially on 32-bit platforms.
+                    self.theclass.fromtimestamp(ts)
+
+    def test_utcfromtimestamp_limits(self):
+        try:
+            self.theclass.utcfromtimestamp(-2**32 - 1)
+        except (OSError, OverflowError):
+            self.skipTest("Test not valid on this platform")
+
         min_dt = self.theclass.min.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
         min_ts = min_dt.timestamp()
-        try:
-            # date 0001-01-01 00:00:00+00:00: timestamp=-62135596800
-            self.assertEqual(self.theclass.fromtimestamp(min_ts, tz=timezone.utc),
-                             min_dt)
-        except (OverflowError, OSError) as exc:
-            # the date 0001-01-01 doesn't fit into 32-bit time_t,
-            # or platform doesn't support such very old date
-            self.skipTest(str(exc))
 
-        # maximum timestamp: set seconds to zero to avoid rounding issues
-        max_dt = self.theclass.max.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc,
-                                           second=0, microsecond=0)
+        max_dt = self.theclass.max.replace(microsecond=0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
         max_ts = max_dt.timestamp()
-        # date 9999-12-31 23:59:00+00:00: timestamp 253402300740
-        self.assertEqual(self.theclass.fromtimestamp(max_ts, tz=timezone.utc),
-                         max_dt)
 
-        # number of seconds greater than 1 year: make sure that the new date
-        # is not valid in datetime.datetime limits
-        delta = 3600 * 24 * 400
+        for (test_name, ts, expected) in [
+                ("minimum", min_ts, min_dt.replace(tzinfo=None)),
+                ("maximum", max_ts, max_dt.replace(tzinfo=None)),
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(test_name, ts=ts, expected=expected):
+                try:
+                    actual = self.theclass.utcfromtimestamp(ts)
+                except (OSError, OverflowError) as exc:
+                    self.skipTest(str(exc))
 
-        # too small
-        ts = min_ts - delta
-        # converting a Python int to C time_t can raise a OverflowError,
-        # especially on 32-bit platforms.
-        with self.assertRaises((ValueError, OverflowError)):
-            self.theclass.fromtimestamp(ts)
-        with self.assertRaises((ValueError, OverflowError)):
-            self.theclass.utcfromtimestamp(ts)
+                self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
 
-        # too big
-        ts = max_dt.timestamp() + delta
-        with self.assertRaises((ValueError, OverflowError)):
-            self.theclass.fromtimestamp(ts)
-        with self.assertRaises((ValueError, OverflowError)):
-            self.theclass.utcfromtimestamp(ts)
+        # Test error conditions
+        test_cases = [
+            ("Too small by a little", min_ts - 1),
+            ("Too small by a lot", min_ts - timedelta(days=400).total_seconds()),
+            ("Too big by a little", max_ts + 1),
+            ("Too big by a lot", max_ts + timedelta(days=400).total_seconds()),
+        ]
+
+        for test_name, ts in test_cases:
+            with self.subTest(test_name, ts=ts):
+                with self.assertRaises((ValueError, OverflowError)):
+                    # converting a Python int to C time_t can raise a
+                    # OverflowError, especially on 32-bit platforms.
+                    self.theclass.utcfromtimestamp(ts)
 
     def test_insane_fromtimestamp(self):
         # It's possible that some platform maps time_t to double,