bpo-33234 Improve list() pre-sizing for inputs with known lengths (GH-9846)

The list() constructor isn't taking full advantage of known input
lengths or length hints. This commit makes the constructor
pre-size and not over-allocate when the input size is known (the
input collection implements __len__). One on the main advantages is
that this provides 12% difference in memory savings due to the difference
between overallocating and allocating exactly the input size.

For efficiency purposes and to avoid a performance regression for small
generators and collections, the size of the input object is calculated using
__len__ and not __length_hint__, as the later is considerably slower.

Lib/test/test_list.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import sys
 from test import list_tests
+from test.support import cpython_only
 import pickle
 import unittest
 
@@ -157,5 +158,13 @@ class ListTest(list_tests.CommonTest):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             (3,) + L([1,2])
 
+    @cpython_only
+    def test_preallocation(self):
+        iterable = [0] * 10
+        iter_size = sys.getsizeof(iterable)
+
+        self.assertEqual(iter_size, sys.getsizeof(list([0] * 10)))
+        self.assertEqual(iter_size, sys.getsizeof(list(range(10))))
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()