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Remove trailing whitespace.
This commit is contained in:
Georg Brandl
parent
3d3558a465
commit
48310cd3f2
127 changed files with 825 additions and 825 deletions
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@ -399,8 +399,8 @@ string. It can optionally be limited to a fixed number of characters. ::
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curses.echo() # Enable echoing of characters
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# Get a 15-character string, with the cursor on the top line
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s = stdscr.getstr(0,0, 15)
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# Get a 15-character string, with the cursor on the top line
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s = stdscr.getstr(0,0, 15)
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The Python :mod:`curses.textpad` module supplies something better. With it, you
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can turn a window into a text box that supports an Emacs-like set of
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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************************************
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Idioms and Anti-Idioms in Python
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Idioms and Anti-Idioms in Python
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************************************
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:Author: Moshe Zadka
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@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Bad example::
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# bar.py
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from foo import a
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if something():
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a = 2 # danger: foo.a != a
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a = 2 # danger: foo.a != a
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Good example::
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@ -271,6 +271,6 @@ It is usually much better to use the implicit continuation inside parenthesis:
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This version is bulletproof::
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value = (foo.bar()['first'][0]*baz.quux(1, 2)[5:9]
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value = (foo.bar()['first'][0]*baz.quux(1, 2)[5:9]
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+ calculate_number(10, 20)*forbulate(500, 360))
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@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ than a large function that performs a complicated transformation. Small
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functions are also easier to read and to check for errors.
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Ease of debugging and testing
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Ease of debugging and testing
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-----------------------------
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Testing and debugging a functional-style program is easier.
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@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ You can experiment with the iteration interface manually:
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
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StopIteration
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>>>
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>>>
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Python expects iterable objects in several different contexts, the most
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important being the ``for`` statement. In the statement ``for X in Y``, Y must
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@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ Generator expressions are surrounded by parentheses ("()") and list
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comprehensions are surrounded by square brackets ("[]"). Generator expressions
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have the form::
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( expression for expr in sequence1
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( expression for expr in sequence1
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if condition1
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for expr2 in sequence2
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if condition2
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@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ equivalent to the following Python code::
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if not (conditionN):
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continue # Skip this element
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# Output the value of
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# Output the value of
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# the expression.
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This means that when there are multiple ``for...in`` clauses but no ``if``
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@ -419,8 +419,8 @@ list is 9 elements long:
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>>> seq1 = 'abc'
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>>> seq2 = (1,2,3)
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>>> [(x,y) for x in seq1 for y in seq2]
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[('a', 1), ('a', 2), ('a', 3),
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('b', 1), ('b', 2), ('b', 3),
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[('a', 1), ('a', 2), ('a', 3),
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('b', 1), ('b', 2), ('b', 3),
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('c', 1), ('c', 2), ('c', 3)]
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To avoid introducing an ambiguity into Python's grammar, if ``expression`` is
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@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ Let's look in more detail at built-in functions often used with iterators.
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Two of Python's built-in functions, :func:`map` and :func:`filter` duplicate the
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features of generator expressions:
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``map(f, iterA, iterB, ...)`` returns an iterator over the sequence
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``map(f, iterA, iterB, ...)`` returns an iterator over the sequence
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``f(iterA[0], iterB[0]), f(iterA[1], iterB[1]), f(iterA[2], iterB[2]), ...``.
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>>> def upper(s):
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@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ features of generator expressions:
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>>> [upper(s) for s in ['sentence', 'fragment']]
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['SENTENCE', 'FRAGMENT']
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You can of course achieve the same effect with a list comprehension.
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You can of course achieve the same effect with a list comprehension.
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``filter(predicate, iter)`` returns an iterator over all the sequence elements
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that meet a certain condition, and is similarly duplicated by list
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@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ values:
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True
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>>> all([0,1,0])
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False
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>>> all([0,0,0])
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>>> all([0,0,0])
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False
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>>> all([1,1,1])
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True
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@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ operators. Some examples are ``operator.add(a, b)`` (adds two values),
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``itertools.starmap(func, iter)`` assumes that the iterable will return a stream
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of tuples, and calls ``f()`` using these tuples as the arguments::
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itertools.starmap(os.path.join,
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itertools.starmap(os.path.join,
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[('/usr', 'bin', 'java'), ('/bin', 'python'),
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('/usr', 'bin', 'perl'),('/usr', 'bin', 'ruby')])
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=>
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@ -887,9 +887,9 @@ value and an iterator for the elements with that key.
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::
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city_list = [('Decatur', 'AL'), ('Huntsville', 'AL'), ('Selma', 'AL'),
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city_list = [('Decatur', 'AL'), ('Huntsville', 'AL'), ('Selma', 'AL'),
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('Anchorage', 'AK'), ('Nome', 'AK'),
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('Flagstaff', 'AZ'), ('Phoenix', 'AZ'), ('Tucson', 'AZ'),
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('Flagstaff', 'AZ'), ('Phoenix', 'AZ'), ('Tucson', 'AZ'),
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...
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]
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@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ value and an iterator for the elements with that key.
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where
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iterator-1 =>
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('Decatur', 'AL'), ('Huntsville', 'AL'), ('Selma', 'AL')
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iterator-2 =>
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iterator-2 =>
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('Anchorage', 'AK'), ('Nome', 'AK')
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iterator-3 =>
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('Flagstaff', 'AZ'), ('Phoenix', 'AZ'), ('Tucson', 'AZ')
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@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@ is equivalent to ::
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>>> double(add(5, 6))
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22
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The ``unpack`` keyword is provided to work around the fact that Python functions
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are not always `fully curried <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currying>`__. By
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default, it is expected that the ``inner`` function will return a single object
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@ -1054,15 +1054,15 @@ and that the ``outer`` function will take a single argument. Setting the
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will be expanded before being passed to ``outer``. Put simply, ::
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compose(f, g)(5, 6)
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is equivalent to::
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f(g(5, 6))
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while ::
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compose(f, g, unpack=True)(5, 6)
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is equivalent to::
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f(*g(5, 6))
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@ -1074,21 +1074,21 @@ provided by both ``functional`` and ``functools``). ::
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from functional import compose, partial
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import functools
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multi_compose = partial(functools.reduce, compose)
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We can also use ``map()``, ``compose()`` and ``partial()`` to craft a version of
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``"".join(...)`` that converts its arguments to string::
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from functional import compose, partial
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join = compose("".join, partial(map, str))
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``flip(func)``
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``flip()`` wraps the callable in ``func`` and causes it to receive its
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non-keyword arguments in reverse order. ::
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@ -1103,7 +1103,7 @@ non-keyword arguments in reverse order. ::
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(7, 6, 5)
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``foldl(func, start, iterable)``
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``foldl()`` takes a binary function, a starting value (usually some kind of
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'zero'), and an iterable. The function is applied to the starting value and the
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first element of the list, then the result of that and the second element of the
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@ -1117,7 +1117,7 @@ is equivalent to::
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f(f(f(0, 1), 2), 3)
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``foldl()`` is roughly equivalent to the following recursive function::
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def foldl(func, start, seq):
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@ -1224,7 +1224,7 @@ Fredrik Lundh once suggested the following set of rules for refactoring uses of
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4) Convert the lambda to a def statement, using that name.
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5) Remove the comment.
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I really like these rules, but you're free to disagree
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I really like these rules, but you're free to disagree
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about whether this lambda-free style is better.
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@ -1282,7 +1282,7 @@ for text processing, in the section titled "Utilizing Higher-Order Functions in
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Text Processing".
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Mertz also wrote a 3-part series of articles on functional programming
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for IBM's DeveloperWorks site; see
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for IBM's DeveloperWorks site; see
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`part 1 <http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-prog.html>`__,
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`part 2 <http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-prog2.html>`__, and
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`part 3 <http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-prog3.html>`__,
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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****************************
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Socket Programming HOWTO
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Socket Programming HOWTO
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****************************
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:Author: Gordon McMillan
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@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ your browser did something like the following::
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#create an INET, STREAMing socket
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s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
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#now connect to the web server on port 80
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#now connect to the web server on port 80
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# - the normal http port
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s.connect(("www.mcmillan-inc.com", 80))
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@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ creates a "server socket". ::
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#create an INET, STREAMing socket
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serversocket = socket.socket(
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socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
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#bind the socket to a public host,
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#bind the socket to a public host,
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# and a well-known port
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serversocket.bind((socket.gethostname(), 80))
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#become a server socket
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@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ Assuming you don't want to end the connection, the simplest solution is a fixed
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length message::
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class mysocket:
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"""demonstration class only
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"""demonstration class only
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- coded for clarity, not efficiency
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"""
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@ -340,9 +340,9 @@ you'll have little trouble with it in C. ::
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ready_to_read, ready_to_write, in_error = \
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select.select(
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potential_readers,
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potential_writers,
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potential_errs,
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potential_readers,
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potential_writers,
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potential_errs,
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timeout)
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You pass ``select`` three lists: the first contains all sockets that you might
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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
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HOWTO, available at `urllib2 - Le Manuel manquant
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<http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/urllib2_francais.shtml>`_.
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Introduction
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============
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@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ Introduction
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You may also find useful the following article on fetching web resources
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with Python:
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* `Basic Authentication <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/authentication.shtml>`_
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A tutorial on *Basic Authentication*, with examples in Python.
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**urllib.request** is a `Python <http://www.python.org>`_ module for fetching URLs
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@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ argument. The encoding is done using a function from the :mod:`urllib.parse`
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library. ::
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import urllib.parse
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import urllib.request
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import urllib.request
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url = 'http://www.someserver.com/cgi-bin/register.cgi'
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values = {'name' : 'Michael Foord',
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@ -161,15 +161,15 @@ request as above, but identifies itself as a version of Internet
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Explorer [#]_. ::
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import urllib.parse
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import urllib.request
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import urllib.request
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url = 'http://www.someserver.com/cgi-bin/register.cgi'
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user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
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user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
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values = {'name' : 'Michael Foord',
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'location' : 'Northampton',
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'language' : 'Python' }
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headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent }
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data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)
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req = urllib.request.Request(url, data, headers)
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response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
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@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ Handling Exceptions
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===================
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*urlopen* raises :exc:`URLError` when it cannot handle a response (though as usual
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with Python APIs, builtin exceptions such as
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with Python APIs, builtin exceptions such as
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:exc:`ValueError`, :exc:`TypeError` etc. may also
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be raised).
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@ -311,18 +311,18 @@ page returned. This means that as well as the code attribute, it also has read,
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geturl, and info, methods as returned by the ``urllib.response`` module::
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>>> req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.python.org/fish.html')
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>>> try:
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>>> try:
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>>> urllib.request.urlopen(req)
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>>> except urllib.error.URLError, e:
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>>> print(e.code)
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>>> print(e.read())
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>>>
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>>>
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404
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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<?xml-stylesheet href="./css/ht2html.css"
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<?xml-stylesheet href="./css/ht2html.css"
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type="text/css"?>
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<html><head><title>Error 404: File Not Found</title>
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<html><head><title>Error 404: File Not Found</title>
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...... etc...
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Wrapping it Up
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@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ Number 2
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print('Error code: ', e.code)
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else:
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# everything is fine
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info and geturl
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===============
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@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ error code) requesting authentication. This specifies the authentication scheme
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and a 'realm'. The header looks like : ``Www-authenticate: SCHEME
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realm="REALM"``.
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e.g. ::
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e.g. ::
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Www-authenticate: Basic realm="cPanel Users"
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@ -472,24 +472,24 @@ The top-level URL is the first URL that requires authentication. URLs "deeper"
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than the URL you pass to .add_password() will also match. ::
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# create a password manager
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password_mgr = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()
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password_mgr = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()
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# Add the username and password.
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# If we knew the realm, we could use it instead of ``None``.
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top_level_url = "http://example.com/foo/"
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password_mgr.add_password(None, top_level_url, username, password)
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handler = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_mgr)
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handler = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_mgr)
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# create "opener" (OpenerDirector instance)
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opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
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opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
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# use the opener to fetch a URL
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opener.open(a_url)
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opener.open(a_url)
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# Install the opener.
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# Now all calls to urllib.request.urlopen use our opener.
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urllib.request.install_opener(opener)
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urllib.request.install_opener(opener)
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.. note::
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@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ However, you can set the default timeout globally for all sockets using ::
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# timeout in seconds
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timeout = 10
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socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
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socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
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# this call to urllib.request.urlopen now uses the default timeout
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# we have set in the socket module
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|
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@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ Footnotes
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This document was reviewed and revised by John Lee.
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.. [#] For an introduction to the CGI protocol see
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`Writing Web Applications in Python <http://www.pyzine.com/Issue008/Section_Articles/article_CGIOne.html>`_.
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`Writing Web Applications in Python <http://www.pyzine.com/Issue008/Section_Articles/article_CGIOne.html>`_.
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.. [#] Like Google for example. The *proper* way to use google from a program
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is to use `PyGoogle <http://pygoogle.sourceforge.net>`_ of course. See
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`Voidspace Google <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/recipebook.shtml#google>`_
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|
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@ -579,6 +579,6 @@ This document was reviewed and revised by John Lee.
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|||
is set to use the proxy, which urllib picks up on. In order to test
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scripts with a localhost server, I have to prevent urllib from using
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the proxy.
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.. [#] urllib opener for SSL proxy (CONNECT method): `ASPN Cookbook Recipe
|
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.. [#] urllib opener for SSL proxy (CONNECT method): `ASPN Cookbook Recipe
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<http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/456195>`_.
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|
|
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@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ they can be run as CGI if no better option is available.
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|||
<http://wiki.python.org/moin/CgiScripts>`_ with some additional information
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about CGI in Python.
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Simple script for testing CGI
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ compared with other web techniques.
|
|||
|
||||
You might be interested in some WSGI-supporting modules already contained in
|
||||
the standard library, namely:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* :mod:`wsgiref` -- some tiny utilities and servers for WSGI
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ using these is a good idea.
|
|||
time in looking through the most popular ones. Some frameworks have their
|
||||
own template engine or have a recommentation for one. It's wise to use
|
||||
these.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Popular template engines include:
|
||||
|
||||
* Mako
|
||||
|
|
@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ And that's still not everything. The most up-to-date information can always be
|
|||
found in the Python wiki.
|
||||
|
||||
.. seealso::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The Python wiki contains an extensive list of `web frameworks
|
||||
<http://wiki.python.org/moin/WebFrameworks>`_.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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