Issue #23644: Fix issues with C++ when compiling Python extensions

Disable completly pyatomic.h on C++, because <stdatomic.h> is not compatible with C++.

<pyatomic.h> is only needed by the optimized PyThreadState_GET() macro in
pystate.h. Instead, declare PyThreadState_GET() as an alias to
PyThreadState_Get(), as done for limited API.

Include/pyatomic.h

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API
+/* Issue #23644: <stdatomic.h> is incompatible with C++, see:
+   https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=60932 */
+#if !defined(Py_LIMITED_API) && !defined(__cplusplus)
 #ifndef Py_ATOMIC_H
 #define Py_ATOMIC_H
 
@@ -6,10 +8,6 @@
 
 #include "pyconfig.h"
 
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
 #if defined(HAVE_STD_ATOMIC)
 #include <stdatomic.h>
 #endif
@@ -250,9 +248,5 @@ _Py_ANNOTATE_MEMORY_ORDER(const volatile void *address, _Py_memory_order order)
 #define _Py_atomic_load_relaxed(ATOMIC_VAL) \
     _Py_atomic_load_explicit(ATOMIC_VAL, _Py_memory_order_relaxed)
 
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif
-
 #endif  /* Py_ATOMIC_H */
 #endif  /* Py_LIMITED_API */