Add documentation for PEP 370 features in distutils (#10745).

This started out as an easy task, just add a section describing this
alternate scheme, but I found a lot of cleanup to do along the way:

- fixed inverted reST targets
- fixed entries for modules (hi abiflags!) or data files
- avoided duplicating the same options listing five or six times
- added missing entries for C headers locations
- added documentation for --install-lib
- fixed a few misuses of the option role (see #9312), but not all (not
  worth the time, but will do it in packaging docs)
- fixed some markup

The paths fixes were done with an eye on the source code in the install
command, so they really describe what’s actually done.  The situation on
Mac OS X is rather messy: the fix for #8084 touched site and sysconfig,
but distutils doesn’t use these files.  I suspect we have a mismatched
stdlib at the moment, and the fix is not even clear (see the bug report
for further discussion).

Doc/using/cmdline.rst

@@ -481,7 +481,8 @@ These environment variables influence Python's behavior.
 
    Defines the :data:`user base directory <site.USER_BASE>`, which is used to
    compute the path of the :data:`user site-packages directory <site.USER_SITE>`
-   and Distutils installation paths for ``python setup.py install --user``.
+   and :ref:`Distutils installation paths <inst-alt-install-user>` for ``python
+   setup.py install --user``.
 
    .. seealso::