Replace backticks with repr() or "%r"

From SF patch #852334.

Demo/classes/Complex.py

@@ -117,15 +117,15 @@ class Complex:
 
     def __repr__(self):
         if not self.im:
-            return 'Complex(%s)' % `self.re`
+            return 'Complex(%r)' % (self.re,)
         else:
-            return 'Complex(%s, %s)' % (`self.re`, `self.im`)
+            return 'Complex(%r, %r)' % (self.re, self.im)
 
     def __str__(self):
         if not self.im:
-            return `self.re`
+            return repr(self.re)
         else:
-            return 'Complex(%s, %s)' % (`self.re`, `self.im`)
+            return 'Complex(%r, %r)' % (self.re, self.im)
 
     def __neg__(self):
         return Complex(-self.re, -self.im)

Demo/classes/Dates.py

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ _DI400Y = _days_before_year( 400 )      # number of days in 400 years
 
 def _num2date( n ):             # return date with ordinal n
     if type(n) not in _INT_TYPES:
-        raise TypeError, 'argument must be integer: ' + `type(n)`
+        raise TypeError, 'argument must be integer: %r' % type(n)
 
     ans = Date(1,1,1)   # arguments irrelevant; just getting a Date obj
     del ans.ord, ans.month, ans.day, ans.year # un-initialize it
@@ -120,10 +120,10 @@ def _num2day( n ):      # return weekday name of day with ordinal n
 class Date:
     def __init__( self, month, day, year ):
         if not 1 <= month <= 12:
-            raise ValueError, 'month must be in 1..12: ' + `month`
+            raise ValueError, 'month must be in 1..12: %r' % (month,)
         dim = _days_in_month( month, year )
         if not 1 <= day <= dim:
-            raise ValueError, 'day must be in 1..' + `dim` + ': ' + `day`
+            raise ValueError, 'day must be in 1..%r: %r' % (dim, day)
         self.month, self.day, self.year = month, day, year
         self.ord = _date2num( self )
 
@@ -142,15 +142,16 @@ class Date:
 
     # print as, e.g., Mon 16 Aug 1993
     def __repr__( self ):
-        return '%.3s %2d %.3s ' % (
+        return '%.3s %2d %.3s %r' % (
               self.weekday(),
               self.day,
-              _MONTH_NAMES[self.month-1] ) + `self.year`
+              _MONTH_NAMES[self.month-1],
+              self.year)
 
     # Python 1.1 coerces neither int+date nor date+int
     def __add__( self, n ):
         if type(n) not in _INT_TYPES:
-            raise TypeError, 'can\'t add ' + `type(n)` + ' to date'
+            raise TypeError, 'can\'t add %r to date' % type(n)
         return _num2date( self.ord + n )
     __radd__ = __add__ # handle int+date
 
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ DateTestError = 'DateTestError'
 def test( firstyear, lastyear ):
     a = Date(9,30,1913)
     b = Date(9,30,1914)
-    if `a` != 'Tue 30 Sep 1913':
+    if repr(a) != 'Tue 30 Sep 1913':
         raise DateTestError, '__repr__ failure'
     if (not a < b) or a == b or a > b or b != b:
         raise DateTestError, '__cmp__ failure'

Demo/classes/Dbm.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class Dbm:
     def __repr__(self):
         s = ''
         for key in self.keys():
-            t = `key` + ': ' + `self[key]`
+            t = repr(key) + ': ' + repr(self[key])
             if s: t = ', ' + t
             s = s + t
         return '{' + s + '}'
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ class Dbm:
         return len(self.db)
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
-        return eval(self.db[`key`])
+        return eval(self.db[repr(key)])
 
     def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-        self.db[`key`] = `value`
+        self.db[repr(key)] = repr(value)
 
     def __delitem__(self, key):
-        del self.db[`key`]
+        del self.db[repr(key)]
 
     def keys(self):
         res = []
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class Dbm:
         return res
 
     def has_key(self, key):
-        return self.db.has_key(`key`)
+        return self.db.has_key(repr(key))
 
 
 def test():

Demo/classes/Range.py

@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ class Range:
         self.step = step
         self.len = max(0, int((self.stop - self.start) / self.step))
 
-    # implement `x` and is also used by print x
+    # implement repr(x) and is also used by print x
     def __repr__(self):
-        return 'range' + `self.start, self.stop, self.step`
+        return 'range(%r, %r, %r)' % (self.start, self.stop, self.step)
 
     # implement len(x)
     def __len__(self):

Demo/classes/bitvec.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def _compute_len(param):
     mant, l = math.frexp(float(param))
     bitmask = 1L << l
     if bitmask <= param:
-        raise 'FATAL', '(param, l) = ' + `param, l`
+        raise 'FATAL', '(param, l) = %r' % ((param, l),)
     while l:
         bitmask = bitmask >> 1
         if param & bitmask:
@@ -167,10 +167,10 @@ class BitVec:
 
     def __repr__(self):
         ##rprt('<bitvec class instance object>.' + '__repr__()\n')
-        return 'bitvec' + `self._data, self._len`
+        return 'bitvec(%r, %r)' % (self._data, self._len)
 
     def __cmp__(self, other, *rest):
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__cmp__'+`(other, ) + rest`+'\n')
+        #rprt('%r.__cmp__%r\n' % (self, (other,) + rest))
         if type(other) != type(self):
             other = apply(bitvec, (other, ) + rest)
         #expensive solution... recursive binary, with slicing
@@ -193,16 +193,16 @@ class BitVec:
 
 
     def __len__(self):
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__len__()\n')
+        #rprt('%r.__len__()\n' % (self,))
         return self._len
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__getitem__('+`key`+')\n')
+        #rprt('%r.__getitem__(%r)\n' % (self, key))
         key = _check_key(self._len, key)
         return self._data & (1L << key) != 0
 
     def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__setitem__'+`key, value`+'\n')
+        #rprt('%r.__setitem__(%r, %r)\n' % (self, key, value))
         key = _check_key(self._len, key)
         #_check_value(value)
         if value:
@@ -211,14 +211,14 @@ class BitVec:
             self._data = self._data & ~(1L << key)
 
     def __delitem__(self, key):
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__delitem__('+`key`+')\n')
+        #rprt('%r.__delitem__(%r)\n' % (self, key))
         key = _check_key(self._len, key)
         #el cheapo solution...
         self._data = self[:key]._data | self[key+1:]._data >> key
         self._len = self._len - 1
 
     def __getslice__(self, i, j):
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__getslice__'+`i, j`+'\n')
+        #rprt('%r.__getslice__(%r, %r)\n' % (self, i, j))
         i, j = _check_slice(self._len, i, j)
         if i >= j:
             return BitVec(0L, 0)
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ class BitVec:
         return BitVec(ndata, nlength)
 
     def __setslice__(self, i, j, sequence, *rest):
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__setslice__'+`(i, j, sequence) + rest`+'\n')
+        #rprt('%s.__setslice__%r\n' % (self, (i, j, sequence) + rest))
         i, j = _check_slice(self._len, i, j)
         if type(sequence) != type(self):
             sequence = apply(bitvec, (sequence, ) + rest)
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class BitVec:
         self._len = self._len - j + i + sequence._len
 
     def __delslice__(self, i, j):
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__delslice__'+`i, j`+'\n')
+        #rprt('%r.__delslice__(%r, %r)\n' % (self, i, j))
         i, j = _check_slice(self._len, i, j)
         if i == 0 and j == self._len:
             self._data, self._len = 0L, 0
@@ -256,13 +256,13 @@ class BitVec:
             self._len = self._len - j + i
 
     def __add__(self, other):
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__add__('+`other`+')\n')
+        #rprt('%r.__add__(%r)\n' % (self, other))
         retval = self.copy()
         retval[self._len:self._len] = other
         return retval
 
     def __mul__(self, multiplier):
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__mul__('+`multiplier`+')\n')
+        #rprt('%r.__mul__(%r)\n' % (self, multiplier))
         if type(multiplier) != type(0):
             raise TypeError, 'sequence subscript not int'
         if multiplier <= 0:
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ class BitVec:
         return retval
 
     def __and__(self, otherseq, *rest):
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__and__'+`(otherseq, ) + rest`+'\n')
+        #rprt('%r.__and__%r\n' % (self, (otherseq,) + rest))
         if type(otherseq) != type(self):
             otherseq = apply(bitvec, (otherseq, ) + rest)
         #sequence is now of our own type
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ class BitVec:
 
 
     def __xor__(self, otherseq, *rest):
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__xor__'+`(otherseq, ) + rest`+'\n')
+        #rprt('%r.__xor__%r\n' % (self, (otherseq,) + rest))
         if type(otherseq) != type(self):
             otherseq = apply(bitvec, (otherseq, ) + rest)
         #sequence is now of our own type
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ class BitVec:
 
 
     def __or__(self, otherseq, *rest):
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__or__'+`(otherseq, ) + rest`+'\n')
+        #rprt('%r.__or__%r\n' % (self, (otherseq,) + rest))
         if type(otherseq) != type(self):
             otherseq = apply(bitvec, (otherseq, ) + rest)
         #sequence is now of our own type
@@ -308,13 +308,13 @@ class BitVec:
 
 
     def __invert__(self):
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__invert__()\n')
+        #rprt('%r.__invert__()\n' % (self,))
         return BitVec(~self._data & ((1L << self._len) - 1), \
                   self._len)
 
     def __coerce__(self, otherseq, *rest):
         #needed for *some* of the arithmetic operations
-        #rprt(`self`+'.__coerce__'+`(otherseq, ) + rest`+'\n')
+        #rprt('%r.__coerce__%r\n' % (self, (otherseq,) + rest))
         if type(otherseq) != type(self):
             otherseq = apply(bitvec, (otherseq, ) + rest)
         return self, otherseq

Demo/metaclasses/Enum.py

@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ class EnumInstance:
         return self.__value
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "EnumInstance(%s, %s, %s)" % (`self.__classname`,
+        return "EnumInstance(%r, %r, %r)" % (self.__classname,
-                                             `self.__enumname`,
+                                             self.__enumname,
-                                             `self.__value`)
+                                             self.__value)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "%s.%s" % (self.__classname, self.__enumname)

Demo/metaclasses/Meta.py

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def _test():
         def __init__(self, *args):
             print "__init__, args =", args
         def m1(self, x):
-            print "m1(x=%s)" %`x`
+            print "m1(x=%r)" % (x,)
     print C
     x = C()
     print x

Demo/metaclasses/Trace.py

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ def _test():
         def m2(self, y): return self.x + y
         __trace_output__ = sys.stdout
     class D(C):
-        def m2(self, y): print "D.m2(%s)" % `y`; return C.m2(self, y)
+        def m2(self, y): print "D.m2(%r)" % (y,); return C.m2(self, y)
         __trace_output__ = None
     x = C(4321)
     print x

Demo/newmetaclasses/Enum.py

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def _test():
 
     print Color.red
 
-    print `Color.red`
+    print repr(Color.red)
     print Color.red == Color.red
     print Color.red == Color.blue
     print Color.red == 1
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ def _test2():
 
     print Color.red
 
-    print `Color.red`
+    print repr(Color.red)
     print Color.red == Color.red
     print Color.red == Color.blue
     print Color.red == 1

Demo/pdist/RCSProxy.py

@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ def test():
         if callable(attr):
             print apply(attr, tuple(sys.argv[2:]))
         else:
-            print `attr`
+            print repr(attr)
     else:
         print "%s: no such attribute" % what
         sys.exit(2)

Demo/pdist/client.py

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ class SecureClient(Client, Security):
 		line = self._rf.readline()
 		challenge = string.atoi(string.strip(line))
 		response = self._encode_challenge(challenge)
-		line = `long(response)`
+		line = repr(long(response))
 		if line[-1] in 'Ll': line = line[:-1]
 		self._wf.write(line + '\n')
 		self._wf.flush()

Demo/pdist/cmdfw.py

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class CommandFrameWork:
 			try:
 				method = getattr(self, mname)
 			except AttributeError:
-				return self.usage("command %s unknown" % `cmd`)
+				return self.usage("command %r unknown" % (cmd,))
 			try:
 				flags = getattr(self, fname)
 			except AttributeError:
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class CommandFrameWork:
 			print "-"*40
 			print "Options:"
 			for o, a in opts:
-				print 'option', o, 'value', `a`
+				print 'option', o, 'value', repr(a)
 			print "-"*40
 
 	def ready(self):
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def test():
 	for t in tests:
 		print '-'*10, t, '-'*10
 		sts = x.run(t)
-		print "Exit status:", `sts`
+		print "Exit status:", repr(sts)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

Demo/pdist/cmptree.py

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def askint(prompt, default):
 
 def compare(local, remote, mode):
 	print
-	print "PWD =", `os.getcwd()`
+	print "PWD =", repr(os.getcwd())
 	sums_id = remote._send('sumlist')
 	subdirs_id = remote._send('listsubdirs')
 	remote._flush()
@@ -64,13 +64,13 @@ def compare(local, remote, mode):
 	for name, rsum in sums:
 		rsumdict[name] = rsum
 		if not lsumdict.has_key(name):
-			print `name`, "only remote"
+			print repr(name), "only remote"
 			if 'r' in mode and 'c' in mode:
 				recvfile(local, remote, name)
 		else:
 			lsum = lsumdict[name]
 			if lsum != rsum:
-				print `name`,
+				print repr(name),
 				rmtime = remote.mtime(name)
 				lmtime = local.mtime(name)
 				if rmtime > lmtime:
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ def compare(local, remote, mode):
 				print
 	for name in lsumdict.keys():
 		if not rsumdict.keys():
-			print `name`, "only locally",
+			print repr(name), "only locally",
 			fl()
 			if 'w' in mode and 'c' in mode:
 				sendfile(local, remote, name)
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def recvfile(local, remote, name):
 		return rv
 	finally:
 		if not ok:
-			print "*** recvfile of %s failed, deleting" % `name`
+			print "*** recvfile of %r failed, deleting" % (name,)
 			local.delete(name)
 
 def recvfile_real(local, remote, name):

Demo/pdist/cvslock.py

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class Lock:
 		self.delay = delay
 		self.lockdir = None
 		self.lockfile = None
-		pid = `os.getpid()`
+		pid = repr(os.getpid())
 		self.cvslck = self.join(CVSLCK)
 		self.cvsrfl = self.join(CVSRFL + pid)
 		self.cvswfl = self.join(CVSWFL + pid)

Demo/pdist/rcslib.py

@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ class RCS:
         """
         name, rev = self._unmangle(name_rev)
         if not self.isvalid(name):
-            raise os.error, 'not an rcs file %s' % `name`
+            raise os.error, 'not an rcs file %r' % (name,)
         return name, rev
 
     # --- Internal methods ---
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class RCS:
         namev = self.rcsname(name)
         if rev:
             cmd = cmd + ' ' + rflag + rev
-        return os.popen("%s %s" % (cmd, `namev`))
+        return os.popen("%s %r" % (cmd, namev))
 
     def _unmangle(self, name_rev):
         """INTERNAL: Normalize NAME_REV argument to (NAME, REV) tuple.

Demo/pdist/server.py

@@ -134,11 +134,11 @@ class SecureServer(Server, Security):
 			response = string.atol(string.strip(response))
 		except string.atol_error:
 			if self._verbose > 0:
-				print "Invalid response syntax", `response`
+				print "Invalid response syntax", repr(response)
 			return 0
 		if not self._compare_challenge_response(challenge, response):
 			if self._verbose > 0:
-				print "Invalid response value", `response`
+				print "Invalid response value", repr(response)
 			return 0
 		if self._verbose > 1:
 			print "Response matches challenge.  Go ahead!"

Demo/rpc/T.py

@@ -18,5 +18,5 @@ def TSTOP(*label):
 	[u, s, r] = tt
 	msg = ''
 	for x in label: msg = msg + (x + ' ')
-	msg = msg + `u` + ' user, ' + `s` + ' sys, ' + `r` + ' real\n'
+	msg = msg + '%r user, %r sys, %r real\n' % (u, s, r)
 	sys.stderr.write(msg)

Demo/rpc/rnusersclient.py

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def test():
 		line = strip0(line)
 		name = strip0(name)
 		host = strip0(host)
-		print `name`, `host`, `line`, time, idle
+		print "%r %r %r %s %s" % (name, host, line, time, idle)
 
 def testbcast():
 	c = BroadcastRnusersClient('<broadcast>')

Demo/rpc/rpc.py

@@ -93,10 +93,10 @@ class Unpacker(xdr.Unpacker):
 		xid = self.unpack_uint(xid)
 		temp = self.unpack_enum()
 		if temp <> CALL:
-			raise BadRPCFormat, 'no CALL but ' + `temp`
+			raise BadRPCFormat, 'no CALL but %r' % (temp,)
 		temp = self.unpack_uint()
 		if temp <> RPCVERSION:
-			raise BadRPCVerspion, 'bad RPC version ' + `temp`
+			raise BadRPCVerspion, 'bad RPC version %r' % (temp,)
 		prog = self.unpack_uint()
 		vers = self.unpack_uint()
 		proc = self.unpack_uint()
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class Unpacker(xdr.Unpacker):
 		xid = self.unpack_uint()
 		mtype = self.unpack_enum()
 		if mtype <> REPLY:
-			raise RuntimeError, 'no REPLY but ' + `mtype`
+			raise RuntimeError, 'no REPLY but %r' % (mtype,)
 		stat = self.unpack_enum()
 		if stat == MSG_DENIED:
 			stat = self.unpack_enum()
@@ -117,15 +117,15 @@ class Unpacker(xdr.Unpacker):
 				low = self.unpack_uint()
 				high = self.unpack_uint()
 				raise RuntimeError, \
-				  'MSG_DENIED: RPC_MISMATCH: ' + `low, high`
+				  'MSG_DENIED: RPC_MISMATCH: %r' % ((low, high),)
 			if stat == AUTH_ERROR:
 				stat = self.unpack_uint()
 				raise RuntimeError, \
-					'MSG_DENIED: AUTH_ERROR: ' + `stat`
+					'MSG_DENIED: AUTH_ERROR: %r' % (stat,)
-			raise RuntimeError, 'MSG_DENIED: ' + `stat`
+			raise RuntimeError, 'MSG_DENIED: %r' % (stat,)
 		if stat <> MSG_ACCEPTED:
 			raise RuntimeError, \
-			  'Neither MSG_DENIED nor MSG_ACCEPTED: ' + `stat`
+			  'Neither MSG_DENIED nor MSG_ACCEPTED: %r' % (stat,)
 		verf = self.unpack_auth()
 		stat = self.unpack_enum()
 		if stat == PROG_UNAVAIL:
@@ -134,13 +134,13 @@ class Unpacker(xdr.Unpacker):
 			low = self.unpack_uint()
 			high = self.unpack_uint()
 			raise RuntimeError, \
-				'call failed: PROG_MISMATCH: ' + `low, high`
+				'call failed: PROG_MISMATCH: %r' % ((low, high),)
 		if stat == PROC_UNAVAIL:
 			raise RuntimeError, 'call failed: PROC_UNAVAIL'
 		if stat == GARBAGE_ARGS:
 			raise RuntimeError, 'call failed: GARBAGE_ARGS'
 		if stat <> SUCCESS:
-			raise RuntimeError, 'call failed: ' + `stat`
+			raise RuntimeError, 'call failed: %r' % (stat,)
 		return xid, verf
 		# Caller must get procedure-specific part of reply
 
@@ -350,8 +350,8 @@ class RawTCPClient(Client):
 		xid, verf = u.unpack_replyheader()
 		if xid <> self.lastxid:
 			# Can't really happen since this is TCP...
-			raise RuntimeError, 'wrong xid in reply ' + `xid` + \
+			raise RuntimeError, 'wrong xid in reply %r instead of %r' % (
-				' instead of ' + `self.lastxid`
+			                     xid, self.lastxid)
 
 
 # Client using UDP to a specific port
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ class Server:
 			self.packer.pack_uint(self.vers)
 			return self.packer.get_buf()
 		proc = self.unpacker.unpack_uint()
-		methname = 'handle_' + `proc`
+		methname = 'handle_' + repr(proc)
 		try:
 			meth = getattr(self, methname)
 		except AttributeError:
@@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ def testbcast():
 		bcastaddr = '<broadcast>'
 	def rh(reply, fromaddr):
 		host, port = fromaddr
-		print host + '\t' + `reply`
+		print host + '\t' + repr(reply)
 	pmap = BroadcastUDPPortMapperClient(bcastaddr)
 	pmap.set_reply_handler(rh)
 	pmap.set_timeout(5)
@@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ def testsvr():
 		def handle_1(self):
 			arg = self.unpacker.unpack_string()
 			self.turn_around()
-			print 'RPC function 1 called, arg', `arg`
+			print 'RPC function 1 called, arg', repr(arg)
 			self.packer.pack_string(arg + arg)
 	#
 	s = S('', 0x20000000, 1, 0)
@@ -888,4 +888,4 @@ def testclt():
 	c = C(host, 0x20000000, 1)
 	print 'making call...'
 	reply = c.call_1('hello, world, ')
-	print 'call returned', `reply`
+	print 'call returned', repr(reply)

Demo/rpc/xdr.py

@@ -184,8 +184,7 @@ class Unpacker:
 			x = self.unpack_uint()
 			if x == 0: break
 			if x <> 1:
-				raise RuntimeError, \
+				raise RuntimeError, '0 or 1 expected, got %r' % (x, )
-					'0 or 1 expected, got ' + `x`
 			item = unpack_item()
 			list.append(item)
 		return list

Demo/scripts/eqfix.py

@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ def ispython(name):
 	return ispythonprog.match(name) >= 0
 
 def recursedown(dirname):
-	dbg('recursedown(' + `dirname` + ')\n')
+	dbg('recursedown(%r)\n' % (dirname,))
 	bad = 0
 	try:
 		names = os.listdir(dirname)
 	except os.error, msg:
-		err(dirname + ': cannot list directory: ' + `msg` + '\n')
+		err('%s: cannot list directory: %r\n' % (dirname, msg))
 		return 1
 	names.sort()
 	subdirs = []
@@ -80,11 +80,11 @@ def recursedown(dirname):
 	return bad
 
 def fix(filename):
-##	dbg('fix(' + `filename` + ')\n')
+##	dbg('fix(%r)\n' % (dirname,))
 	try:
 		f = open(filename, 'r')
 	except IOError, msg:
-		err(filename + ': cannot open: ' + `msg` + '\n')
+		err('%s: cannot open: %r\n' % (filename, msg))
 		return 1
 	head, tail = os.path.split(filename)
 	tempname = os.path.join(head, '@' + tail)
@@ -122,14 +122,13 @@ def fix(filename):
 					g = open(tempname, 'w')
 				except IOError, msg:
 					f.close()
-					err(tempname+': cannot create: '+\
+					err('%s: cannot create: %r\n' % (tempname, msg))
-					    `msg`+'\n')
 					return 1
 				f.seek(0)
 				lineno = 0
 				rep(filename + ':\n')
 				continue # restart from the beginning
-			rep(`lineno` + '\n')
+			rep(repr(lineno) + '\n')
 			rep('< ' + line)
 			rep('> ' + newline)
 		if g is not None:
@@ -146,17 +145,17 @@ def fix(filename):
 		statbuf = os.stat(filename)
 		os.chmod(tempname, statbuf[ST_MODE] & 07777)
 	except os.error, msg:
-		err(tempname + ': warning: chmod failed (' + `msg` + ')\n')
+		err('%s: warning: chmod failed (%r)\n' % (tempname, msg))
 	# Then make a backup of the original file as filename~
 	try:
 		os.rename(filename, filename + '~')
 	except os.error, msg:
-		err(filename + ': warning: backup failed (' + `msg` + ')\n')
+		err('%s: warning: backup failed (%r)\n' % (filename, msg))
 	# Now move the temp file to the original file
 	try:
 		os.rename(tempname, filename)
 	except os.error, msg:
-		err(filename + ': rename failed (' + `msg` + ')\n')
+		err('%s: rename failed (%r)\n' % (filename, msg))
 		return 1
 	# Return succes
 	return 0

Demo/scripts/from.py

@@ -31,5 +31,5 @@ while 1:
             if not line or line == '\n':
                 break
             if line.startswith('Subject: '):
-                print `line[9:-1]`,
+                print repr(line[9:-1]),
         print

Demo/scripts/ftpstats.py

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def main():
 			if search and string.find(line, search) < 0:
 				continue
 			if prog.match(line) < 0:
-				print 'Bad line', lineno, ':', `line`
+				print 'Bad line', lineno, ':', repr(line)
 				continue
 			items = prog.group(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
 			(logtime, loguser, loghost, logfile, logbytes,

Demo/scripts/lpwatch.py

@@ -83,24 +83,24 @@ def makestatus(name, thisuser):
 				lines.append(line)
 	#
 	if totaljobs:
-		line = `(totalbytes+1023)/1024` + ' K'
+		line = '%d K' % ((totalbytes+1023)/1024)
 		if totaljobs <> len(users):
-			line = line + ' (' + `totaljobs` + ' jobs)'
+			line = line + ' (%d jobs)' % totaljobs
 		if len(users) == 1:
-			line = line + ' for ' + users.keys()[0]
+			line = line + ' for %s' % (users.keys()[0],)
 		else:
-			line = line + ' for ' + `len(users)` + ' users'
+			line = line + ' for %d users' % len(users)
 			if userseen:
 				if aheadjobs == 0:
-				  line =  line + ' (' + thisuser + ' first)'
+					line =  line + ' (%s first)' % thisuser
 				else:
-				  line = line + ' (' + `(aheadbytes+1023)/1024`
+					line = line + ' (%d K before %s)' % (
-				  line = line + ' K before ' + thisuser + ')'
+					               (aheadbytes+1023)/1024, thisuser)
 		lines.append(line)
 	#
 	sts = pipe.close()
 	if sts:
-		lines.append('lpq exit status ' + `sts`)
+		lines.append('lpq exit status %r' % (sts,))
 	return string.joinfields(lines, ': ')
 
 try:

Demo/scripts/markov.py

@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ def test():
 	if debug > 1:
 		for key in m.trans.keys():
 			if key is None or len(key) < histsize:
-				print `key`, m.trans[key]
+				print repr(key), m.trans[key]
-		if histsize == 0: print `''`, m.trans['']
+		if histsize == 0: print repr(''), m.trans['']
 		print
 	while 1:
 		data = m.get()

Demo/scripts/mboxconvert.py

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def mmdf(f):
 			sts = message(f, line) or sts
 		else:
 			sys.stderr.write(
-				'Bad line in MMFD mailbox: %s\n' % `line`)
+				'Bad line in MMFD mailbox: %r\n' % (line,))
 	return sts
 
 counter = 0 # for generating unique Message-ID headers
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def message(f, delimiter = ''):
 		t = time.mktime(tt)
 	else:
 		sys.stderr.write(
-			'Unparseable date: %s\n' % `m.getheader('Date')`)
+			'Unparseable date: %r\n' % (m.getheader('Date'),))
 		t = os.fstat(f.fileno())[stat.ST_MTIME]
 	print 'From', email, time.ctime(t)
 	# Copy RFC822 header

Demo/scripts/mkrcs.py

@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ def main():
 	rcstree = 'RCStree'
 	rcs = 'RCS'
 	if os.path.islink(rcs):
-		print `rcs`, 'is a symlink to', `os.readlink(rcs)`
+		print '%r is a symlink to %r' % (rcs, os.readlink(rcs))
 		return
 	if os.path.isdir(rcs):
-		print `rcs`, 'is an ordinary directory'
+		print '%r is an ordinary directory' % (rcs,)
 		return
 	if os.path.exists(rcs):
-		print `rcs`, 'is a file?!?!'
+		print '%r is a file?!?!' % (rcs,)
 		return
 	#
 	p = os.getcwd()
@@ -29,26 +29,26 @@ def main():
 	# (2) up is the same directory as p
 	# Ergo:
 	# (3) join(up, down) is the current directory
-	#print 'p =', `p`
+	#print 'p =', repr(p)
 	while not os.path.isdir(os.path.join(p, rcstree)):
 		head, tail = os.path.split(p)
-		#print 'head =', `head`, '; tail =', `tail`
+		#print 'head = %r; tail = %r' % (head, tail)
 		if not tail:
-			print 'Sorry, no ancestor dir contains', `rcstree`
+			print 'Sorry, no ancestor dir contains %r' % (rcstree,)
 			return
 		p = head
 		up = os.path.join(os.pardir, up)
 		down = os.path.join(tail, down)
-		#print 'p =', `p`, '; up =', `up`, '; down =', `down`
+		#print 'p = %r; up = %r; down = %r' % (p, up, down)
 	there = os.path.join(up, rcstree)
 	there = os.path.join(there, down)
 	there = os.path.join(there, rcs)
 	if os.path.isdir(there):
-		print `there`, 'already exists'
+		print '%r already exists' % (there, )
 	else:
-		print 'making', `there`
+		print 'making %r' % (there,)
 		makedirs(there)
-	print 'making symlink', `rcs`, '->', `there`
+	print 'making symlink %r -> %r' % (rcs, there)
 	os.symlink(there, rcs)
 
 def makedirs(p):

Demo/scripts/mpzpi.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def main():
 def output(d):
 	# Use write() to avoid spaces between the digits
 	# Use int(d) to avoid a trailing L after each digit
-	sys.stdout.write(`int(d)`)
+	sys.stdout.write(repr(int(d)))
 	# Flush so the output is seen immediately
 	sys.stdout.flush()
 

Demo/scripts/newslist.py

@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ def getallgroups(server):
 def getnewgroups(server, treedate):
    print 'Getting list of new groups since start of '+treedate+'...',
    info = server.newgroups(treedate,'000001')[1]
-   print 'got '+`len(info)`+'.'
+   print 'got %d.' % len(info)
    print 'Processing...',
    groups = []
    for i in info:

Demo/scripts/pp.py

@@ -125,6 +125,6 @@ fp.write(program)
 fp.flush()
 if DFLAG:
 	import pdb
-	pdb.run('execfile(' + `tfn` + ')')
+	pdb.run('execfile(%r)' % (tfn,))
 else:
 	execfile(tfn)

Demo/sockets/broadcast.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ s.bind(('', 0))
 s.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, 1)
 
 while 1:
-	data = `time.time()` + '\n'
+	data = repr(time.time()) + '\n'
 	s.sendto(data, ('<broadcast>', MYPORT))
 	time.sleep(2)
 

Demo/sockets/ftp.py

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def sendportcmd(s, f, port):
 	hostname = gethostname()
 	hostaddr = gethostbyname(hostname)
 	hbytes = string.splitfields(hostaddr, '.')
-	pbytes = [`port/256`, `port%256`]
+	pbytes = [repr(port/256), repr(port%256)]
 	bytes = hbytes + pbytes
 	cmd = 'PORT ' + string.joinfields(bytes, ',')
 	s.send(cmd + '\r\n')

Demo/sockets/gopher.py

@@ -75,10 +75,10 @@ def get_menu(selector, host, port):
 		typechar = line[0]
 		parts = string.splitfields(line[1:], TAB)
 		if len(parts) < 4:
-			print '(Bad line from server:', `line`, ')'
+			print '(Bad line from server: %r)' % (line,)
 			continue
 		if len(parts) > 4:
-			print '(Extra info from server:', parts[4:], ')'
+			print '(Extra info from server: %r)' % (parts[4:],)
 		parts.insert(0, typechar)
 		list.append(parts)
 	f.close()
@@ -154,17 +154,17 @@ def browse_menu(selector, host, port):
 	list = get_menu(selector, host, port)
 	while 1:
 		print '----- MENU -----'
-		print 'Selector:', `selector`
+		print 'Selector:', repr(selector)
 		print 'Host:', host, ' Port:', port
 		print
 		for i in range(len(list)):
 			item = list[i]
 			typechar, description = item[0], item[1]
-			print string.rjust(`i+1`, 3) + ':', description,
+			print string.rjust(repr(i+1), 3) + ':', description,
 			if typename.has_key(typechar):
 				print typename[typechar]
 			else:
-				print '<TYPE=' + `typechar` + '>'
+				print '<TYPE=' + repr(typechar) + '>'
 		print
 		while 1:
 			try:
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ def browse_textfile(selector, host, port):
 def browse_search(selector, host, port):
 	while 1:
 		print '----- SEARCH -----'
-		print 'Selector:', `selector`
+		print 'Selector:', repr(selector)
 		print 'Host:', host, ' Port:', port
 		print
 		try:
@@ -240,9 +240,9 @@ def browse_search(selector, host, port):
 # "Browse" telnet-based information, i.e. open a telnet session
 def browse_telnet(selector, host, port):
 	if selector:
-		print 'Log in as', `selector`
+		print 'Log in as', repr(selector)
 	if type(port) <> type(''):
-		port = `port`
+		port = repr(port)
 	sts = os.system('set -x; exec telnet ' + host + ' ' + port)
 	if sts:
 		print 'Exit status:', sts
@@ -307,18 +307,18 @@ def open_savefile():
 		try:
 			p = os.popen(cmd, 'w')
 		except IOError, msg:
-			print `cmd`, ':', msg
+			print repr(cmd), ':', msg
 			return None
-		print 'Piping through', `cmd`, '...'
+		print 'Piping through', repr(cmd), '...'
 		return p
 	if savefile[0] == '~':
 		savefile = os.path.expanduser(savefile)
 	try:
 		f = open(savefile, 'w')
 	except IOError, msg:
-		print `savefile`, ':', msg
+		print repr(savefile), ':', msg
 		return None
-	print 'Saving to', `savefile`, '...'
+	print 'Saving to', repr(savefile), '...'
 	return f
 
 # Test program

Demo/sockets/mcast.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def sender(flag):
 		ttl = struct.pack('b', 1)		# Time-to-live
 		s.setsockopt(IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, ttl)
 	while 1:
-		data = `time.time()`
+		data = repr(time.time())
 ##		data = data + (1400 - len(data)) * '\0'
 		s.sendto(data, (mygroup, MYPORT))
 		time.sleep(1)
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def receiver():
 	while 1:
 		data, sender = s.recvfrom(1500)
 		while data[-1:] == '\0': data = data[:-1] # Strip trailing \0's
-		print sender, ':', `data`
+		print sender, ':', repr(data)
 
 
 # Open a UDP socket, bind it to a port and select a multicast group

Demo/sockets/radio.py

@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ s.bind(('', MYPORT))
 
 while 1:
 	data, wherefrom = s.recvfrom(1500, 0)
-	sys.stderr.write(`wherefrom` + '\n')
+	sys.stderr.write(repr(wherefrom) + '\n')
 	sys.stdout.write(data)

Demo/sockets/telnet.py

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def main():
 	try:
 		s.connect((host, port))
 	except error, msg:
-		sys.stderr.write('connect failed: ' + `msg` + '\n')
+		sys.stderr.write('connect failed: ' + repr(msg) + '\n')
 		sys.exit(1)
 	#
 	pid = posix.fork()

Demo/sockets/udpecho.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def server():
 	print 'udp echo server ready'
 	while 1:
 		data, addr = s.recvfrom(BUFSIZE)
-		print 'server received', `data`, 'from', `addr`
+		print 'server received %r from %r' % (data, addr)
 		s.sendto(data, addr)
 
 def client():
@@ -58,6 +58,6 @@ def client():
 			break
 		s.sendto(line, addr)
 		data, fromaddr = s.recvfrom(BUFSIZE)
-		print 'client received', `data`, 'from', `fromaddr`
+		print 'client received %r from %r' % (data, fromaddr)
 
 main()

Demo/sockets/unicast.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)
 s.bind(('', 0))
 
 while 1:
-	data = `time.time()` + '\n'
+	data = repr(time.time()) + '\n'
 	s.sendto(data, ('', MYPORT))
 	time.sleep(2)
 

Demo/sockets/unixclient.py

@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ s.connect(FILE)
 s.send('Hello, world')
 data = s.recv(1024)
 s.close()
-print 'Received', `data`
+print 'Received', repr(data)

Demo/threads/Coroutine.py

@@ -138,10 +138,9 @@ class Coroutine:
 
     def tran(self, target, data=None):
         if not self.invokedby.has_key(target):
-            raise TypeError, '.tran target ' + `target` + \
+            raise TypeError, '.tran target %r is not an active coroutine' % (target,)
-                             ' is not an active coroutine'
         if self.killed:
-            raise TypeError, '.tran target ' + `target` + ' is killed'
+            raise TypeError, '.tran target %r is killed' % (target,)
         self.value = data
         me = self.active
         self.invokedby[target] = me
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ class Coroutine:
             if self.main is not me:
                 raise Killed
             if self.terminated_by is not None:
-                raise EarlyExit, `self.terminated_by` + ' terminated early'
+                raise EarlyExit, '%r terminated early' % (self.terminated_by,)
 
         return self.value
 

Demo/threads/find.py

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ def main():
     wq.run(nworkers)
     t2 = time.time()
 
-    sys.stderr.write('Total time ' + `t2-t1` + ' sec.\n')
+    sys.stderr.write('Total time %r sec.\n' % (t2-t1))
 
 
 # The predicate -- defines what files we look for.
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ def find(dir, pred, wq):
     try:
         names = os.listdir(dir)
     except os.error, msg:
-        print `dir`, ':', msg
+        print repr(dir), ':', msg
         return
     for name in names:
         if name not in (os.curdir, os.pardir):
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ def find(dir, pred, wq):
             try:
                 stat = os.lstat(fullname)
             except os.error, msg:
-                print `fullname`, ':', msg
+                print repr(fullname), ':', msg
                 continue
             if pred(dir, name, fullname, stat):
                 print fullname

Demo/threads/sync.py

@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ class condition:
 
     def broadcast(self, num = -1):
         if num < -1:
-            raise ValueError, '.broadcast called with num ' + `num`
+            raise ValueError, '.broadcast called with num %r' % (num,)
         if num == 0:
             return
         self.idlock.acquire()
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ class semaphore:
         self.nonzero.acquire()
         if self.count == self.maxcount:
             raise ValueError, '.v() tried to raise semaphore count above ' \
-                  'initial value ' + `maxcount`
+                  'initial value %r' % (maxcount,))
         self.count = self.count + 1
         self.nonzero.signal()
         self.nonzero.release()

Demo/threads/telnet.py

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def main():
     try:
         s.connect((host, port))
     except error, msg:
-        sys.stderr.write('connect failed: ' + `msg` + '\n')
+        sys.stderr.write('connect failed: %r\n' % (msg,))
         sys.exit(1)
     #
     thread.start_new(child, (s,))
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def parent(s):
         for c in data:
             if opt:
                 print ord(c)
-##                              print '(replying: ' + `opt+c` + ')'
+##                              print '(replying: %r)' % (opt+c,)
                 s.send(opt + c)
                 opt = ''
             elif iac:
@@ -101,13 +101,13 @@ def parent(s):
                 cleandata = cleandata + c
         sys.stdout.write(cleandata)
         sys.stdout.flush()
-##              print 'Out:', `cleandata`
+##              print 'Out:', repr(cleandata)
 
 def child(s):
     # read stdin, write socket
     while 1:
         line = sys.stdin.readline()
-##              print 'Got:', `line`
+##              print 'Got:', repr(line)
         if not line: break
         s.send(line)
 

Demo/tix/samples/DirList.py

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class DemoDirList:
         top.btn['command'] = lambda dir=top.dir, ent=top.ent, self=self: \
                              self.copy_name(dir,ent)
 
-        # top.ent.entry.insert(0,'tix'+`self`)
+        # top.ent.entry.insert(0,'tix'+repr(self))
         top.ent.entry.bind('<Return>', lambda self=self: self.okcmd () )
 
         top.pack( expand='yes', fill='both', side=TOP)

Demo/tkinter/guido/mbox.py

@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ def refile_message(e=None):
 def fixfocus(near, itop):
 	n = scanbox.size()
 	for i in range(n):
-		line = scanbox.get(`i`)
+		line = scanbox.get(repr(i))
 		if scanparser.match(line) >= 0:
 			num = string.atoi(scanparser.group(1))
 			if num >= near:

Demo/tkinter/guido/solitaire.py

@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class Card:
 
     def __repr__(self):
 	"""Return a string for debug print statements."""
-	return "Card(%s, %s)" % (`self.suit`, `self.value`)
+	return "Card(%r, %r)" % (self.suit, self.value)
 
     def moveto(self, x, y):
 	"""Move the card to absolute position (x, y)."""

Demo/tkinter/matt/animation-w-velocity-ctrl.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class Test(Frame):
     def moveThing(self, *args):
 	velocity = self.speed.get()
 	str = float(velocity) / 1000.0
-	str = `str` + "i"
+	str = "%ri" % (str,)
 	self.draw.move("thing",  str, str)
 	self.after(10, self.moveThing)
 

Demo/tkinter/matt/pong-demo-1.py

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class Pong(Frame):
 	self.x = self.x + deltax
 	self.y = self.y + deltay
 
-	self.draw.move(self.ball,  `deltax` + "i", `deltay` + "i")
+	self.draw.move(self.ball,  "%ri" % deltax, "%ri" % deltay)
 	self.after(10, self.moveBall)
 
     def __init__(self, master=None):

Doc/lib/caseless.py

@@ -47,10 +47,10 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         print "not ok: no conflict between -h and -H"
     
     parser.add_option("-f", "--file", dest="file")
-    #print `parser.get_option("-f")`
+    #print repr(parser.get_option("-f"))
-    #print `parser.get_option("-F")`
+    #print repr(parser.get_option("-F"))
-    #print `parser.get_option("--file")`
+    #print repr(parser.get_option("--file"))
-    #print `parser.get_option("--fIlE")`
+    #print repr(parser.get_option("--fIlE"))
     (options, args) = parser.parse_args(["--FiLe", "foo"])
     assert options.file == "foo", options.file
     print "ok: case insensitive long options work"

Doc/tools/cvsinfo.py

@@ -78,4 +78,4 @@ class RepositoryInfo:
         return fn[len(self.cvsroot_path)+1:]
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<RepositoryInfo for %s>" % `self.get_cvsroot()`
+        return "<RepositoryInfo for %r>" % self.get_cvsroot()

Doc/tools/refcounts.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def loadfile(fp):
             continue
         parts = line.split(":", 4)
         if len(parts) != 5:
-            raise ValueError("Not enough fields in " + `line`)
+            raise ValueError("Not enough fields in %r" % line)
         function, type, arg, refcount, comment = parts
         if refcount == "null":
             refcount = None

Doc/tools/sgmlconv/esistools.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def decode(s):
             n, s = s.split(";", 1)
             r = r + unichr(int(n))
         else:
-            raise ValueError, "can't handle " + `s`
+            raise ValueError, "can't handle %r" % s
     return r
 
 
@@ -220,8 +220,8 @@ class ESISReader(xml.sax.xmlreader.XMLReader):
             return self._decl_handler
 
         else:
-            raise xml.sax.SAXNotRecognizedException("unknown property %s"
+            raise xml.sax.SAXNotRecognizedException("unknown property %r"
-                                                    % `property`)
+                                                    % (property, ))
 
     def setProperty(self, property, value):
         if property == xml.sax.handler.property_lexical_handler:

Doc/tools/sgmlconv/latex2esis.py

@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ def popping(name, point, depth):
 class _Stack(list):
     def append(self, entry):
         if not isinstance(entry, str):
-            raise LaTeXFormatError("cannot push non-string on stack: "
+            raise LaTeXFormatError("cannot push non-string on stack: %r"
-                                   + `entry`)
+                                   % (entry, ))
         #dbgmsg("%s<%s>" % (" "*len(self.data), entry))
         list.append(self, entry)
 
@@ -208,8 +208,8 @@ class Conversion:
                             m = _parameter_rx.match(line)
                             if not m:
                                 raise LaTeXFormatError(
-                                    "could not extract parameter %s for %s: %s"
+                                    "could not extract parameter %s for %s: %r"
-                                    % (pentry.name, macroname, `line[:100]`))
+                                    % (pentry.name, macroname, line[:100]))
                             if entry.outputname:
                                 self.dump_attr(pentry, m.group(1))
                             line = line[m.end():]
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class Conversion:
                             opened = 1
                             stack.append(entry.name)
                             self.write("(%s\n" % entry.outputname)
-                        #dbgmsg("--- text: %s" % `pentry.text`)
+                        #dbgmsg("--- text: %r" % pentry.text)
                         self.write("-%s\n" % encode(pentry.text))
                     elif pentry.type == "entityref":
                         self.write("&%s\n" % pentry.name)
@@ -326,8 +326,8 @@ class Conversion:
             extra = ""
             if len(line) > 100:
                 extra = "..."
-            raise LaTeXFormatError("could not identify markup: %s%s"
+            raise LaTeXFormatError("could not identify markup: %r%s"
-                                   % (`line[:100]`, extra))
+                                   % (line[:100], extra))
         while stack:
             entry = self.get_entry(stack[-1])
             if entry.closes:
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ class Conversion:
     def get_entry(self, name):
         entry = self.table.get(name)
         if entry is None:
-            dbgmsg("get_entry(%s) failing; building default entry!" % `name`)
+            dbgmsg("get_entry(%r) failing; building default entry!" % (name, ))
             # not defined; build a default entry:
             entry = TableEntry(name)
             entry.has_content = 1
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ class TableHandler(xml.sax.handler.ContentHandler):
     def end_macro(self):
         name = self.__current.name
         if self.__table.has_key(name):
-            raise ValueError("name %s already in use" % `name`)
+            raise ValueError("name %r already in use" % (name,))
         self.__table[name] = self.__current
         self.__current = None
 

Lib/BaseHTTPServer.py

@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class BaseHTTPRequestHandler(SocketServer.StreamRequestHandler):
         if len(words) == 3:
             [command, path, version] = words
             if version[:5] != 'HTTP/':
-                self.send_error(400, "Bad request version (%s)" % `version`)
+                self.send_error(400, "Bad request version (%r)" % version)
                 return False
             try:
                 base_version_number = version.split('/', 1)[1]
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ class BaseHTTPRequestHandler(SocketServer.StreamRequestHandler):
                     raise ValueError
                 version_number = int(version_number[0]), int(version_number[1])
             except (ValueError, IndexError):
-                self.send_error(400, "Bad request version (%s)" % `version`)
+                self.send_error(400, "Bad request version (%r)" % version)
                 return False
             if version_number >= (1, 1) and self.protocol_version >= "HTTP/1.1":
                 self.close_connection = 0
@@ -266,12 +266,12 @@ class BaseHTTPRequestHandler(SocketServer.StreamRequestHandler):
             self.close_connection = 1
             if command != 'GET':
                 self.send_error(400,
-                                "Bad HTTP/0.9 request type (%s)" % `command`)
+                                "Bad HTTP/0.9 request type (%r)" % command)
                 return False
         elif not words:
             return False
         else:
-            self.send_error(400, "Bad request syntax (%s)" % `requestline`)
+            self.send_error(400, "Bad request syntax (%r)" % requestline)
             return False
         self.command, self.path, self.request_version = command, path, version
 
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ class BaseHTTPRequestHandler(SocketServer.StreamRequestHandler):
             return
         mname = 'do_' + self.command
         if not hasattr(self, mname):
-            self.send_error(501, "Unsupported method (%s)" % `self.command`)
+            self.send_error(501, "Unsupported method (%r)" % self.command)
             return
         method = getattr(self, mname)
         method()

Lib/Bastion.py

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ def Bastion(object, filter = lambda name: name[:1] != '_',
         return get1(name)
 
     if name is None:
-        name = `object`
+        name = repr(object)
     return bastionclass(get2, name)
 
 

Lib/CGIHTTPServer.py

@@ -117,21 +117,21 @@ class CGIHTTPRequestHandler(SimpleHTTPServer.SimpleHTTPRequestHandler):
         scriptname = dir + '/' + script
         scriptfile = self.translate_path(scriptname)
         if not os.path.exists(scriptfile):
-            self.send_error(404, "No such CGI script (%s)" % `scriptname`)
+            self.send_error(404, "No such CGI script (%r)" % scriptname)
             return
         if not os.path.isfile(scriptfile):
-            self.send_error(403, "CGI script is not a plain file (%s)" %
+            self.send_error(403, "CGI script is not a plain file (%r)" % 
-                            `scriptname`)
+                            scriptname)
             return
         ispy = self.is_python(scriptname)
         if not ispy:
             if not (self.have_fork or self.have_popen2 or self.have_popen3):
-                self.send_error(403, "CGI script is not a Python script (%s)" %
+                self.send_error(403, "CGI script is not a Python script (%r)" %
-                                `scriptname`)
+                                scriptname)
                 return
             if not self.is_executable(scriptfile):
-                self.send_error(403, "CGI script is not executable (%s)" %
+                self.send_error(403, "CGI script is not executable (%r)" %
-                                `scriptname`)
+                                scriptname)
                 return
 
         # Reference: http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/env.html

Lib/ConfigParser.py

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class NoSectionError(Error):
     """Raised when no section matches a requested option."""
 
     def __init__(self, section):
-        Error.__init__(self, 'No section: ' + `section`)
+        Error.__init__(self, 'No section: %r' % (section,))
         self.section = section
 
 class DuplicateSectionError(Error):
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ class MissingSectionHeaderError(ParsingError):
     def __init__(self, filename, lineno, line):
         Error.__init__(
             self,
-            'File contains no section headers.\nfile: %s, line: %d\n%s' %
+            'File contains no section headers.\nfile: %s, line: %d\n%r' %
             (filename, lineno, line))
         self.filename = filename
         self.lineno = lineno
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ class RawConfigParser:
                     optname = None
                 # no section header in the file?
                 elif cursect is None:
-                    raise MissingSectionHeaderError(fpname, lineno, `line`)
+                    raise MissingSectionHeaderError(fpname, lineno, line)
                 # an option line?
                 else:
                     mo = self.OPTCRE.match(line)
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ class RawConfigParser:
                         # list of all bogus lines
                         if not e:
                             e = ParsingError(fpname)
-                        e.append(lineno, `line`)
+                        e.append(lineno, repr(line))
         # if any parsing errors occurred, raise an exception
         if e:
             raise e
@@ -613,4 +613,4 @@ class SafeConfigParser(ConfigParser):
             else:
                 raise InterpolationSyntaxError(
                     option, section,
-                    "'%' must be followed by '%' or '(', found: " + `rest`)
+                    "'%%' must be followed by '%%' or '(', found: %r" % (rest,))

Lib/HTMLParser.py

@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@ class HTMLParser(markupbase.ParserBase):
                          - self.__starttag_text.rfind("\n")
             else:
                 offset = offset + len(self.__starttag_text)
-            self.error("junk characters in start tag: %s"
+            self.error("junk characters in start tag: %r"
-                       % `rawdata[k:endpos][:20]`)
+                       % (rawdata[k:endpos][:20],))
         if end.endswith('/>'):
             # XHTML-style empty tag: <span attr="value" />
             self.handle_startendtag(tag, attrs)
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ class HTMLParser(markupbase.ParserBase):
         j = match.end()
         match = endtagfind.match(rawdata, i) # </ + tag + >
         if not match:
-            self.error("bad end tag: %s" % `rawdata[i:j]`)
+            self.error("bad end tag: %r" % (rawdata[i:j],))
         tag = match.group(1)
         self.handle_endtag(tag.lower())
         self.clear_cdata_mode()
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ class HTMLParser(markupbase.ParserBase):
         pass
 
     def unknown_decl(self, data):
-        self.error("unknown declaration: " + `data`)
+        self.error("unknown declaration: %r" % (data,))
 
     # Internal -- helper to remove special character quoting
     def unescape(self, s):

Lib/StringIO.py

@@ -222,10 +222,10 @@ def test():
     f.seek(len(lines[0]))
     f.write(lines[1])
     f.seek(0)
-    print 'First line =', `f.readline()`
+    print 'First line =', repr(f.readline())
     print 'Position =', f.tell()
     line = f.readline()
-    print 'Second line =', `line`
+    print 'Second line =', repr(line)
     f.seek(-len(line), 1)
     line2 = f.read(len(line))
     if line != line2:

Lib/aifc.py

@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ class Aifc_read:
         for marker in self._markers:
             if id == marker[0]:
                 return marker
-        raise Error, 'marker ' + `id` + ' does not exist'
+        raise Error, 'marker %r does not exist' % (id,)
 
     def setpos(self, pos):
         if pos < 0 or pos > self._nframes:
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ class Aifc_write:
         for marker in self._markers:
             if id == marker[0]:
                 return marker
-        raise Error, 'marker ' + `id` + ' does not exist'
+        raise Error, 'marker %r does not exist' % (id,)
 
     def getmarkers(self):
         if len(self._markers) == 0:

Lib/atexit.py

@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     def x1():
         print "running x1"
     def x2(n):
-        print "running x2(%s)" % `n`
+        print "running x2(%r)" % (n,)
     def x3(n, kwd=None):
-        print "running x3(%s, kwd=%s)" % (`n`, `kwd`)
+        print "running x3(%r, kwd=%r)" % (n, kwd)
 
     register(x1)
     register(x2, 12)

Lib/base64.py

@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ def test1():
     s0 = "Aladdin:open sesame"
     s1 = encodestring(s0)
     s2 = decodestring(s1)
-    print s0, `s1`, s2
+    print s0, repr(s1), s2
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

Lib/bdb.py

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class Bdb:
             return self.dispatch_return(frame, arg)
         if event == 'exception':
             return self.dispatch_exception(frame, arg)
-        print 'bdb.Bdb.dispatch: unknown debugging event:', `event`
+        print 'bdb.Bdb.dispatch: unknown debugging event:', repr(event)
         return self.trace_dispatch
 
     def dispatch_line(self, frame):
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ class Bdb:
         import linecache, repr
         frame, lineno = frame_lineno
         filename = self.canonic(frame.f_code.co_filename)
-        s = filename + '(' + `lineno` + ')'
+        s = '%s(%r)' % (filename, lineno)
         if frame.f_code.co_name:
             s = s + frame.f_code.co_name
         else:

Lib/binhex.py

@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ class BinHex:
 
     def close_data(self):
         if self.dlen != 0:
-            raise Error, 'Incorrect data size, diff='+`self.rlen`
+            raise Error, 'Incorrect data size, diff=%r' % (self.rlen,)
         self._writecrc()
         self.state = _DID_DATA
 
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ class BinHex:
             raise Error, 'Close at the wrong time'
         if self.rlen != 0:
             raise Error, \
-                  "Incorrect resource-datasize, diff="+`self.rlen`
+                  "Incorrect resource-datasize, diff=%r" % (self.rlen,)
         self._writecrc()
         self.ofp.close()
         self.state = None

Lib/bsddb/dbrecio.py

@@ -164,10 +164,10 @@ def _test():
     f.seek(len(lines[0]))
     f.write(lines[1])
     f.seek(0)
-    print 'First line =', `f.readline()`
+    print 'First line =', repr(f.readline())
     here = f.tell()
     line = f.readline()
-    print 'Second line =', `line`
+    print 'Second line =', repr(line)
     f.seek(-len(line), 1)
     line2 = f.read(len(line))
     if line != line2:

Lib/bsddb/dbtables.py

@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class bsdTableDB :
         try:
             key, data = cur.first()
             while 1:
-                print `{key: data}`
+                print repr({key: data})
                 next = cur.next()
                 if next:
                     key, data = next
@@ -341,9 +341,9 @@ class bsdTableDB :
         try:
             tcolpickles = self.db.get(_columns_key(table))
         except DBNotFoundError:
-            raise TableDBError, "unknown table: " + `table`
+            raise TableDBError, "unknown table: %r" % (table,)
         if not tcolpickles:
-            raise TableDBError, "unknown table: " + `table`
+            raise TableDBError, "unknown table: %r" % (table,)
         self.__tablecolumns[table] = pickle.loads(tcolpickles)
 
     def __new_rowid(self, table, txn) :
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ class bsdTableDB :
                 self.__load_column_info(table)
             for column in rowdict.keys() :
                 if not self.__tablecolumns[table].count(column):
-                    raise TableDBError, "unknown column: "+`column`
+                    raise TableDBError, "unknown column: %r" % (column,)
 
             # get a unique row identifier for this row
             txn = self.env.txn_begin()
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ class bsdTableDB :
             columns = self.tablecolumns[table]
         for column in (columns + conditions.keys()):
             if not self.__tablecolumns[table].count(column):
-                raise TableDBError, "unknown column: "+`column`
+                raise TableDBError, "unknown column: %r" % (column,)
 
         # keyed on rows that match so far, containings dicts keyed on
         # column names containing the data for that row and column.

Lib/bsddb/test/test_associate.py

@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class AssociateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def getGenre(self, priKey, priData):
         assert type(priData) == type("")
         if verbose:
-            print 'getGenre key:', `priKey`, 'data:', `priData`
+            print 'getGenre key: %r data: %r' % (priKey, priData)
         genre = string.split(priData, '|')[2]
         if genre == 'Blues':
             return db.DB_DONOTINDEX
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ class ShelveAssociateTestCase(AssociateTestCase):
     def getGenre(self, priKey, priData):
         assert type(priData) == type(())
         if verbose:
-            print 'getGenre key:', `priKey`, 'data:', `priData`
+            print 'getGenre key: %r data: %r' % (priKey, priData)
         genre = priData[2]
         if genre == 'Blues':
             return db.DB_DONOTINDEX

Lib/bsddb/test/test_basics.py

@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ class BasicTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             if set_raises_error:
                 self.fail("expected exception")
             if n != None:
-                self.fail("expected None: "+`n`)
+                self.fail("expected None: %r" % (n,))
 
         rec = c.get_both('0404', self.makeData('0404'))
         assert rec == ('0404', self.makeData('0404'))
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ class BasicTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             if get_raises_error:
                 self.fail("expected exception")
             if n != None:
-                self.fail("expected None: "+`n`)
+                self.fail("expected None: %r" % (n,))
 
         if self.d.get_type() == db.DB_BTREE:
             rec = c.set_range('011')
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ class BasicTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         num = d.truncate()
         assert num >= 1, "truncate returned <= 0 on non-empty database"
         num = d.truncate()
-        assert num == 0, "truncate on empty DB returned nonzero (%s)" % `num`
+        assert num == 0, "truncate on empty DB returned nonzero (%r)" % (num,)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ class BasicTransactionTestCase(BasicTestCase):
         num = d.truncate(txn)
         assert num >= 1, "truncate returned <= 0 on non-empty database"
         num = d.truncate(txn)
-        assert num == 0, "truncate on empty DB returned nonzero (%s)" % `num`
+        assert num == 0, "truncate on empty DB returned nonzero (%r)" % (num,)
         txn.commit()
 
     #----------------------------------------

Lib/bsddb/test/test_dbtables.py

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class TableDBTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             assert values[1]['Species'] == 'Penguin'
         else :
             if verbose:
-                print "values=", `values`
+                print "values= %r" % (values,)
             raise "Wrong values returned!"
 
     def test03(self):

Lib/calendar.py

@@ -151,9 +151,9 @@ def month(theyear, themonth, w=0, l=0):
     """Return a month's calendar string (multi-line)."""
     w = max(2, w)
     l = max(1, l)
-    s = ((month_name[themonth] + ' ' + `theyear`).center(
+    s = ("%s %r" % (month_name[themonth], theyear)).center(
-                 7 * (w + 1) - 1).rstrip() +
+                 7 * (w + 1) - 1).rstrip() + \
-         '\n' * l + weekheader(w).rstrip() + '\n' * l)
+         '\n' * l + weekheader(w).rstrip() + '\n' * l
     for aweek in monthcalendar(theyear, themonth):
         s = s + week(aweek, w).rstrip() + '\n' * l
     return s[:-l] + '\n'
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ def calendar(year, w=0, l=0, c=_spacing):
     l = max(1, l)
     c = max(2, c)
     colwidth = (w + 1) * 7 - 1
-    s = `year`.center(colwidth * 3 + c * 2).rstrip() + '\n' * l
+    s = repr(year).center(colwidth * 3 + c * 2).rstrip() + '\n' * l
     header = weekheader(w)
     header = format3cstring(header, header, header, colwidth, c).rstrip()
     for q in range(January, January+12, 3):

Lib/cgi.py

@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ def parse_qsl(qs, keep_blank_values=0, strict_parsing=0):
         nv = name_value.split('=', 1)
         if len(nv) != 2:
             if strict_parsing:
-                raise ValueError, "bad query field: %s" % `name_value`
+                raise ValueError, "bad query field: %r" % (name_value,)
             continue
         if len(nv[1]) or keep_blank_values:
             name = urllib.unquote(nv[0].replace('+', ' '))
@@ -247,8 +247,8 @@ def parse_multipart(fp, pdict):
     if 'boundary' in pdict:
         boundary = pdict['boundary']
     if not valid_boundary(boundary):
-        raise ValueError,  ('Invalid boundary in multipart form: %s'
+        raise ValueError,  ('Invalid boundary in multipart form: %r'
-                            % `boundary`)
+                            % (boundary,))
 
     nextpart = "--" + boundary
     lastpart = "--" + boundary + "--"
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ class MiniFieldStorage:
 
     def __repr__(self):
         """Return printable representation."""
-        return "MiniFieldStorage(%s, %s)" % (`self.name`, `self.value`)
+        return "MiniFieldStorage(%r, %r)" % (self.name, self.value)
 
 
 class FieldStorage:
@@ -522,8 +522,8 @@ class FieldStorage:
 
     def __repr__(self):
         """Return a printable representation."""
-        return "FieldStorage(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+        return "FieldStorage(%r, %r, %r)" % (
-                `self.name`, `self.filename`, `self.value`)
+                self.name, self.filename, self.value)
 
     def __iter__(self):
         return iter(self.keys())
@@ -632,8 +632,7 @@ class FieldStorage:
         """Internal: read a part that is itself multipart."""
         ib = self.innerboundary
         if not valid_boundary(ib):
-            raise ValueError, ('Invalid boundary in multipart form: %s'
+            raise ValueError, 'Invalid boundary in multipart form: %r' % (ib,)
-                               % `ib`)
         self.list = []
         klass = self.FieldStorageClass or self.__class__
         part = klass(self.fp, {}, ib,
@@ -957,8 +956,8 @@ def print_form(form):
     for key in keys:
         print "<DT>" + escape(key) + ":",
         value = form[key]
-        print "<i>" + escape(`type(value)`) + "</i>"
+        print "<i>" + escape(repr(type(value))) + "</i>"
-        print "<DD>" + escape(`value`)
+        print "<DD>" + escape(repr(value))
     print "</DL>"
     print
 

Lib/difflib.py

@@ -689,9 +689,9 @@ def get_close_matches(word, possibilities, n=3, cutoff=0.6):
     """
 
     if not n >  0:
-        raise ValueError("n must be > 0: " + `n`)
+        raise ValueError("n must be > 0: %r" % (n,))
     if not 0.0 <= cutoff <= 1.0:
-        raise ValueError("cutoff must be in [0.0, 1.0]: " + `cutoff`)
+        raise ValueError("cutoff must be in [0.0, 1.0]: %r" % (cutoff,))
     result = []
     s = SequenceMatcher()
     s.set_seq2(word)
@@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ class Differ:
             elif tag == 'equal':
                 g = self._dump(' ', a, alo, ahi)
             else:
-                raise ValueError, 'unknown tag ' + `tag`
+                raise ValueError, 'unknown tag %r' % (tag,)
 
             for line in g:
                 yield line
@@ -988,7 +988,7 @@ class Differ:
                     atags += ' ' * la
                     btags += ' ' * lb
                 else:
-                    raise ValueError, 'unknown tag ' + `tag`
+                    raise ValueError, 'unknown tag %r' % (tag,)
             for line in self._qformat(aelt, belt, atags, btags):
                 yield line
         else:

Lib/dis.py

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ def disassemble(co, lasti=-1):
         else: print '   ',
         if i in labels: print '>>',
         else: print '  ',
-        print `i`.rjust(4),
+        print repr(i).rjust(4),
         print opname[op].ljust(20),
         i = i+1
         if op >= HAVE_ARGUMENT:
@@ -89,13 +89,13 @@ def disassemble(co, lasti=-1):
             i = i+2
             if op == EXTENDED_ARG:
                 extended_arg = oparg*65536L
-            print `oparg`.rjust(5),
+            print repr(oparg).rjust(5),
             if op in hasconst:
-                print '(' + `co.co_consts[oparg]` + ')',
+                print '(' + repr(co.co_consts[oparg]) + ')',
             elif op in hasname:
                 print '(' + co.co_names[oparg] + ')',
             elif op in hasjrel:
-                print '(to ' + `i + oparg` + ')',
+                print '(to ' + repr(i + oparg) + ')',
             elif op in haslocal:
                 print '(' + co.co_varnames[oparg] + ')',
             elif op in hascompare:
@@ -118,16 +118,16 @@ def disassemble_string(code, lasti=-1, varnames=None, names=None,
         else: print '   ',
         if i in labels: print '>>',
         else: print '  ',
-        print `i`.rjust(4),
+        print repr(i).rjust(4),
         print opname[op].ljust(15),
         i = i+1
         if op >= HAVE_ARGUMENT:
             oparg = ord(code[i]) + ord(code[i+1])*256
             i = i+2
-            print `oparg`.rjust(5),
+            print repr(oparg).rjust(5),
             if op in hasconst:
                 if constants:
-                    print '(' + `constants[oparg]` + ')',
+                    print '(' + repr(constants[oparg]) + ')',
                 else:
                     print '(%d)'%oparg,
             elif op in hasname:
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ def disassemble_string(code, lasti=-1, varnames=None, names=None,
                 else:
                     print '(%d)'%oparg,
             elif op in hasjrel:
-                print '(to ' + `i + oparg` + ')',
+                print '(to ' + repr(i + oparg) + ')',
             elif op in haslocal:
                 if varnames:
                     print '(' + varnames[oparg] + ')',

Lib/distutils/cmd.py

@@ -253,8 +253,8 @@ class Command:
 
             if not ok:
                 raise DistutilsOptionError, \
-                      "'%s' must be a list of strings (got %s)" % \
+                      "'%s' must be a list of strings (got %r)" % \
-                      (option, `val`)
+                      (option, val)
 
     def _ensure_tested_string (self, option, tester,
                                what, error_fmt, default=None):

Lib/distutils/core.py

@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ def run_setup (script_name, script_args=None, stop_after="run"):
     used to drive the Distutils.
     """
     if stop_after not in ('init', 'config', 'commandline', 'run'):
-        raise ValueError, "invalid value for 'stop_after': %s" % `stop_after`
+        raise ValueError, "invalid value for 'stop_after': %r" % (stop_after,)
 
     global _setup_stop_after, _setup_distribution
     _setup_stop_after = stop_after

Lib/distutils/dir_util.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def mkpath (name, mode=0777, verbose=0, dry_run=0):
     # Detect a common bug -- name is None
     if type(name) is not StringType:
         raise DistutilsInternalError, \
-              "mkpath: 'name' must be a string (got %s)" % `name`
+              "mkpath: 'name' must be a string (got %r)" % (name,)
 
     # XXX what's the better way to handle verbosity? print as we create
     # each directory in the path (the current behaviour), or only announce

Lib/distutils/dist.py

@@ -525,9 +525,9 @@ class Distribution:
                         func()
                     else:
                         raise DistutilsClassError(
-                            "invalid help function %s for help option '%s': "
+                            "invalid help function %r for help option '%s': "
                             "must be a callable object (function, etc.)"
-                            % (`func`, help_option))
+                            % (func, help_option))
 
             if help_option_found:
                 return

Lib/distutils/fancy_getopt.py

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class FancyGetopt:
             else:
                 # the option table is part of the code, so simply
                 # assert that it is correct
-                assert "invalid option tuple: %s" % `option`
+                assert "invalid option tuple: %r" % (option,)
 
             # Type- and value-check the option names
             if type(long) is not StringType or len(long) < 2:

Lib/distutils/util.py

@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ def execute (func, args, msg=None, verbose=0, dry_run=0):
     print.
     """
     if msg is None:
-        msg = "%s%s" % (func.__name__, `args`)
+        msg = "%s%r" % (func.__name__, args)
         if msg[-2:] == ',)':        # correct for singleton tuple
             msg = msg[0:-2] + ')'
 
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ def strtobool (val):
     elif val in ('n', 'no', 'f', 'false', 'off', '0'):
         return 0
     else:
-        raise ValueError, "invalid truth value %s" % `val`
+        raise ValueError, "invalid truth value %r" % (val,)
 
 
 def byte_compile (py_files,
@@ -394,11 +394,11 @@ files = [
 
             script.write(string.join(map(repr, py_files), ",\n") + "]\n")
             script.write("""
-byte_compile(files, optimize=%s, force=%s,
+byte_compile(files, optimize=%r, force=%r,
-             prefix=%s, base_dir=%s,
+             prefix=%r, base_dir=%r,
-             verbose=%s, dry_run=0,
+             verbose=%r, dry_run=0,
              direct=1)
-""" % (`optimize`, `force`, `prefix`, `base_dir`, `verbose`))
+""" % (optimize, force, prefix, base_dir, verbose))
 
             script.close()
 
@@ -432,8 +432,8 @@ byte_compile(files, optimize=%s, force=%s,
             if prefix:
                 if file[:len(prefix)] != prefix:
                     raise ValueError, \
-                          ("invalid prefix: filename %s doesn't start with %s"
+                          ("invalid prefix: filename %r doesn't start with %r"
-                           % (`file`, `prefix`))
+                           % (file, prefix))
                 dfile = dfile[len(prefix):]
             if base_dir:
                 dfile = os.path.join(base_dir, dfile)

Lib/doctest.py

@@ -334,8 +334,8 @@ def _extract_examples(s):
             continue
         lineno = i - 1
         if line[j] != " ":
-            raise ValueError("line " + `lineno` + " of docstring lacks "
+            raise ValueError("line %r of docstring lacks blank after %s: %s" %
-                "blank after " + PS1 + ": " + line)
+                             (lineno, PS1, line))
         j = j + 1
         blanks = m.group(1)
         nblanks = len(blanks)
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ def _extract_examples(s):
             if m:
                 if m.group(1) != blanks:
                     raise ValueError("inconsistent leading whitespace "
-                        "in line " + `i` + " of docstring: " + line)
+                        "in line %r of docstring: %s" % (i, line))
                 i = i + 1
             else:
                 break
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ def _extract_examples(s):
             while 1:
                 if line[:nblanks] != blanks:
                     raise ValueError("inconsistent leading whitespace "
-                        "in line " + `i` + " of docstring: " + line)
+                        "in line %r of docstring: %s" % (i, line))
                 expect.append(line[nblanks:])
                 i = i + 1
                 line = lines[i]
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ def _run_examples_inner(out, fakeout, examples, globs, verbose, name,
         failures = failures + 1
         out("*" * 65 + "\n")
         _tag_out(out, ("Failure in example", source))
-        out("from line #" + `lineno` + " of " + name + "\n")
+        out("from line #%r of %s\n" % (lineno, name))
         if state == FAIL:
             _tag_out(out, ("Expected", want or NADA), ("Got", got))
         else:
@@ -686,8 +686,7 @@ See doctest.testmod docs for the meaning of optionflags.
         if mod is None and globs is None:
             raise TypeError("Tester.__init__: must specify mod or globs")
         if mod is not None and not _ismodule(mod):
-            raise TypeError("Tester.__init__: mod must be a module; " +
+            raise TypeError("Tester.__init__: mod must be a module; %r" % (mod,))
-                            `mod`)
         if globs is None:
             globs = mod.__dict__
         self.globs = globs
@@ -775,7 +774,7 @@ See doctest.testmod docs for the meaning of optionflags.
                 name = object.__name__
             except AttributeError:
                 raise ValueError("Tester.rundoc: name must be given "
-                    "when object.__name__ doesn't exist; " + `object`)
+                    "when object.__name__ doesn't exist; %r" % (object,))
         if self.verbose:
             print "Running", name + ".__doc__"
         f, t = run_docstring_examples(object, self.globs, self.verbose, name,
@@ -893,8 +892,7 @@ See doctest.testmod docs for the meaning of optionflags.
         """
 
         if not hasattr(d, "items"):
-            raise TypeError("Tester.rundict: d must support .items(); " +
+            raise TypeError("Tester.rundict: d must support .items(); %r" % (d,))
-                            `d`)
         f = t = 0
         # Run the tests by alpha order of names, for consistency in
         # verbose-mode output.
@@ -936,7 +934,7 @@ See doctest.testmod docs for the meaning of optionflags.
                 else:
                     raise TypeError("Tester.run__test__: values in "
                             "dict must be strings, functions, methods, "
-                            "or classes; " + `v`)
+                            "or classes; %r" % (v,))
                 failures = failures + f
                 tries = tries + t
         finally:
@@ -1139,7 +1137,7 @@ def testmod(m=None, name=None, globs=None, verbose=None, isprivate=None,
         m = sys.modules.get('__main__')
 
     if not _ismodule(m):
-        raise TypeError("testmod: module required; " + `m`)
+        raise TypeError("testmod: module required; %r" % (m,))
     if name is None:
         name = m.__name__
     tester = Tester(m, globs=globs, verbose=verbose, isprivate=isprivate,
@@ -1153,7 +1151,7 @@ def testmod(m=None, name=None, globs=None, verbose=None, isprivate=None,
         if testdict:
             if not hasattr(testdict, "items"):
                 raise TypeError("testmod: module.__test__ must support "
-                                ".items(); " + `testdict`)
+                                ".items(); %r" % (testdict,))
             f, t = tester.run__test__(testdict, name + ".__test__")
             failures += f
             tries += t

Lib/formatter.py

@@ -325,22 +325,22 @@ class AbstractWriter(NullWriter):
     """
 
     def new_alignment(self, align):
-        print "new_alignment(%s)" % `align`
+        print "new_alignment(%r)" % (align,)
 
     def new_font(self, font):
-        print "new_font(%s)" % `font`
+        print "new_font(%r)" % (font,)
 
     def new_margin(self, margin, level):
-        print "new_margin(%s, %d)" % (`margin`, level)
+        print "new_margin(%r, %d)" % (margin, level)
 
     def new_spacing(self, spacing):
-        print "new_spacing(%s)" % `spacing`
+        print "new_spacing(%r)" % (spacing,)
 
     def new_styles(self, styles):
-        print "new_styles(%s)" % `styles`
+        print "new_styles(%r)" % (styles,)
 
     def send_paragraph(self, blankline):
-        print "send_paragraph(%s)" % `blankline`
+        print "send_paragraph(%r)" % (blankline,)
 
     def send_line_break(self):
         print "send_line_break()"
@@ -349,13 +349,13 @@ class AbstractWriter(NullWriter):
         print "send_hor_rule()"
 
     def send_label_data(self, data):
-        print "send_label_data(%s)" % `data`
+        print "send_label_data(%r)" % (data,)
 
     def send_flowing_data(self, data):
-        print "send_flowing_data(%s)" % `data`
+        print "send_flowing_data(%r)" % (data,)
 
     def send_literal_data(self, data):
-        print "send_literal_data(%s)" % `data`
+        print "send_literal_data(%r)" % (data,)
 
 
 class DumbWriter(NullWriter):

Lib/fpformat.py

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def fix(x, digs):
     """Format x as [-]ddd.ddd with 'digs' digits after the point
     and at least one digit before.
     If digs <= 0, the point is suppressed."""
-    if type(x) != type(''): x = `x`
+    if type(x) != type(''): x = repr(x)
     try:
         sign, intpart, fraction, expo = extract(x)
     except NotANumber:
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ def sci(x, digs):
     """Format x as [-]d.dddE[+-]ddd with 'digs' digits after the point
     and exactly one digit before.
     If digs is <= 0, one digit is kept and the point is suppressed."""
-    if type(x) != type(''): x = `x`
+    if type(x) != type(''): x = repr(x)
     sign, intpart, fraction, expo = extract(x)
     if not intpart:
         while fraction and fraction[0] == '0':
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ def sci(x, digs):
             expo + len(intpart) - 1
     s = sign + intpart
     if digs > 0: s = s + '.' + fraction
-    e = `abs(expo)`
+    e = repr(abs(expo))
     e = '0'*(3-len(e)) + e
     if expo < 0: e = '-' + e
     else: e = '+' + e

Lib/ftplib.py

@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ class FTP:
             while i > 5 and s[i-1] in '\r\n':
                 i = i-1
             s = s[:5] + '*'*(i-5) + s[i:]
-        return `s`
+        return repr(s)
 
     # Internal: send one line to the server, appending CRLF
     def putline(self, line):
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ class FTP:
         port number.
         '''
         hbytes = host.split('.')
-        pbytes = [`port/256`, `port%256`]
+        pbytes = [repr(port/256), repr(port%256)]
         bytes = hbytes + pbytes
         cmd = 'PORT ' + ','.join(bytes)
         return self.voidcmd(cmd)
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ class FTP:
             af = 2
         if af == 0:
             raise error_proto, 'unsupported address family'
-        fields = ['', `af`, host, `port`, '']
+        fields = ['', repr(af), host, repr(port), '']
         cmd = 'EPRT ' + '|'.join(fields)
         return self.voidcmd(cmd)
 
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ class FTP:
         fp = conn.makefile('rb')
         while 1:
             line = fp.readline()
-            if self.debugging > 2: print '*retr*', `line`
+            if self.debugging > 2: print '*retr*', repr(line)
             if not line:
                 break
             if line[-2:] == CRLF:

Lib/gopherlib.py

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def type_to_name(gtype):
                 _type_to_name_map[eval(name)] = name[2:]
     if gtype in _type_to_name_map:
         return _type_to_name_map[gtype]
-    return 'TYPE=' + `gtype`
+    return 'TYPE=%r' % (gtype,)
 
 # Names for characters and strings
 CRLF = '\r\n'
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def get_directory(f):
         gtype = line[0]
         parts = line[1:].split(TAB)
         if len(parts) < 4:
-            print '(Bad line from server:', `line`, ')'
+            print '(Bad line from server: %r)' % (line,)
             continue
         if len(parts) > 4:
             if parts[4:] != ['+']:
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ def test():
         for item in entries: print item
     else:
         data = get_binary(f)
-        print 'binary data:', len(data), 'bytes:', `data[:100]`[:40]
+        print 'binary data:', len(data), 'bytes:', repr(data[:100])[:40]
 
 # Run the test when run as script
 if __name__ == '__main__':

Lib/gzip.py

@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ def _test():
                 g = sys.stdout
             else:
                 if arg[-3:] != ".gz":
-                    print "filename doesn't end in .gz:", `arg`
+                    print "filename doesn't end in .gz:", repr(arg)
                     continue
                 f = open(arg, "rb")
                 g = __builtin__.open(arg[:-3], "wb")

Lib/idlelib/ColorDelegator.py

@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class ColorDelegator(Delegator):
                 lines_to_get = min(lines_to_get * 2, 100)
                 ok = "SYNC" in self.tag_names(next + "-1c")
                 line = self.get(mark, next)
-                ##print head, "get", mark, next, "->", `line`
+                ##print head, "get", mark, next, "->", repr(line)
                 if not line:
                     return
                 for tag in self.tagdefs.keys():

Lib/idlelib/EditorWindow.py

@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ class EditorWindow:
             try:
                 self.load_extension(name)
             except:
-                print "Failed to load extension", `name`
+                print "Failed to load extension", repr(name)
                 import traceback
                 traceback.print_exc()
 
@@ -937,7 +937,7 @@ class EditorWindow:
             elif key == 'context_use_ps1':
                 self.context_use_ps1 = value
             else:
-                raise KeyError, "bad option name: %s" % `key`
+                raise KeyError, "bad option name: %r" % (key,)
 
     # If ispythonsource and guess are true, guess a good value for
     # indentwidth based on file content (if possible), and if
@@ -1071,7 +1071,7 @@ class EditorWindow:
             y = PyParse.Parser(self.indentwidth, self.tabwidth)
             for context in self.num_context_lines:
                 startat = max(lno - context, 1)
-                startatindex = `startat` + ".0"
+                startatindex = repr(startat) + ".0"
                 rawtext = text.get(startatindex, "insert")
                 y.set_str(rawtext)
                 bod = y.find_good_parse_start(
@@ -1103,7 +1103,7 @@ class EditorWindow:
                     else:
                         self.reindent_to(y.compute_backslash_indent())
                 else:
-                    assert 0, "bogus continuation type " + `c`
+                    assert 0, "bogus continuation type %r" % (c,)
                 return "break"
 
             # This line starts a brand new stmt; indent relative to
@@ -1333,7 +1333,7 @@ class IndentSearcher:
         if self.finished:
             return ""
         i = self.i = self.i + 1
-        mark = `i` + ".0"
+        mark = repr(i) + ".0"
         if self.text.compare(mark, ">=", "end"):
             return ""
         return self.text.get(mark, mark + " lineend+1c")

Lib/idlelib/FileList.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class FileList:
         if os.path.isdir(filename):
             tkMessageBox.showerror(
                 "Is A Directory",
-                "The path %s is a directory." % `filename`,
+                "The path %r is a directory." % (filename,),
                 master=self.root)
             return None
         key = os.path.normcase(filename)
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class FileList:
         if not os.path.exists(filename):
             tkMessageBox.showinfo(
                 "New File",
-                "Opening non-existent file %s" % `filename`,
+                "Opening non-existent file %r" % (filename,),
                 master=self.root)
         if action is None:
             return self.EditorWindow(self, filename, key)
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class FileList:
             self.inversedict[conflict] = None
             tkMessageBox.showerror(
                 "Name Conflict",
-                "You now have multiple edit windows open for %s" % `filename`,
+                "You now have multiple edit windows open for %r" % (filename,),
                 master=self.root)
         self.dict[newkey] = edit
         self.inversedict[edit] = newkey

Lib/idlelib/GrepDialog.py

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class GrepDialog(SearchDialogBase):
         list.sort()
         self.close()
         pat = self.engine.getpat()
-        print "Searching %s in %s ..." % (`pat`, path)
+        print "Searching %r in %s ..." % (pat, path)
         hits = 0
         for fn in list:
             try:

Lib/idlelib/ObjectBrowser.py

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class SequenceTreeItem(ObjectTreeItem):
                 continue
             def setfunction(value, key=key, object=self.object):
                 object[key] = value
-            item = make_objecttreeitem(`key` + ":", value, setfunction)
+            item = make_objecttreeitem("%r:" % (key,), value, setfunction)
             sublist.append(item)
         return sublist
 

Lib/idlelib/ParenMatch.py

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class LastOpenBracketFinder:
         y = PyParse.Parser(self.indentwidth, self.tabwidth)
         for context in self.num_context_lines:
             startat = max(lno - context, 1)
-            startatindex = `startat` + ".0"
+            startatindex = repr(startat) + ".0"
             # rawtext needs to contain everything up to the last
             # character, which was the close paren.  the parser also
             # requires that the last line ends with "\n"

Lib/idlelib/PyShell.py

@@ -335,9 +335,9 @@ class ModifiedInterpreter(InteractiveInterpreter):
         del_exitf = idleConf.GetOption('main', 'General', 'delete-exitfunc',
                                        default=False, type='bool')
         if __name__ == 'idlelib.PyShell':
-            command = "__import__('idlelib.run').run.main(" + `del_exitf` +")"
+            command = "__import__('idlelib.run').run.main(%r)" % (del_exitf,)
         else:
-            command = "__import__('run').main(" + `del_exitf` + ")"
+            command = "__import__('run').main(%r)" % (del_exitf,)
         if sys.platform[:3] == 'win' and ' ' in sys.executable:
             # handle embedded space in path by quoting the argument
             decorated_exec = '"%s"' % sys.executable
@@ -454,12 +454,12 @@ class ModifiedInterpreter(InteractiveInterpreter):
     def transfer_path(self):
         self.runcommand("""if 1:
         import sys as _sys
-        _sys.path = %s
+        _sys.path = %r
         del _sys
         _msg = 'Use File/Exit or your end-of-file key to quit IDLE'
         __builtins__.quit = __builtins__.exit = _msg
         del _msg
-        \n""" % `sys.path`)
+        \n""" % (sys.path,))
 
     active_seq = None
 
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ class ModifiedInterpreter(InteractiveInterpreter):
             console = self.tkconsole.console
             if how == "OK":
                 if what is not None:
-                    print >>console, `what`
+                    print >>console, repr(what)
             elif how == "EXCEPTION":
                 if self.tkconsole.getvar("<<toggle-jit-stack-viewer>>"):
                     self.remote_stack_viewer()
@@ -589,14 +589,14 @@ class ModifiedInterpreter(InteractiveInterpreter):
     def prepend_syspath(self, filename):
         "Prepend sys.path with file's directory if not already included"
         self.runcommand("""if 1:
-            _filename = %s
+            _filename = %r
             import sys as _sys
             from os.path import dirname as _dirname
             _dir = _dirname(_filename)
             if not _dir in _sys.path:
                 _sys.path.insert(0, _dir)
             del _filename, _sys, _dirname, _dir
-            \n""" % `filename`)
+            \n""" % (filename,))
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None):
         """Extend base class method: Add Colorizing
@@ -1333,9 +1333,9 @@ def main():
     if shell and cmd or script:
         shell.interp.runcommand("""if 1:
             import sys as _sys
-            _sys.argv = %s
+            _sys.argv = %r
             del _sys
-            \n""" % `sys.argv`)
+            \n""" % (sys.argv,))
         if cmd:
             shell.interp.execsource(cmd)
         elif script:

Lib/idlelib/RemoteDebugger.py

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class IdbAdapter:
         self.idb.set_return(frame)
 
     def get_stack(self, fid, tbid):
-        ##print >>sys.__stderr__, "get_stack(%s, %s)" % (`fid`, `tbid`)
+        ##print >>sys.__stderr__, "get_stack(%r, %r)" % (fid, tbid)
         frame = frametable[fid]
         if tbid is None:
             tb = None
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ class IdbProxy:
     def call(self, methodname, *args, **kwargs):
         ##print "**IdbProxy.call %s %s %s" % (methodname, args, kwargs)
         value = self.conn.remotecall(self.oid, methodname, args, kwargs)
-        ##print "**IdbProxy.call %s returns %s" % (methodname, `value`)
+        ##print "**IdbProxy.call %s returns %r" % (methodname, value)
         return value
 
     def run(self, cmd, locals):

Lib/idlelib/ScriptBinding.py

@@ -145,16 +145,16 @@ class ScriptBinding:
         dirname = os.path.dirname(filename)
         # XXX Too often this discards arguments the user just set...
         interp.runcommand("""if 1:
-            _filename = %s
+            _filename = %r
             import sys as _sys
             from os.path import basename as _basename
             if (not _sys.argv or
                 _basename(_sys.argv[0]) != _basename(_filename)):
                 _sys.argv = [_filename]
             import os as _os
-            _os.chdir(%s)
+            _os.chdir(%r)
             del _filename, _sys, _basename, _os
-            \n""" % (`filename`, `dirname`))
+            \n""" % (filename, dirname))
         interp.prepend_syspath(filename)
         interp.runcode(code)
 

Lib/idlelib/TreeWidget.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ except NameError:
 if os.path.isdir(_icondir):
     ICONDIR = _icondir
 elif not os.path.isdir(ICONDIR):
-    raise RuntimeError, "can't find icon directory (%s)" % `ICONDIR`
+    raise RuntimeError, "can't find icon directory (%r)" % (ICONDIR,)
 
 def listicons(icondir=ICONDIR):
     """Utility to display the available icons."""

Lib/idlelib/UndoDelegator.py

@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class Command:
         t = (self.index1, self.index2, self.chars, self.tags)
         if self.tags is None:
             t = t[:-1]
-        return s + `t`
+        return s + repr(t)
 
     def do(self, text):
         pass
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ class CommandSequence(Command):
         s = self.__class__.__name__
         strs = []
         for cmd in self.cmds:
-            strs.append("    " + `cmd`)
+            strs.append("    %r" % (cmd,))
         return s + "(\n" + ",\n".join(strs) + "\n)"
 
     def __len__(self):

Lib/idlelib/WidgetRedirector.py

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class OriginalCommand:
         self.orig_and_name = (self.orig, self.name)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "OriginalCommand(%s, %s)" % (`self.redir`, `self.name`)
+        return "OriginalCommand(%r, %r)" % (self.redir, self.name)
 
     def __call__(self, *args):
         return self.tk_call(self.orig_and_name + args)

Lib/idlelib/aboutDialog.py

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class AboutDialog(Toplevel):
                                sys.version.split()[0], fg=self.fg, bg=self.bg)
         labelPythonVer.grid(row=9, column=0, sticky=W, padx=10, pady=0)
         # handle weird tk version num in windoze python >= 1.6 (?!?)
-        tkVer = `TkVersion`.split('.')
+        tkVer = repr(TkVersion).split('.')
         tkVer[len(tkVer)-1] = str('%.3g' % (float('.'+tkVer[len(tkVer)-1])))[2:]
         if tkVer[len(tkVer)-1] == '':
             tkVer[len(tkVer)-1] = '0'
@@ -141,8 +141,7 @@ class AboutDialog(Toplevel):
             except IOError:
                 import tkMessageBox
                 tkMessageBox.showerror(title='File Load Error',
-                                       message='Unable to load file '+
+                                       message='Unable to load file %r .' % (fn,),
-                                       `fn`+' .',
                                        parent=self)
                 return
             else:

Lib/idlelib/configDialog.py

@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ class ConfigDialog(Toplevel):
     def DeleteCustomKeys(self):
         keySetName=self.customKeys.get()
         if not tkMessageBox.askyesno('Delete Key Set','Are you sure you wish '+
-                                     'to delete the key set '+`keySetName`+' ?',
+                                     'to delete the key set %r ?' % (keySetName),
                                      parent=self):
             return
         #remove key set from config
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ class ConfigDialog(Toplevel):
     def DeleteCustomTheme(self):
         themeName=self.customTheme.get()
         if not tkMessageBox.askyesno('Delete Theme','Are you sure you wish '+
-                                     'to delete the theme '+`themeName`+' ?',
+                                     'to delete the theme %r ?' % (themeName,),
                                      parent=self):
             return
         #remove theme from config

Lib/idlelib/configHandler.py

@@ -231,10 +231,11 @@ class IdleConf:
         elif self.defaultCfg[configType].has_option(section,option):
             return self.defaultCfg[configType].Get(section, option, type=type)
         else: #returning default, print warning
-            warning=('\n Warning: configHandler.py - IdleConf.GetOption -\n'+
+            warning=('\n Warning: configHandler.py - IdleConf.GetOption -\n'
-                       ' problem retrieving configration option '+`option`+'\n'+
+                       ' problem retrieving configration option %r\n'
-                       ' from section '+`section`+'.\n'+
+                       ' from section %r.\n'
-                       ' returning default value: '+`default`+'\n')
+                       ' returning default value: %r\n' % 
+                       (option, section, default))
             sys.stderr.write(warning)
             return default
 
@@ -331,10 +332,11 @@ class IdleConf:
         for element in theme.keys():
             if not cfgParser.has_option(themeName,element):
                 #we are going to return a default, print warning
-                warning=('\n Warning: configHandler.py - IdleConf.GetThemeDict'+
+                warning=('\n Warning: configHandler.py - IdleConf.GetThemeDict'
-                           ' -\n problem retrieving theme element '+`element`+
+                           ' -\n problem retrieving theme element %r'
-                           '\n from theme '+`themeName`+'.\n'+
+                           '\n from theme %r.\n'
-                           ' returning default value: '+`theme[element]`+'\n')
+                           ' returning default value: %r\n' %
+                           (element, themeName, theme[element]))
                 sys.stderr.write(warning)
             colour=cfgParser.Get(themeName,element,default=theme[element])
             theme[element]=colour
@@ -561,10 +563,11 @@ class IdleConf:
                 if binding:
                     keyBindings[event]=binding
                 else: #we are going to return a default, print warning
-                    warning=('\n Warning: configHandler.py - IdleConf.GetCoreKeys'+
+                    warning=('\n Warning: configHandler.py - IdleConf.GetCoreKeys'
-                               ' -\n problem retrieving key binding for event '+
+                               ' -\n problem retrieving key binding for event %r'
-                               `event`+'\n from key set '+`keySetName`+'.\n'+
+                               '\n from key set %r.\n'
-                               ' returning default value: '+`keyBindings[event]`+'\n')
+                               ' returning default value: %r\n' %
+                               (event, keySetName, keyBindings[event]))
                     sys.stderr.write(warning)
         return keyBindings