Issue #26331: Implement the parsing part of PEP 515.

Thanks to Georg Brandl for the patch.

Python/ast.c

@@ -4018,7 +4018,7 @@ ast_for_stmt(struct compiling *c, const node *n)
 }
 
 static PyObject *
-parsenumber(struct compiling *c, const char *s)
+parsenumber_raw(struct compiling *c, const char *s)
 {
     const char *end;
     long x;
@@ -4060,6 +4060,31 @@ parsenumber(struct compiling *c, const char *s)
     }
 }
 
+static PyObject *
+parsenumber(struct compiling *c, const char *s)
+{
+    char *dup, *end;
+    PyObject *res = NULL;
+
+    assert(s != NULL);
+
+    if (strchr(s, '_') == NULL) {
+        return parsenumber_raw(c, s);
+    }
+    /* Create a duplicate without underscores. */
+    dup = PyMem_Malloc(strlen(s) + 1);
+    end = dup;
+    for (; *s; s++) {
+        if (*s != '_') {
+            *end++ = *s;
+        }
+    }
+    *end = '\0';
+    res = parsenumber_raw(c, dup);
+    PyMem_Free(dup);
+    return res;
+}
+
 static PyObject *
 decode_utf8(struct compiling *c, const char **sPtr, const char *end)
 {

Python/pystrtod.c

@@ -370,6 +370,72 @@ PyOS_string_to_double(const char *s,
     return result;
 }
 
+/* Remove underscores that follow the underscore placement rule from
+   the string and then call the `innerfunc` function on the result.
+   It should return a new object or NULL on exception.
+
+   `what` is used for the error message emitted when underscores are detected
+   that don't follow the rule. `arg` is an opaque pointer passed to the inner
+   function.
+
+   This is used to implement underscore-agnostic conversion for floats
+   and complex numbers.
+*/
+PyObject *
+_Py_string_to_number_with_underscores(
+    const char *s, Py_ssize_t orig_len, const char *what, PyObject *obj, void *arg,
+    PyObject *(*innerfunc)(const char *, Py_ssize_t, void *))
+{
+    char prev;
+    const char *p, *last;
+    char *dup, *end;
+    PyObject *result;
+
+    if (strchr(s, '_') == NULL) {
+        return innerfunc(s, orig_len, arg);
+    }
+
+    dup = PyMem_Malloc(orig_len + 1);
+    end = dup;
+    prev = '\0';
+    last = s + orig_len;
+    for (p = s; *p; p++) {
+        if (*p == '_') {
+            /* Underscores are only allowed after digits. */
+            if (!(prev >= '0' && prev <= '9')) {
+                goto error;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            *end++ = *p;
+            /* Underscores are only allowed before digits. */
+            if (prev == '_' && !(*p >= '0' && *p <= '9')) {
+                goto error;
+            }
+        }
+        prev = *p;
+    }
+    /* Underscores are not allowed at the end. */
+    if (prev == '_') {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    /* No embedded NULs allowed. */
+    if (p != last) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    *end = '\0';
+    result = innerfunc(dup, end - dup, arg);
+    PyMem_Free(dup);
+    return result;
+
+  error:
+    PyMem_Free(dup);
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+		 "could not convert string to %s: "
+		 "%R", what, obj);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
 #ifdef PY_NO_SHORT_FLOAT_REPR
 
 /* Given a string that may have a decimal point in the current