Add const to several API functions that take char *.

In C++, it's an error to pass a string literal to a char* function
without a const_cast().  Rather than require every C++ extension
module to put a cast around string literals, fix the API to state the
const-ness.

I focused on parts of the API where people usually pass literals:
PyArg_ParseTuple() and friends, Py_BuildValue(), PyMethodDef, the type
slots, etc.  Predictably, there were a large set of functions that
needed to be fixed as a result of these changes.  The most pervasive
change was to make the keyword args list passed to
PyArg_ParseTupleAndKewords() to be a const char *kwlist[].

One cast was required as a result of the changes:  A type object
mallocs the memory for its tp_doc slot and later frees it.
PyTypeObject says that tp_doc is const char *; but if the type was
created by type_new(), we know it is safe to cast to char *.

Objects/stringobject.c

@@ -3325,7 +3325,7 @@ static PyObject *
 string_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 {
 	PyObject *x = NULL;
-	static char *kwlist[] = {"object", 0};
+	static const char *kwlist[] = {"object", 0};
 
 	if (type != &PyString_Type)
 		return str_subtype_new(type, args, kwds);