gh-126068: Fix exceptions in the argparse module (GH-126069)

* Only error messages for ArgumentError and ArgumentTypeError are now
  translated.
* ArgumentError is now only used for command line errors, not for logical
  errors in the program.
* TypeError is now raised instead of ValueError for some logical errors.

Lib/argparse.py

@@ -846,7 +846,7 @@ class Action(_AttributeHolder):
         return self.option_strings[0]
 
     def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        raise NotImplementedError(_('.__call__() not defined'))
+        raise NotImplementedError('.__call__() not defined')
 
 
 class BooleanOptionalAction(Action):
@@ -1172,11 +1172,10 @@ class _SubParsersAction(Action):
         aliases = kwargs.pop('aliases', ())
 
         if name in self._name_parser_map:
-            raise ArgumentError(self, _('conflicting subparser: %s') % name)
+            raise ValueError(f'conflicting subparser: {name}')
         for alias in aliases:
             if alias in self._name_parser_map:
-                raise ArgumentError(
-                    self, _('conflicting subparser alias: %s') % alias)
+                raise ValueError(f'conflicting subparser alias: {alias}')
 
         # create a pseudo-action to hold the choice help
         if 'help' in kwargs:
@@ -1430,8 +1429,8 @@ class _ActionsContainer(object):
         chars = self.prefix_chars
         if not args or len(args) == 1 and args[0][0] not in chars:
             if args and 'dest' in kwargs:
-                raise ValueError('dest supplied twice for positional argument,'
-                                 ' did you mean metavar?')
+                raise TypeError('dest supplied twice for positional argument,'
+                                ' did you mean metavar?')
             kwargs = self._get_positional_kwargs(*args, **kwargs)
 
         # otherwise, we're adding an optional argument
@@ -1450,7 +1449,7 @@ class _ActionsContainer(object):
         action_name = kwargs.get('action')
         action_class = self._pop_action_class(kwargs)
         if not callable(action_class):
-            raise ValueError('unknown action "%s"' % (action_class,))
+            raise ValueError('unknown action {action_class!r}')
         action = action_class(**kwargs)
 
         # raise an error if action for positional argument does not
@@ -1461,11 +1460,11 @@ class _ActionsContainer(object):
         # raise an error if the action type is not callable
         type_func = self._registry_get('type', action.type, action.type)
         if not callable(type_func):
-            raise ValueError('%r is not callable' % (type_func,))
+            raise TypeError(f'{type_func!r} is not callable')
 
         if type_func is FileType:
-            raise ValueError('%r is a FileType class object, instance of it'
-                             ' must be passed' % (type_func,))
+            raise TypeError(f'{type_func!r} is a FileType class object, '
+                            f'instance of it must be passed')
 
         # raise an error if the metavar does not match the type
         if hasattr(self, "_get_formatter"):
@@ -1518,8 +1517,8 @@ class _ActionsContainer(object):
             if group.title in title_group_map:
                 # This branch could happen if a derived class added
                 # groups with duplicated titles in __init__
-                msg = _('cannot merge actions - two groups are named %r')
-                raise ValueError(msg % (group.title))
+                msg = f'cannot merge actions - two groups are named {group.title!r}'
+                raise ValueError(msg)
             title_group_map[group.title] = group
 
         # map each action to its group
@@ -1560,7 +1559,7 @@ class _ActionsContainer(object):
     def _get_positional_kwargs(self, dest, **kwargs):
         # make sure required is not specified
         if 'required' in kwargs:
-            msg = _("'required' is an invalid argument for positionals")
+            msg = "'required' is an invalid argument for positionals"
             raise TypeError(msg)
 
         # mark positional arguments as required if at least one is
@@ -1581,11 +1580,9 @@ class _ActionsContainer(object):
         for option_string in args:
             # error on strings that don't start with an appropriate prefix
             if not option_string[0] in self.prefix_chars:
-                args = {'option': option_string,
-                        'prefix_chars': self.prefix_chars}
-                msg = _('invalid option string %(option)r: '
-                        'must start with a character %(prefix_chars)r')
-                raise ValueError(msg % args)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f'invalid option string {option_string!r}: '
+                    f'must start with a character {self.prefix_chars!r}')
 
             # strings starting with two prefix characters are long options
             option_strings.append(option_string)
@@ -1601,8 +1598,8 @@ class _ActionsContainer(object):
                 dest_option_string = option_strings[0]
             dest = dest_option_string.lstrip(self.prefix_chars)
             if not dest:
-                msg = _('dest= is required for options like %r')
-                raise ValueError(msg % option_string)
+                msg = f'dest= is required for options like {option_string!r}'
+                raise TypeError(msg)
             dest = dest.replace('-', '_')
 
         # return the updated keyword arguments
@@ -1618,8 +1615,8 @@ class _ActionsContainer(object):
         try:
             return getattr(self, handler_func_name)
         except AttributeError:
-            msg = _('invalid conflict_resolution value: %r')
-            raise ValueError(msg % self.conflict_handler)
+            msg = f'invalid conflict_resolution value: {self.conflict_handler!r}'
+            raise ValueError(msg)
 
     def _check_conflict(self, action):
 
@@ -1727,7 +1724,7 @@ class _MutuallyExclusiveGroup(_ArgumentGroup):
 
     def _add_action(self, action):
         if action.required:
-            msg = _('mutually exclusive arguments must be optional')
+            msg = 'mutually exclusive arguments must be optional'
             raise ValueError(msg)
         action = self._container._add_action(action)
         self._group_actions.append(action)
@@ -1871,7 +1868,7 @@ class ArgumentParser(_AttributeHolder, _ActionsContainer):
     # ==================================
     def add_subparsers(self, **kwargs):
         if self._subparsers is not None:
-            raise ArgumentError(None, _('cannot have multiple subparser arguments'))
+            raise ValueError('cannot have multiple subparser arguments')
 
         # add the parser class to the arguments if it's not present
         kwargs.setdefault('parser_class', type(self))
@@ -2565,8 +2562,7 @@ class ArgumentParser(_AttributeHolder, _ActionsContainer):
     def _get_value(self, action, arg_string):
         type_func = self._registry_get('type', action.type, action.type)
         if not callable(type_func):
-            msg = _('%r is not callable')
-            raise ArgumentError(action, msg % type_func)
+            raise TypeError(f'{type_func!r} is not callable')
 
         # convert the value to the appropriate type
         try: