GH-72904: Add glob.translate() function (#106703)

Add `glob.translate()` function that converts a pathname with shell wildcards to a regular expression. The regular expression is used by pathlib to implement `match()` and `glob()`.

This function differs from `fnmatch.translate()` in that wildcards do not match path separators by default, and that a `*` pattern segment matches precisely one path segment. When *recursive* is set to true, `**` pattern segments match any number of path segments, and `**` cannot appear outside its own segment.

In pathlib, this change speeds up directory walking (because `_make_child_relpath()` does less work), makes path objects smaller (they don't need a `_lines` slot), and removes the need for some gnarly code.

Co-authored-by: Jason R. Coombs <jaraco@jaraco.com>
Co-authored-by: Adam Turner <9087854+AA-Turner@users.noreply.github.com>

Doc/library/glob.rst

@@ -145,6 +145,45 @@ default. For example, consider a directory containing :file:`card.gif` and
    >>> glob.glob('.c*')
    ['.card.gif']
 
+
+.. function:: translate(pathname, *, recursive=False, include_hidden=False, seps=None)
+
+   Convert the given path specification to a regular expression for use with
+   :func:`re.match`. The path specification can contain shell-style wildcards.
+
+   For example:
+
+      >>> import glob, re
+      >>>
+      >>> regex = glob.translate('**/*.txt', recursive=True, include_hidden=True)
+      >>> regex
+      '(?s:(?:.+/)?[^/]*\\.txt)\\Z'
+      >>> reobj = re.compile(regex)
+      >>> reobj.match('foo/bar/baz.txt')
+      <re.Match object; span=(0, 15), match='foo/bar/baz.txt'>
+
+   Path separators and segments are meaningful to this function, unlike
+   :func:`fnmatch.translate`. By default wildcards do not match path
+   separators, and ``*`` pattern segments match precisely one path segment.
+
+   If *recursive* is true, the pattern segment "``**``" will match any number
+   of path segments. If "``**``" occurs in any position other than a full
+   pattern segment, :exc:`ValueError` is raised.
+
+   If *include_hidden* is true, wildcards can match path segments that start
+   with a dot (``.``).
+
+   A sequence of path separators may be supplied to the *seps* argument. If
+   not given, :data:`os.sep` and :data:`~os.altsep` (if available) are used.
+
+   .. seealso::
+
+     :meth:`pathlib.PurePath.match` and :meth:`pathlib.Path.glob` methods,
+     which call this function to implement pattern matching and globbing.
+
+   .. versionadded:: 3.13
+
+
 .. seealso::
 
    Module :mod:`fnmatch`

Doc/whatsnew/3.13.rst

@@ -183,6 +183,13 @@ doctest
   :attr:`doctest.TestResults.skipped` attributes.
   (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`108794`.)
 
+glob
+----
+
+* Add :func:`glob.translate` function that converts a path specification with
+  shell-style wildcards to a regular expression.
+  (Contributed by Barney Gale in :gh:`72904`.)
+
 io
 --