gh-128384: Use a context variable for warnings.catch_warnings (gh-130010)

Make `warnings.catch_warnings()` use a context variable for holding
the warning filtering state if the `sys.flags.context_aware_warnings`
flag is set to true.  This makes using the context manager thread-safe in
multi-threaded programs.

Add the `sys.flags.thread_inherit_context` flag.  If true, starting a new
thread with `threading.Thread` will use a copy of the context
from the caller of `Thread.start()`.

Both these flags are set to true by default for the free-threaded build
and false for the default build.

Move the Python implementation of warnings.py into _py_warnings.py.

Make _contextvars a builtin module.

Co-authored-by: Kumar Aditya <kumaraditya@python.org>

Python/_contextvars.c

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#include "Python.h"
+
+#include "clinic/_contextvars.c.h"
+
+/*[clinic input]
+module _contextvars
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=a0955718c8b8cea6]*/
+
+
+/*[clinic input]
+_contextvars.copy_context
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+_contextvars_copy_context_impl(PyObject *module)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=1fcd5da7225c4fa9 input=89bb9ae485888440]*/
+{
+    return PyContext_CopyCurrent();
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(module_doc, "Context Variables");
+
+static PyMethodDef _contextvars_methods[] = {
+    _CONTEXTVARS_COPY_CONTEXT_METHODDEF
+    {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+static int
+_contextvars_exec(PyObject *m)
+{
+    if (PyModule_AddType(m, &PyContext_Type) < 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (PyModule_AddType(m, &PyContextVar_Type) < 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (PyModule_AddType(m, &PyContextToken_Type) < 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static struct PyModuleDef_Slot _contextvars_slots[] = {
+    {Py_mod_exec, _contextvars_exec},
+    {Py_mod_multiple_interpreters, Py_MOD_PER_INTERPRETER_GIL_SUPPORTED},
+    {Py_mod_gil, Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED},
+    {0, NULL}
+};
+
+static struct PyModuleDef _contextvarsmodule = {
+    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,      /* m_base */
+    "_contextvars",             /* m_name */
+    module_doc,                 /* m_doc */
+    0,                          /* m_size */
+    _contextvars_methods,       /* m_methods */
+    _contextvars_slots,         /* m_slots */
+    NULL,                       /* m_traverse */
+    NULL,                       /* m_clear */
+    NULL,                       /* m_free */
+};
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC
+PyInit__contextvars(void)
+{
+    return PyModuleDef_Init(&_contextvarsmodule);
+}