gh-130164: Fix inspect.Signature.bind() handling of positional-only args without defaults (GH-130192)

Follow-up to 9c15202.

Lib/inspect.py

@@ -3077,6 +3077,9 @@ class Signature:
                         break
                     elif param.name in kwargs:
                         if param.kind == _POSITIONAL_ONLY:
+                            if param.default is _empty:
+                                msg = f'missing a required positional-only argument: {param.name!r}'
+                                raise TypeError(msg)
                             # Raise a TypeError once we are sure there is no
                             # **kwargs param later.
                             pos_only_param_in_kwargs.append(param)