gh-105858: Improve AST node constructors (#105880)

Demonstration:

>>> ast.FunctionDef.__annotations__
{'name': <class 'str'>, 'args': <class 'ast.arguments'>, 'body': list[ast.stmt], 'decorator_list': list[ast.expr], 'returns': ast.expr | None, 'type_comment': str | None, 'type_params': list[ast.type_param]}
>>> ast.FunctionDef()
<stdin>:1: DeprecationWarning: FunctionDef.__init__ missing 1 required positional argument: 'name'. This will become an error in Python 3.15.
<stdin>:1: DeprecationWarning: FunctionDef.__init__ missing 1 required positional argument: 'args'. This will become an error in Python 3.15.
<ast.FunctionDef object at 0x101959460>
>>> node = ast.FunctionDef(name="foo", args=ast.arguments())
>>> node.decorator_list
[]
>>> ast.FunctionDef(whatever="you want", name="x", args=ast.arguments())
<stdin>:1: DeprecationWarning: FunctionDef.__init__ got an unexpected keyword argument 'whatever'. Support for arbitrary keyword arguments is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.15.
<ast.FunctionDef object at 0x1019581f0>

Doc/library/ast.rst

@@ -103,20 +103,15 @@ Node classes
    For example, to create and populate an :class:`ast.UnaryOp` node, you could
    use ::
 
-      node = ast.UnaryOp()
-      node.op = ast.USub()
-      node.operand = ast.Constant()
-      node.operand.value = 5
-      node.operand.lineno = 0
-      node.operand.col_offset = 0
-      node.lineno = 0
-      node.col_offset = 0
-
-   or the more compact ::
-
       node = ast.UnaryOp(ast.USub(), ast.Constant(5, lineno=0, col_offset=0),
                          lineno=0, col_offset=0)
 
+   If a field that is optional in the grammar is omitted from the constructor,
+   it defaults to ``None``. If a list field is omitted, it defaults to the empty
+   list. If any other field is omitted, a :exc:`DeprecationWarning` is raised
+   and the AST node will not have this field. In Python 3.15, this condition will
+   raise an error.
+
 .. versionchanged:: 3.8
 
    Class :class:`ast.Constant` is now used for all constants.
@@ -140,6 +135,14 @@ Node classes
    In the meantime, instantiating them will return an instance of
    a different class.
 
+.. deprecated-removed:: 3.13 3.15
+
+   Previous versions of Python allowed the creation of AST nodes that were missing
+   required fields. Similarly, AST node constructors allowed arbitrary keyword
+   arguments that were set as attributes of the AST node, even if they did not
+   match any of the fields of the AST node. This behavior is deprecated and will
+   be removed in Python 3.15.
+
 .. note::
     The descriptions of the specific node classes displayed here
     were initially adapted from the fantastic `Green Tree