bpo-33608: Factor out a private, per-interpreter _Py_AddPendingCall(). (gh-12360)

This is effectively an un-revert of #11617 and #12024 (reverted in #12159). Portions of those were merged in other PRs (with lower risk) and this represents the remainder. Note that I found 3 different bugs in the original PRs and have fixed them here.

Lib/test/test_capi.py

@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ class TestPendingCalls(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_pendingcalls_threaded(self):
 
         #do every callback on a separate thread
-        n = 32 #total callbacks
+        n = 32 #total callbacks (see NPENDINGCALLS in pycore_ceval.h)
         threads = []
         class foo(object):pass
         context = foo()