cpython/Objects/classobject.c

/***********************************************************
Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

                        All Rights Reserved

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its 
documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, 
provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in 
supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch
Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission.

STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE
FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

******************************************************************/

/* Class object implementation */

#include "allobjects.h"
#include "modsupport.h"
#include "structmember.h"
#include "ceval.h"

object *
newclassobject(bases, dict, name)
	object *bases; /* NULL or tuple of classobjects! */
	object *dict;
	object *name; /* String; NULL if unknown */
{
	int pos;
	object *key, *value;
	classobject *op;
	if (bases == NULL) {
		bases = newtupleobject(0);
		if (bases == NULL)
			return NULL;
	}
	else
		INCREF(bases);
	op = NEWOBJ(classobject, &Classtype);
	if (op == NULL) {
		DECREF(bases);
		return NULL;
	}
	op->cl_bases = bases;
	INCREF(dict);
	op->cl_dict = dict;
	XINCREF(name);
	op->cl_name = name;
	pos = 0;
	while (mappinggetnext(dict, &pos, &key, &value)) {
		if (is_accessobject(value))
			setaccessowner(value, (object *)op);
	}
	return (object *) op;
}

/* Class methods */

static void
class_dealloc(op)
	classobject *op;
{
	DECREF(op->cl_bases);
	DECREF(op->cl_dict);
	XDECREF(op->cl_name);
	free((ANY *)op);
}

static object *
class_lookup(cp, name, pclass)
	classobject *cp;
	char *name;
	classobject **pclass;
{
	int i, n;
	object *value = dictlookup(cp->cl_dict, name);
	if (value != NULL) {
		*pclass = cp;
		return value;
	}
	n = gettuplesize(cp->cl_bases);
	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		object *v = class_lookup((classobject *)
				 gettupleitem(cp->cl_bases, i), name, pclass);
		if (v != NULL)
			return v;
	}
	return NULL;
}

static object *
class_getattr(op, name)
	register classobject *op;
	register char *name;
{
	register object *v;
	classobject *class;
	if (name[0] == '_' && name[1] == '_') {
		if (strcmp(name, "__dict__") == 0) {
			INCREF(op->cl_dict);
			return op->cl_dict;
		}
		if (strcmp(name, "__bases__") == 0) {
			INCREF(op->cl_bases);
			return op->cl_bases;
		}
		if (strcmp(name, "__name__") == 0) {
			if (op->cl_name == NULL)
				v = None;
			else
				v = op->cl_name;
			INCREF(v);
			return v;
		}
	}
	v = class_lookup(op, name, &class);
	if (v == NULL) {
		err_setstr(AttributeError, name);
		return NULL;
	}
	if (is_accessobject(v)) {
		v = getaccessvalue(v, getowner());
		if (v == NULL)
			return NULL;
	}
	else
		INCREF(v);
	if (is_funcobject(v)) {
		object *w = newinstancemethodobject(v, (object *)NULL,
						    (object *)class);
		DECREF(v);
		v = w;
	}
	return v;
}

static int
class_setattr(op, name, v)
	classobject *op;
	char *name;
	object *v;
{
	object *ac;
	if (name[0] == '_' && name[1] == '_') {
		int n = strlen(name);
		if (name[n-1] == '_' && name[n-2] == '_') {
			err_setstr(TypeError, "read-only special attribute");
			return -1;
		}
	}
	ac = dictlookup(op->cl_dict, name);
	if (ac != NULL && is_accessobject(ac))
		return setaccessvalue(ac, getowner(), v);
	if (v == NULL) {
		int rv = dictremove(op->cl_dict, name);
		if (rv < 0)
			err_setstr(AttributeError,
				   "delete non-existing class attribute");
		return rv;
	}
	else
		return dictinsert(op->cl_dict, name, v);
}

static object *
class_repr(op)
	classobject *op;
{
	char buf[140];
	char *name;
	if (op->cl_name == NULL || !is_stringobject(op->cl_name))
		name = "?";
	else
		name = getstringvalue(op->cl_name);
	sprintf(buf, "<class %.100s at %lx>", name, (long)op);
	return newstringobject(buf);
}

typeobject Classtype = {
	OB_HEAD_INIT(&Typetype)
	0,
	"class",
	sizeof(classobject),
	0,
	(destructor)class_dealloc, /*tp_dealloc*/
	0,		/*tp_print*/
	(getattrfunc)class_getattr, /*tp_getattr*/
	(setattrfunc)class_setattr, /*tp_setattr*/
	0,		/*tp_compare*/
	(reprfunc)class_repr, /*tp_repr*/
	0,		/*tp_as_number*/
	0,		/*tp_as_sequence*/
	0,		/*tp_as_mapping*/
};

int
issubclass(class, base)
	object *class;
	object *base;
{
	int i, n;
	classobject *cp;
	if (class == base)
		return 1;
	if (class == NULL || !is_classobject(class))
		return 0;
	cp = (classobject *)class;
	n = gettuplesize(cp->cl_bases);
	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		if (issubclass(gettupleitem(cp->cl_bases, i), base))
			return 1;
	}
	return 0;
}


/* Instance objects */

static object *instance_getattr PROTO((instanceobject *, char *));

static int
addaccess(class, inst)
	classobject *class;
	instanceobject *inst;
{
	int i, n, pos, ret;
	object *key, *value, *ac;
	
	n = gettuplesize(class->cl_bases);
	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		if (addaccess((classobject *)gettupleitem(class->cl_bases, i), inst) < 0)
			return -1;
	}
	
	pos = 0;
	while (mappinggetnext(class->cl_dict, &pos, &key, &value)) {
		object *v;
		if (!is_accessobject(value))
			continue;
		if (hasaccessvalue(value))
			continue;
		ac = dict2lookup(inst->in_dict, key);
		if (ac != NULL && is_accessobject(ac)) {
			err_setval(ConflictError, key);
			return -1;
		}
		ac = cloneaccessobject(value);
		if (ac == NULL)
			return -1;
		ret = dict2insert(inst->in_dict, key, ac);
		DECREF(ac);
		if (ret != 0)
			return -1;
    	}
	return 0;
}

object *
newinstanceobject(class, arg)
	object *class;
	object *arg;
{
	register instanceobject *inst;
	object *v;
	object *init;
	if (!is_classobject(class)) {
		err_badcall();
		return NULL;
	}
	inst = NEWOBJ(instanceobject, &Instancetype);
	if (inst == NULL)
		return NULL;
	INCREF(class);
	inst->in_class = (classobject *)class;
	inst->in_dict = newdictobject();
	inst->in_getattr = NULL;
	inst->in_setattr = NULL;
#ifdef WITH_THREAD
	inst->in_lock = NULL;
	inst->in_ident = 0;
#endif
	if (inst->in_dict == NULL ||
	    addaccess((classobject *)class, inst) != 0) {
		DECREF(inst);
		return NULL;
	}
	inst->in_setattr = instance_getattr(inst, "__setattr__");
	err_clear();
	inst->in_getattr = instance_getattr(inst, "__getattr__");
	err_clear();
#ifdef WITH_THREAD
	if (inst->in_getattr != NULL)
		inst->in_lock = allocate_lock();
#endif
	init = instance_getattr(inst, "__init__");
	if (init == NULL) {
		err_clear();
		if (arg != NULL && !(is_tupleobject(arg) &&
				     gettuplesize(arg) == 0)) {
			err_setstr(TypeError,
				"this classobject() takes no arguments");
			DECREF(inst);
			inst = NULL;
		}
	}
	else {
		object *res = call_object(init, arg);
		DECREF(init);
		if (res == NULL) {
			DECREF(inst);
			inst = NULL;
		}
		else {
			if (res != None) {
				err_setstr(TypeError,
					   "__init__() should return None");
				DECREF(inst);
				inst = NULL;
			}
			DECREF(res);
		}
	}
	return (object *)inst;
}

/* Instance methods */

static void
instance_dealloc(inst)
	register instanceobject *inst;
{
	object *error_type, *error_value;
	object *del;
	/* Call the __del__ method if it exists.  First temporarily
	   revive the object and save the current exception, if any. */
	INCREF(inst);
	err_get(&error_type, &error_value);
	if ((del = instance_getattr(inst, "__del__")) != NULL) {
		object *args = newtupleobject(0);
		object *res = args;
		if (res != NULL)
			res = call_object(del, args);
		XDECREF(args);
		DECREF(del);
		XDECREF(res);
		/* XXX If __del__ raised an exception, it is ignored! */
	}
	/* Restore the saved exception and undo the temporary revival */
	err_setval(error_type, error_value);
	/* Can't use DECREF here, it would cause a recursive call */
	if (--inst->ob_refcnt > 0)
		return; /* __del__ added a reference; don't delete now */
	DECREF(inst->in_class);
	XDECREF(inst->in_dict);
	XDECREF(inst->in_getattr);
	XDECREF(inst->in_setattr);
#ifdef WITH_THREAD
	if (inst->in_lock != NULL)
		free_lock(inst->in_lock);
#endif
	free((ANY *)inst);
}

static object *
instance_getattr(inst, name)
	register instanceobject *inst;
	register char *name;
{
	register object *v;
	classobject *class;
	if (name[0] == '_' && name[1] == '_') {
		if (strcmp(name, "__dict__") == 0) {
			INCREF(inst->in_dict);
			return inst->in_dict;
		}
		if (strcmp(name, "__class__") == 0) {
			INCREF(inst->in_class);
			return (object *)inst->in_class;
		}
	}
	class = NULL;
	v = dictlookup(inst->in_dict, name);
	if (v == NULL) {
		v = class_lookup(inst->in_class, name, &class);
		if (v == NULL) {
			object *func;
			long ident;
			if ((func = inst->in_getattr) != NULL &&
			    inst->in_ident != (ident = get_thread_ident())) {
				object *args;
#ifdef WITH_THREAD
				type_lock lock = inst->in_lock;
				if (lock != NULL) {
					BGN_SAVE
					acquire_lock(lock, 0);
					END_SAVE
				}
#endif
				inst->in_ident = ident;
				args = mkvalue("(s)", name);
				if (args != NULL) {
					v = call_object(func, args);
					DECREF(args);
				}
				inst->in_ident = 0;
#ifdef WITH_THREAD
				if (lock != NULL)
					release_lock(lock);
#endif
				return v;
			}
			err_setstr(AttributeError, name);
			return NULL;
		}
	}
	if (is_accessobject(v)) {
		v = getaccessvalue(v, getowner());
		if (v == NULL)
			return NULL;
	}
	else
		INCREF(v);
	if (class != NULL) {
		if (is_funcobject(v)) {
			object *w = newinstancemethodobject(v, (object *)inst,
							    (object *)class);
			DECREF(v);
			v = w;
		}
		else if (is_instancemethodobject(v)) {
			object *im_class = instancemethodgetclass(v);
			/* Only if classes are compatible */
			if (issubclass((object *)class, im_class)) {
				object *im_func = instancemethodgetfunc(v);
				object *w = newinstancemethodobject(im_func,
						(object *)inst, im_class);
				DECREF(v);
				v = w;
			}
		}
	}
	return v;
}

static int
instance_setattr(inst, name, v)
	instanceobject *inst;
	char *name;
	object *v;
{
	object *ac;
	if (inst->in_setattr != NULL) {
		object *args;
		if (v == NULL)
			args = mkvalue("(s)", name);
		else
			args = mkvalue("(sO)", name, v);
		if (args != NULL) {
			object *res = call_object(inst->in_setattr, args);
			DECREF(args);
			if (res != NULL) {
				DECREF(res);
				return 0;
			}
		}
		return -1;
	}
	if (name[0] == '_' && name[1] == '_') {
		int n = strlen(name);
		if (name[n-1] == '_' && name[n-2] == '_') {
			err_setstr(TypeError, "read-only special attribute");
			return -1;
		}
	}
	ac = dictlookup(inst->in_dict, name);
	if (ac != NULL && is_accessobject(ac))
		return setaccessvalue(ac, getowner(), v);
	if (v == NULL) {
		int rv = dictremove(inst->in_dict, name);
		if (rv < 0)
			err_setstr(AttributeError,
				   "delete non-existing instance attribute");
		return rv;
	}
	else
		return dictinsert(inst->in_dict, name, v);
}

static object *
instance_repr(inst)
	instanceobject *inst;
{
	object *func;
	object *res;

	func = instance_getattr(inst, "__repr__");
	if (func == NULL) {
		char buf[140];
		object *classname = inst->in_class->cl_name;
		char *cname;
		if (classname != NULL && is_stringobject(classname))
			cname = getstringvalue(classname);
		else
			cname = "?";
		err_clear();
		sprintf(buf, "<%.100s instance at %lx>", cname, (long)inst);
		return newstringobject(buf);
	}
	res = call_object(func, (object *)NULL);
	DECREF(func);
	return res;
}

static int
instance_compare(inst, other)
	instanceobject *inst, *other;
{
	object *func;
	object *res;
	int outcome;

	func = instance_getattr(inst, "__cmp__");
	if (func == NULL) {
		err_clear();
		if (inst < other)
			return -1;
		if (inst > other)
			return 1;
		return 0;
	}
	res = call_object(func, (object *)other);
	DECREF(func);
	if (res == NULL) {
		err_clear(); /* XXX Should report the error, bot how...??? */
		return 0;
	}
	if (is_intobject(res))
		outcome = getintvalue(res);
	else
		outcome = 0; /* XXX Should report the error, bot how...??? */
	DECREF(res);
	return outcome;
}

static long
instance_hash(inst)
	instanceobject *inst;
{
	object *func;
	object *res;
	long outcome;

	func = instance_getattr(inst, "__hash__");
	if (func == NULL) {
		/* If there is no __cmp__ method, we hash on the address.
		   If a __cmp__ method exists, there must be a __hash__. */
		err_clear();
		func = instance_getattr(inst, "__cmp__");
		if (func == NULL) {
			err_clear();
			outcome = (long)inst;
			if (outcome == -1)
				outcome = -2;
			return outcome;
		}
		err_setstr(TypeError, "unhashable instance");
		return -1;
	}
	res = call_object(func, (object *)NULL);
	DECREF(func);
	if (res == NULL)
		return -1;
	if (is_intobject(res)) {
		outcome = getintvalue(res);
		if (outcome == -1)
			outcome = -2;
	}
	else {
		err_setstr(TypeError, "__hash__() should return an int");
		outcome = -1;
	}
	DECREF(res);
	return outcome;
}

static int
instance_length(inst)
	instanceobject *inst;
{
	object *func;
	object *res;
	int outcome;

	func = instance_getattr(inst, "__len__");
	if (func == NULL)
		return -1;
	res = call_object(func, (object *)NULL);
	DECREF(func);
	if (res == NULL)
		return -1;
	if (is_intobject(res)) {
		outcome = getintvalue(res);
		if (outcome < 0)
			err_setstr(ValueError, "__len__() should return >= 0");
	}
	else {
		err_setstr(TypeError, "__len__() should return an int");
		outcome = -1;
	}
	DECREF(res);
	return outcome;
}

static object *
instance_subscript(inst, key)
	instanceobject *inst;
	object *key;
{
	object *func;
	object *arg;
	object *res;

	func = instance_getattr(inst, "__getitem__");
	if (func == NULL)
		return NULL;
	arg = mkvalue("(O)", key);
	if (arg == NULL) {
		DECREF(func);
		return NULL;
	}
	res = call_object(func, arg);
	DECREF(func);
	DECREF(arg);
	return res;
}

static int
instance_ass_subscript(inst, key, value)
	instanceobject*inst;
	object *key;
	object *value;
{
	object *func;
	object *arg;
	object *res;

	if (value == NULL)
		func = instance_getattr(inst, "__delitem__");
	else
		func = instance_getattr(inst, "__setitem__");
	if (func == NULL)
		return -1;
	if (value == NULL)
		arg = mkvalue("(O)", key);
	else
		arg = mkvalue("(OO)", key, value);
	if (arg == NULL) {
		DECREF(func);
		return -1;
	}
	res = call_object(func, arg);
	DECREF(func);
	DECREF(arg);
	if (res == NULL)
		return -1;
	DECREF(res);
	return 0;
}

static mapping_methods instance_as_mapping = {
	(inquiry)instance_length, /*mp_length*/
	(binaryfunc)instance_subscript, /*mp_subscript*/
	(objobjargproc)instance_ass_subscript, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
};

static object *
instance_concat(inst, other)
	instanceobject *inst, *other;
{
	object *func, *arg, *res;

	func = instance_getattr(inst, "__add__");
	if (func == NULL)
		return NULL;
	arg = mkvalue("(O)", other);
	if (arg == NULL) {
		DECREF(func);
		return NULL;
	}
	res = call_object(func, arg);
	DECREF(func);
	DECREF(arg);
	return res;
}

static object *
instance_repeat(inst, count)
	instanceobject *inst;
	int count;
{
	object *func, *arg, *res;

	func = instance_getattr(inst, "__mul__");
	if (func == NULL)
		return NULL;
	arg = newintobject((long)count);
	if (arg == NULL) {
		DECREF(func);
		return NULL;
	}
	res = call_object(func, arg);
	DECREF(func);
	DECREF(arg);
	return res;
}

static object *
instance_item(inst, i)
	instanceobject *inst;
	int i;
{
	object *func, *arg, *res;

	func = instance_getattr(inst, "__getitem__");
	if (func == NULL)
		return NULL;
	arg = newintobject((long)i);
	if (arg == NULL) {
		DECREF(func);
		return NULL;
	}
	res = call_object(func, arg);
	DECREF(func);
	DECREF(arg);
	return res;
}

static object *
instance_slice(inst, i, j)
	instanceobject *inst;
	int i, j;
{
	object *func, *arg, *res;

	func = instance_getattr(inst, "__getslice__");
	if (func == NULL)
		return NULL;
	arg = mkvalue("(ii)", i, j);
	if (arg == NULL) {
		DECREF(func);
		return NULL;
	}
	res = call_object(func, arg);
	DECREF(func);
	DECREF(arg);
	return res;
}

static int
instance_ass_item(inst, i, item)
	instanceobject *inst;
	int i;
	object *item;
{
	object *func, *arg, *res;

	if (item == NULL)
		func = instance_getattr(inst, "__delitem__");
	else
		func = instance_getattr(inst, "__setitem__");
	if (func == NULL)
		return -1;
	if (item == NULL)
		arg = mkvalue("i", i);
	else
		arg = mkvalue("(iO)", i, item);
	if (arg == NULL) {
		DECREF(func);
		return -1;
	}
	res = call_object(func, arg);
	DECREF(func);
	DECREF(arg);
	if (res == NULL)
		return -1;
	DECREF(res);
	return 0;
}

static int
instance_ass_slice(inst, i, j, value)
	instanceobject *inst;
	int i, j;
	object *value;
{
	object *func, *arg, *res;

	if (value == NULL)
		func = instance_getattr(inst, "__delslice__");
	else
		func = instance_getattr(inst, "__setslice__");
	if (func == NULL)
		return -1;
	if (value == NULL)
		arg = mkvalue("(ii)", i, j);
	else
		arg = mkvalue("(iiO)", i, j, value);
	if (arg == NULL) {
		DECREF(func);
		return -1;
	}
	res = call_object(func, arg);
	DECREF(func);
	DECREF(arg);
	if (res == NULL)
		return -1;
	DECREF(res);
	return 0;
}

static sequence_methods instance_as_sequence = {
	(inquiry)instance_length, /*sq_length*/
	(binaryfunc)instance_concat, /*sq_concat*/
	(intargfunc)instance_repeat, /*sq_repeat*/
	(intargfunc)instance_item, /*sq_item*/
	(intintargfunc)instance_slice, /*sq_slice*/
	(intobjargproc)instance_ass_item, /*sq_ass_item*/
	(intintobjargproc)instance_ass_slice, /*sq_ass_slice*/
};

static object *
generic_binary_op(self, other, methodname)
	instanceobject *self;
	object *other;
	char *methodname;
{
	object *func, *arg, *res;

	if ((func = instance_getattr(self, methodname)) == NULL)
		return NULL;
	arg = mkvalue("O", other);
	if (arg == NULL) {
		DECREF(func);
		return NULL;
	}
	res = call_object(func, arg);
	DECREF(func);
	DECREF(arg);
	return res;
}

static object *
generic_unary_op(self, methodname)
	instanceobject *self;
	char *methodname;
{
	object *func, *res;

	if ((func = instance_getattr(self, methodname)) == NULL)
		return NULL;
	res = call_object(func, (object *)NULL);
	DECREF(func);
	return res;
}

#define BINARY(funcname, methodname) \
static object * funcname(self, other) instanceobject *self; object *other; { \
	return generic_binary_op(self, other, methodname); \
}

#define UNARY(funcname, methodname) \
static object *funcname(self) instanceobject *self; { \
	return generic_unary_op(self, methodname); \
}

BINARY(instance_add, "__add__")
BINARY(instance_sub, "__sub__")
BINARY(instance_mul, "__mul__")
BINARY(instance_div, "__div__")
BINARY(instance_mod, "__mod__")
BINARY(instance_divmod, "__divmod__")
UNARY(instance_neg, "__neg__")
UNARY(instance_pos, "__pos__")
UNARY(instance_abs, "__abs__")

static object *
instance_pow(self, other, modulus)
	instanceobject *self;
	object *other, *modulus;
{
	object *func, *arg, *res;

	if ((func = instance_getattr(self, "__pow__")) == NULL)
		return NULL;
	if (modulus == None)
		arg = mkvalue("O", other);
	else
		arg = mkvalue("(OO)", other, modulus);
	if (arg == NULL) {
		DECREF(func);
		return NULL;
	}
	res = call_object(func, arg);
	DECREF(func);
	DECREF(arg);
	return res;
}

static int
instance_nonzero(self)
	instanceobject *self;
{
	object *func, *res;
	long outcome;

	if ((func = instance_getattr(self, "__nonzero__")) == NULL) {
		err_clear();
		if ((func = instance_getattr(self, "__len__")) == NULL) {
			err_clear();
			/* Fall back to the default behavior:
			   all instances are nonzero */
			return 1;
		}
	}
	res = call_object(func, (object *)NULL);
	DECREF(func);
	if (res == NULL)
		return -1;
	if (!is_intobject(res)) {
		DECREF(res);
		err_setstr(TypeError, "__nonzero__ should return an int");
		return -1;
	}
	outcome = getintvalue(res);
	DECREF(res);
	if (outcome < 0) {
		err_setstr(ValueError, "__nonzero__ should return >= 0");
		return -1;
	}
	return outcome > 0;
}

UNARY(instance_invert, "__invert__")
BINARY(instance_lshift, "__lshift__")
BINARY(instance_rshift, "__rshift__")
BINARY(instance_and, "__and__")
BINARY(instance_xor, "__xor__")
BINARY(instance_or, "__or__")

static int
instance_coerce(pv, pw)
	object **pv, **pw;
{
	object *v =  *pv;
	object *w = *pw;
	object *func;
	object *res;
	int outcome;

	if (!is_instanceobject(v))
		return 1; /* XXX shouldn't be possible */
	func = instance_getattr((instanceobject *)v, "__coerce__");
	if (func == NULL) {
		err_clear();
		return 1;
	}
	res = call_object(func, w);
	if (res == NULL)
		return -1;
	if (res == None) {
		DECREF(res);
		return 1;
	}
	outcome = getargs(res, "(OO)", &v, &w);
	if (!outcome || v->ob_type != w->ob_type ||
			v->ob_type->tp_as_number == NULL) {
		DECREF(res);
		err_setstr(TypeError, "bad __coerce__ result");
		return -1;
	}
	INCREF(v);
	INCREF(w);
	DECREF(res);
	*pv = v;
	*pw = w;
	return 0;
}

UNARY(instance_int, "__int__")
UNARY(instance_long, "__long__")
UNARY(instance_float, "__float__")
UNARY(instance_oct, "__oct__")
UNARY(instance_hex, "__hex__")

static number_methods instance_as_number = {
	(binaryfunc)instance_add, /*nb_add*/
	(binaryfunc)instance_sub, /*nb_subtract*/
	(binaryfunc)instance_mul, /*nb_multiply*/
	(binaryfunc)instance_div, /*nb_divide*/
	(binaryfunc)instance_mod, /*nb_remainder*/
	(binaryfunc)instance_divmod, /*nb_divmod*/
	(ternaryfunc)instance_pow, /*nb_power*/
	(unaryfunc)instance_neg, /*nb_negative*/
	(unaryfunc)instance_pos, /*nb_positive*/
	(unaryfunc)instance_abs, /*nb_absolute*/
	(inquiry)instance_nonzero, /*nb_nonzero*/
	(unaryfunc)instance_invert, /*nb_invert*/
	(binaryfunc)instance_lshift, /*nb_lshift*/
	(binaryfunc)instance_rshift, /*nb_rshift*/
	(binaryfunc)instance_and, /*nb_and*/
	(binaryfunc)instance_xor, /*nb_xor*/
	(binaryfunc)instance_or, /*nb_or*/
	(coercion)instance_coerce, /*nb_coerce*/
	(unaryfunc)instance_int, /*nb_int*/
	(unaryfunc)instance_long, /*nb_long*/
	(unaryfunc)instance_float, /*nb_float*/
	(unaryfunc)instance_oct, /*nb_oct*/
	(unaryfunc)instance_hex, /*nb_hex*/
};

typeobject Instancetype = {
	OB_HEAD_INIT(&Typetype)
	0,
	"instance",
	sizeof(instanceobject),
	0,
	(destructor)instance_dealloc, /*tp_dealloc*/
	0,			/*tp_print*/
	(object * (*) FPROTO((object *, char *)))
	(getattrfunc)instance_getattr, /*tp_getattr*/
	(setattrfunc)instance_setattr, /*tp_setattr*/
	(cmpfunc)instance_compare, /*tp_compare*/
	(reprfunc)instance_repr, /*tp_repr*/
	&instance_as_number,	/*tp_as_number*/
	&instance_as_sequence,	/*tp_as_sequence*/
	&instance_as_mapping,	/*tp_as_mapping*/
	(hashfunc)instance_hash, /*tp_hash*/
};


/* Instance method objects are used for two purposes:
   (a) as bound instance methods (returned by instancename.methodname)
   (b) as unbound methods (returned by ClassName.methodname)
   In case (b), im_self is NULL
*/

typedef struct {
	OB_HEAD
	object	*im_func;	/* The function implementing the method */
	object	*im_self;	/* The instance it is bound to, or NULL */
	object	*im_class;	/* The class that defined the method */
} instancemethodobject;

object *
newinstancemethodobject(func, self, class)
	object *func;
	object *self;
	object *class;
{
	register instancemethodobject *im;
	if (!is_funcobject(func)) {
		err_badcall();
		return NULL;
	}
	im = NEWOBJ(instancemethodobject, &Instancemethodtype);
	if (im == NULL)
		return NULL;
	INCREF(func);
	im->im_func = func;
	XINCREF(self);
	im->im_self = self;
	INCREF(class);
	im->im_class = class;
	return (object *)im;
}

object *
instancemethodgetfunc(im)
	register object *im;
{
	if (!is_instancemethodobject(im)) {
		err_badcall();
		return NULL;
	}
	return ((instancemethodobject *)im)->im_func;
}

object *
instancemethodgetself(im)
	register object *im;
{
	if (!is_instancemethodobject(im)) {
		err_badcall();
		return NULL;
	}
	return ((instancemethodobject *)im)->im_self;
}

object *
instancemethodgetclass(im)
	register object *im;
{
	if (!is_instancemethodobject(im)) {
		err_badcall();
		return NULL;
	}
	return ((instancemethodobject *)im)->im_class;
}

/* Class method methods */

#define OFF(x) offsetof(instancemethodobject, x)

static struct memberlist instancemethod_memberlist[] = {
	{"im_func",	T_OBJECT,	OFF(im_func)},
	{"im_self",	T_OBJECT,	OFF(im_self)},
	{"im_class",	T_OBJECT,	OFF(im_class)},
	{NULL}	/* Sentinel */
};

static object *
instancemethod_getattr(im, name)
	register instancemethodobject *im;
	char *name;
{
	return getmember((char *)im, instancemethod_memberlist, name);
}

static void
instancemethod_dealloc(im)
	register instancemethodobject *im;
{
	DECREF(im->im_func);
	XDECREF(im->im_self);
	DECREF(im->im_class);
	free((ANY *)im);
}

static int
instancemethod_compare(a, b)
	instancemethodobject *a, *b;
{
	int cmp = cmpobject(a->im_self, b->im_self);
	if (cmp == 0)
		cmp = cmpobject(a->im_func, b->im_func);
	return cmp;
}

static object *
instancemethod_repr(a)
	instancemethodobject *a;
{
	char buf[240];
	instanceobject *self = (instanceobject *)(a->im_self);
	funcobject *func = (funcobject *)(a->im_func);
	classobject *class = (classobject *)(a->im_class);
	object *fclassname, *iclassname, *funcname;
	char *fcname, *icname, *fname;
	fclassname = class->cl_name;
	funcname = func->func_name;
	if (fclassname != NULL && is_stringobject(fclassname))
		fcname = getstringvalue(fclassname);
	else
		fcname = "?";
	if (funcname != NULL && is_stringobject(funcname))
		fname = getstringvalue(funcname);
	else
		fname = "?";
	if (self == NULL)
		sprintf(buf, "<unbound method %.100s.%.100s>", fcname, fname);
	else {
		iclassname = self->in_class->cl_name;
		if (iclassname != NULL && is_stringobject(iclassname))
			icname = getstringvalue(iclassname);
		else
			icname = "?";
		sprintf(buf, "<method %.60s.%.60s of %.60s instance at %lx>",
			fcname, fname, icname, (long)self);
	}
	return newstringobject(buf);
}

static long
instancemethod_hash(a)
	instancemethodobject *a;
{
	long x, y;
	if (a->im_self == NULL)
		x = hashobject(None);
	else
		x = hashobject(a->im_self);
	if (x == -1)
		return -1;
	y = hashobject(a->im_func);
	if (y == -1)
		return -1;
	return x ^ y;
}

typeobject Instancemethodtype = {
	OB_HEAD_INIT(&Typetype)
	0,
	"instance method",
	sizeof(instancemethodobject),
	0,
	(destructor)instancemethod_dealloc, /*tp_dealloc*/
	0,			/*tp_print*/
	(getattrfunc)instancemethod_getattr, /*tp_getattr*/
	0,			/*tp_setattr*/
	(cmpfunc)instancemethod_compare, /*tp_compare*/
	(reprfunc)instancemethod_repr, /*tp_repr*/
	0,			/*tp_as_number*/
	0,			/*tp_as_sequence*/
	0,			/*tp_as_mapping*/
	(hashfunc)instancemethod_hash, /*tp_hash*/
};