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157 lines
6.7 KiB
TeX
157 lines
6.7 KiB
TeX
\declaremodule{standard}{email.utils}
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\modulesynopsis{Miscellaneous email package utilities.}
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There are several useful utilities provided in the \module{email.utils}
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module:
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\begin{funcdesc}{quote}{str}
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Return a new string with backslashes in \var{str} replaced by two
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backslashes, and double quotes replaced by backslash-double quote.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{unquote}{str}
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Return a new string which is an \emph{unquoted} version of \var{str}.
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If \var{str} ends and begins with double quotes, they are stripped
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off. Likewise if \var{str} ends and begins with angle brackets, they
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are stripped off.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{parseaddr}{address}
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Parse address -- which should be the value of some address-containing
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field such as \mailheader{To} or \mailheader{Cc} -- into its constituent
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\emph{realname} and \emph{email address} parts. Returns a tuple of that
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information, unless the parse fails, in which case a 2-tuple of
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\code{('', '')} is returned.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{formataddr}{pair}
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The inverse of \method{parseaddr()}, this takes a 2-tuple of the form
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\code{(realname, email_address)} and returns the string value suitable
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for a \mailheader{To} or \mailheader{Cc} header. If the first element of
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\var{pair} is false, then the second element is returned unmodified.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{getaddresses}{fieldvalues}
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This method returns a list of 2-tuples of the form returned by
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\code{parseaddr()}. \var{fieldvalues} is a sequence of header field
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values as might be returned by \method{Message.get_all()}. Here's a
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simple example that gets all the recipients of a message:
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\begin{verbatim}
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from email.utils import getaddresses
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tos = msg.get_all('to', [])
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ccs = msg.get_all('cc', [])
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resent_tos = msg.get_all('resent-to', [])
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resent_ccs = msg.get_all('resent-cc', [])
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all_recipients = getaddresses(tos + ccs + resent_tos + resent_ccs)
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\end{verbatim}
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{parsedate}{date}
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Attempts to parse a date according to the rules in \rfc{2822}.
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however, some mailers don't follow that format as specified, so
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\function{parsedate()} tries to guess correctly in such cases.
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\var{date} is a string containing an \rfc{2822} date, such as
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\code{"Mon, 20 Nov 1995 19:12:08 -0500"}. If it succeeds in parsing
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the date, \function{parsedate()} returns a 9-tuple that can be passed
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directly to \function{time.mktime()}; otherwise \code{None} will be
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returned. Note that fields 6, 7, and 8 of the result tuple are not
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usable.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{parsedate_tz}{date}
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Performs the same function as \function{parsedate()}, but returns
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either \code{None} or a 10-tuple; the first 9 elements make up a tuple
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that can be passed directly to \function{time.mktime()}, and the tenth
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is the offset of the date's timezone from UTC (which is the official
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term for Greenwich Mean Time)\footnote{Note that the sign of the timezone
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offset is the opposite of the sign of the \code{time.timezone}
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variable for the same timezone; the latter variable follows the
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\POSIX{} standard while this module follows \rfc{2822}.}. If the input
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string has no timezone, the last element of the tuple returned is
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\code{None}. Note that fields 6, 7, and 8 of the result tuple are not
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usable.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{mktime_tz}{tuple}
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Turn a 10-tuple as returned by \function{parsedate_tz()} into a UTC
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timestamp. It the timezone item in the tuple is \code{None}, assume
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local time. Minor deficiency: \function{mktime_tz()} interprets the
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first 8 elements of \var{tuple} as a local time and then compensates
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for the timezone difference. This may yield a slight error around
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changes in daylight savings time, though not worth worrying about for
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common use.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{formatdate}{\optional{timeval\optional{, localtime}\optional{, usegmt}}}
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Returns a date string as per \rfc{2822}, e.g.:
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\begin{verbatim}
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Fri, 09 Nov 2001 01:08:47 -0000
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\end{verbatim}
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Optional \var{timeval} if given is a floating point time value as
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accepted by \function{time.gmtime()} and \function{time.localtime()},
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otherwise the current time is used.
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Optional \var{localtime} is a flag that when \code{True}, interprets
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\var{timeval}, and returns a date relative to the local timezone
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instead of UTC, properly taking daylight savings time into account.
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The default is \code{False} meaning UTC is used.
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Optional \var{usegmt} is a flag that when \code{True}, outputs a
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date string with the timezone as an ascii string \code{GMT}, rather
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than a numeric \code{-0000}. This is needed for some protocols (such
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as HTTP). This only applies when \var{localtime} is \code{False}.
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\versionadded{2.4}
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{make_msgid}{\optional{idstring}}
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Returns a string suitable for an \rfc{2822}-compliant
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\mailheader{Message-ID} header. Optional \var{idstring} if given, is
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a string used to strengthen the uniqueness of the message id.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{decode_rfc2231}{s}
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Decode the string \var{s} according to \rfc{2231}.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{encode_rfc2231}{s\optional{, charset\optional{, language}}}
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Encode the string \var{s} according to \rfc{2231}. Optional
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\var{charset} and \var{language}, if given is the character set name
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and language name to use. If neither is given, \var{s} is returned
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as-is. If \var{charset} is given but \var{language} is not, the
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string is encoded using the empty string for \var{language}.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{collapse_rfc2231_value}{value\optional{, errors\optional{,
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fallback_charset}}}
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When a header parameter is encoded in \rfc{2231} format,
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\method{Message.get_param()} may return a 3-tuple containing the character
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set, language, and value. \function{collapse_rfc2231_value()} turns this into
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a unicode string. Optional \var{errors} is passed to the \var{errors}
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argument of the built-in \function{unicode()} function; it defaults to
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\code{replace}. Optional \var{fallback_charset} specifies the character set
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to use if the one in the \rfc{2231} header is not known by Python; it defaults
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to \code{us-ascii}.
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For convenience, if the \var{value} passed to
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\function{collapse_rfc2231_value()} is not a tuple, it should be a string and
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it is returned unquoted.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{decode_params}{params}
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Decode parameters list according to \rfc{2231}. \var{params} is a
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sequence of 2-tuples containing elements of the form
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\code{(content-type, string-value)}.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\versionchanged[The \function{dump_address_pair()} function has been removed;
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use \function{formataddr()} instead]{2.4}
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\versionchanged[The \function{decode()} function has been removed; use the
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\method{Header.decode_header()} method instead]{2.4}
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\versionchanged[The \function{encode()} function has been removed; use the
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\method{Header.encode()} method instead]{2.4}
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