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441 lines
18 KiB
HTML
<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<TITLE>Building Mac Python from source</TITLE>
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</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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<H1>Building Mac Python from source</H1>
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<HR>
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This document explains how to build MacPython from source. This is
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necessary if you want to write extension modules for 68K Python, and
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currently also probably the easiest way to build PPC extension
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modules. Building Python is not something to be undertaken lightly,
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the process is not very streamlined so you need a reasonable working
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knowledge of the CodeWarrior development environment, a good net
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connection and probably quite some time too. <p>
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The information density in this file is high, so you should probably
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print it and read it at your leasure. Most things are explained only
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once (and probably in the wrong place:-). <p>
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I am very interested in feedback on this document, contact me at <A
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HREF="mailto:jack@cwi.nl"><jack@cwi.nl></A> or send your
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comments to the <A
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HREF="http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/">Mac Python Special
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Interest Group</A>.
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<H2>What you need.</H2>
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The following things you definitely need:
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<UL>
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<LI> You need a MacPython source distribution, of course. You can
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obtain one from <A
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HREF="ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/jack/python/mac">ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/jack/python/mac</A>
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or from the companion webpage at <A HREF="http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macpython.html">
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http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macpython.html</A> (which has up-to-date links to the other
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packages needed too)
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and possibly also from the standard <A
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HREF="ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/mac">python.org ftp
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site</A>. Everything you need is also included in the standard Python
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source distribution, but the organization is different. Look in
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directory <code>Mac/mwerks/projects</code> for the project files and
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related stuff.
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<LI> You need MetroWerks CodeWarrior. The current distribution has
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been built with CodeWarrior Pro 2. Ordering information is
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available on the <A HREF="http://www.metrowerks.com/">MetroWerks
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homepage</A>. Building Python with MPW or Think/Symantec C is
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probably impossible without major surgery.
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<LI> You need GUSI, the Grand Unified Socket Interface, by Matthias
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Neeracher. The original CWGUSI is
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obtainable from <A
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HREF="ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/software/platform/macos/src">
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ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/software/platform/macos/src</A>.
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At the moment Python is built with a slightly modified version of GUSI,
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these modifications are available in folder <code>Python:Mac:GUSI-mods</code>.
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</UL>
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<A NAME="optional">The MacPython project files are configured to
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include a plethora of optional modules</A>, and these modules need a
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number of extra packages. To use the project files as-is you have to
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download these packages too. PPC and CFM68K Python have all such modules as
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dynamically loaded modules, so if you don't need a certain package it
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suffices to just refrain from builing the extension module. For static 68K
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Python things are a bit more complicated: you have to edit the
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interpreter project file to remove the reference to the module (and
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the libraries it uses), and edit the <code>Mac:mwerks:mwerks_nonshared_config.h</code>
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file to remove the <code>USE_...</code> line. Here are the locations for the various things
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you need:
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<UL>
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<LI> Tcl and Tk can be obtained from <A
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HREF="ftp://ftp.smli.com/pub/tcl/mac/">ftp://ftp.smli.com/pub/tcl/mac/</A>.
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The current distributions, Tcl 8.0p2 and Tk 8.0p2 need a bit of work,
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see the section on <A HREF="#tcltk">building Tcl/Tk Python</A>
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below. Get the "full source" distribution, which includes MoreFiles.
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<LI> Waste, a TextEdit replacement written by Marco Piovanelli, <A
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HREF="mailto:piovanel@kagi.com"><piovanel@kagi.com></A>. Python
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was built using version 1.3, which you can obtain from <A
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HREF="http://www.boingo.com/waste"><http://www.boingo.com/waste></A>
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and various other places.
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<LI> Gdbm library for the Mac. Available from Jack's Mac software page at
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<A HREF="http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macsoftware.html">
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http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macsoftware.html</A> and <A HREF="ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/jack/mac">
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ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/jack/mac</A>.
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<LI> JPEG library by the Independent JPEG Group. A version including
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Mac projects can be found at Jack's page mentioned above.
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The most recent JPEG library can always be obtained from <A
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HREF="ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/">ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/</A>.
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<LI> The netpbm/pbmplus, libtiff, zlib and png libraries. The netpbm distribution
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(which includes libtiff) is generally available on Internet ftp
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servers. For Python pbmplus, an older incarnation of netpbm, is
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functionally identical to netpbm, since Python only uses the library
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and not the complete applications. A distribution with correct
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projects and library source only is available from, you guessed it, Jack's Mac software
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page mentioned above.
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</UL>
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<H2>Setting Up</H2>
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Now that you have collected everything you should start with building
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the various parts. If you don't want to fix
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access paths try to set things up as follows:
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<PRE>
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Top-level-folder:
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CWGUSI
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imglibs
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libjpeg
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pbmplus
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libtiff
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zlib
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libpng
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gdbm
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Python
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Tcl/Tk Folder
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tcl8.0
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tk8.0
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MoreFiles 1.4.3
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Waste 1.3 distribution (if you want waste)
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</PRE>
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First build GUSI. If you didn't get the python-specific GUSI you have to
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move the files from the "CWGUSI-mods" to the right
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place in the CWGUSI distribution folder. Build the MSL version for your
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platform (ppc, 68k, cfm68k). <p>
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Next, in
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<code>MoreFiles</code>, <code>libjpeg</code>, <code>pbmplus</code>,
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<code>zlib</code>, <code>libpng</code>, <code>gdbm</code>,
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and<code>libtiff</code> you build all projects. Usually the projects are in "mac"
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subfolders, sometimes they are in the main folder. Tcl/tk is a special
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case, see below. Of course, if you are only interested in one of
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static 68K, CFM68K or PPC you can skip building the other libraries.
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<H2><A NAME="tcltk">Building Tcl/Tk</H2>
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You need to make some minor changes to the Tcl/Tk 8.0
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distribution. You should make the CW Pro projects (in the mac subfolders).
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<UL>
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<LI> There are no cfm68k targets. You make these by copying the 68k targets,
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setting the "68k target" to "cfm68k library" and changing the output filename,
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and changing the prefix
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header filename in the C/C++ settings panel to "MW_???HeaderCFM68K".
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<LI> I had to add Search.c (from MoreFiles) to the tcl library projects. I don't
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understand why this is, but it seemed to cure the problems I had.
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<LI> Note that if you use a different release of Tcl and Tk than the ones
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I have used you may have to adapt the Python <code>tkresources.rsrc</code> file.
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This is easiest done by building <code>SimpleTk</code> and copying the TEXT, ICON
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and CRSR resources from it to <code>tkresources.rsrc</code>. This allows
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the <code>_tkinter</code> module to work without an installed Tk/Tcl on your
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machine.
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</UL>
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Build first the Tcl library, then
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SimpleTcl (test it by typing <code>ls -l</code> in the window you get)
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then the Tk library, then SimpleTk (which can again be tested with
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<code>ls -l</code>). If this all worked you are all set to try
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building Python.
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<H2>Building Waste</H2>
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You do not need to build the Waste libraries, as Python includes the
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source modules themselves.
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<H2>The organization of the Python source tree</H2>
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Time for a short break, while we have a look at the organization of
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the Python source tree. At the top level, we find the following
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folders:
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<DL>
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<DT> build.macstand
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<DD> This is where you build static 68K interpreter, and possibly (if
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you want them) static PPC and fat interpreters. There is also a project
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here that builds smaller versions of the static interpreter.
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<DT> build.mac
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<DD> This is where you build the CFM68K, PPC and fat shared library,
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interpreter and applet framework. The fat targets are deposited in the
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main folder (one level up), the others, which are intermediate results
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really, are left here.
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<DT> Demo
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<DD> Demo programs that are not Mac-specific. Some of these may not
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work, the file <code>README-Mac</code> has some details.
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<DT> Extensions
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<DD> Extensions to the interpreter that are not Mac-specific. Contains
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only the <code>img</code> extension in this distribution. Extensions
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are not always built here, as they are on Unix, but sometimes incorporated in
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the core interpreter or built as plugin modules.
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<DT> Grammar
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<DD> The Python grammar. Included for reference only, you cannot build
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the parser on a Mac.
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<DT> Include
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<DD> Machine-independent header files.
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<DT> Modules
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<DD> Machine-independent optional modules. Not all of these will work
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on the Mac.
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<DT> Objects
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<DD> Machine-independent code for various objects. Most of these are
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not really optional: the interpreter will not function without them.
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<DT> Parser
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<DD> The Python parser (machine-independent).
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<DT> PlugIns
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<DD> This is where you build the PPC and CFM68K dynamically-loaded plugin modules.
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<DT> Python
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<DD> The core interpreter. Most files are machine-independent, some
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are unix-specific and not used on the Mac.
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<DT> Tools
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<DD> Tools for python developers. Contains <code>modulator</code>
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which builds skeleton C extension modules and <code>bgen</code> which
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generates complete interface modules from information in C header
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files. There are some readme files, but more documentation is sorely
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needed.
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</DL>
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All the mac-specific stuff lives in the <code>Mac</code> folder:
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<DL>
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<DT> Compat
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<DD> Unix-compatability routines. Some of these are not used anymore,
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since CWGUSI provides a rather complete emulation, but you may need
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these if you are trying to build a non-GUSI python.
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<DT> Demo
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<DD> Mac-specific demo programs, some of them annotated.
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<DT> Include
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<DD> Mac-specific but compiler-independent include files.
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<DT> Lib
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<DD> Mac-specific standard modules. The <code>toolbox</code> folder
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contains modules specifically needed with various MacOS toolbox
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interface modules.
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<DT> Modules
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<DD> Mac-specific builtin modules. Theoretically these are all
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optional, but some are rather essential (like
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<code>macmodule</code>). A lot of these modules are generated with
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<code>bgen</code>, in which case the bgen input files are included so
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you can attempt to regenerate them or extend them.
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<DT> MPW
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<DD> MPW-specific files. These have not been used or kept up-to-date
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for a long time, so use at your own risk.
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<DT> mwerks
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<DD> Mwerks-specific sources and headers. Contains glue code for
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Pythons shared-library architecture, a replacement for
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<code>malloc</code> and a directory with various projects for building
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variations on the Python interpreter. The <code>mwerks_*.h</code>
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files here are the option-setting files for the various interpreters
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and such, comparable to the unix command-line <code>-D</code> options
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to the compiler. Each project uses the correct option file as its
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"prefix file" in the "C/C++ language" settings. Disabling optional
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modules (for the 68K interpreter), building non-GUSI interpreters and
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various other things are accomplished by modifying these files (and
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possibly changing the list of files included in the project window, of
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course).
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<DT> Python
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<DD> Mac-specific parts of the core interpreter.
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<DT> Resources
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<DD> Resource files needed to build the interpreter.
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<DT> Scripts
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<DD> A collection of various mac-specific Python scripts. Some are
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essential, some are useful but few are documented, so you will have to
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use your imagination to work them out.
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<DT> Unsupported
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<DD> Modules that are not supported any longer but may still work with a little effort.
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</DL>
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<H2>Building the 68K interpreter</H2>
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If you have all the optional libraries mentioned <A
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HREF="#optional">above</A> loaded buildin Python for 68K macs is a
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breeze: open the project in the folder <code>build.macstand</code> and
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build the 68K target. Do <em>not</em> run it yet, this will possibly
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result in a garbled preferences file. <p>
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First remove the <code>Python XXX preferences</code> file from your
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preference folder, only if you had an older version of Python
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installed. (this is also what you do if you did not heed the last
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sentence of the preceeding paragraph). Next, move the interpreter to
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the main Python folder (up one level) and run it there. This will
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create a correct initial preferences file. You are now all set, and
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your tree should be completely compatible with a binary-only
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distribution. Read the release notes
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(<code>Relnotes-somethingorother</code>) and
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<code>ReadMe</code> in the <code>Mac</code> folder.
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<H2>Building the PPC and CFM68K interpreter</H2>
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First you build the interpreter, core library and applet skeleton in
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folder <code>build.mac</code>. The projects are all linked together, so
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building the fat targets in <code>Python.prj</code> and
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<code>PythonApplet.prj</code> will result in everything being built. The
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resulting applications and fat shared library are deposited in the main
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Python folder. For completeness sake here is a breakdown of the
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projects:
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<DL>
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<DT> PythonCore (with subprojects PythonCorePPC and PythonCoreCFM68K)
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<DD> The shared library that contains the bulk of the interpreter and
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its resources. It is a good idea to immedeately put an alias to this
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shared library in the <code>Extensions</code> folder of your system
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folder. Do exactly that: put an <em>alias</em> there, copying or
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moving the file will cause you grief later if you rebuild the library and
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forget to copy it to the extensions folder again.
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<DT> Python
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<DD> The interpreter. This is basically a routine to call out to the
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shared library. <p>
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<DT> PythonAppletPPC
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<DD> The applet skeleton application. Very similar to
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<code>PythonPPC</code>, but it calls to a different entrypoint in the
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core library. The <code>mkapplet</code> script will copy this complete
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file, and add a <code>'PYC '</code> with the module to generate an
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applet. <p>
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</DL>
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After creating the alias to <code>PythonCore</code> you remove any old
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<code>Python XXX Preferences</code> file from the <code>Preferences</code> folder
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(if you had python installed on your system before) and run the interpreter once
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to create the correct preferences file. <p>
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Next, you have to build the extension modules in the
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<code>PlugIns</code> folder. The <code>PlugIns.ppc</code> project has all the
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other projects as subprojects and builds everything. After all
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the dynamically loaded modules are built you have to create a number
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of aliases: some modules live together in a single dynamic
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library. Run the <code>ConfigurePython.py</code> script from
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<code>Mac:scripts</code> to create the aliases. <p>
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Finally, you must build the standard applets:
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<code>EditPythonPrefs</code>, <code>BuildApplet</code>, etc. This is
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easiest done with the <code>fullbuild</code> script from
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<code>Mac:scripts</code>. <p>
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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Actually, the <code>fullbuild</code> script can be used to build
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everything, but you need a fully-functional interpreter before you can
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use it (and one that isn't rebuilt in the process: you cannot rebuild
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a running program). You could copy the 68K interpreter to a different
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place and use that to run fullbuild, or use the standalone PPC python
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for this. I tend to keep a standalone interpreter in a safe place for
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this use only. <p>
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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You are all set now, and should read the release notes and
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<code>ReadMe</code> file from the <code>Mac</code> folder.
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<H2>Rebuilding <code>.exp</code> files for PPC and CFM68K</H2>
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Occasionally it may be necessary to rebuild your PythonCore <code>.exp</code>
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file, a file that controls which symbols are exported by your PythonCore
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shared library. Rebuild it if you get unexpected undefined symbols when you
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are building a plugin module. <p>
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Rebuilding the .exp file is done by first removing the file and removing the
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reference to it in the project (in the "config" section). Next, build PythonCore.
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This will create a new .exp file. Edit this file to remove the references to
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the symbols <code>__initialize</code>, <code>__terminate</code>, <code>setjmp</code>,
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<code>longjmp</code>, <code>main</code> and (for PPC) <code>__ptmf_null</code> or (for
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CFM68K) <code>__start</code> and <code>dummy_init_routine</code>.
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Next, add the .exp file to the project
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again and rebuild PythonCore. <p>
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This rather convoluted procedure is needed to ensure that plugin modules don't
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accidentally link with those entrypoints from PythonCore, which will not work because
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those routines have to be in the same code fragment as they are used from.
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<H2>Odds and ends</H2>
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Some remarks that I could not fit in elsewhere:
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<UL>
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<LI> It may be possible to use the <code>PythonCore</code> shared
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library to embed Python in another program, if your program can live
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with using GUSI for I/O. Use PythonCore in stead of your MSL C library
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(or, at the very least, link it before the normal C library). Let me
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know whether this works.
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<LI> It is possible to build PPC extension modules without building a
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complete Python. Take the binary distribution, add folders
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<code>Include</code>, <code>Mac:Include</code> and
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<code>Mac:mwerks</code> from the source distribution and you should be
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all set. A template for a dynamic module can be found in
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<code>xx.prj</code>.
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<LI> The Python shared library architecture is a variant of the architecture
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described as "application with shared libraries and dropins" in the MetroWerks
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"Targeting MacOS" documentation. The Python Application and applet-template use
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the <code>MSL AppRuntime.Lib</code> runtime library (with properly set CFM
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initialization and termination routines). PythonCore uses <code>MSL Runtime.Lib</code>,
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which is really intended for standalone programs but which we fool into working by
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providing a dummy main program.
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It is linked statically into PythonCore (and exported to the applications and plugins)
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so we do not have to distribute yet another shared library. Plugin modules use
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<code>MSL ShlibRuntime.Lib</code> (not the dropin runtime: modules are never unloaded)
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and obtain the rest from PythonCore. PythonCore uses a
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non-standard initialization entry point, <code>__initialize_with_resources</code>, to
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be able to obtain resources from the library file later on. Plugins can do the same
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(_tkinter does) or use the standard <code>__initialize</code> entry point.
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</UL>
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</BODY>
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</HTML>
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