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:mod:`pprint` --- Data pretty printer
=====================================
.. module:: pprint
:synopsis: Data pretty printer.
.. moduleauthor:: Fred L. Drake, Jr. <fdrake@acm.org>
.. sectionauthor:: Fred L. Drake, Jr. <fdrake@acm.org>
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/pprint.py`
--------------
The :mod:`pprint` module provides a capability to "pretty-print" arbitrary
Python data structures in a form which can be used as input to the interpreter.
If the formatted structures include objects which are not fundamental Python
types, the representation may not be loadable. This may be the case if objects
such as files, sockets or classes are included, as well as many other
objects which are not representable as Python literals.
The formatted representation keeps objects on a single line if it can, and
breaks them onto multiple lines if they don't fit within the allowed width.
Construct :class:`PrettyPrinter` objects explicitly if you need to adjust the
width constraint.
Dictionaries are sorted by key before the display is computed.
.. versionchanged:: 3.9
Added support for pretty-printing :class:`types.SimpleNamespace`.
The :mod:`pprint` module defines one class:
.. First the implementation class:
.. index:: single: ...; placeholder
.. class:: PrettyPrinter(indent=1, width=80, depth=None, stream=None, *, \
compact=False, sort_dicts=True)
Construct a :class:`PrettyPrinter` instance. This constructor understands
several keyword parameters. An output stream may be set using the *stream*
keyword; the only method used on the stream object is the file protocol's
:meth:`write` method. If not specified, the :class:`PrettyPrinter` adopts
``sys.stdout``. The
amount of indentation added for each recursive level is specified by *indent*;
the default is one. Other values can cause output to look a little odd, but can
make nesting easier to spot. The number of levels which may be printed is
controlled by *depth*; if the data structure being printed is too deep, the next
contained level is replaced by ``...``. By default, there is no constraint on
the depth of the objects being formatted. The desired output width is
constrained using the *width* parameter; the default is 80 characters. If a
structure cannot be formatted within the constrained width, a best effort will
be made. If *compact* is false (the default) each item of a long sequence
will be formatted on a separate line. If *compact* is true, as many items
as will fit within the *width* will be formatted on each output line. If
*sort_dicts* is true (the default), dictionaries will be formatted with their
keys sorted, otherwise they will display in insertion order.
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
Added the *compact* parameter.
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
Added the *sort_dicts* parameter.
>>> import pprint
>>> stuff = ['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni']
>>> stuff.insert(0, stuff[:])
>>> pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=4)
>>> pp.pprint(stuff)
[ ['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni'],
'spam',
'eggs',
'lumberjack',
'knights',
'ni']
>>> pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(width=41, compact=True)
>>> pp.pprint(stuff)
[['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack',
'knights', 'ni'],
'spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights',
'ni']
>>> tup = ('spam', ('eggs', ('lumberjack', ('knights', ('ni', ('dead',
... ('parrot', ('fresh fruit',))))))))
>>> pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(depth=6)
>>> pp.pprint(tup)
('spam', ('eggs', ('lumberjack', ('knights', ('ni', ('dead', (...)))))))
The :mod:`pprint` module also provides several shortcut functions:
.. function:: pformat(object, indent=1, width=80, depth=None, *, \
compact=False, sort_dicts=True)
Return the formatted representation of *object* as a string. *indent*,
*width*, *depth*, *compact* and *sort_dicts* will be passed to the
:class:`PrettyPrinter` constructor as formatting parameters.
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
Added the *compact* parameter.
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
Added the *sort_dicts* parameter.
.. function:: pp(object, *args, sort_dicts=False, **kwargs)
Prints the formatted representation of *object* followed by a newline.
If *sort_dicts* is false (the default), dictionaries will be displayed with
their keys in insertion order, otherwise the dict keys will be sorted.
*args* and *kwargs* will be passed to :func:`pprint` as formatting
parameters.
.. versionadded:: 3.8
.. function:: pprint(object, stream=None, indent=1, width=80, depth=None, *, \
compact=False, sort_dicts=True)
Prints the formatted representation of *object* on *stream*, followed by a
newline. If *stream* is ``None``, ``sys.stdout`` is used. This may be used
in the interactive interpreter instead of the :func:`print` function for
inspecting values (you can even reassign ``print = pprint.pprint`` for use
within a scope). *indent*, *width*, *depth*, *compact* and *sort_dicts* will
be passed to the :class:`PrettyPrinter` constructor as formatting parameters.
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
Added the *compact* parameter.
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
Added the *sort_dicts* parameter.
>>> import pprint
>>> stuff = ['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni']
>>> stuff.insert(0, stuff)
>>> pprint.pprint(stuff)
[<Recursion on list with id=...>,
'spam',
'eggs',
'lumberjack',
'knights',
'ni']
.. function:: isreadable(object)
.. index:: builtin: eval
Determine if the formatted representation of *object* is "readable," or can be
used to reconstruct the value using :func:`eval`. This always returns ``False``
for recursive objects.
>>> pprint.isreadable(stuff)
False
.. function:: isrecursive(object)
Determine if *object* requires a recursive representation.
One more support function is also defined:
.. function:: saferepr(object)
Return a string representation of *object*, protected against recursive data
structures. If the representation of *object* exposes a recursive entry, the
recursive reference will be represented as ``<Recursion on typename with
id=number>``. The representation is not otherwise formatted.
>>> pprint.saferepr(stuff)
"[<Recursion on list with id=...>, 'spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni']"
.. _prettyprinter-objects:
PrettyPrinter Objects
---------------------
:class:`PrettyPrinter` instances have the following methods:
.. method:: PrettyPrinter.pformat(object)
Return the formatted representation of *object*. This takes into account the
options passed to the :class:`PrettyPrinter` constructor.
.. method:: PrettyPrinter.pprint(object)
Print the formatted representation of *object* on the configured stream,
followed by a newline.
The following methods provide the implementations for the corresponding
functions of the same names. Using these methods on an instance is slightly
more efficient since new :class:`PrettyPrinter` objects don't need to be
created.
.. method:: PrettyPrinter.isreadable(object)
.. index:: builtin: eval
Determine if the formatted representation of the object is "readable," or can be
used to reconstruct the value using :func:`eval`. Note that this returns
``False`` for recursive objects. If the *depth* parameter of the
:class:`PrettyPrinter` is set and the object is deeper than allowed, this
returns ``False``.
.. method:: PrettyPrinter.isrecursive(object)
Determine if the object requires a recursive representation.
This method is provided as a hook to allow subclasses to modify the way objects
are converted to strings. The default implementation uses the internals of the
:func:`saferepr` implementation.
.. method:: PrettyPrinter.format(object, context, maxlevels, level)
Returns three values: the formatted version of *object* as a string, a flag
indicating whether the result is readable, and a flag indicating whether
recursion was detected. The first argument is the object to be presented. The
second is a dictionary which contains the :func:`id` of objects that are part of
the current presentation context (direct and indirect containers for *object*
that are affecting the presentation) as the keys; if an object needs to be
presented which is already represented in *context*, the third return value
should be ``True``. Recursive calls to the :meth:`.format` method should add
additional entries for containers to this dictionary. The third argument,
*maxlevels*, gives the requested limit to recursion; this will be ``0`` if there
is no requested limit. This argument should be passed unmodified to recursive
calls. The fourth argument, *level*, gives the current level; recursive calls
should be passed a value less than that of the current call.
.. _pprint-example:
Example
-------
To demonstrate several uses of the :func:`pprint` function and its parameters,
let's fetch information about a project from `PyPI <https://pypi.org>`_::
>>> import json
>>> import pprint
>>> from urllib.request import urlopen
>>> with urlopen('https://pypi.org/pypi/sampleproject/json') as resp:
... project_info = json.load(resp)['info']
In its basic form, :func:`pprint` shows the whole object::
>>> pprint.pprint(project_info)
{'author': 'The Python Packaging Authority',
'author_email': 'pypa-dev@googlegroups.com',
'bugtrack_url': None,
'classifiers': ['Development Status :: 3 - Alpha',
'Intended Audience :: Developers',
'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
'Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools'],
'description': 'A sample Python project\n'
'=======================\n'
'\n'
'This is the description file for the project.\n'
'\n'
'The file should use UTF-8 encoding and be written using '
'ReStructured Text. It\n'
'will be used to generate the project webpage on PyPI, and '
'should be written for\n'
'that purpose.\n'
'\n'
'Typical contents for this file would include an overview of '
'the project, basic\n'
'usage examples, etc. Generally, including the project '
'changelog in here is not\n'
'a good idea, although a simple "What\'s New" section for the '
'most recent version\n'
'may be appropriate.',
'description_content_type': None,
'docs_url': None,
'download_url': 'UNKNOWN',
'downloads': {'last_day': -1, 'last_month': -1, 'last_week': -1},
'home_page': 'https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject',
'keywords': 'sample setuptools development',
'license': 'MIT',
'maintainer': None,
'maintainer_email': None,
'name': 'sampleproject',
'package_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/',
'platform': 'UNKNOWN',
'project_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/',
'project_urls': {'Download': 'UNKNOWN',
'Homepage': 'https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject'},
'release_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/1.2.0/',
'requires_dist': None,
'requires_python': None,
'summary': 'A sample Python project',
'version': '1.2.0'}
The result can be limited to a certain *depth* (ellipsis is used for deeper
contents)::
>>> pprint.pprint(project_info, depth=1)
{'author': 'The Python Packaging Authority',
'author_email': 'pypa-dev@googlegroups.com',
'bugtrack_url': None,
'classifiers': [...],
'description': 'A sample Python project\n'
'=======================\n'
'\n'
'This is the description file for the project.\n'
'\n'
'The file should use UTF-8 encoding and be written using '
'ReStructured Text. It\n'
'will be used to generate the project webpage on PyPI, and '
'should be written for\n'
'that purpose.\n'
'\n'
'Typical contents for this file would include an overview of '
'the project, basic\n'
'usage examples, etc. Generally, including the project '
'changelog in here is not\n'
'a good idea, although a simple "What\'s New" section for the '
'most recent version\n'
'may be appropriate.',
'description_content_type': None,
'docs_url': None,
'download_url': 'UNKNOWN',
'downloads': {...},
'home_page': 'https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject',
'keywords': 'sample setuptools development',
'license': 'MIT',
'maintainer': None,
'maintainer_email': None,
'name': 'sampleproject',
'package_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/',
'platform': 'UNKNOWN',
'project_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/',
'project_urls': {...},
'release_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/1.2.0/',
'requires_dist': None,
'requires_python': None,
'summary': 'A sample Python project',
'version': '1.2.0'}
Additionally, maximum character *width* can be suggested. If a long object
cannot be split, the specified width will be exceeded::
>>> pprint.pprint(project_info, depth=1, width=60)
{'author': 'The Python Packaging Authority',
'author_email': 'pypa-dev@googlegroups.com',
'bugtrack_url': None,
'classifiers': [...],
'description': 'A sample Python project\n'
'=======================\n'
'\n'
'This is the description file for the '
'project.\n'
'\n'
'The file should use UTF-8 encoding and be '
'written using ReStructured Text. It\n'
'will be used to generate the project '
'webpage on PyPI, and should be written '
'for\n'
'that purpose.\n'
'\n'
'Typical contents for this file would '
'include an overview of the project, '
'basic\n'
'usage examples, etc. Generally, including '
'the project changelog in here is not\n'
'a good idea, although a simple "What\'s '
'New" section for the most recent version\n'
'may be appropriate.',
'description_content_type': None,
'docs_url': None,
'download_url': 'UNKNOWN',
'downloads': {...},
'home_page': 'https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject',
'keywords': 'sample setuptools development',
'license': 'MIT',
'maintainer': None,
'maintainer_email': None,
'name': 'sampleproject',
'package_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/',
'platform': 'UNKNOWN',
'project_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/',
'project_urls': {...},
'release_url': 'https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/1.2.0/',
'requires_dist': None,
'requires_python': None,
'summary': 'A sample Python project',
'version': '1.2.0'}
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