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:mod:`webbrowser` --- Convenient Web-browser controller
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=======================================================
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.. module:: webbrowser
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:synopsis: Easy-to-use controller for Web browsers.
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.. moduleauthor:: Fred L. Drake, Jr. <fdrake@acm.org>
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.. sectionauthor:: Fred L. Drake, Jr. <fdrake@acm.org>
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The :mod:`webbrowser` module provides a high-level interface to allow displaying
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Web-based documents to users. Under most circumstances, simply calling the
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:func:`.open` function from this module will do the right thing.
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Under Unix, graphical browsers are preferred under X11, but text-mode browsers
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will be used if graphical browsers are not available or an X11 display isn't
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available. If text-mode browsers are used, the calling process will block until
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the user exits the browser.
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If the environment variable :envvar:`BROWSER` exists, it is interpreted to
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override the platform default list of browsers, as a :data:`os.pathsep`-separated
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list of browsers to try in order. When the value of a list part contains the
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string ``%s``, then it is interpreted as a literal browser command line to be
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used with the argument URL substituted for ``%s``; if the part does not contain
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``%s``, it is simply interpreted as the name of the browser to launch. [1]_
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For non-Unix platforms, or when a remote browser is available on Unix, the
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controlling process will not wait for the user to finish with the browser, but
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allow the remote browser to maintain its own windows on the display. If remote
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browsers are not available on Unix, the controlling process will launch a new
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browser and wait.
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The script :program:`webbrowser` can be used as a command-line interface for the
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module. It accepts an URL as the argument. It accepts the following optional
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parameters: :option:`-n` opens the URL in a new browser window, if possible;
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:option:`-t` opens the URL in a new browser page ("tab"). The options are,
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naturally, mutually exclusive.
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The following exception is defined:
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.. exception:: Error
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Exception raised when a browser control error occurs.
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The following functions are defined:
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.. function:: open(url, new=0, autoraise=True)
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Display *url* using the default browser. If *new* is 0, the *url* is opened
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in the same browser window if possible. If *new* is 1, a new browser window
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is opened if possible. If *new* is 2, a new browser page ("tab") is opened
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if possible. If *autoraise* is ``True``, the window is raised if possible
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(note that under many window managers this will occur regardless of the
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setting of this variable).
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Note that on some platforms, trying to open a filename using this function,
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may work and start the operating system's associated program. However, this
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is neither supported nor portable.
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.. function:: open_new(url)
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Open *url* in a new window of the default browser, if possible, otherwise, open
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*url* in the only browser window.
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.. function:: open_new_tab(url)
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Open *url* in a new page ("tab") of the default browser, if possible, otherwise
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equivalent to :func:`open_new`.
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.. function:: get(using=None)
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Return a controller object for the browser type *using*. If *using* is
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``None``, return a controller for a default browser appropriate to the
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caller's environment.
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.. function:: register(name, constructor, instance=None)
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Register the browser type *name*. Once a browser type is registered, the
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:func:`get` function can return a controller for that browser type. If
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*instance* is not provided, or is ``None``, *constructor* will be called without
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parameters to create an instance when needed. If *instance* is provided,
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*constructor* will never be called, and may be ``None``.
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This entry point is only useful if you plan to either set the :envvar:`BROWSER`
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variable or call :func:`get` with a nonempty argument matching the name of a
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handler you declare.
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A number of browser types are predefined. This table gives the type names that
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may be passed to the :func:`get` function and the corresponding instantiations
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for the controller classes, all defined in this module.
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| Type Name | Class Name | Notes |
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+=======================+=========================================+=======+
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| ``'mozilla'`` | :class:`Mozilla('mozilla')` | |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'firefox'`` | :class:`Mozilla('mozilla')` | |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'netscape'`` | :class:`Mozilla('netscape')` | |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'galeon'`` | :class:`Galeon('galeon')` | |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'epiphany'`` | :class:`Galeon('epiphany')` | |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'skipstone'`` | :class:`BackgroundBrowser('skipstone')` | |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'kfmclient'`` | :class:`Konqueror()` | \(1) |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'konqueror'`` | :class:`Konqueror()` | \(1) |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'kfm'`` | :class:`Konqueror()` | \(1) |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'mosaic'`` | :class:`BackgroundBrowser('mosaic')` | |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'opera'`` | :class:`Opera()` | |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'grail'`` | :class:`Grail()` | |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'links'`` | :class:`GenericBrowser('links')` | |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'elinks'`` | :class:`Elinks('elinks')` | |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'lynx'`` | :class:`GenericBrowser('lynx')` | |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'w3m'`` | :class:`GenericBrowser('w3m')` | |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'windows-default'`` | :class:`WindowsDefault` | \(2) |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'internet-config'`` | :class:`InternetConfig` | \(3) |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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| ``'macosx'`` | :class:`MacOSX('default')` | \(4) |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------+
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Notes:
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(1)
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"Konqueror" is the file manager for the KDE desktop environment for Unix, and
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only makes sense to use if KDE is running. Some way of reliably detecting KDE
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would be nice; the :envvar:`KDEDIR` variable is not sufficient. Note also that
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the name "kfm" is used even when using the :program:`konqueror` command with KDE
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2 --- the implementation selects the best strategy for running Konqueror.
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(2)
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Only on Windows platforms.
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(3)
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Only on Mac OS platforms; requires the standard MacPython :mod:`ic` module.
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(4)
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Only on Mac OS X platform.
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Here are some simple examples::
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url = 'http://www.python.org/'
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# Open URL in a new tab, if a browser window is already open.
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webbrowser.open_new_tab(url + 'doc/')
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# Open URL in new window, raising the window if possible.
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webbrowser.open_new(url)
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.. _browser-controllers:
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Browser Controller Objects
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--------------------------
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Browser controllers provide these methods which parallel three of the
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module-level convenience functions:
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.. method:: controller.open(url, new=0, autoraise=True)
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Display *url* using the browser handled by this controller. If *new* is 1, a new
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browser window is opened if possible. If *new* is 2, a new browser page ("tab")
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is opened if possible.
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.. method:: controller.open_new(url)
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Open *url* in a new window of the browser handled by this controller, if
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possible, otherwise, open *url* in the only browser window. Alias
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:func:`open_new`.
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.. method:: controller.open_new_tab(url)
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Open *url* in a new page ("tab") of the browser handled by this controller, if
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possible, otherwise equivalent to :func:`open_new`.
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.. rubric:: Footnotes
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.. [1] Executables named here without a full path will be searched in the
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directories given in the :envvar:`PATH` environment variable.
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