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293 lines
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ReStructuredText
293 lines
12 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`pprint` --- Data pretty printer
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=====================================
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.. module:: pprint
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:synopsis: Data pretty printer.
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.. moduleauthor:: Fred L. Drake, Jr. <fdrake@acm.org>
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.. sectionauthor:: Fred L. Drake, Jr. <fdrake@acm.org>
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/pprint.py`
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--------------
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The :mod:`pprint` module provides a capability to "pretty-print" arbitrary
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Python data structures in a form which can be used as input to the interpreter.
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If the formatted structures include objects which are not fundamental Python
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types, the representation may not be loadable. This may be the case if objects
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such as files, sockets, classes, or instances are included, as well as many
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other built-in objects which are not representable as Python constants.
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The formatted representation keeps objects on a single line if it can, and
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breaks them onto multiple lines if they don't fit within the allowed width.
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Construct :class:`PrettyPrinter` objects explicitly if you need to adjust the
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width constraint.
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Dictionaries are sorted by key before the display is computed.
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The :mod:`pprint` module defines one class:
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.. First the implementation class:
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.. class:: PrettyPrinter(indent=1, width=80, depth=None, stream=None)
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Construct a :class:`PrettyPrinter` instance. This constructor understands
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several keyword parameters. An output stream may be set using the *stream*
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keyword; the only method used on the stream object is the file protocol's
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:meth:`write` method. If not specified, the :class:`PrettyPrinter` adopts
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``sys.stdout``. Three additional parameters may be used to control the
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formatted representation. The keywords are *indent*, *depth*, and *width*. The
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amount of indentation added for each recursive level is specified by *indent*;
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the default is one. Other values can cause output to look a little odd, but can
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make nesting easier to spot. The number of levels which may be printed is
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controlled by *depth*; if the data structure being printed is too deep, the next
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contained level is replaced by ``...``. By default, there is no constraint on
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the depth of the objects being formatted. The desired output width is
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constrained using the *width* parameter; the default is 80 characters. If a
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structure cannot be formatted within the constrained width, a best effort will
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be made.
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>>> import pprint
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>>> stuff = ['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni']
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>>> stuff.insert(0, stuff[:])
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>>> pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=4)
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>>> pp.pprint(stuff)
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[ ['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni'],
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'spam',
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'eggs',
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'lumberjack',
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'knights',
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'ni']
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>>> tup = ('spam', ('eggs', ('lumberjack', ('knights', ('ni', ('dead',
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... ('parrot', ('fresh fruit',))))))))
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>>> pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(depth=6)
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>>> pp.pprint(tup)
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('spam', ('eggs', ('lumberjack', ('knights', ('ni', ('dead', (...)))))))
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The :class:`PrettyPrinter` class supports several derivative functions:
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.. function:: pformat(object, indent=1, width=80, depth=None)
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Return the formatted representation of *object* as a string. *indent*, *width*
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and *depth* will be passed to the :class:`PrettyPrinter` constructor as
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formatting parameters.
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.. function:: pprint(object, stream=None, indent=1, width=80, depth=None)
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Prints the formatted representation of *object* on *stream*, followed by a
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newline. If *stream* is ``None``, ``sys.stdout`` is used. This may be used
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in the interactive interpreter instead of the :func:`print` function for
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inspecting values (you can even reassign ``print = pprint.pprint`` for use
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within a scope). *indent*, *width* and *depth* will be passed to the
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:class:`PrettyPrinter` constructor as formatting parameters.
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>>> import pprint
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>>> stuff = ['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni']
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>>> stuff.insert(0, stuff)
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>>> pprint.pprint(stuff)
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[<Recursion on list with id=...>,
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'spam',
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'eggs',
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'lumberjack',
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'knights',
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'ni']
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.. function:: isreadable(object)
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.. index:: builtin: eval
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Determine if the formatted representation of *object* is "readable," or can be
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used to reconstruct the value using :func:`eval`. This always returns ``False``
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for recursive objects.
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>>> pprint.isreadable(stuff)
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False
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.. function:: isrecursive(object)
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Determine if *object* requires a recursive representation.
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One more support function is also defined:
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.. function:: saferepr(object)
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Return a string representation of *object*, protected against recursive data
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structures. If the representation of *object* exposes a recursive entry, the
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recursive reference will be represented as ``<Recursion on typename with
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id=number>``. The representation is not otherwise formatted.
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>>> pprint.saferepr(stuff)
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"[<Recursion on list with id=...>, 'spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni']"
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.. _prettyprinter-objects:
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PrettyPrinter Objects
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---------------------
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:class:`PrettyPrinter` instances have the following methods:
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.. method:: PrettyPrinter.pformat(object)
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Return the formatted representation of *object*. This takes into account the
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options passed to the :class:`PrettyPrinter` constructor.
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.. method:: PrettyPrinter.pprint(object)
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Print the formatted representation of *object* on the configured stream,
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followed by a newline.
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The following methods provide the implementations for the corresponding
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functions of the same names. Using these methods on an instance is slightly
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more efficient since new :class:`PrettyPrinter` objects don't need to be
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created.
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.. method:: PrettyPrinter.isreadable(object)
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.. index:: builtin: eval
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Determine if the formatted representation of the object is "readable," or can be
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used to reconstruct the value using :func:`eval`. Note that this returns
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``False`` for recursive objects. If the *depth* parameter of the
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:class:`PrettyPrinter` is set and the object is deeper than allowed, this
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returns ``False``.
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.. method:: PrettyPrinter.isrecursive(object)
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Determine if the object requires a recursive representation.
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This method is provided as a hook to allow subclasses to modify the way objects
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are converted to strings. The default implementation uses the internals of the
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:func:`saferepr` implementation.
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.. method:: PrettyPrinter.format(object, context, maxlevels, level)
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Returns three values: the formatted version of *object* as a string, a flag
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indicating whether the result is readable, and a flag indicating whether
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recursion was detected. The first argument is the object to be presented. The
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second is a dictionary which contains the :func:`id` of objects that are part of
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the current presentation context (direct and indirect containers for *object*
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that are affecting the presentation) as the keys; if an object needs to be
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presented which is already represented in *context*, the third return value
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should be ``True``. Recursive calls to the :meth:`format` method should add
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additional entries for containers to this dictionary. The third argument,
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*maxlevels*, gives the requested limit to recursion; this will be ``0`` if there
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is no requested limit. This argument should be passed unmodified to recursive
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calls. The fourth argument, *level*, gives the current level; recursive calls
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should be passed a value less than that of the current call.
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.. _pprint-example:
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Example
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-------
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To demonstrate several uses of the :func:`pprint` function and its parameters,
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let's fetch information about a project from PyPI::
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>>> import json
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>>> import pprint
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>>> from urllib.request import urlopen
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>>> with urlopen('http://pypi.python.org/pypi/configparser/json') as url:
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... http_info = url.info()
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... raw_data = url.read().decode(http_info.get_content_charset())
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>>> project_info = json.loads(raw_data)
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>>> result = {'headers': http_info.items(), 'body': project_info}
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In its basic form, :func:`pprint` shows the whole object::
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>>> pprint.pprint(result)
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{'body': {'info': {'_pypi_hidden': False,
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'_pypi_ordering': 12,
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'classifiers': ['Development Status :: 4 - Beta',
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'Intended Audience :: Developers',
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'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
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'Natural Language :: English',
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'Operating System :: OS Independent',
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'Programming Language :: Python',
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'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
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'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
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'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
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'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries',
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'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules'],
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'download_url': 'UNKNOWN',
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'home_page': 'http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/configparser.html',
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'keywords': 'configparser ini parsing conf cfg configuration file',
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'license': 'MIT',
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'name': 'configparser',
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'package_url': 'http://pypi.python.org/pypi/configparser',
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'platform': 'any',
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'release_url': 'http://pypi.python.org/pypi/configparser/3.2.0r3',
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'requires_python': None,
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'stable_version': None,
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'summary': 'This library brings the updated configparser from Python 3.2+ to Python 2.6-2.7.',
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'version': '3.2.0r3'},
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'urls': [{'comment_text': '',
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'downloads': 47,
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'filename': 'configparser-3.2.0r3.tar.gz',
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'has_sig': False,
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'md5_digest': '8500fd87c61ac0de328fc996fce69b96',
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'packagetype': 'sdist',
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'python_version': 'source',
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'size': 32281,
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'upload_time': '2011-05-10T16:28:50',
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'url': 'http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/configparser/configparser-3.2.0r3.tar.gz'}]},
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'headers': [('Date', 'Sat, 14 May 2011 12:48:52 GMT'),
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('Server', 'Apache/2.2.16 (Debian)'),
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('Content-Disposition', 'inline'),
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('Connection', 'close'),
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('Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked'),
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('Content-Type', 'application/json; charset="UTF-8"')]}
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The result can be limited to a certain *depth* (ellipsis is used for deeper
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contents)::
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>>> pprint.pprint(result, depth=3)
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{'body': {'info': {'_pypi_hidden': False,
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'_pypi_ordering': 12,
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'classifiers': [...],
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'download_url': 'UNKNOWN',
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'home_page': 'http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/configparser.html',
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'keywords': 'configparser ini parsing conf cfg configuration file',
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'license': 'MIT',
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'name': 'configparser',
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'package_url': 'http://pypi.python.org/pypi/configparser',
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'platform': 'any',
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'release_url': 'http://pypi.python.org/pypi/configparser/3.2.0r3',
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'requires_python': None,
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'stable_version': None,
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'summary': 'This library brings the updated configparser from Python 3.2+ to Python 2.6-2.7.',
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'version': '3.2.0r3'},
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'urls': [{...}]},
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'headers': [('Date', 'Sat, 14 May 2011 12:48:52 GMT'),
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('Server', 'Apache/2.2.16 (Debian)'),
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('Content-Disposition', 'inline'),
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('Connection', 'close'),
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('Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked'),
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('Content-Type', 'application/json; charset="UTF-8"')]}
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Additionally, maximum *width* can be suggested. If a long object cannot be
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split, the specified width will be exceeded::
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>>> pprint.pprint(result['headers'], width=30)
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[('Date',
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'Sat, 14 May 2011 12:48:52 GMT'),
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('Server',
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'Apache/2.2.16 (Debian)'),
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('Content-Disposition',
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'inline'),
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('Connection', 'close'),
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('Transfer-Encoding',
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'chunked'),
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('Content-Type',
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'application/json; charset="UTF-8"')]
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