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81ee026091
Add a track parameter to shared memory to allow resource tracking via the side-launched resource tracker process to be disabled on platforms that use it (POSIX). This allows people who do not want automated cleanup at process exit because they are using the shared memory with processes not participating in Python's resource tracking to use the shared_memory API. Co-authored-by: Łukasz Langa <lukasz@langa.pl> Co-authored-by: Guido van Rossum <gvanrossum@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr> Co-authored-by: Gregory P. Smith <greg@krypto.org>
420 lines
17 KiB
ReStructuredText
420 lines
17 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`multiprocessing.shared_memory` --- Shared memory for direct access across processes
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=========================================================================================
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.. module:: multiprocessing.shared_memory
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:synopsis: Provides shared memory for direct access across processes.
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/multiprocessing/shared_memory.py`
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.. versionadded:: 3.8
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.. index::
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single: Shared Memory
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single: POSIX Shared Memory
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single: Named Shared Memory
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--------------
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This module provides a class, :class:`SharedMemory`, for the allocation
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and management of shared memory to be accessed by one or more processes
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on a multicore or symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) machine. To assist with
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the life-cycle management of shared memory especially across distinct
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processes, a :class:`~multiprocessing.managers.BaseManager` subclass,
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:class:`SharedMemoryManager`, is also provided in the
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``multiprocessing.managers`` module.
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In this module, shared memory refers to "System V style" shared memory blocks
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(though is not necessarily implemented explicitly as such) and does not refer
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to "distributed shared memory". This style of shared memory permits distinct
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processes to potentially read and write to a common (or shared) region of
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volatile memory. Processes are conventionally limited to only have access to
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their own process memory space but shared memory permits the sharing
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of data between processes, avoiding the need to instead send messages between
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processes containing that data. Sharing data directly via memory can provide
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significant performance benefits compared to sharing data via disk or socket
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or other communications requiring the serialization/deserialization and
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copying of data.
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.. class:: SharedMemory(name=None, create=False, size=0, *, track=True)
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Creates a new shared memory block or attaches to an existing shared
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memory block. Each shared memory block is assigned a unique name.
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In this way, one process can create a shared memory block with a
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particular name and a different process can attach to that same shared
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memory block using that same name.
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As a resource for sharing data across processes, shared memory blocks
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may outlive the original process that created them. When one process
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no longer needs access to a shared memory block that might still be
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needed by other processes, the :meth:`close()` method should be called.
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When a shared memory block is no longer needed by any process, the
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:meth:`unlink()` method should be called to ensure proper cleanup.
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*name* is the unique name for the requested shared memory, specified as
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a string. When creating a new shared memory block, if ``None`` (the
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default) is supplied for the name, a novel name will be generated.
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*create* controls whether a new shared memory block is created (``True``)
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or an existing shared memory block is attached (``False``).
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*size* specifies the requested number of bytes when creating a new shared
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memory block. Because some platforms choose to allocate chunks of memory
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based upon that platform's memory page size, the exact size of the shared
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memory block may be larger or equal to the size requested. When attaching
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to an existing shared memory block, the ``size`` parameter is ignored.
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*track*, when enabled, registers the shared memory block with a resource
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tracker process on platforms where the OS does not do this automatically.
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The resource tracker ensures proper cleanup of the shared memory even
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if all other processes with access to the memory exit without doing so.
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Python processes created from a common ancestor using :mod:`multiprocessing`
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facilities share a single resource tracker process, and the lifetime of
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shared memory segments is handled automatically among these processes.
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Python processes created in any other way will receive their own
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resource tracker when accessing shared memory with *track* enabled.
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This will cause the shared memory to be deleted by the resource tracker
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of the first process that terminates.
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To avoid this issue, users of :mod:`subprocess` or standalone Python
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processes should set *track* to ``False`` when there is already another
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process in place that does the bookkeeping.
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*track* is ignored on Windows, which has its own tracking and
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automatically deletes shared memory when all handles to it have been closed.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.13 Added *track* parameter.
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.. method:: close()
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Closes the file descriptor/handle to the shared memory from this
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instance. :meth:`close()` should be called once access to the shared
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memory block from this instance is no longer needed. Depending
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on operating system, the underlying memory may or may not be freed
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even if all handles to it have been closed. To ensure proper cleanup,
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use the :meth:`unlink()` method.
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.. method:: unlink()
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Deletes the underlying shared memory block. This should be called only
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once per shared memory block regardless of the number of handles to it,
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even in other processes.
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:meth:`unlink()` and :meth:`close()` can be called in any order, but
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trying to access data inside a shared memory block after :meth:`unlink()`
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may result in memory access errors, depending on platform.
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This method has no effect on Windows, where the only way to delete a
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shared memory block is to close all handles.
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.. attribute:: buf
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A memoryview of contents of the shared memory block.
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.. attribute:: name
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Read-only access to the unique name of the shared memory block.
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.. attribute:: size
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Read-only access to size in bytes of the shared memory block.
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The following example demonstrates low-level use of :class:`SharedMemory`
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instances::
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>>> from multiprocessing import shared_memory
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>>> shm_a = shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=True, size=10)
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>>> type(shm_a.buf)
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<class 'memoryview'>
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>>> buffer = shm_a.buf
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>>> len(buffer)
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10
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>>> buffer[:4] = bytearray([22, 33, 44, 55]) # Modify multiple at once
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>>> buffer[4] = 100 # Modify single byte at a time
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>>> # Attach to an existing shared memory block
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>>> shm_b = shared_memory.SharedMemory(shm_a.name)
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>>> import array
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>>> array.array('b', shm_b.buf[:5]) # Copy the data into a new array.array
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array('b', [22, 33, 44, 55, 100])
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>>> shm_b.buf[:5] = b'howdy' # Modify via shm_b using bytes
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>>> bytes(shm_a.buf[:5]) # Access via shm_a
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b'howdy'
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>>> shm_b.close() # Close each SharedMemory instance
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>>> shm_a.close()
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>>> shm_a.unlink() # Call unlink only once to release the shared memory
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The following example demonstrates a practical use of the :class:`SharedMemory`
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class with `NumPy arrays <https://numpy.org/>`_, accessing the
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same ``numpy.ndarray`` from two distinct Python shells:
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.. doctest::
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:options: +SKIP
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>>> # In the first Python interactive shell
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>>> import numpy as np
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>>> a = np.array([1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8]) # Start with an existing NumPy array
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>>> from multiprocessing import shared_memory
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>>> shm = shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=True, size=a.nbytes)
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>>> # Now create a NumPy array backed by shared memory
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>>> b = np.ndarray(a.shape, dtype=a.dtype, buffer=shm.buf)
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>>> b[:] = a[:] # Copy the original data into shared memory
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>>> b
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array([1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8])
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>>> type(b)
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<class 'numpy.ndarray'>
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>>> type(a)
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<class 'numpy.ndarray'>
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>>> shm.name # We did not specify a name so one was chosen for us
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'psm_21467_46075'
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>>> # In either the same shell or a new Python shell on the same machine
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>>> import numpy as np
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>>> from multiprocessing import shared_memory
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>>> # Attach to the existing shared memory block
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>>> existing_shm = shared_memory.SharedMemory(name='psm_21467_46075')
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>>> # Note that a.shape is (6,) and a.dtype is np.int64 in this example
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>>> c = np.ndarray((6,), dtype=np.int64, buffer=existing_shm.buf)
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>>> c
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array([1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8])
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>>> c[-1] = 888
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>>> c
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array([ 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 888])
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>>> # Back in the first Python interactive shell, b reflects this change
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>>> b
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array([ 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 888])
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>>> # Clean up from within the second Python shell
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>>> del c # Unnecessary; merely emphasizing the array is no longer used
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>>> existing_shm.close()
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>>> # Clean up from within the first Python shell
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>>> del b # Unnecessary; merely emphasizing the array is no longer used
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>>> shm.close()
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>>> shm.unlink() # Free and release the shared memory block at the very end
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.. class:: SharedMemoryManager([address[, authkey]])
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:module: multiprocessing.managers
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A subclass of :class:`~multiprocessing.managers.BaseManager` which can be
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used for the management of shared memory blocks across processes.
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A call to :meth:`~multiprocessing.managers.BaseManager.start` on a
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:class:`SharedMemoryManager` instance causes a new process to be started.
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This new process's sole purpose is to manage the life cycle
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of all shared memory blocks created through it. To trigger the release
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of all shared memory blocks managed by that process, call
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:meth:`~multiprocessing.managers.BaseManager.shutdown()` on the instance.
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This triggers a :meth:`SharedMemory.unlink()` call on all of the
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:class:`SharedMemory` objects managed by that process and then
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stops the process itself. By creating ``SharedMemory`` instances
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through a ``SharedMemoryManager``, we avoid the need to manually track
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and trigger the freeing of shared memory resources.
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This class provides methods for creating and returning :class:`SharedMemory`
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instances and for creating a list-like object (:class:`ShareableList`)
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backed by shared memory.
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Refer to :class:`multiprocessing.managers.BaseManager` for a description
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of the inherited *address* and *authkey* optional input arguments and how
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they may be used to connect to an existing ``SharedMemoryManager`` service
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from other processes.
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.. method:: SharedMemory(size)
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Create and return a new :class:`SharedMemory` object with the
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specified ``size`` in bytes.
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.. method:: ShareableList(sequence)
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Create and return a new :class:`ShareableList` object, initialized
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by the values from the input ``sequence``.
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The following example demonstrates the basic mechanisms of a
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:class:`SharedMemoryManager`:
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.. doctest::
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:options: +SKIP
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>>> from multiprocessing.managers import SharedMemoryManager
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>>> smm = SharedMemoryManager()
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>>> smm.start() # Start the process that manages the shared memory blocks
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>>> sl = smm.ShareableList(range(4))
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>>> sl
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ShareableList([0, 1, 2, 3], name='psm_6572_7512')
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>>> raw_shm = smm.SharedMemory(size=128)
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>>> another_sl = smm.ShareableList('alpha')
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>>> another_sl
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ShareableList(['a', 'l', 'p', 'h', 'a'], name='psm_6572_12221')
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>>> smm.shutdown() # Calls unlink() on sl, raw_shm, and another_sl
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The following example depicts a potentially more convenient pattern for using
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:class:`SharedMemoryManager` objects via the :keyword:`with` statement to
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ensure that all shared memory blocks are released after they are no longer
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needed:
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.. doctest::
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:options: +SKIP
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>>> with SharedMemoryManager() as smm:
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... sl = smm.ShareableList(range(2000))
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... # Divide the work among two processes, storing partial results in sl
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... p1 = Process(target=do_work, args=(sl, 0, 1000))
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... p2 = Process(target=do_work, args=(sl, 1000, 2000))
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... p1.start()
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... p2.start() # A multiprocessing.Pool might be more efficient
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... p1.join()
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... p2.join() # Wait for all work to complete in both processes
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... total_result = sum(sl) # Consolidate the partial results now in sl
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When using a :class:`SharedMemoryManager` in a :keyword:`with` statement, the
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shared memory blocks created using that manager are all released when the
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:keyword:`with` statement's code block finishes execution.
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.. class:: ShareableList(sequence=None, \*, name=None)
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Provides a mutable list-like object where all values stored within are
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stored in a shared memory block. This constrains storable values to
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only the ``int`` (signed 64-bit), ``float``, ``bool``, ``str`` (less
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than 10M bytes each when encoded as utf-8), ``bytes`` (less than 10M
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bytes each), and ``None`` built-in data types. It also notably
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differs from the built-in ``list`` type in that these lists can not
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change their overall length (i.e. no append, insert, etc.) and do not
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support the dynamic creation of new :class:`ShareableList` instances
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via slicing.
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*sequence* is used in populating a new ``ShareableList`` full of values.
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Set to ``None`` to instead attach to an already existing
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``ShareableList`` by its unique shared memory name.
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*name* is the unique name for the requested shared memory, as described
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in the definition for :class:`SharedMemory`. When attaching to an
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existing ``ShareableList``, specify its shared memory block's unique
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name while leaving ``sequence`` set to ``None``.
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.. note::
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A known issue exists for :class:`bytes` and :class:`str` values.
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If they end with ``\x00`` nul bytes or characters, those may be
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*silently stripped* when fetching them by index from the
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:class:`ShareableList`. This ``.rstrip(b'\x00')`` behavior is
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considered a bug and may go away in the future. See :gh:`106939`.
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For applications where rstripping of trailing nulls is a problem,
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work around it by always unconditionally appending an extra non-0
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byte to the end of such values when storing and unconditionally
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removing it when fetching:
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.. doctest::
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>>> from multiprocessing import shared_memory
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>>> nul_bug_demo = shared_memory.ShareableList(['?\x00', b'\x03\x02\x01\x00\x00\x00'])
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>>> nul_bug_demo[0]
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'?'
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>>> nul_bug_demo[1]
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b'\x03\x02\x01'
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>>> nul_bug_demo.shm.unlink()
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>>> padded = shared_memory.ShareableList(['?\x00\x07', b'\x03\x02\x01\x00\x00\x00\x07'])
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>>> padded[0][:-1]
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'?\x00'
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>>> padded[1][:-1]
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b'\x03\x02\x01\x00\x00\x00'
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>>> padded.shm.unlink()
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.. method:: count(value)
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Returns the number of occurrences of ``value``.
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.. method:: index(value)
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Returns first index position of ``value``. Raises :exc:`ValueError` if
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``value`` is not present.
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.. attribute:: format
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Read-only attribute containing the :mod:`struct` packing format used by
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all currently stored values.
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.. attribute:: shm
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The :class:`SharedMemory` instance where the values are stored.
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The following example demonstrates basic use of a :class:`ShareableList`
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instance:
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>>> from multiprocessing import shared_memory
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>>> a = shared_memory.ShareableList(['howdy', b'HoWdY', -273.154, 100, None, True, 42])
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>>> [ type(entry) for entry in a ]
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[<class 'str'>, <class 'bytes'>, <class 'float'>, <class 'int'>, <class 'NoneType'>, <class 'bool'>, <class 'int'>]
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>>> a[2]
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-273.154
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>>> a[2] = -78.5
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>>> a[2]
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-78.5
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>>> a[2] = 'dry ice' # Changing data types is supported as well
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>>> a[2]
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'dry ice'
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>>> a[2] = 'larger than previously allocated storage space'
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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ValueError: exceeds available storage for existing str
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>>> a[2]
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'dry ice'
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>>> len(a)
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7
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>>> a.index(42)
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6
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>>> a.count(b'howdy')
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0
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>>> a.count(b'HoWdY')
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1
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>>> a.shm.close()
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>>> a.shm.unlink()
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>>> del a # Use of a ShareableList after call to unlink() is unsupported
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The following example depicts how one, two, or many processes may access the
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same :class:`ShareableList` by supplying the name of the shared memory block
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behind it:
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>>> b = shared_memory.ShareableList(range(5)) # In a first process
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>>> c = shared_memory.ShareableList(name=b.shm.name) # In a second process
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>>> c
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ShareableList([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], name='...')
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>>> c[-1] = -999
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>>> b[-1]
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-999
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>>> b.shm.close()
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>>> c.shm.close()
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>>> c.shm.unlink()
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The following examples demonstrates that ``ShareableList``
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(and underlying ``SharedMemory``) objects
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can be pickled and unpickled if needed.
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Note, that it will still be the same shared object.
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This happens, because the deserialized object has
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the same unique name and is just attached to an existing
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object with the same name (if the object is still alive):
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>>> import pickle
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>>> from multiprocessing import shared_memory
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>>> sl = shared_memory.ShareableList(range(10))
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>>> list(sl)
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[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
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>>> deserialized_sl = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(sl))
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>>> list(deserialized_sl)
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[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
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>>> sl[0] = -1
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>>> deserialized_sl[1] = -2
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>>> list(sl)
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[-1, -2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
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>>> list(deserialized_sl)
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[-1, -2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
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>>> sl.shm.close()
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>>> sl.shm.unlink()
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