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444 lines
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ReStructuredText
444 lines
17 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`ftplib` --- FTP protocol client
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=====================================
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.. module:: ftplib
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:synopsis: FTP protocol client (requires sockets).
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.. index::
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pair: FTP; protocol
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single: FTP; ftplib (standard module)
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/ftplib.py`
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--------------
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This module defines the class :class:`FTP` and a few related items. The
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:class:`FTP` class implements the client side of the FTP protocol. You can use
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this to write Python programs that perform a variety of automated FTP jobs, such
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as mirroring other ftp servers. It is also used by the module
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:mod:`urllib.request` to handle URLs that use FTP. For more information on FTP
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(File Transfer Protocol), see Internet :rfc:`959`.
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Here's a sample session using the :mod:`ftplib` module::
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>>> from ftplib import FTP
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>>> ftp = FTP('ftp.cwi.nl') # connect to host, default port
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>>> ftp.login() # user anonymous, passwd anonymous@
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>>> ftp.retrlines('LIST') # list directory contents
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total 24418
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drwxrwsr-x 5 ftp-usr pdmaint 1536 Mar 20 09:48 .
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dr-xr-srwt 105 ftp-usr pdmaint 1536 Mar 21 14:32 ..
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-rw-r--r-- 1 ftp-usr pdmaint 5305 Mar 20 09:48 INDEX
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.
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.
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.
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>>> ftp.retrbinary('RETR README', open('README', 'wb').write)
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'226 Transfer complete.'
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>>> ftp.quit()
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The module defines the following items:
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.. class:: FTP(host='', user='', passwd='', acct='', timeout=None, source_address=None)
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Return a new instance of the :class:`FTP` class. When *host* is given, the
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method call ``connect(host)`` is made. When *user* is given, additionally
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the method call ``login(user, passwd, acct)`` is made (where *passwd* and
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*acct* default to the empty string when not given). The optional *timeout*
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parameter specifies a timeout in seconds for blocking operations like the
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connection attempt (if is not specified, the global default timeout setting
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will be used). *source_address* is a 2-tuple ``(host, port)`` for the socket
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to bind to as its source address before connecting.
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:class:`FTP` class supports the :keyword:`with` statement. Here is a sample
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on how using it:
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>>> from ftplib import FTP
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>>> with FTP("ftp1.at.proftpd.org") as ftp:
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... ftp.login()
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... ftp.dir()
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...
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'230 Anonymous login ok, restrictions apply.'
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dr-xr-xr-x 9 ftp ftp 154 May 6 10:43 .
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dr-xr-xr-x 9 ftp ftp 154 May 6 10:43 ..
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dr-xr-xr-x 5 ftp ftp 4096 May 6 10:43 CentOS
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dr-xr-xr-x 3 ftp ftp 18 Jul 10 2008 Fedora
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>>>
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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Support for the :keyword:`with` statement was added.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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*source_address* parameter was added.
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.. class:: FTP_TLS(host='', user='', passwd='', acct='', keyfile=None, certfile=None, context=None, timeout=None, source_address=None)
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A :class:`FTP` subclass which adds TLS support to FTP as described in
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:rfc:`4217`.
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Connect as usual to port 21 implicitly securing the FTP control connection
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before authenticating. Securing the data connection requires the user to
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explicitly ask for it by calling the :meth:`prot_p` method.
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*keyfile* and *certfile* are optional -- they can contain a PEM formatted
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private key and certificate chain file name for the SSL connection.
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*context* parameter is a :class:`ssl.SSLContext` object which allows
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bundling SSL configuration options, certificates and private keys into a
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single (potentially long-lived) structure. *source_address* is a 2-tuple
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``(host, port)`` for the socket to bind to as its source address before
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connecting.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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*source_address* parameter was added.
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Here's a sample session using the :class:`FTP_TLS` class:
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>>> from ftplib import FTP_TLS
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>>> ftps = FTP_TLS('ftp.python.org')
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>>> ftps.login() # login anonymously before securing control channel
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>>> ftps.prot_p() # switch to secure data connection
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>>> ftps.retrlines('LIST') # list directory content securely
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total 9
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drwxr-xr-x 8 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 .
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drwxr-xr-x 8 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 ..
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 bin
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 etc
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d-wxrwxr-x 2 ftp wheel 1024 Sep 5 13:43 incoming
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 1024 Nov 17 1993 lib
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drwxr-xr-x 6 1094 wheel 1024 Sep 13 19:07 pub
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drwxr-xr-x 3 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 usr
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-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 312 Aug 1 1994 welcome.msg
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'226 Transfer complete.'
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>>> ftps.quit()
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>>>
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.. exception:: error_reply
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Exception raised when an unexpected reply is received from the server.
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.. exception:: error_temp
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Exception raised when an error code signifying a temporary error (response
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codes in the range 400--499) is received.
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.. exception:: error_perm
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Exception raised when an error code signifying a permanent error (response
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codes in the range 500--599) is received.
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.. exception:: error_proto
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Exception raised when a reply is received from the server that does not fit
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the response specifications of the File Transfer Protocol, i.e. begin with a
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digit in the range 1--5.
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.. data:: all_errors
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The set of all exceptions (as a tuple) that methods of :class:`FTP`
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instances may raise as a result of problems with the FTP connection (as
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opposed to programming errors made by the caller). This set includes the
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four exceptions listed above as well as :exc:`OSError`.
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.. seealso::
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Module :mod:`netrc`
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Parser for the :file:`.netrc` file format. The file :file:`.netrc` is
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typically used by FTP clients to load user authentication information
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before prompting the user.
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.. index:: single: ftpmirror.py
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The file :file:`Tools/scripts/ftpmirror.py` in the Python source distribution is
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a script that can mirror FTP sites, or portions thereof, using the :mod:`ftplib`
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module. It can be used as an extended example that applies this module.
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.. _ftp-objects:
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FTP Objects
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-----------
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Several methods are available in two flavors: one for handling text files and
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another for binary files. These are named for the command which is used
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followed by ``lines`` for the text version or ``binary`` for the binary version.
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:class:`FTP` instances have the following methods:
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.. method:: FTP.set_debuglevel(level)
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Set the instance's debugging level. This controls the amount of debugging
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output printed. The default, ``0``, produces no debugging output. A value of
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``1`` produces a moderate amount of debugging output, generally a single line
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per request. A value of ``2`` or higher produces the maximum amount of
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debugging output, logging each line sent and received on the control connection.
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.. method:: FTP.connect(host='', port=0, timeout=None, source_address=None)
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Connect to the given host and port. The default port number is ``21``, as
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specified by the FTP protocol specification. It is rarely needed to specify a
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different port number. This function should be called only once for each
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instance; it should not be called at all if a host was given when the instance
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was created. All other methods can only be used after a connection has been
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made.
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The optional *timeout* parameter specifies a timeout in seconds for the
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connection attempt. If no *timeout* is passed, the global default timeout
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setting will be used.
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*source_address* is a 2-tuple ``(host, port)`` for the socket to bind to as
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its source address before connecting.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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*source_address* parameter was added.
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.. method:: FTP.getwelcome()
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Return the welcome message sent by the server in reply to the initial
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connection. (This message sometimes contains disclaimers or help information
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that may be relevant to the user.)
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.. method:: FTP.login(user='anonymous', passwd='', acct='')
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Log in as the given *user*. The *passwd* and *acct* parameters are optional and
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default to the empty string. If no *user* is specified, it defaults to
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``'anonymous'``. If *user* is ``'anonymous'``, the default *passwd* is
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``'anonymous@'``. This function should be called only once for each instance,
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after a connection has been established; it should not be called at all if a
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host and user were given when the instance was created. Most FTP commands are
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only allowed after the client has logged in. The *acct* parameter supplies
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"accounting information"; few systems implement this.
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.. method:: FTP.abort()
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Abort a file transfer that is in progress. Using this does not always work, but
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it's worth a try.
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.. method:: FTP.sendcmd(cmd)
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Send a simple command string to the server and return the response string.
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.. method:: FTP.voidcmd(cmd)
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Send a simple command string to the server and handle the response. Return
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nothing if a response code corresponding to success (codes in the range
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200--299) is received. Raise :exc:`error_reply` otherwise.
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.. method:: FTP.retrbinary(cmd, callback, blocksize=8192, rest=None)
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Retrieve a file in binary transfer mode. *cmd* should be an appropriate
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``RETR`` command: ``'RETR filename'``. The *callback* function is called for
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each block of data received, with a single string argument giving the data
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block. The optional *blocksize* argument specifies the maximum chunk size to
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read on the low-level socket object created to do the actual transfer (which
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will also be the largest size of the data blocks passed to *callback*). A
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reasonable default is chosen. *rest* means the same thing as in the
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:meth:`transfercmd` method.
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.. method:: FTP.retrlines(cmd, callback=None)
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Retrieve a file or directory listing in ASCII transfer mode. *cmd* should be
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an appropriate ``RETR`` command (see :meth:`retrbinary`) or a command such as
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``LIST`` or ``NLST`` (usually just the string ``'LIST'``).
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``LIST`` retrieves a list of files and information about those files.
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``NLST`` retrieves a list of file names.
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The *callback* function is called for each line with a string argument
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containing the line with the trailing CRLF stripped. The default *callback*
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prints the line to ``sys.stdout``.
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.. method:: FTP.set_pasv(boolean)
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Enable "passive" mode if *boolean* is true, other disable passive mode.
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Passive mode is on by default.
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.. method:: FTP.storbinary(cmd, file, blocksize=8192, callback=None, rest=None)
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Store a file in binary transfer mode. *cmd* should be an appropriate
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``STOR`` command: ``"STOR filename"``. *file* is a :term:`file object`
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(opened in binary mode) which is read until EOF using its :meth:`read`
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method in blocks of size *blocksize* to provide the data to be stored.
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The *blocksize* argument defaults to 8192. *callback* is an optional single
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parameter callable that is called on each block of data after it is sent.
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*rest* means the same thing as in the :meth:`transfercmd` method.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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*rest* parameter added.
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.. method:: FTP.storlines(cmd, file, callback=None)
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Store a file in ASCII transfer mode. *cmd* should be an appropriate
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``STOR`` command (see :meth:`storbinary`). Lines are read until EOF from the
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:term:`file object` *file* (opened in binary mode) using its :meth:`readline`
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method to provide the data to be stored. *callback* is an optional single
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parameter callable that is called on each line after it is sent.
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.. method:: FTP.transfercmd(cmd, rest=None)
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Initiate a transfer over the data connection. If the transfer is active, send a
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``EPRT`` or ``PORT`` command and the transfer command specified by *cmd*, and
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accept the connection. If the server is passive, send a ``EPSV`` or ``PASV``
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command, connect to it, and start the transfer command. Either way, return the
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socket for the connection.
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If optional *rest* is given, a ``REST`` command is sent to the server, passing
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*rest* as an argument. *rest* is usually a byte offset into the requested file,
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telling the server to restart sending the file's bytes at the requested offset,
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skipping over the initial bytes. Note however that RFC 959 requires only that
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*rest* be a string containing characters in the printable range from ASCII code
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33 to ASCII code 126. The :meth:`transfercmd` method, therefore, converts
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*rest* to a string, but no check is performed on the string's contents. If the
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server does not recognize the ``REST`` command, an :exc:`error_reply` exception
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will be raised. If this happens, simply call :meth:`transfercmd` without a
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*rest* argument.
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.. method:: FTP.ntransfercmd(cmd, rest=None)
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Like :meth:`transfercmd`, but returns a tuple of the data connection and the
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expected size of the data. If the expected size could not be computed, ``None``
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will be returned as the expected size. *cmd* and *rest* means the same thing as
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in :meth:`transfercmd`.
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.. method:: FTP.mlsd(path="", facts=[])
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List a directory in a standardized format by using MLSD command
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(:rfc:`3659`). If *path* is omitted the current directory is assumed.
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*facts* is a list of strings representing the type of information desired
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(e.g. ``["type", "size", "perm"]``). Return a generator object yielding a
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tuple of two elements for every file found in path. First element is the
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file name, the second one is a dictionary containing facts about the file
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name. Content of this dictionary might be limited by the *facts* argument
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but server is not guaranteed to return all requested facts.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. method:: FTP.nlst(argument[, ...])
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Return a list of file names as returned by the ``NLST`` command. The
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optional *argument* is a directory to list (default is the current server
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directory). Multiple arguments can be used to pass non-standard options to
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the ``NLST`` command.
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.. deprecated:: 3.3 use :meth:`mlsd` instead.
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.. method:: FTP.dir(argument[, ...])
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Produce a directory listing as returned by the ``LIST`` command, printing it to
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standard output. The optional *argument* is a directory to list (default is the
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current server directory). Multiple arguments can be used to pass non-standard
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options to the ``LIST`` command. If the last argument is a function, it is used
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as a *callback* function as for :meth:`retrlines`; the default prints to
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``sys.stdout``. This method returns ``None``.
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.. deprecated:: 3.3 use :meth:`mlsd` instead.
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.. method:: FTP.rename(fromname, toname)
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Rename file *fromname* on the server to *toname*.
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.. method:: FTP.delete(filename)
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Remove the file named *filename* from the server. If successful, returns the
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text of the response, otherwise raises :exc:`error_perm` on permission errors or
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:exc:`error_reply` on other errors.
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.. method:: FTP.cwd(pathname)
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Set the current directory on the server.
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.. method:: FTP.mkd(pathname)
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Create a new directory on the server.
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.. method:: FTP.pwd()
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Return the pathname of the current directory on the server.
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.. method:: FTP.rmd(dirname)
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Remove the directory named *dirname* on the server.
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.. method:: FTP.size(filename)
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Request the size of the file named *filename* on the server. On success, the
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size of the file is returned as an integer, otherwise ``None`` is returned.
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Note that the ``SIZE`` command is not standardized, but is supported by many
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common server implementations.
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.. method:: FTP.quit()
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Send a ``QUIT`` command to the server and close the connection. This is the
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"polite" way to close a connection, but it may raise an exception if the server
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responds with an error to the ``QUIT`` command. This implies a call to the
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:meth:`close` method which renders the :class:`FTP` instance useless for
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subsequent calls (see below).
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.. method:: FTP.close()
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Close the connection unilaterally. This should not be applied to an already
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closed connection such as after a successful call to :meth:`~FTP.quit`.
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After this call the :class:`FTP` instance should not be used any more (after
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a call to :meth:`close` or :meth:`~FTP.quit` you cannot reopen the
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connection by issuing another :meth:`login` method).
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FTP_TLS Objects
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---------------
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:class:`FTP_TLS` class inherits from :class:`FTP`, defining these additional objects:
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.. attribute:: FTP_TLS.ssl_version
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The SSL version to use (defaults to *TLSv1*).
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.. method:: FTP_TLS.auth()
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Set up secure control connection by using TLS or SSL, depending on what specified in :meth:`ssl_version` attribute.
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.. method:: FTP_TLS.ccc()
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Revert control channel back to plaintext. This can be useful to take
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advantage of firewalls that know how to handle NAT with non-secure FTP
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without opening fixed ports.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. method:: FTP_TLS.prot_p()
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Set up secure data connection.
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.. method:: FTP_TLS.prot_c()
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Set up clear text data connection.
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