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310 lines
11 KiB
ReStructuredText
310 lines
11 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`!textwrap` --- Text wrapping and filling
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==============================================
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.. module:: textwrap
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:synopsis: Text wrapping and filling
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.. moduleauthor:: Greg Ward <gward@python.net>
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.. sectionauthor:: Greg Ward <gward@python.net>
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/textwrap.py`
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--------------
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The :mod:`textwrap` module provides some convenience functions,
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as well as :class:`TextWrapper`, the class that does all the work.
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If you're just wrapping or filling one or two text strings, the convenience
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functions should be good enough; otherwise, you should use an instance of
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:class:`TextWrapper` for efficiency.
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.. function:: wrap(text, width=70, *, initial_indent="", \
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subsequent_indent="", expand_tabs=True, \
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replace_whitespace=True, fix_sentence_endings=False, \
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break_long_words=True, drop_whitespace=True, \
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break_on_hyphens=True, tabsize=8, max_lines=None, \
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placeholder=' [...]')
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Wraps the single paragraph in *text* (a string) so every line is at most
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*width* characters long. Returns a list of output lines, without final
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newlines.
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Optional keyword arguments correspond to the instance attributes of
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:class:`TextWrapper`, documented below.
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See the :meth:`TextWrapper.wrap` method for additional details on how
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:func:`wrap` behaves.
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.. function:: fill(text, width=70, *, initial_indent="", \
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subsequent_indent="", expand_tabs=True, \
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replace_whitespace=True, fix_sentence_endings=False, \
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break_long_words=True, drop_whitespace=True, \
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break_on_hyphens=True, tabsize=8, \
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max_lines=None, placeholder=' [...]')
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Wraps the single paragraph in *text*, and returns a single string containing the
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wrapped paragraph. :func:`fill` is shorthand for ::
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"\n".join(wrap(text, ...))
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In particular, :func:`fill` accepts exactly the same keyword arguments as
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:func:`wrap`.
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.. function:: shorten(text, width, *, fix_sentence_endings=False, \
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break_long_words=True, break_on_hyphens=True, \
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placeholder=' [...]')
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Collapse and truncate the given *text* to fit in the given *width*.
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First the whitespace in *text* is collapsed (all whitespace is replaced by
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single spaces). If the result fits in the *width*, it is returned.
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Otherwise, enough words are dropped from the end so that the remaining words
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plus the *placeholder* fit within *width*::
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>>> textwrap.shorten("Hello world!", width=12)
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'Hello world!'
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>>> textwrap.shorten("Hello world!", width=11)
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'Hello [...]'
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>>> textwrap.shorten("Hello world", width=10, placeholder="...")
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'Hello...'
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Optional keyword arguments correspond to the instance attributes of
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:class:`TextWrapper`, documented below. Note that the whitespace is
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collapsed before the text is passed to the :class:`TextWrapper` :meth:`fill`
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function, so changing the value of :attr:`.tabsize`, :attr:`.expand_tabs`,
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:attr:`.drop_whitespace`, and :attr:`.replace_whitespace` will have no effect.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4
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.. function:: dedent(text)
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Remove any common leading whitespace from every line in *text*.
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This can be used to make triple-quoted strings line up with the left edge of the
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display, while still presenting them in the source code in indented form.
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Note that tabs and spaces are both treated as whitespace, but they are not
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equal: the lines ``" hello"`` and ``"\thello"`` are considered to have no
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common leading whitespace.
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Lines containing only whitespace are ignored in the input and normalized to a
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single newline character in the output.
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For example::
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def test():
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# end first line with \ to avoid the empty line!
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s = '''\
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hello
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world
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'''
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print(repr(s)) # prints ' hello\n world\n '
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print(repr(dedent(s))) # prints 'hello\n world\n'
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.. function:: indent(text, prefix, predicate=None)
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Add *prefix* to the beginning of selected lines in *text*.
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Lines are separated by calling ``text.splitlines(True)``.
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By default, *prefix* is added to all lines that do not consist
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solely of whitespace (including any line endings).
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For example::
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>>> s = 'hello\n\n \nworld'
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>>> indent(s, ' ')
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' hello\n\n \n world'
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The optional *predicate* argument can be used to control which lines
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are indented. For example, it is easy to add *prefix* to even empty
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and whitespace-only lines::
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>>> print(indent(s, '+ ', lambda line: True))
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+ hello
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+
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+
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+ world
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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:func:`wrap`, :func:`fill` and :func:`shorten` work by creating a
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:class:`TextWrapper` instance and calling a single method on it. That
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instance is not reused, so for applications that process many text
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strings using :func:`wrap` and/or :func:`fill`, it may be more efficient to
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create your own :class:`TextWrapper` object.
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Text is preferably wrapped on whitespaces and right after the hyphens in
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hyphenated words; only then will long words be broken if necessary, unless
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:attr:`TextWrapper.break_long_words` is set to false.
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.. class:: TextWrapper(**kwargs)
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The :class:`TextWrapper` constructor accepts a number of optional keyword
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arguments. Each keyword argument corresponds to an instance attribute, so
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for example ::
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wrapper = TextWrapper(initial_indent="* ")
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is the same as ::
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wrapper = TextWrapper()
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wrapper.initial_indent = "* "
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You can re-use the same :class:`TextWrapper` object many times, and you can
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change any of its options through direct assignment to instance attributes
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between uses.
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The :class:`TextWrapper` instance attributes (and keyword arguments to the
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constructor) are as follows:
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.. attribute:: width
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(default: ``70``) The maximum length of wrapped lines. As long as there
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are no individual words in the input text longer than :attr:`width`,
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:class:`TextWrapper` guarantees that no output line will be longer than
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:attr:`width` characters.
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.. attribute:: expand_tabs
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(default: ``True``) If true, then all tab characters in *text* will be
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expanded to spaces using the :meth:`~str.expandtabs` method of *text*.
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.. attribute:: tabsize
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(default: ``8``) If :attr:`expand_tabs` is true, then all tab characters
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in *text* will be expanded to zero or more spaces, depending on the
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current column and the given tab size.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. attribute:: replace_whitespace
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(default: ``True``) If true, after tab expansion but before wrapping,
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the :meth:`wrap` method will replace each whitespace character
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with a single space. The whitespace characters replaced are
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as follows: tab, newline, vertical tab, formfeed, and carriage
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return (``'\t\n\v\f\r'``).
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.. note::
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If :attr:`expand_tabs` is false and :attr:`replace_whitespace` is true,
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each tab character will be replaced by a single space, which is *not*
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the same as tab expansion.
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.. note::
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If :attr:`replace_whitespace` is false, newlines may appear in the
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middle of a line and cause strange output. For this reason, text should
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be split into paragraphs (using :meth:`str.splitlines` or similar)
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which are wrapped separately.
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.. attribute:: drop_whitespace
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(default: ``True``) If true, whitespace at the beginning and ending of
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every line (after wrapping but before indenting) is dropped.
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Whitespace at the beginning of the paragraph, however, is not dropped
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if non-whitespace follows it. If whitespace being dropped takes up an
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entire line, the whole line is dropped.
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.. attribute:: initial_indent
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(default: ``''``) String that will be prepended to the first line of
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wrapped output. Counts towards the length of the first line. The empty
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string is not indented.
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.. attribute:: subsequent_indent
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(default: ``''``) String that will be prepended to all lines of wrapped
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output except the first. Counts towards the length of each line except
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the first.
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.. attribute:: fix_sentence_endings
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(default: ``False``) If true, :class:`TextWrapper` attempts to detect
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sentence endings and ensure that sentences are always separated by exactly
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two spaces. This is generally desired for text in a monospaced font.
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However, the sentence detection algorithm is imperfect: it assumes that a
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sentence ending consists of a lowercase letter followed by one of ``'.'``,
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``'!'``, or ``'?'``, possibly followed by one of ``'"'`` or ``"'"``,
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followed by a space. One problem with this algorithm is that it is
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unable to detect the difference between "Dr." in ::
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[...] Dr. Frankenstein's monster [...]
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and "Spot." in ::
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[...] See Spot. See Spot run [...]
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:attr:`fix_sentence_endings` is false by default.
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Since the sentence detection algorithm relies on ``string.lowercase`` for
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the definition of "lowercase letter", and a convention of using two spaces
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after a period to separate sentences on the same line, it is specific to
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English-language texts.
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.. attribute:: break_long_words
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(default: ``True``) If true, then words longer than :attr:`width` will be
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broken in order to ensure that no lines are longer than :attr:`width`. If
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it is false, long words will not be broken, and some lines may be longer
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than :attr:`width`. (Long words will be put on a line by themselves, in
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order to minimize the amount by which :attr:`width` is exceeded.)
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.. attribute:: break_on_hyphens
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(default: ``True``) If true, wrapping will occur preferably on whitespaces
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and right after hyphens in compound words, as it is customary in English.
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If false, only whitespaces will be considered as potentially good places
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for line breaks, but you need to set :attr:`break_long_words` to false if
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you want truly insecable words. Default behaviour in previous versions
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was to always allow breaking hyphenated words.
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.. attribute:: max_lines
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(default: ``None``) If not ``None``, then the output will contain at most
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*max_lines* lines, with *placeholder* appearing at the end of the output.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4
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.. index:: single: ...; placeholder
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.. attribute:: placeholder
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(default: ``' [...]'``) String that will appear at the end of the output
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text if it has been truncated.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4
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:class:`TextWrapper` also provides some public methods, analogous to the
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module-level convenience functions:
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.. method:: wrap(text)
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Wraps the single paragraph in *text* (a string) so every line is at most
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:attr:`width` characters long. All wrapping options are taken from
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instance attributes of the :class:`TextWrapper` instance. Returns a list
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of output lines, without final newlines. If the wrapped output has no
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content, the returned list is empty.
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.. method:: fill(text)
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Wraps the single paragraph in *text*, and returns a single string
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containing the wrapped paragraph.
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