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* "Return true/false" is replaced with "Return ``True``/``False``" if the function actually returns a bool. * Fixed formatting of some True and False literals (now in monospace). * Replaced "True/False" with "true/false" if it can be not only bool. * Replaced some 1/0 with True/False if it corresponds the code. * "Returns <bool>" is replaced with "Return <bool>".
486 lines
13 KiB
ReStructuredText
486 lines
13 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. currentmodule:: asyncio
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.. _asyncio-streams:
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=======
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Streams
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=======
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/asyncio/streams.py`
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-------------------------------------------------
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Streams are high-level async/await-ready primitives to work with
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network connections. Streams allow sending and receiving data without
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using callbacks or low-level protocols and transports.
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.. _asyncio_example_stream:
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Here is an example of a TCP echo client written using asyncio
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streams::
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import asyncio
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async def tcp_echo_client(message):
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reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
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'127.0.0.1', 8888)
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print(f'Send: {message!r}')
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writer.write(message.encode())
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await writer.drain()
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data = await reader.read(100)
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print(f'Received: {data.decode()!r}')
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print('Close the connection')
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writer.close()
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await writer.wait_closed()
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asyncio.run(tcp_echo_client('Hello World!'))
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See also the `Examples`_ section below.
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.. rubric:: Stream Functions
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The following top-level asyncio functions can be used to create
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and work with streams:
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.. coroutinefunction:: open_connection(host=None, port=None, \*, \
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loop=None, limit=None, ssl=None, family=0, \
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proto=0, flags=0, sock=None, local_addr=None, \
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server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None)
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Establish a network connection and return a pair of
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``(reader, writer)`` objects.
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The returned *reader* and *writer* objects are instances of
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:class:`StreamReader` and :class:`StreamWriter` classes.
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The *loop* argument is optional and can always be determined
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automatically when this function is awaited from a coroutine.
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*limit* determines the buffer size limit used by the
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returned :class:`StreamReader` instance. By default the *limit*
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is set to 64 KiB.
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The rest of the arguments are passed directly to
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:meth:`loop.create_connection`.
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.. versionadded:: 3.7
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The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter.
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.. coroutinefunction:: start_server(client_connected_cb, host=None, \
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port=None, \*, loop=None, limit=None, \
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family=socket.AF_UNSPEC, \
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flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE, sock=None, \
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backlog=100, ssl=None, reuse_address=None, \
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reuse_port=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None, \
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start_serving=True)
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Start a socket server.
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The *client_connected_cb* callback is called whenever a new client
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connection is established. It receives a ``(reader, writer)`` pair
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as two arguments, instances of the :class:`StreamReader` and
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:class:`StreamWriter` classes.
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*client_connected_cb* can be a plain callable or a
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:ref:`coroutine function <coroutine>`; if it is a coroutine function,
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it will be automatically scheduled as a :class:`Task`.
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The *loop* argument is optional and can always be determined
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automatically when this method is awaited from a coroutine.
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*limit* determines the buffer size limit used by the
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returned :class:`StreamReader` instance. By default the *limit*
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is set to 64 KiB.
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The rest of the arguments are passed directly to
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:meth:`loop.create_server`.
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.. versionadded:: 3.7
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The *ssl_handshake_timeout* and *start_serving* parameters.
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.. rubric:: Unix Sockets
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.. coroutinefunction:: open_unix_connection(path=None, \*, loop=None, \
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limit=None, ssl=None, sock=None, \
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server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None)
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Establish a Unix socket connection and return a pair of
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``(reader, writer)``.
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Similar to :func:`open_connection` but operates on Unix sockets.
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See also the documentation of :meth:`loop.create_unix_connection`.
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.. availability:: Unix.
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.. versionadded:: 3.7
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The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.7
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The *path* parameter can now be a :term:`path-like object`
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.. coroutinefunction:: start_unix_server(client_connected_cb, path=None, \
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\*, loop=None, limit=None, sock=None, \
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backlog=100, ssl=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None, \
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start_serving=True)
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Start a Unix socket server.
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Similar to :func:`start_server` but works with Unix sockets.
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See also the documentation of :meth:`loop.create_unix_server`.
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.. availability:: Unix.
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.. versionadded:: 3.7
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The *ssl_handshake_timeout* and *start_serving* parameters.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.7
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The *path* parameter can now be a :term:`path-like object`.
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StreamReader
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============
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.. class:: StreamReader
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Represents a reader object that provides APIs to read data
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from the IO stream.
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It is not recommended to instantiate *StreamReader* objects
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directly; use :func:`open_connection` and :func:`start_server`
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instead.
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.. coroutinemethod:: read(n=-1)
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Read up to *n* bytes. If *n* is not provided, or set to ``-1``,
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read until EOF and return all read bytes.
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If EOF was received and the internal buffer is empty,
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return an empty ``bytes`` object.
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.. coroutinemethod:: readline()
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Read one line, where "line" is a sequence of bytes
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ending with ``\n``.
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If EOF is received and ``\n`` was not found, the method
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returns partially read data.
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If EOF is received and the internal buffer is empty,
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return an empty ``bytes`` object.
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.. coroutinemethod:: readexactly(n)
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Read exactly *n* bytes.
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Raise an :exc:`IncompleteReadError` if EOF is reached before *n*
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can be read. Use the :attr:`IncompleteReadError.partial`
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attribute to get the partially read data.
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.. coroutinemethod:: readuntil(separator=b'\\n')
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Read data from the stream until *separator* is found.
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On success, the data and separator will be removed from the
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internal buffer (consumed). Returned data will include the
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separator at the end.
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If the amount of data read exceeds the configured stream limit, a
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:exc:`LimitOverrunError` exception is raised, and the data
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is left in the internal buffer and can be read again.
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If EOF is reached before the complete separator is found,
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an :exc:`IncompleteReadError` exception is raised, and the internal
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buffer is reset. The :attr:`IncompleteReadError.partial` attribute
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may contain a portion of the separator.
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.. versionadded:: 3.5.2
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.. method:: at_eof()
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Return ``True`` if the buffer is empty and :meth:`feed_eof`
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was called.
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StreamWriter
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============
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.. class:: StreamWriter
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Represents a writer object that provides APIs to write data
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to the IO stream.
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It is not recommended to instantiate *StreamWriter* objects
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directly; use :func:`open_connection` and :func:`start_server`
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instead.
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.. method:: write(data)
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The method attempts to write the *data* to the underlying socket immediately.
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If that fails, the data is queued in an internal write buffer until it can be
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sent.
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The method should be used along with the ``drain()`` method::
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stream.write(data)
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await stream.drain()
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.. method:: writelines(data)
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The method writes a list (or any iterable) of bytes to the underlying socket
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immediately.
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If that fails, the data is queued in an internal write buffer until it can be
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sent.
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The method should be used along with the ``drain()`` method::
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stream.writelines(lines)
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await stream.drain()
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.. method:: close()
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The method closes the stream and the underlying socket.
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The method should be used along with the ``wait_closed()`` method::
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stream.close()
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await stream.wait_closed()
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.. method:: can_write_eof()
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Return ``True`` if the underlying transport supports
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the :meth:`write_eof` method, ``False`` otherwise.
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.. method:: write_eof()
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Close the write end of the stream after the buffered write
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data is flushed.
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.. attribute:: transport
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Return the underlying asyncio transport.
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.. method:: get_extra_info(name, default=None)
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Access optional transport information; see
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:meth:`BaseTransport.get_extra_info` for details.
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.. coroutinemethod:: drain()
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Wait until it is appropriate to resume writing to the stream.
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Example::
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writer.write(data)
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await writer.drain()
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This is a flow control method that interacts with the underlying
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IO write buffer. When the size of the buffer reaches
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the high watermark, *drain()* blocks until the size of the
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buffer is drained down to the low watermark and writing can
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be resumed. When there is nothing to wait for, the :meth:`drain`
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returns immediately.
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.. method:: is_closing()
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Return ``True`` if the stream is closed or in the process of
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being closed.
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.. versionadded:: 3.7
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.. coroutinemethod:: wait_closed()
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Wait until the stream is closed.
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Should be called after :meth:`close` to wait until the underlying
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connection is closed.
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.. versionadded:: 3.7
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Examples
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========
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.. _asyncio-tcp-echo-client-streams:
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TCP echo client using streams
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-----------------------------
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TCP echo client using the :func:`asyncio.open_connection` function::
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import asyncio
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async def tcp_echo_client(message):
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reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
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'127.0.0.1', 8888)
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print(f'Send: {message!r}')
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writer.write(message.encode())
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data = await reader.read(100)
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print(f'Received: {data.decode()!r}')
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print('Close the connection')
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writer.close()
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asyncio.run(tcp_echo_client('Hello World!'))
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.. seealso::
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The :ref:`TCP echo client protocol <asyncio_example_tcp_echo_client_protocol>`
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example uses the low-level :meth:`loop.create_connection` method.
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.. _asyncio-tcp-echo-server-streams:
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TCP echo server using streams
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-----------------------------
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TCP echo server using the :func:`asyncio.start_server` function::
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import asyncio
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async def handle_echo(reader, writer):
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data = await reader.read(100)
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message = data.decode()
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addr = writer.get_extra_info('peername')
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print(f"Received {message!r} from {addr!r}")
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print(f"Send: {message!r}")
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writer.write(data)
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await writer.drain()
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print("Close the connection")
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writer.close()
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async def main():
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server = await asyncio.start_server(
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handle_echo, '127.0.0.1', 8888)
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addr = server.sockets[0].getsockname()
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print(f'Serving on {addr}')
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async with server:
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await server.serve_forever()
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asyncio.run(main())
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.. seealso::
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The :ref:`TCP echo server protocol <asyncio_example_tcp_echo_server_protocol>`
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example uses the :meth:`loop.create_server` method.
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Get HTTP headers
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----------------
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Simple example querying HTTP headers of the URL passed on the command line::
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import asyncio
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import urllib.parse
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import sys
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async def print_http_headers(url):
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url = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
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if url.scheme == 'https':
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reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
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url.hostname, 443, ssl=True)
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else:
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reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
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url.hostname, 80)
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query = (
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f"HEAD {url.path or '/'} HTTP/1.0\r\n"
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f"Host: {url.hostname}\r\n"
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f"\r\n"
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)
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writer.write(query.encode('latin-1'))
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while True:
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line = await reader.readline()
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if not line:
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break
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line = line.decode('latin1').rstrip()
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if line:
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print(f'HTTP header> {line}')
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# Ignore the body, close the socket
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writer.close()
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url = sys.argv[1]
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asyncio.run(print_http_headers(url))
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Usage::
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python example.py http://example.com/path/page.html
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or with HTTPS::
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python example.py https://example.com/path/page.html
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.. _asyncio_example_create_connection-streams:
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Register an open socket to wait for data using streams
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------------------------------------------------------
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Coroutine waiting until a socket receives data using the
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:func:`open_connection` function::
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import asyncio
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import socket
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async def wait_for_data():
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# Get a reference to the current event loop because
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# we want to access low-level APIs.
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loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
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# Create a pair of connected sockets.
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rsock, wsock = socket.socketpair()
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# Register the open socket to wait for data.
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reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(sock=rsock)
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# Simulate the reception of data from the network
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loop.call_soon(wsock.send, 'abc'.encode())
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# Wait for data
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data = await reader.read(100)
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# Got data, we are done: close the socket
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print("Received:", data.decode())
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writer.close()
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# Close the second socket
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wsock.close()
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asyncio.run(wait_for_data())
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.. seealso::
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The :ref:`register an open socket to wait for data using a protocol
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<asyncio_example_create_connection>` example uses a low-level protocol and
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the :meth:`loop.create_connection` method.
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The :ref:`watch a file descriptor for read events
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<asyncio_example_watch_fd>` example uses the low-level
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:meth:`loop.add_reader` method to watch a file descriptor.
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