diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/creation.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/creation.py
index d57bf9ee1f..3586d83ca5 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/creation.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/creation.py
@@ -56,8 +56,28 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         source_database_name = orig_settings_dict["NAME"] or ":memory:"
 
         if not self.is_in_memory_db(source_database_name):
-            root, ext = os.path.splitext(source_database_name)
-            return {**orig_settings_dict, "NAME": f"{root}_{suffix}{ext}"}
+            if source_database_name.startswith("file:"):
+                if "?" in source_database_name:
+                    base, query = source_database_name.split("?", 1)
+                    return {
+                        **orig_settings_dict,
+                        "NAME": f"{base}_{suffix}?{query}",
+                    }
+                else:
+                    return {
+                        **orig_settings_dict,
+                        "NAME": f"{source_database_name}_{suffix}",
+                    }
+            else:
+                root, ext = os.path.splitext(source_database_name)
+                clone_name = f"{root}_{suffix}{ext}"
+                clone_dir = os.path.dirname(clone_name)
+                if clone_dir:
+                    os.makedirs(clone_dir, exist_ok=True)
+                return {
+                    **orig_settings_dict,
+                    "NAME": clone_name,
+                }
 
         start_method = multiprocessing.get_start_method()
         if start_method == "fork":
@@ -93,6 +113,10 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
                 except Exception as e:
                     self.log("Got an error deleting the old test database: %s" % e)
                     sys.exit(2)
+            target_dir = os.path.dirname(str(target_database_name))
+            if target_dir:
+                os.makedirs(target_dir, exist_ok=True)
+
             try:
                 shutil.copy(source_database_name, target_database_name)
             except Exception as e:
@@ -102,7 +126,15 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         # Forkserver and spawn require migrating to disk which will be
         # re-opened in setup_worker_connection.
         elif multiprocessing.get_start_method() in {"forkserver", "spawn"}:
-            ondisk_db = sqlite3.connect(target_database_name, uri=True)
+            target_dir = os.path.dirname(str(target_database_name))
+            if target_dir:
+                os.makedirs(target_dir, exist_ok=True)
+            # Open on-disk database using a proper URI.
+            if str(target_database_name).startswith("file:"):
+                ondisk_uri = str(target_database_name)
+            else:
+                ondisk_uri = f"file:{target_database_name}"
+            ondisk_db = sqlite3.connect(ondisk_uri, uri=True)
             self.connection.connection.backup(ondisk_db)
             ondisk_db.close()
 
@@ -142,9 +174,17 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
             connection_str = (
                 f"file:memorydb_{alias}_{_worker_id}?mode=memory&cache=shared"
             )
-            source_db = self.connection.Database.connect(
-                f"file:{alias}_{_worker_id}.sqlite3?mode=ro", uri=True
-            )
+            source_name = str(settings_dict["NAME"])
+            if source_name.startswith("file:"):
+                # Ensure read-only mode is set on URI.
+                source_uri = (
+                    f"{source_name}&mode=ro"
+                    if "?" in source_name
+                    else f"{source_name}?mode=ro"
+                )
+            else:
+                source_uri = f"file:{source_name}?mode=ro"
+            source_db = self.connection.Database.connect(source_uri, uri=True)
             target_db = sqlite3.connect(connection_str, uri=True)
             source_db.backup(target_db)
             source_db.close()
diff --git a/tests/backends/sqlite/test_parallel.py b/tests/backends/sqlite/test_parallel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bd00c143e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/backends/sqlite/test_parallel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from django.db import connection, connections
+from django.test import TestCase
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "sqlite", "SQLite tests")
+class SQLiteParallelCloneTests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Tests that cloned SQLite test databases respect the original
+    directory when running tests in parallel.
+    """
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.test_db_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp()) / "db" / "default"
+        self.test_db_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        self.original_settings = None
+
+        self.addCleanup(
+            lambda: shutil.rmtree(self.test_db_dir.parent.parent, ignore_errors=True)
+        )
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        if self.original_settings is not None:
+            conn = connections["default"]
+            conn.settings_dict["NAME"] = self.original_settings["NAME"]
+            conn.settings_dict["TEST"]["NAME"] = self.original_settings["TEST"]["NAME"]
+
+    def test_clone_respects_directory(self):
+        conn = connections["default"]
+        self.original_settings = {
+            "NAME": conn.settings_dict["NAME"],
+            "TEST": {"NAME": conn.settings_dict["TEST"]["NAME"]},
+        }
+
+        conn.close()
+
+        db_path = str(self.test_db_dir / "db.sqlite3")
+        conn.settings_dict["NAME"] = db_path
+        conn.settings_dict["TEST"]["NAME"] = str(self.test_db_dir / "test_db.sqlite3")
+
+        clone = conn.creation.get_test_db_clone_settings(1)
+
+        clone_path = Path(clone["NAME"])
+        self.assertIn("db", clone_path.parts)
+        self.assertIn("default", clone_path.parts)
+        self.assertTrue(clone_path.name.startswith("db_1"))