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136 lines
4.9 KiB
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136 lines
4.9 KiB
Text
========================
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Clickjacking Protection
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========================
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.. module:: django.middleware.clickjacking
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:synopsis: Protects against Clickjacking
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The clickjacking middleware and decorators provide easy-to-use protection
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against `clickjacking`_. This type of attack occurs when a malicious site
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tricks a user into clicking on a concealed element of another site which they
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have loaded in a hidden frame or iframe.
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.. _clickjacking: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickjacking
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An example of clickjacking
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==========================
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Suppose an online store has a page where a logged in user can click "Buy Now" to
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purchase an item. A user has chosen to stay logged into the store all the time
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for convenience. An attacker site might create an "I Like Ponies" button on one
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of their own pages, and load the store's page in a transparent iframe such that
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the "Buy Now" button is invisibly overlaid on the "I Like Ponies" button. If the
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user visits the attacker's site, clicking "I Like Ponies" will cause an
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inadvertent click on the "Buy Now" button and an unknowing purchase of the item.
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.. _clickjacking-prevention:
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Preventing clickjacking
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=======================
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Modern browsers honor the `X-Frame-Options`_ HTTP header that indicates whether
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or not a resource is allowed to load within a frame or iframe. If the response
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contains the header with a value of ``SAMEORIGIN`` then the browser will only
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load the resource in a frame if the request originated from the same site. If
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the header is set to ``DENY`` then the browser will block the resource from
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loading in a frame no matter which site made the request.
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.. _X-Frame-Options: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Frame-Options
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Django provides a few ways to include this header in responses from your site:
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#. A middleware that sets the header in all responses.
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#. A set of view decorators that can be used to override the middleware or to
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only set the header for certain views.
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The ``X-Frame-Options`` HTTP header will only be set by the middleware or view
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decorators if it is not already present in the response.
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How to use it
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=============
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Setting ``X-Frame-Options`` for all responses
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---------------------------------------------
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To set the same ``X-Frame-Options`` value for all responses in your site, put
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``'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware'`` to
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:setting:`MIDDLEWARE`::
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MIDDLEWARE = [
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...
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'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
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...
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]
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This middleware is enabled in the settings file generated by
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:djadmin:`startproject`.
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By default, the middleware will set the ``X-Frame-Options`` header to
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``DENY`` for every outgoing ``HttpResponse``. If you want any other value for
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this header instead, set the :setting:`X_FRAME_OPTIONS` setting::
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X_FRAME_OPTIONS = 'SAMEORIGIN'
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When using the middleware there may be some views where you do **not** want the
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``X-Frame-Options`` header set. For those cases, you can use a view decorator
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that tells the middleware not to set the header::
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from django.http import HttpResponse
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from django.views.decorators.clickjacking import xframe_options_exempt
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@xframe_options_exempt
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def ok_to_load_in_a_frame(request):
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return HttpResponse("This page is safe to load in a frame on any site.")
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.. note::
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If you want to submit a form or access a session cookie within a frame or
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iframe, you may need to modify the :setting:`CSRF_COOKIE_SAMESITE` or
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:setting:`SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE` settings.
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Setting ``X-Frame-Options`` per view
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------------------------------------
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To set the ``X-Frame-Options`` header on a per view basis, Django provides these
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decorators::
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from django.http import HttpResponse
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from django.views.decorators.clickjacking import xframe_options_deny
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from django.views.decorators.clickjacking import xframe_options_sameorigin
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@xframe_options_deny
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def view_one(request):
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return HttpResponse("I won't display in any frame!")
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@xframe_options_sameorigin
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def view_two(request):
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return HttpResponse("Display in a frame if it's from the same origin as me.")
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Note that you can use the decorators in conjunction with the middleware. Use of
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a decorator overrides the middleware.
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Limitations
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===========
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The ``X-Frame-Options`` header will only protect against clickjacking in a
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modern browser. Older browsers will quietly ignore the header and need `other
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clickjacking prevention techniques`_.
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Browsers that support ``X-Frame-Options``
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-----------------------------------------
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* Internet Explorer 8+
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* Edge
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* Firefox 3.6.9+
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* Opera 10.5+
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* Safari 4+
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* Chrome 4.1+
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See also
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--------
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A `complete list`_ of browsers supporting ``X-Frame-Options``.
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.. _complete list: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Frame-Options#Browser_compatibility
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.. _other clickjacking prevention techniques: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickjacking#Prevention
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