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357 lines
12 KiB
Text
===========================
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Django's comments framework
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===========================
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.. module:: django.contrib.comments
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:synopsis: Django's comment framework
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.. highlightlang:: html+django
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Django includes a simple, yet customizable comments framework. The built-in
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comments framework can be used to attach comments to any model, so you can use
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it for comments on blog entries, photos, book chapters, or anything else.
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.. note::
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If you used to use Django's older (undocumented) comments framework, you'll
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need to upgrade. See the :doc:`upgrade guide </ref/contrib/comments/upgrade>`
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for instructions.
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Quick start guide
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=================
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To get started using the ``comments`` app, follow these steps:
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#. Install the comments framework by adding ``'django.contrib.comments'`` to
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:setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`.
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#. Run ``manage.py syncdb`` so that Django will create the comment tables.
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#. Add the comment app's URLs to your project's ``urls.py``:
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.. code-block:: python
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urlpatterns = patterns('',
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...
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(r'^comments/', include('django.contrib.comments.urls')),
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...
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)
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#. Use the `comment template tags`_ below to embed comments in your
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templates.
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You might also want to examine :doc:`/ref/contrib/comments/settings`.
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Comment template tags
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=====================
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You'll primarily interact with the comment system through a series of template
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tags that let you embed comments and generate forms for your users to post them.
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Like all custom template tag libraries, you'll need to :ref:`load the custom
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tags <loading-custom-template-libraries>` before you can use them::
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{% load comments %}
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Once loaded you can use the template tags below.
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Specifying which object comments are attached to
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------------------------------------------------
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Django's comments are all "attached" to some parent object. This can be any
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instance of a Django model. Each of the tags below gives you a couple of
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different ways you can specify which object to attach to:
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#. Refer to the object directly -- the more common method. Most of the
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time, you'll have some object in the template's context you want
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to attach the comment to; you can simply use that object.
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For example, in a blog entry page that has a variable named ``entry``,
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you could use the following to load the number of comments::
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{% get_comment_count for entry as comment_count %}.
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#. Refer to the object by content-type and object id. You'd use this method
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if you, for some reason, don't actually have direct access to the object.
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Following the above example, if you knew the object ID was ``14`` but
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didn't have access to the actual object, you could do something like::
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{% get_comment_count for blog.entry 14 as comment_count %}
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In the above, ``blog.entry`` is the app label and (lower-cased) model
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name of the model class.
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Displaying comments
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-------------------
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To display a list of comments, you can use the template tags
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:ttag:`render_comment_list` or :ttag:`get_comment_list`.
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.. templatetag:: render_comment_list
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Quickly rendering a comment list
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The easiest way to display a list of comments for some object is by using
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:ttag:`render_comment_list`::
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{% render_comment_list for [object] %}
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For example::
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{% render_comment_list for event %}
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This will render comments using a template named ``comments/list.html``, a
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default version of which is included with Django.
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.. templatetag:: get_comment_list
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Rendering a custom comment list
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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To get the list of comments for some object, use :ttag:`get_comment_list`::
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{% get_comment_list for [object] as [varname] %}
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For example::
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{% get_comment_list for event as comment_list %}
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{% for comment in comment_list %}
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...
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{% endfor %}
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This returns a list of :class:`~django.contrib.comments.models.Comment` objects;
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see :doc:`the comment model documentation </ref/contrib/comments/models>` for
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details.
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.. templatetag:: get_comment_permalink
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Linking to comments
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-------------------
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To provide a permalink to a specific comment, use :ttag:`get_comment_permalink`::
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{% get_comment_permalink comment_obj [format_string] %}
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By default, the named anchor that will be appended to the URL will be the letter
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'c' followed by the comment id, for example 'c82'. You may specify a custom
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format string if you wish to override this behavior::
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{% get_comment_permalink comment "#c%(id)s-by-%(user_name)s"%}
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The format string is a standard python format string. Valid mapping keys
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include any attributes of the comment object.
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Regardless of whether you specify a custom anchor pattern, you must supply a
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matching named anchor at a suitable place in your template.
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For example::
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{% for comment in comment_list %}
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<a name="c{{ comment.id }}"></a>
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<a href="{% get_comment_permalink comment %}">
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permalink for comment #{{ forloop.counter }}
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</a>
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...
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{% endfor %}
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.. warning::
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There's a `known bug`_ in Safari/Webkit which causes the named anchor to be
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forgotten following a redirect. The practical impact for comments is that
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the Safari/webkit browsers will arrive at the correct page but will not
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scroll to the named anchor.
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.. _`known bug`: https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=24175
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.. templatetag:: get_comment_count
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Counting comments
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-----------------
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To count comments attached to an object, use :ttag:`get_comment_count`::
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{% get_comment_count for [object] as [varname] %}
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For example::
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{% get_comment_count for event as comment_count %}
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<p>This event has {{ comment_count }} comments.</p>
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Displaying the comment post form
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--------------------------------
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To show the form that users will use to post a comment, you can use
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:ttag:`render_comment_form` or :ttag:`get_comment_form`
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.. templatetag:: render_comment_form
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Quickly rendering the comment form
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The easiest way to display a comment form is by using
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:ttag:`render_comment_form`::
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{% render_comment_form for [object] %}
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For example::
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{% render_comment_form for event %}
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This will render comments using a template named ``comments/form.html``, a
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default version of which is included with Django.
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.. templatetag:: get_comment_form
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Rendering a custom comment form
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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If you want more control over the look and feel of the comment form, you use use
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:ttag:`get_comment_form` to get a :doc:`form object </topics/forms/index>` that
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you can use in the template::
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{% get_comment_form for [object] as [varname] %}
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A complete form might look like::
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{% get_comment_form for event as form %}
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<table>
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<form action="{% comment_form_target %}" method="post">
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{% csrf_token %}
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{{ form }}
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2">
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<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Post">
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<input type="submit" name="preview" value="Preview">
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</td>
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</tr>
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</form>
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</table>
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Be sure to read the `notes on the comment form`_, below, for some special
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considerations you'll need to make if you're using this approach.
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.. templatetag:: comment_form_target
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Getting the comment form target
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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You may have noticed that the above example uses another template tag --
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:ttag:`comment_form_target` -- to actually get the ``action`` attribute of the
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form. This will always return the correct URL that comments should be posted to;
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you'll always want to use it like above::
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<form action="{% comment_form_target %}" method="post">
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Redirecting after the comment post
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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To specify the URL you want to redirect to after the comment has been posted,
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you can include a hidden form input called ``next`` in your comment form. For example::
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<input type="hidden" name="next" value="{% url 'my_comment_was_posted' %}" />
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Providing a comment form for authenticated users
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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If a user is already authenticated, it makes little sense to display the name,
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email, and URL fields, since these can already be retrieved from their login
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data and profile. In addition, some sites will only accept comments from
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authenticated users.
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To provide a comment form for authenticated users, you can manually provide the
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additional fields expected by the Django comments framework. For example,
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assuming comments are attached to the model "object"::
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{% if user.is_authenticated %}
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{% get_comment_form for object as form %}
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<form action="{% comment_form_target %}" method="POST">
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{% csrf_token %}
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{{ form.comment }}
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{{ form.honeypot }}
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{{ form.content_type }}
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{{ form.object_pk }}
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{{ form.timestamp }}
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{{ form.security_hash }}
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<input type="hidden" name="next" value="{% url 'object_detail_view' object.id %}" />
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<input type="submit" value="Add comment" id="id_submit" />
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</form>
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{% else %}
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<p>Please <a href="{% url 'auth_login' %}">log in</a> to leave a comment.</p>
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{% endif %}
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The honeypot, content_type, object_pk, timestamp, and security_hash fields are
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fields that would have been created automatically if you had simply used
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``{{ form }}`` in your template, and are referred to in `Notes on the comment
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form`_ below.
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Note that we do not need to specify the user to be associated with comments
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submitted by authenticated users. This is possible because the :doc:`Built-in
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Comment Models</ref/contrib/comments/models>` that come with Django associate
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comments with authenticated users by default.
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In this example, the honeypot field will still be visible to the user; you'll
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need to hide that field in your CSS::
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#id_honeypot {
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display: none;
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}
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If you want to accept either anonymous or authenticated comments, replace the
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contents of the "else" clause above with a standard comment form and the right
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thing will happen whether a user is logged in or not.
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.. _notes-on-the-comment-form:
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Notes on the comment form
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-------------------------
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The form used by the comment system has a few important anti-spam attributes you
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should know about:
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* It contains a number of hidden fields that contain timestamps, information
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about the object the comment should be attached to, and a "security hash"
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used to validate this information. If someone tampers with this data --
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something comment spammers will try -- the comment submission will fail.
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If you're rendering a custom comment form, you'll need to make sure to
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pass these values through unchanged.
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* The timestamp is used to ensure that "reply attacks" can't continue very
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long. Users who wait too long between requesting the form and posting a
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comment will have their submissions refused.
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* The comment form includes a "honeypot_" field. It's a trap: if any data is
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entered in that field, the comment will be considered spam (spammers often
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automatically fill in all fields in an attempt to make valid submissions).
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The default form hides this field with a piece of CSS and further labels
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it with a warning field; if you use the comment form with a custom
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template you should be sure to do the same.
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The comments app also depends on the more general :doc:`Cross Site Request
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Forgery protection </ref/contrib/csrf>` that comes with Django. As described in
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the documentation, it is best to use ``CsrfViewMiddleware``. However, if you
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are not using that, you will need to use the ``csrf_protect`` decorator on any
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views that include the comment form, in order for those views to be able to
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output the CSRF token and cookie.
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.. _honeypot: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeypot_(computing)
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More information
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================
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.. toctree::
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:maxdepth: 1
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models
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settings
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signals
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upgrade
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custom
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forms
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moderation
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example
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