[ty] Fix descriptor lookups for most types that overlap with None (#19120)

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/callable.md

@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ def _(c: Callable[[int, Unpack[Ts]], int]):
 from typing import Callable
 
 def _(c: Callable[[int], int]):
-    reveal_type(c.__init__)  # revealed: def __init__(self) -> None
+    reveal_type(c.__init__)  # revealed: bound method object.__init__() -> None
     reveal_type(c.__class__)  # revealed: type
     reveal_type(c.__call__)  # revealed: (int, /) -> int
 ```

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/call/methods.md

@@ -201,6 +201,36 @@ type IntOrStr = int | str
 reveal_type(IntOrStr.__or__)  # revealed: bound method typing.TypeAliasType.__or__(right: Any) -> _SpecialForm
 ```
 
+## Method calls on types not disjoint from `None`
+
+Very few methods are defined on `object`, `None`, and other types not disjoint from `None`. However,
+descriptor-binding behaviour works on these types in exactly the same way as descriptor binding on
+other types. This is despite the fact that `None` is used as a sentinel internally by the descriptor
+protocol to indicate that a method was accessed on the class itself rather than an instance of the
+class:
+
+```py
+from typing import Protocol, Literal
+from ty_extensions import AlwaysFalsy
+
+class Foo: ...
+
+class SupportsStr(Protocol):
+    def __str__(self) -> str: ...
+
+class Falsy(Protocol):
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[False]: ...
+
+def _(a: object, b: SupportsStr, c: Falsy, d: AlwaysFalsy, e: None, f: Foo | None):
+    a.__str__()
+    b.__str__()
+    c.__str__()
+    d.__str__()
+    # TODO: these should not error
+    e.__str__()  # error: [missing-argument]
+    f.__str__()  # error: [missing-argument]
+```
+
 ## Error cases: Calling `__get__` for methods
 
 The `__get__` method on `types.FunctionType` has the following overloaded signature in typeshed:
@@ -234,16 +264,18 @@ method_wrapper(C())
 method_wrapper(C(), None)
 method_wrapper(None, C)
 
-# Passing `None` without an `owner` argument is an
-# error: [invalid-argument-type] "Argument to method wrapper `__get__` of function `f` is incorrect: Expected `~None`, found `None`"
+reveal_type(object.__str__.__get__(object(), None)())  # revealed: str
+
+# TODO: passing `None` without an `owner` argument fails at runtime.
+# Ideally we would emit a diagnostic here:
 method_wrapper(None)
 
 # Passing something that is not assignable to `type` as the `owner` argument is an
 # error: [no-matching-overload] "No overload of method wrapper `__get__` of function `f` matches arguments"
 method_wrapper(None, 1)
 
-# Passing `None` as the `owner` argument when `instance` is `None` is an
-# error: [no-matching-overload] "No overload of method wrapper `__get__` of function `f` matches arguments"
+# TODO: passing `None` as the `owner` argument when `instance` is `None` fails at runtime.
+# Ideally we would emit a diagnostic here.
 method_wrapper(None, None)
 
 # Calling `__get__` without any arguments is an

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/descriptor_protocol.md

@@ -619,8 +619,9 @@ wrapper_descriptor()
 # error: [no-matching-overload] "No overload of wrapper descriptor `FunctionType.__get__` matches arguments"
 wrapper_descriptor(f)
 
-# Calling it without the `owner` argument if `instance` is not `None` is an
-# error: [invalid-argument-type] "Argument to wrapper descriptor `FunctionType.__get__` is incorrect: Expected `~None`, found `None`"
+# TODO: Calling it without the `owner` argument if `instance` is not `None` fails at runtime.
+# Ideally we would emit a diagnostic here,
+# but this is hard to model without introducing false positives elsewhere
 wrapper_descriptor(f, None)
 
 # But calling it with an instance is fine (in this case, the `owner` argument is optional):

crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types.rs

@@ -3069,10 +3069,6 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
 
             Type::ModuleLiteral(module) => module.static_member(db, name_str).into(),
 
-            Type::AlwaysFalsy | Type::AlwaysTruthy => {
-                self.class_member_with_policy(db, name, policy)
-            }
-
             _ if policy.no_instance_fallback() => self.invoke_descriptor_protocol(
                 db,
                 name_str,
@@ -3094,6 +3090,8 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
             | Type::KnownInstance(..)
             | Type::PropertyInstance(..)
             | Type::FunctionLiteral(..)
+            | Type::AlwaysTruthy
+            | Type::AlwaysFalsy
             | Type::TypeIs(..) => {
                 let fallback = self.instance_member(db, name_str);
 
@@ -3533,7 +3531,6 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
                 // For `builtins.property.__get__`, we use the same signature. The return types are not
                 // specified yet, they will be dynamically added in `Bindings::evaluate_known_cases`.
 
-                let not_none = Type::none(db).negate(db);
                 CallableBinding::from_overloads(
                     self,
                     [
@@ -3549,7 +3546,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
                         Signature::new(
                             Parameters::new([
                                 Parameter::positional_only(Some(Name::new_static("instance")))
-                                    .with_annotated_type(not_none),
+                                    .with_annotated_type(Type::object(db)),
                                 Parameter::positional_only(Some(Name::new_static("owner")))
                                     .with_annotated_type(UnionType::from_elements(
                                         db,
@@ -3575,7 +3572,6 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
                 // TODO: Consider merging this signature with the one in the previous match clause,
                 // since the previous one is just this signature with the `self` parameters
                 // removed.
-                let not_none = Type::none(db).negate(db);
                 let descriptor = match kind {
                     WrapperDescriptorKind::FunctionTypeDunderGet => {
                         KnownClass::FunctionType.to_instance(db)
@@ -3606,7 +3602,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
                                 Parameter::positional_only(Some(Name::new_static("self")))
                                     .with_annotated_type(descriptor),
                                 Parameter::positional_only(Some(Name::new_static("instance")))
-                                    .with_annotated_type(not_none),
+                                    .with_annotated_type(Type::object(db)),
                                 Parameter::positional_only(Some(Name::new_static("owner")))
                                     .with_annotated_type(UnionType::from_elements(
                                         db,