Replace LALRPOP parser with hand-written parser (#10036)

(Supersedes #9152, authored by @LaBatata101)

## Summary

This PR replaces the current parser generated from LALRPOP to a
hand-written recursive descent parser.

It also updates the grammar for [PEP
646](https://peps.python.org/pep-0646/) so that the parser outputs the
correct AST. For example, in `data[*x]`, the index expression is now a
tuple with a single starred expression instead of just a starred
expression.

Beyond the performance improvements, the parser is also error resilient
and can provide better error messages. The behavior as seen by any
downstream tools isn't changed. That is, the linter and formatter can
still assume that the parser will _stop_ at the first syntax error. This
will be updated in the following months.

For more details about the change here, refer to the PR corresponding to
the individual commits and the release blog post.

## Test Plan

Write _lots_ and _lots_ of tests for both valid and invalid syntax and
verify the output.

## Acknowledgements

- @MichaReiser for reviewing 100+ parser PRs and continuously providing
guidance throughout the project
- @LaBatata101 for initiating the transition to a hand-written parser in
#9152
- @addisoncrump for implementing the fuzzer which helped
[catch](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/10903)
[a](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/10910)
[lot](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/10966)
[of](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/10896)
[bugs](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/10877)

---------

Co-authored-by: Victor Hugo Gomes <labatata101@linuxmail.org>
Co-authored-by: Micha Reiser <micha@reiser.io>

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/ann_assign_stmt_simple_target.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+a: int  # simple
+(a): int
+a.b: int
+a[0]: int

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/assign_targets_terminator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+x = y = z = 1; a, b
+x = y = z = 1
+a, b

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/async_for_statement.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+async for target in iter: ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/async_function_definition.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+async def foo(): ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/async_with_statement.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+async with item: ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/class_def_arguments.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class Foo: ...
+class Foo(): ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/decorator_async_function.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+@decorator
+async def foo(): ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/del_targets_terminator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+del a, b; c, d
+del a, b
+c, d

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/dotted_name_normalized_spaces.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import a.b.c
+import a .  b  . c

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/from_import_no_space.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+from.import x
+from...import x

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/from_import_stmt_terminator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from a import (b, c)
+from a import (b, c); x, y
+from a import b, c; x, y
+from a import b, c
+x, y

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/fstring_format_spec_terminator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+f"hello {x:} world"
+f"hello {x:.3f} world"

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/function_def_parameter_range.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+def foo(
+    first: int,
+    second: int,
+) -> int: ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/function_def_parenthesized_return_types.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+def foo() -> (int,): ...
+def foo() -> (int, str): ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/function_def_valid_return_expr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+def foo() -> int | str: ...
+def foo() -> lambda x: x: ...
+def foo() -> (yield x): ...
+def foo() -> int if True else str: ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/global_stmt.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+global x
+global x, y, z

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/import_stmt_terminator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import a, b; import c, d
+import a, b
+c, d

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/lambda_with_no_parameters.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+lambda: 1

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/lambda_with_valid_body.py

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+lambda x: x
+lambda x: x if True else y
+lambda x: await x
+lambda x: lambda y: x + y
+lambda x: (yield x)  # Parenthesized `yield` is fine
+lambda x: x, *y

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/match_as_pattern.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+match foo:
+    case foo_bar: ...
+    case _: ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/match_sequence_pattern_parentheses_terminator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+match subject:
+    case [a, b]: ...
+    case (a, b): ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/match_sequence_pattern_terminator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+match subject:
+    case a: ...
+    case a if x: ...
+    case a, b: ...
+    case a, b if x: ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/match_stmt_subject_expr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+match x := 1:
+    case _: ...
+match (x := 1):
+    case _: ...
+# Starred expressions are only allowed in tuple expression
+match *x | y, z:
+    case _: ...
+match await x:
+    case _: ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/match_stmt_valid_guard_expr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+match x:
+    case y if a := 1: ...
+match x:
+    case y if a if True else b: ...
+match x:
+    case y if lambda a: b: ...
+match x:
+    case y if (yield x): ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/nonlocal_stmt.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+nonlocal x
+nonlocal x, y, z

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/param_with_annotation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+def foo(arg: int): ...
+def foo(arg: lambda x: x): ...
+def foo(arg: (yield x)): ...
+def foo(arg: (x := int)): ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/param_with_default.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+def foo(x=lambda y: y): ...
+def foo(x=1 if True else 2): ...
+def foo(x=await y): ...
+def foo(x=(yield y)): ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/param_with_star_annotation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+def foo(*args: *int | str): ...
+def foo(*args: *(int or str)): ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/params_non_default_after_star.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+def foo(a=10, *, b, c=11, d): ...
+def foo(a=10, *args, b, c=11, d): ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/params_seen_keyword_only_param_after_star.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+def foo(*, a, **kwargs): ...
+def foo(*, a=10, **kwargs): ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/parenthesized_compare_expr_in_for.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+for (x in y)[0] in iter: ...
+for (x in y).attr in iter: ...

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/simple_stmts_in_block.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+if True: pass
+if True: pass;
+if True: pass; continue
+if True: pass; continue;
+x = 1

crates/ruff_python_parser/resources/inline/ok/simple_stmts_with_semicolons.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+return; import a; from x import y; z; type T = int